^^    .-<vi 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TAR<iET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


|50     ""^ 

.rr  132 


1.4 


M 
!.6 


P 


/ 


<^ 


/: 


% 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  MS80 

(716)  872-4503 


iV 


^<b 


^^ 


c<y 


v> 


V 


<^.*i 


;\ 


<^ 


0         ''m^  ^ 


I 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/iCMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiquet 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


D 


□ 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged/ 


Couverture  endommagAe 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  r«staur6e  et/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  giographiques  er>  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I      I    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  Illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
ReliA  avec  d'autres  documents 


Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serrAe  peut  causer  d«  i'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  intArieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajout^es 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte. 
mais,  lorsque  cela  itait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  At*  film«es. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  supplAmentaires; 


L'Institut  a  microfMmA  le  mellleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  At*  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-Atre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite.  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquto  ci-dessous. 


I      I   Coloured  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagAes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pelliculAes 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxei 
Pages  d6color6es.  tacheties  ou  piqu6es 

Pages  detached/ 
Pages  ddtachies 

Showthroughy 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Quality  in6gale  de  I'lmpression 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppKmentaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


I      I  Pages  damaged/ 

r~~1  Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 

I      I  Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 

I      I  Pages  detached/ 

I      I  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  material/ 

I — I  Only  edition  available/ 


The 
to  th 


The 
posi 
of  tr 
filmi 


Orig 
begi 
(he  I 
sion 
othfl 
first 
sion 
or  ill 


The 
shal 
TINI 
whi« 

Map 
diff« 
entii 
begi 
righ 
requ 
metl 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata.  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  6t6  filmies  A  nouveau  de  fa9on  A 
obtenir  la  ireilleure  image  possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film*  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


y 

-'— 

] 

m 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

tails 
I  du 
odifier 
una 
mage 


Tha  copy  filmad  hara  ha*  baan  raproducad  thank* 
to  tha  ganarosity  of: 

Un' versify  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Tha  imagas  appearing  hara  ara  tha  bast  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'axemplaira  film*  fut  raproduit  grAca  k  la 
ginArosit*  de: 

University  of  British  Columbia  Library 


Les  imagas  suivantas  ont  At*  raproduites  avac  la 
plus  grand  soin,  compta  tanu  da  la  coitdition  at 
de  la  nattet*  de  I'exemplaire  film*,  et  ert 
conformity  avac  les  conditions  du  contrat  da 
filmaga. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  ara  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  ara  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  i>n  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplairas  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimie  sont  filmAs  an  commandant 
par  la  premier  plat  at  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
darnlAre  page  (,ui  comporte  une  amprainte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  la  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  las  autrat  axemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmis  an  comrrangant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinta 
d'imprassion  ou  d'illustration  et  an  terminant  par 
la  darniAra  page  q'ji  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  -^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED ").  or  tha  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
darniire  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  salon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — »•  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  to.^  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diegrems  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  ate.  pauvent  Atra 
filmAs  A  das  taux  da  reduction  diffArants. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atra 
raproduit  an  un  saul  clichA,  il  est  filmA  A  partir 
de  I'angia  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  an  prenant  la  nombre 
d'imagas  nAcevsaire.  Les  diagrammas  suivants 
illustrent  la  mAthoda. 


rrata 
o 


lalure, 
1  A 


3 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

t 

1 

3 

4 

6 

6 

p 


IF  YOU  WANT  TO  FIND  ANYTHINO  IN  "THE  HANDBOOK,"  TURN  TO  THE  INDEX. 


All  the  Illustrations  In  "The  Handbook," 
except  the  few  potralts  used,  were  made 
In   The    Oreqonian's   Engraving    Room. 

*     *    *     J**    # 

The  Oreqonian  is  prepared  to  do  ail  kinds 
of  Line  Engraving. 

#    *    * 


Send  for  Prices. 


* 


•  AMRLES    or   CNORAVINOa   MADE   BY   THE   ONCaONIAN'S   ENQRAVINO   DEPARTMENT. 


SAMPLES    OF    CNORAVtNOa    MADE    MV 


^11/ ■  ' 


SCND  ron  Pniccb 


ENQRAveo  Dv  The  omegonian. 


ipl 


THE  OREOONIAN"   BUILDING,   PORTLAND. 


f  KK38  OP 

Thb  Lkwib  4  Urydkn  Printinq  Company, 
poptlakd,  orboon,  january.  ibm 


Copyright  1891  by 
The  OregoniHTi  Publisb  ng  Co. 


**THE  HANDBOOK." 


In  the  following  pages  will  be  found  a  mass  of  interesting  matter  on  the  states 
of  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  and  Western  Montana  as  well  as  extended  mention 
of  British  Columbia  and  Alaska.  The  data  for  these  articles  has  all  been  carefully 
gathered  by  TuK  Drkgonian  through  personal  visits  of  its  representatives  to  the 
different  parts  of  this  vast  ♦^erritory,  and  the  book  as  a  whole  contains  more  informa- 
tion offered  in  an  interesting  shape  than  was  ever  before  afforded  in  any  single  publi- 
cation. 

The  claim  of  infallibility  is  not  made  for  "  The  Handbook."  In  compiling  an 
immense  amount  of  matter,  such  as  is  contained  in  a  publication  of  this  nature, 
mistakes  must  occur,  a  lapse,  for  which  the  intelligent  reader  will  make  allowance. 
The  aim  of  the  publishers  of  "The  Handbook  "  has  been  to  offer  to  the  jmblic  a 
work,  the  reliability  of  which  in  the  main  could  not  be  questioned,  and  the  few  mis- 
takes which  will  be  found  in  the  work  will  not  affect  in  the  least  its  general  repute 
as  a  reliable  publication  on  the  Pacific  Northwest  which  is  worthy  of  the  most  care- 
ful attention. 

The  publication  of  "  The  Handbook"  has  involved  a  year's  hard  work  in  gath- 
ering data  and  in  the  compilation  of  the  matter  it  contains.  Certain  minor  changes 
have  taken  place  in  some  of  the  industries  described  in  "  The  Handbook  "  .since  the 
information  for  these  articles  was  obtained.  The  changes  referred  to,  however,  have 
simply  involved  a  slight  difference  in  a  few  cases  between  the  estimates  of  output, 
etc. ,  published  and  these  estimates  as  they  exist  today.  The  general  conditions  of 
all  the  industries  covered  by  "The  Handbook"  are  the  same  today  as  they  were 
when  the  information  was  gathered  for  this  publication.  For  20  years  past  there 
has  been  a  steady  increase  in  the  volume  of  exports  made  from  the  Pacific  North- 
west, and  that  the  industries  of  this  section  will  show  a  steady  increasing  importance 
with  each  successive  year  in  the  future  is  patent  to  everyone  who  has  the  least 
knowledge  of  this  vast  territory  and  of  the  opportunities  presented  for  the  rapid 
development  of  its  varied  resources.  It  is  this  steady  growth  of  its  business  that  makes 
a  reliable  publication  on  the  Pacific  Northwest  of  such  signal  importance  at  the 
present  time,  and  it  is  the  opportunity  for  the  profitable  investment  of  capital  in  the 
development  of  the  very  industries  here  that  have  already  built  up  many  large  for- 
tunes in  this  part  of  the  West  that  insures  a  future  prosperity  to  the  territory  covered 
by  "The  Handbook"  which  but  few  parts  of  the  continent  have  enjoyed. 

The  compilation  of  matter  for  "  The  Handbook  "  has  not  followed  in  the  lines 
which  matter  of  a  kindred  nature  has  heretofore  been  handled  for  similar  works. 
Time  tables  of  transportation  lines,  reliable  maps  of  the  country  and  information  of 
a  purely  statistical  nature  are  found  in  the  numerous  railroad  pamphlets  which  are 
distributed  gratuitou.sly  on  all  the  transcontinental  lines  of  road.  The  general  style 
adopted  for  the  articles  contained  in  the  present  publication  is  of  an  easy  descrip- 
tive nature  which  will  appeal  directly  to  the  interest  of  the  reader  where  statistical 
matter  in  tabulated  form  is  valuable  only  for  reference.     A  large  amount  of  statisti- 


4  The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

cal  matter  is  fumiuhed  in  "The  Handbook,"  but  this  is  made  an  incidental  feature 
to  the  principal  descriptive  articles  of  the  book.  Enough  statistics  are  furnished  to 
insure  the  reliability  of  any  general  statement  made  in  the  book,  but  it  will  not  be 
necessary  for  the  reader  to  wade  through  a  mass  of  figures  to  enable  him  to  reach  a 
conclusion  regarding  the  status  of  any  industry  of  this  section. 

The  large  number  of  illustrations  which  "The  Handbook"  contains  will  be 
found  valuable  in  aiding  the  reader  to  form  something  of  a  just  estimate  of  the 
grandeur  of  Northwestern  scenery,  the  present  standing  of  its  industries  and  the 
general  types  of  buildings  which  its  leading  centers  of  population  contain.  No  city 
of  the  East  is  better  built  than  are  the  leading  trade  centers  of  the  Pacific  Northwest, 
and  the  many  fine  buildings  of  Pc/tland,  Tacoma,  Seattle,  Spokane,  Helena,  Butte, 
and  other  cities  of  the  Northwest  will  vie  favorably  with  the  structures  which  line 
the  main  business  streets  of  New  York  and  Chicago. 

All  travelers  over  the  transcontinental  roads  terminating  on  the  shores  oi  ihe 
Pacific  ocean  have  noted  the  interest  taken  by  their  fellow  passengers  in  the  princi- 
pal centers  of  population  passed  by  the  moving  train.  Such  questions  as  "  What 
town  is  this  ?  "  "  What  is  its  population  ?  "  "  What  supports  it  ?  "  are  always  asked 
by  the  majority  of  travelers  over  any  of  the  transcontinental  lines  of  railroad.  These 
questions  are  all  answered  satisfactorily  in  "The  Handbook."  "  The  Handbook  " 
also  contains  a  vast  amount  of  valuable  information  in  its  articles  on  the  different 
industries  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  and  on  its  most  characteristic  features.  The 
articles  on  coal,  lumber,  mining,  fishing  and  the  other  industries  of  the  Northwest 
v/ill  furnish  all  the  information  desired  by  the  reader  on  these  resources.  In  addi- 
tion to  these  special  articles,  however,  much  valuable  information  is  contained  on 
the  resources  of  different  parts  of  this  territory  in  the  carefully  written  articles  on  its 
principal  centers  of  population.  The  article  on  Portland,  for  instance,  includes 
extended  mention  of  the  leading  features  of  the  country  which  supports  the  city.  In 
the  Tacoma  article  much  space  is  given  to  a  description  of  the  leading  industries 
which  have  contributed  to  the  prosperity  of  the  city,  including  mention  of  the  great 
coal  mines  of  the  Puget  Sound  country,  its  vast  lumbering  interests  and  its  export 
trade.  In  the  Seattlo  article  will  be  found  much  interesting  matter  connected  with 
the  early  settlement  of  the  country  bordering  on  Puget  Sound  and  on  the  wonderfully 
rich  district  which  trades  with  the  latter  leading  center  of  population.  In  connec- 
tion with  the  article  on  Fairhaven  is  published  reliable  matter  on  the  coal  mines 
back  of  the  city,  which  produce  the  best  coking  coal  on  the  coast,  and  the  import- 
ance of  Bellingham  Bay  as  a  harbor  of  great  coming  importance.  The  mines  of  the 
Coeur  d'  Alene,  Kootenay  and  Colville  districts,  as  well  as  the  rich  wheat  fields  of 
the  Palouse  and  Big  Bend  sections  of  Washington,  receive  extended  mention  in  the 
interesting  article  on  Spokane,  the  leading  inland  city  of  the  state.  No  part  of  the 
Pacific  Northwest  has  been  slighted  in  "The  Handbook,"  and  this  work  contains  a 
greater  amount  of  matter  on  this  section  than  was  ever  before  offered  to  the  public. 

The  complete  index  furnished  with  "  The  Handbook  "  will  enable  the  reader  to 
turn  to  any  subject  connected  with  the  Pacific  Northwest  on  which  he  desires  infor- 
mation without  a  moment's  delay.  The  book  as  a  whole  is  worthy  of  more  than 
passing  notice,  and  it  is  presented  by  The  Oregonian  with  the  belief  that  it  will 
redeem  every  promise  that  has  been  made  for  it. 


Tfie  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  Pacific*  Northwest.— That  part  of  the  United  States,  incliuling 
Alaska,  lying  west  of  the  Main  Divide  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  north  of  Cali- 
fortiia  and  Nevada  forms,  with  British  Columbia,  what  is  known  as  the  Pacific 
Northwest.  The  states  embraced  in  this  magnificent  sweep  of  country  are  Oregon, 
Washington,  Idaho  and  Western  Montana.  The  Pacific  Northwest  has  an  area  of 
1,356,338  square  miles.  This  i-  ^er  one-third  as  large  as  the  area  of  all  the  rest 
of  the  United  States,  and  is  larg  ;  'han  the  combined  areas  of  France,  Geruuiny, 
Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  Italy,  Pc  t  lugal  and  Greece.  The  total  population  of  this 
vast  region  today  does  not  exretd  i,2oo,txx>,  less  than  one  person  for  each  squuie 
mile  of  its  territory.  The  -  jntry  v-ontains  a  little  more  than  a  million  people 
today  where  ten  times  this  numbei  could  be  comfortably  supported  from  the  fuller 
development  of  its  resources,  and  it  ('■  this  magnificent  promise  of  future  advance- 
ment that  is  the  country's  chiei  claim  for  the  attention  of  the  world  at  the  present 
time. 

The  Pacific  Northwest  extends  from  the  semi-tropical  valleys  of  Southern  Ore- 
gon to  the  ice  fields  of  the  Arctic  ocean.  The  climate  of  all  this  region,  with  but  few 
exceptions,  is  a  balmy  one.  All  that  portion  of  this  section  bordering  on  the  coast 
for  1,000  miles  or  more  north  of  Portland  enjoys  the  climate  of  Virginia,  with  almost 
an  entire  absence  of  snow  in  winter  and  without  extremes  of  heat  during  the  sum- 
mer months.  Eastern  Oregon,  Eastern  Washington,  Idaho  ajul  Western  Montana 
experience  colder  winters  than  does  the  section  of  the  Northwest  west  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains,  but  in  no  part  of  the  Pacific  Northwest,  with  the  exception  of  the 
interior  of  Alaska  and  the  mountainous  regions  of  British  Columbia,  are  the  cold 
spells  of  winter  as  protracted,  or  is  the  cold  as  intense,  as  is  noted  in  the  winters  of 
the  Eastern  states. 

From  its  most  northern  end  to  its  southern  boundary  and  east  from  the  Pacific 
ocean  to  the  rugged  summits  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  the  Pacific  Northwest  is  a  vast 
storehouse  of  natural 
wealth.  It  is  doubt- 
ful if  in  any  other  sec- 
tion of  equal  size  in 
the  world  has  nature 
been  so  lavish  with  her 
gifts  as  she  has  been 
in  the  country  border- 
ing on  the  Pacific  side 
of  the  United  States. 
Contained  in  the  Paci- 
fic Northwest  are  the 
most  extensive  coal 
measures  in  theUnion; 
it  is  here  that  are 
found  the  greatest  and 
most  valuable  forests 
in  North  America;  the 
largest  silver  and  cop- 
per mines  in  the  world 


have]  ([been    opened 
within  its  borders, and 


Mt.  hood,  Oreqon-From  C1.0U0  C»p  Inn. 


6 


The  OA-egonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


'T^^^'~- 


MT.  HOOD-LADD    QLACrER. 


lying  side  by  side  with  these  great  deposits  of  silver 
and  copper,  are  vast  ledges  of  gold,  nickel,  lead  and 
iron  ores.  It  is  a  country  of  great  rivers,  teeming 
with  the  finest  of  food  fishes;  a  few  miles  inland  are 
hundreds  of  fine  lakes  stocked  with  trout,  and  now 
utilized  largely  by  water  transportation  lines,  and  on 
tfie  western  border  of  Washington,  within  its  limits, 
is  the  most  beautiful  inland  sea  in  the  world.  This 
is  known  as  Puget  Sound.  Its  importance  can  be 
appreciated  from  the  statement  that  it  floats  vessels 
of  any  depth;  its  main  channel,  with  its  numerous  arms,  is  the  gateway  to 
thousands  of  square  miles  of  rich  coal,  timber  and  agricultural  lands,  and  its  surface 
is  never  swept  by  storms.  It  is  possible  for  a  steamer  to  leave  Tacoma  at  its  north- 
ern end  and  steam  for  i,ooo  miles  or  more  north  over  a  water  course  as  smooth  as 
any  river. 

In  the  Northwest,  nature  has  done  everything  on  the  most  lavish  scale.  The 
mountains  are  high,  the  prairies  are  broad,  the  rivers  are  wide  and  the  resources  are 
inexhaustible.  The  country  has  made  wonderful  advancement  during  the  past  lo 
years  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  the  next  lo  years'  growth  will  cause  the  Pacific 
Northwest  to  rank  among  the  well  settled  parts  of  the  United  States. 

The  many  carefully  written  articles  which  will  be  found  in  other  parts  of  "  The 
Handbook  "  on  the  various  resources  of  the  Northwe.st  give  much  valuable  informa- 
tion on  the  extent  of  these  resources  and  the  opportunities  afforded  for  their  develop- 
ment. The  reliability  of  the  statements  made  in  these  articles  is  borne  out  by  much 
statistical  matter,  carefully  gathered.  The  development  of  the  many  resources  of 
the  Northwest  has  but  reached  the  stage  where  their  value  hus  been  accurately  de- 
termined. It  is  but  a  few  years  since,  that  all  >.  "^  .is  country  was  a  trackless  wilder- 
ness. In  the  early  40's  and  50's  a  few  intrepid  adventurers  braved  death  by  starvation 
in  crossinif  the  plains  to  Oregon.  These  early  pioneers  scattered  out  among  the 
valleys  and  hills  of  this  region  and  they  thus  formed  a  superficial  koowledge  of  the 
great  diversity  of  its  resources.  Some  of  these  men  returned  to  their  homes  in  the 
East,  and  the  stories  they  told  there  of  the  possibilities  for  future  growth  in  the 
Northwest  were  directly  responsible  for  the  large  immigration  which  poured  into 
the  then  territories  of  Oregon  and  Washington  a  few  years  later. 

That  the  immigrants  who  early  sought  homes  in  the  Pacific  Northwest  found  a 
country  here  which  fully  met  their  expectations  is  evidenced  by  ttie  solid  prosperity 
of  the  country  today.  The  output  of  its  products  has  increased  out  of  all  ratio  with 
its  increase  in  population,  and,  as  a  result,  people  have 
lived  better  in  the  Northwest  than  they  have  in  most  other 
parts  of  the  United  States.  New  avenues  of  wealth  are 
constantly  being  opened  here,  and  the  development  of  these 
resources  is  all  of  a  most  substantial  nature.  From  the  time 
the  Argonauts  of  California  first  crossed  over  the  summits 
of  the  vSiskiyou  mountains  into  Oregon  and  discovered  gold 
in  the  sands  of  the  beautiful  streams  of  the  fertile  valleys  of 
Southern  Oregon,  the  mines  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  liave 
produced  $670,000,000  in  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead. 
Since  the  time  when  the  gold-seekers  washed  $7o,oc)o,qoo 
in  the  short  space  of  a  few  years  from  the  gravel  of  Alder     „,  hood-he»o  of  bandv  rivcr. 


The  Pacific  Northwest. 


Mt.  Hood- Crater  Rock, 
spiwinq     backbone." 


gulcli,  Montana,  discoveries  of  precious  metals  have 
been  made  in  nearly  every  part  of  this  vast  region.  In 
1892  the  gold,  silver  and  copper  mines  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest  added  to  the  wealth  of  the  world  the  enormous 
sum  of  $57,815,346.  The  greatest  mines  on  the  continent 
are  today  located  within  the  borders  of  this  section  and 
tlio  development  of  the  mining  industry  here  is  but  yet  in 
its  infancy.  Another  great  industry  of  the  Pacific  North- 
west today  is  lumbering.  The  value  of  the  lumbering  out- 
put of  this  region  for  1893  was  estimated  at  $26,000,000. 
In  the  many  beautiful  and  highly  fertile  valleys  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  are  many 
fine  farms.  There  are  today,  however,  millions  of  acres  of  the  finest  land  in  the 
world  lying  idle  within  the  limits  of  this  country,  land  which  produces  annually 
yields  of  wheat  equalled  in  no  other  part  of  the  Union.  In  1893  the  aggregate  wheat 
crop  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  was,  approximatel}-,  27,000,000  bushels. 

In  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound  and  on  the  fishing  banks  of  the  ocean  just  off  the 
coast  as  well  as  in  the  numerous  bays  along  the  other  parts  of  the  coast  are  vast 
quantities  of  the  best  varieties  of  food  fishes.  The  Columbia,  Fraser  and  Yukon 
rivers  and  the  countless  smaller  streams  teem  with  salmon  and  other  fish.  The  out- 
put of  the  fisheries  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  is  valued  at  $ro,ooo,ooo  annually.  In 
the  following  pages  will  be  found  a  complete  description  of  these  fisheries  and  their 
importance  among  the  present  great  industries  of  the  Northwest. 

The  Pacific  Northwest  is  a  natural  wonderland.  Here  the  works  of  nature  have 
taken  many  beautiful  and  fantastic  forms.  Every  phase  of  landscape  scenery  is 
found  in  this  region  and  descriptions  of  the  most  interesting  of  this  scenery  will  be 
found  in  the  many  articles  of  "  The  Handbook."  The  Columbia  river,  the  beautiful 
lake  region  of  Eastern  Washington,  Northern  Idaho  and  Southern  Oregon  and  the 
Puget  Sound  country  are  all  famous  for  the  picturesque  grandeur  of  their  scenery, 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  any  part  of  the  world  of  equal  extent  with  the  Pacific  Northwest 
is  as  attractive  in  scenic  beauty  as  is  the  territory  covered  by  "  The  Handbook," 

Until  1846,  when  the  international  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and 
the  British  possessions  to  the  north  was  established  at  the  49th  degree  of  north  lati- 
tude, the  territory  lying  between  Oregon  and  California,  the  Pacific  ocean  and  the 
Rocky  Movintains  was  occupied  jointly  by  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States.  The 
settlement  in  1846  of  the  long  standing  dispute  over  the  ownershipof  this  vast  region 
was  follov/ed  by  th^  organization  of  the  territory  of  Oregon.  This  was  accomplished 
August  14,  1848.  Oregon  was  admitted  as  a  state  into  the  Union  February  14,  1859. 
The  area  of  the  state  today  is  95,274  square  miles,  of  which  19,874,331  acres  remain 
unsurveyed.     The  population  of  Oregon,  according  to  the  official  census  of  1890,  was 

313.767- 

Washington  Territory,  organized  in  March,  1853,  comprised  the  present  states  of 
Washington,  Idaho,  Montana  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  a  portion  of  Wyo- 
^,_,  :. ,  niing.     By  the  creation  of  the  territory  of  Idaho   10  years 

later,  Washington  was  reduced  to  its  present  area  of 
69,994  square  miles.  Of  this  area  23,432,060  acres  are  un- 
surveyed. Wiishington  was  admitted  as  a  state  I'ebruary 
j'^^^^SSSj^^^'  22,  1889.  It  now  contains  a  population  of  349,390,  and  is 
making  the  most  substantial  advancement  in    wealth  and 

MT.  HCOD  I'ROM  8T«ai  HOAD.  pUpUlatlOll. 


rT 


8 


The  Oreffonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northv.'est. 


Mt.  Hood-from  Government  Camp. 


When  organized  in  1863,  Idaho  Territory  included  within  its  limits  the  present 
state  of  Montana  and  all  of  Wyoming  except  the  southwestern  portion.  By  the  cre- 
ation of  the  territory  of  Montana  in  1864  and  the  territory  of  Wyoming  in  1868, 
Idaho  was  reduced  to  its  present  area  of  86,294  square  miles.  It  contains  today 
43,745, 194  acres  of  land  that  are  unsurveyed.  Idaho  was  admitted  as  a  state  June  3, 
1890.  The  population  of  the  state  is  84,385.  In  May,  1864,  the  territory  of  Montana 
was  formed  from  Idaho,  and  in  1873  by  the  annexation  of  about  2,000  square  miles 
taken  from  Dakota,  it  was  given  its  present  great  dimei:sions.  It  is  now  the  third 
largest  state  in  the  Union,  it  containing  an  area  of  146,080  square  miles.  Montana 
was  admitted  as  a  state  February  22,  1889.  The  lands  unsurveyed  in  Montana  cover 
an  area  of  70,192,882  acres.     The  population  of  the  state  is  132, 159. 

Prior  to  1853  the  territory  of  British  Columbia  was  held  by 

the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  under  lease  from  the  Crown.      In 

that   year  the  discovery  of  gold  on  the    Fraser   river  in  the 

province  caused  a  stampede  to  that  section  and  the  region  was 

(  organized   as   a  colony  of  Great  Britain.     The  following  year 

Vancouver  Island,  just  off  the  mainland,  was  included  in  this 

•"olony.     British  Columbia  has  an  area  of  383,000  square  miles 

and  a  population  according  to  the  census  of  1891  of  97,612.     It 

is  on  Vancouver  Island  that  the  old  and  very  wealthy  city  of 

Victoria  is  located.     Since  1858  the  mines  of  British  Columbia 

have  produced  $53,200,000  in  gold.     The  gold  output  of  the 

province  in  1893  was  approximately  $600,000.     The  product  of  the  British  Columbia 

fisheries  from  1876  to  1893  was  valued  at  $26,000,000.    The  exports  from  the  province 

now  average  $7,000,000  a  year. 

Alaska,  the  latest  territorial  acquisition  of  the  United  States,  has  an  extreme 
length  north  and  south  of  i,iuo  miles  and  an  extreme  breadth  of  800 miles.  Itscoast 
line,  including  its  islands,  is  26,364  miles.  It  has  an  area  of  577,390  square  miles, 
which  is  nearly  one-sixth  the  total  area  of  the  United  States.  Of  the  31,759  inhab- 
itants of  Alaska,  less  than  5,000  are  whites.  In  May,  1867,  a  treaty  was  signed  by 
which  Alaska  was  sold  to  the  United  States  by  Russia  for  $7,200,000,  a  sum  which 
wau  considered  by  many  at  the  time  as  vastly  in  excess  of  what  the  acquisition  was 
worth  to  the  government.  In  1870  the  treasury  department  leased  to  the  Alaska 
Commercial  Company  for  a  period  of  20  years  the  sole  privilege  of  taking  seals  on 
Prebilof  Islands  in  the  territory.  The  number  of  seals  which  could  be  killed  by  the 
company  each  year  under  this  lease  was  limited  to 
ioa,oo  -.  Up  to  1890  the  annual  value  of  fur  seal  skins 
exported  from  these  islands  was  about  $1,500,000.  The 
lease  e  xpired  in  that  year  when  a  new  lease  was  made 
between  the  United  vStates  and  the  company,  in  which  the 
annual  catch  of  seals  by  the  company  was  limited  to 
60,000.  The  total  value  of  the  seal  skins  taken  in  Alaska 
from  1867  to  1890  was  $33,000,000,  and  the  com1)ineil 
value  of  all  the  products  of  the  territory  during  the  same 
pario.l  was  $35,000,000.  The  proceeds  of  the  govern 
ment  tax  on  seal  skins  taken  in  the  territory  during  the  .same  time  was  $5,871, o(K), 
or  over  five-sevenths  of  the  total  price  paid  by  the  government  for  the  purchase 
of  Alaska. 


Mt   Hood-The  Summit 


Topography  and  Climate. 


9 


,t" 


MT.    RAINIER    WAfVMINOTON 


Topography  and  Climate  of  the  Paclflc  Northwest.    (By  B.  S. 

Pague,  formerly  in  charge  U.  S.  Weather  Bureau,  Headquarters,  Portland,  Oregcr.) 

Toi'OORAi'HY. — Omitting  from  consideration  the  Cascade  Mountains,  the  country 

under  discussion  has  an   elevation 

of    from    sea   level   to   8,aoo  feet.  .,  i^*!! 

This  latter  height  is  found  over  a  '^e  =#;•"£ 

small  area  in  extreme  Northeastern 

Idaho,  in  Central  Idaho  extending 

northeastward  into  Montana,  and 

in    the    nort!-?. western    portion    of 

Montana.      These  elevations  form 

the  main  watersheds  for  the  country 

second    to    thosf^    formed   by   the 

Cascade  jNIountains.      These  latter 

have   peaks  extending  upwards  of 

10,000  feet. 

The  country  throughout  is  of 
volcanic  origin,  hence  consists  of 
an  undulating  surface  with  im- 
mense plateaus,  the  latter  having 
an  elevation  of  from   i  ,000  to  4,000 

feet.  The  distinguishing  topographical  feature  is  the  Cascade  range,  rising  quite 
abruptly  and  traversing  Washington  and  Oregon  almost  due  north  and  south;  be- 
ginning at  the  northern  l)oundary  line  of  Washington,  at  al)out  the  121st  degree  of 
longitude,  west  from  Greenwich,  thence  southerly,  inclining  slightly  to  the  southwest 
and  entering  California  slightly  to  the  west  of  the  I22d  degree  of  west  longitude. 
The  continuity  of  this  mountain  range  is  broken  at  almost  the  46th  degree  of  north 
latitude  by  the  Columbia  river,  which  flows  through  the  mountains  near  to  this  place. 
The  general  mountain  range  is  higher  in  the  southern  portion  of  Washington  than 
elsewhere.     The  extreme  apex  is  reached  at  Mount  Rainier,  Washington.  * 

The  Coast  range  of  mountains  extends  from  the  peninsula  of  Washington  south- 
ward along  the  coast  into  Lower  California,  being  broken  by  the  Columbia  river. 
Their  elevation  in  Washington  ranges  from  1,000  to  8,000  feet,  the  latter  being  the 
height  of  Mount  Olympus,  the  apex  of  the  Coast  range.  In  the  central  portion  of 
that  part  of  Oregon  which   they  traverse,  their  elevation  reaches  3,ou<j  feet  over  a 

small  area.  Between  the  Coast  and  Cascade 
ranges  are  to  be  found  many  fertile  valleys 
whose  elevations  range  from  a  few  feet  to  ,^,oou 
feet  al)ove  mean  tide  level.  To  the  east  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains  are  principally  table-lands 
wlio.se  elevation  is  from  i,(kx)  '  j  4,000  feet,  ex- 
cept in  the  valley  formed  by  the  Columbia 
river,  which  extends  over  a  large  portion  of  the 
State  of  Washington  to  the  east  of  the  Cascades. 
This  valley  is  2,0(X)  feet  and  le.ss  in  elevation. 

From  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  there  is  an  almost  regular  increase  in  elevation 

*  There  has  never  been  any  absolute  measurement  of  the  mountain  peaks  of  OreRon  and  Wash- 
ington, but  the  following  are  believed  to  be  as  near  accurate  as  can  be  obtained,  save  by  triangulation; 
tHKen  from  Oannett's  U.  S.  Geological  Survey  Report,  i8,S4  (Measurement  in  ft-et):  Mt.  Rainier,  14,444; 
Mt.  Hood,  11,225;  Mt.  naker,  10,827;  Mt.  St.  Helens,  9,750;  Mt.  Pitt,  y,SiK;  Mt.  Olympus,  S,i3,S. 


'^:>m^^^^ 


Mt,  Hood  at  Timber  Cine. 


n 


10 


7'Ae  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


to  the  sunimit  of  the  Rocky  Mountains;  the  western  portion  of  Montana  has  an 
elevation  of  from  4,000  to  8,000  feet,  while  almost  the  entire  state  of  Idaho  has  an 
elevation  of  from  2,000  to  6,000  feet.  Thus  it  is  seen  that  from  the  shore  of  the  ocean 
eastward  to  the  eastern  boundary  line  of  Idaho  and  to  the  central  portion  of  Montana 
there  is  a  continuous  rise  in  the  elevation.  A  map  giving  the  contour  lines  of  this 
portion  of  the  United  States,  would  show  a  marked  irregularity  in  their  direction, 
and  marked  gradients  between  them.      The   various   elevations   account    for    the 

marked  climatic  difference,  the  distribution  of  rain  and 
.r\C  ^?;f  fc>?:,   '^■^       snowfall,  the  character  and  constituent   parts   of  the  soil, 

the  surface  and  sub-soil  drainage  of  the  water;   so  that,  in 


■•*^'*^fc^  i^^^^^^*^'^-"^^  ^  counti'y,   the  soil,    topography   and  climate 

^     -^'^^'f^(r?'i#'^'^'^^^^  each  be  considered,  singly   and  collectively,  for  each 

■■^''s-it  "  *'  and  all  depend   upon   '^ach  other  and  upon  the  whole  as 

Mt.  Hood-Ice  Hummock,  Eliot  Glacier,  a  unit. 

A  birdseye  view  of  the  area  under  discussion  would  show  mountains,  hills,  dales, 
valleys  and  streams.  From  the  Missouri  river  westward  there  is  a  gradual  increase 
in  the  elevation  of  the  1  ud,  a  gradual  breaking  up  of  the  prairies  and  a  more  marked 
appearance  of  mountainous  conditions,  the  latter  of  a  more  barren  nature  than 
will  be  found  on  the  western  approach  to  the  apex  or  crest  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
From  the  ocean,  as  distance  increases  the  forests  decrease.  The  country  bordering 
upon  the  ocean  is,  or  has  been,  densely  covered  with  timber.  The  Coast  range  of 
mountains  from  the  Straits  of  Fuca  southward  is  a  continuous  growth  of  the  finest 
timber.  Crossing  the  valleys  lying  between  the  Coast  and  Cascade  ranges  of  moun- 
tains, the  topography  and  soil  are  pec-iiarly  adapted  to  the  growth  of  trees,  and 
this  land  when  cleared,  leaves  conditions  ideal  in  their  character  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses. We  find  the  Ca.scade  range,  especially  the  western  side,  possessing  timber 
unlimited,  almost,  in  quantity,  which  decreases  from  the  crest  of  the  mountains  east- 
ward, and  especially  so  from  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Cascades  on  to  the  crest  of 
the  Rockies.  The  vegetable  growth  and  the  various  topographical  features  depend 
entirely  upon  the  climatic  conditions,  to  be  discussed  in  the  accompanying  pages. 

Climatology  depends  mainly  upon  the  mountain  ranges.  Their  exte:it  and  a/t^ 
and  the  topographical  features  of  a  .section  should  be  thoroughly  understood  before 
entering  upon  a  study  of  the  climate.  The  mountain  ranges  and  the  basins  should 
be  carried  in  mind,  thus  facilitating  the  understanding  of  the  changes  in  tempera- 
ture and  distribution  of  moi,sture.  Hence  the  ranges  of  mountains — the  Coast,  Cas- 
cade, and  the  Bitter  Root  mountains  of  Idaho,  the  basins  of  Rogue  River,  Umpqua, 
Willamette,  Puget  Sound  which  embrace  Puyallup  as  well, 
the  Columbia,  Snake  and  smaller  basins  through  Idaho  and 
Western  Montana — all  enter,  in  a  greater   or   less   degree, 

into  the  discussion  of  topography   and   climate,    and   each       .^gJB^'-virr'-vS^-tg^a. 
posr.esses  its  various  climatic  changes.     The  following  state- 
ment based  on  deductions  from  "Gannett'  Dictionary   of 
Elevations,"  will  in  this  connection,  prove  of  great  value: 


^ 


Mt.  Hood- Illumination  Rock. 


Approxinialfl        jjean  Hnixht 

Area  in    Square  abo^'n  S«a  Lavel 

Mi'ss-        I         Fett. 


Washington     

Oregon 

Idaho  — 

Western  Montana 


70,000 
95,tHKi 
86,300 
47.500 


2,600 

3,Suo 
4,700 


Areas  in  Square  Mit.es  Between 


Sea  Level 
&  1,000  ft. 


1,000  and  2,000  and 
2,000  feet.  3,000  feet. 


16,000 

I  I.OUO 

None 

None 


i8,oot 

11,300 

1,100 

750 


3.000  and 
4,000  feet. 


15,400 

10,800 

13,200 

9.750 


4,000  and!    Above 
5,000  feet,i5,0(l()  feet 


6,900 
11,000 
16,000 
11,000 


4,400;  9,400 
30,000,  21,000 
22,200  34,500 
i6,ooo|  If), OCX) 


, 


Topography  and  Climate 


11 


Mt.  hood,  Broken  Mountain  near  Summit. 


The  large  area  of  Washington  having  such  a  large  percentage  of  low  elevation 
is  due  to  the  great  Puget  Sound  basin,  the  coast  district  and  the  great  valley  of  the 
Columbia.  Oregon's  high  elevation  is  due  to  the  high  plateau  east  of  the  Cascades, 
which  gradually  increases  to  the  higher  elevation  of  Idaho  and  Montana.  The  forego- 
ing general  description  of  the  topography  of  this 
country,  covering  an  area  of  about  300,000  square 
miles  which,  if  properl}'  han  :ied,  would  fill  more 
than  the  present  volume,  should  be  borne  in  mind  by 
the  reader,  while  following  the  climatic  discussion  in 
the  following  chapter.  If  the  rainfall  were  projected 
on  the  same  map  as  the  lines  of  contour,  a  remark- 
able coincidence  would  be  noted  ;  in  fact,  the  climate 
of  this  section  is  so  directly  dependent  upon  features 
of  topography  that  at  least  this  outline  of  topography 
must  precede  a  discussion  of  climatic  conditions. 
Thr  Climate. — In  15  degrees  of  longitude  (110°  to  125°)  and  in  10  degrees  of 
latituc'e  (40°  to  50°)  are  seldom  found  such  climatic  changes  and  conditions  as  are 
found  in  the  section  now  under  discussion.  The  portion  of  the  Northwest  west  of 
the  Coast  range  has  a  climate  almost  marine  in  its  character,  while  to  the  east  of  the 
Cascades  is  found  almost  a  continental  climate.  The  entire  subject  might  be  con- 
fined to  a  few  words  if  but  literal  facts  were  wanted,  but  these  should  be  explained 
in  order  that  the  reader  may  thoroughly  understand  the  causes  of  the  marked 
changes,  the  distribution  of  temperature  and  of  moisture.  The  temperature  along 
the  coast  usually  ranges  from  30  to  55  degrees  during  the  winter  months  and  from 
50  to  80  degrees  in  the  summer  months.  The  precipitation  varies  from  60  to  80 
inches  annually.  In  the  section  lying  between  the  Coast  and  Cascade  ranges  the 
temperature  during  the  winter  months  ranges  from  15  to  60  degrees,  in  the  summer 
months  from  50  to  90  degrees  and  the  annual  precipitation  varies  from  55  inches 
along  Puget  Sound  to  20 inches  in  the  southern  portion  of  Oregon.  To  the  east  of  the 
Casci.iles  and  extending  eastward  to  the  eastern  line  of  Idaho,  thence  northerly  to 
the  British  possessions,  the  range  in  temperature  is  much  greater  and  the  precipita- 
tion much  less.  The  temperature  in  winter  months  ranges  from  40  degrees  above  to 
41  degrees  below  zero,  the  latter  at  Helena.  In  summer  months  it  ranges  from  44  to 
107  degrees,  the  latter  at  Boise  City,  Idaho.  The  precipitation  varies  from  10  to  20 
inches.  This  brief  statement  shows  a  decrease  in  the  precipitation  from  the  ocean 
eastward,  while  the  temperature  increases  in  range  and  in  severity  of  extremes  as 
the  elevation  increases  and  successive  degrees  of  longitude  are  passed  to  the  eastward. 
There  are  several  marked  causes  which  produce  these  marked  and  almost  un- 
usual climatic  changes.  The  ocean  is  the  great  modifier  of  range  in  temperature  and 
prevention  for  extreme  cold  and  extreme  heat.  The  ocean's  influence  fails  to  reach 
in  its  great  effects  to  Montana  and  Idaho,  due  to  the  mountain 
ranges.  Over  the  major  portion  of  Washington,  Oregon  and 
the  western  portion  of  Idaho  the  seasons  are  well  defined  and 
are  divided  into  the  wet  and  dry  seasons.  These  seasons  are 
more  marked  west  of  the  Cascades  than  to  the  east  of  them. 
The  influence  exerted  by  the  ocean  and  by  the  topography  ex- 
plains the  peculiar  weather  types  to  be  found  in  this  section. 
Hence  it  would  be  well  to  treat  of  the  oceanic  and  mountain 
influences. 


Mt.  hood. 
Steel  Party  at  Crater  Rock 


12 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I    ' 


MT.   HOOD-BARRETT'S  SPUR. 


The  larji^est  of  all  the  oceans,  the  Pacific,  is  least  subject  to  perturbing  influ- 
ences of  a  local  character.  The  conditions  are  constant  over  large  areas  ;  its  cur- 
rents, both  of  wind  and  water,  are  drawn  in  broad  sweeping  curves,  in  which  extent 
,,,,  of  space  and  time  of  passage  serve  to  over-ride  all  mere  local 
T-t*'  .-sS',si''.*ft'S  or  temporarj'  modification.  Thus,  it  is  enabled  to  present 
'  '  '  *  almost  the  ideal  problem  of  oceanic  circulation,  and  to 

iiijii-i;::^^^,  array  upon  the  climate  of  this  section  a  few  masses  of 
i^^to  -  simple  influence  which  becomes  involved  and  difficult 
of  study  only  through  the  continental  disturbances. 
Without  interruption,  that  part  of  the  North  Pacific 
.J^afimx::.^^  ocean  which  may  be  considered  as  modifying  the  climate 
of  this  section ,  stretches  away  over  very  nearly  loo  degrees 
of  longitude.  To  the  west  it  is  bounded  hy  the  extreme 
Orient,  the  islands  of  Japan  with  their  northern  projection  over  the  Kuriles  to  the 
coast  of  Kamtchatka  and  their  southerly  connections  with  the  Philippines.  The 
northern  limit  is  drawn  by  the  Aleutian  islands  and  the  eastern  border  is  the  shore  of 
North  America.  To  the  south  no  co.isistent  mass  of  land  f.ppears  to  hem  this  ocean 
in,  yet  the  barrier  is  none  the  less  strong,  because  it  may  be  measured  onlj-  with  the 
instruments  of  the  meteorologist.  It  e>dsts  at  the  30th  parallel  of  north  latitude. 
Below  this  boundary  line  is  the  region  of  the  northeast  trade  wind  and  the  westward 
drift  of  the  equatorial  current,  and  these  two  serve  sufficiently  to  bound  in  wind 
and  water  the  great  basin  above.  It  is  a  basin  within  these  limits,  a  rough  ellipse 
having  a  major  axis  of  100  degrees  of  longitude  and  a  minor  axis  of  25  degrees  of 
latitude.  It  has  its  characteristic  system  of  circulation  both  of  atmosphere  and  sea. 

The  strongly  individualized  ocean  current  of  the  region  is  the  Kuro  Siwo  or 
Japan  gulf  current.  Developed  from  the  cumulative  progress  of  the  equatorial  drift 
and  directed  by  the  rapid  alteration  in  the  plane  of  the  sea  l)ottom  and  the  trend  of 
the  Asiatic  coast,  this  warm  stream  moves  across  the  whole  Northern  Pacific  ocean. 
Occurring  in  a  broader  sea  it  shows  several  important  differences  from  the  gulf 
stream.  It  has  a  slower  motion,  its  warmth  is  not  so  strongly  contrasted  with  the 
water  through  which  it  flows,  and  the  wind  blowing  counter  to  its  course  frequently 
avails  to  deflect  it  or  even  check  it  entirely.     Its  eastern  development  and  dispersion 

has  been  for  years  a  battle-ground  for  theorists, 
and  even  now  it  is  impossible  to  say  definitely 
that  it  reaches  any  part  of  this  coast,  yet  it  is 
generally  accepted  that  it  does.  Beyond  a 
question  of  doubt  the  Japan  gulf  current  is  the 
main  cause  of  the  modified  climatic  conditions 
which  prevail  over  the  greater  portion  of  this 
section.  The  mountain  chains  act  as  the  second 
great  modifier,  for  by  them  the  winds  from 
the  arctic  regions  are  deflected  to  the  east, 
thus  allowing  the  ocean  winds,  carrying  with 
them  the  temperature  there  prevailing,  to  spread  over  and  temper  the  other- 
wise cold  winds  and  air.  These  winds  have  a  clear  sweep  across  man}'  thousands  of 
miles  of  sea,  and  in  all  their  course  they  incur  no  resistance  save  such  as  is  caused 
by  convective  friction  due  to  varying  amounts  of  pressure  within  their  mass.  But 
the  moment  they  cease  to  flow  over  the  .sea  and  begin  their  course  over  the  conti- 
nental mass,  they  are  subject  to  violent  perturbations,  and  present  all  the  features  of 


MT.  Rainier~A  River  of  Ice. 


Topography  and  Climate. 


18 


Scenic  Effects-mt.  Rainier. 


turbulent  motion,  its  irregular  and  rapid  changes  of  pressure,  its  rapid  expansion, 
its  sudden  alteration  of  the  saturative  constants,  and  variation  of  temperature. 

The  wind  drawn  in  from  the  sea  by  the  general  circulation  of  the  atmosphere 
may  be  taken  to  hold  in  suspension  the  maximum  amount  of  moisture,  and,  other 
things  being  equal,  to  approximate  the  satura- 
tion amount  theoretically  to  be  expected  in  air 
of  a  given  pressure  and  at  a  given  temperature. 
Advancing  upon  the  land  the  air  current  im- 
mediately encounters  perturbing  influences  of 
man}'  sorts.  Without  taking  the  reader  through 
a  labyrinth  of  meteorological  or  scientific 
phrases,  it  will  be  sufficient  for  the  purposes  of 
this  description  of  the  climate  to  relate  that  the 
moisture-laden  atmosphere,  carried  by  the  general  circulation  of  the  air  and  moving 
towards  depressions  in  the  great  atmospheric  envelope,  the  moisture  is  condensed 
by  being  forced  against  the  mountain  side,  thence  upward,  and  the  major  portion 
being  precipitated  on  me  windward  side,  that  which  is  still  held  in  suspension  is 
carried  eastward,  where  new  conditions  are  met  with  and  a  possibly  new  mixing  of 
the  atmosphere  takes  place.  New  temperature  conditions  are  met  with,  the  disturb- 
ing cause,  the  depression  in  a  part  of  the  atmosphere  near  at  hand,  continues  the 
turV)ulent  motion  and  moisture  is  precipitated  over  the  country  to  the  leeward  of 
the  mountains  ;  on  its  movement  eastward  the  second  range  of  mountains  is  encoun- 
tered, higher  than  the  first,  and  possessing  a  lower  temperature,  which  acts  as  a 
great  resistance  to  the  outward  march  of  the  disturbing  element  and  the  passage 
winds  from  the  ocean  to  its  rear,  the  moisture  is  again  precipitated  on  the  windward 
side  of  this  second  range,  and,  if  the  disturbing  cause  is  sufficient,  it  crosses  the 
second  range,  meets  another  temperature  condition,  and  here  again  moisture  is  con- 
densed and  precipitated,  thence  onward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  eastward. 
This  brief  description  of  the  condensation  of  moisture  over  this  section  and  its  pre- 
cipitation in  the  form  of  rain,  snow,  sleet  or  hail,  will  give  the  reader  a  general  idea 
of  the  causes  of  excessive  rainfalls  west  of  the  Coast  range,  a  less  amount  between 
Coast  and  Cascade  Mountains,  and  still  less  to  the  east  of  the  Cascades. 

The  climatic  conditions  of  Montana  are  more 
under  the  influence  of  the  general  movement  of 
atmospheric  disturbances  to  the  east  of  the  Rocky 
IMountains  than  to  the  west  of  this  range,  hence  for 
this  reason  the  seasons  in  Montana  &^e  not  so  marked 
by  wet  and  dry  as  they  are  over  Idaho,  Washington 
and  Oregon.  These  wet  and  dry  seasons  are  not  to 
be  taken  as  such  in  a  literal  sense  of  meaning,  but 
rather  in  a  distinguishing  sense,  /.  e.,  during  the 
so-called  wet  season  the  liability  for  rain  is  much 
greater  than  it  is  for  fair  weatner,  and  contra  for 
the  dry  season.  The  causes  of  tlie.se  two  marked 
seasons  lie  in  the  general  movement  of  the  winds, 
the  inclination  of  the  earth  and  the  diff'erence  in  the  amount  of  heat  received  from 
the  sun,  the  amount  of  heat  absorbed  or  reflected  and  the  amount  of  heat  prevalent 
in  the  air. 


QlSRALTER  AND  NISOUALLV  GLACIER. 
MT.    RAINIER. 


14 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


{ 


A  Near  Approach  to  Mt.  R.^inier. 


Due  to  the  change  of  seasons,  the  inclination  of  the 
^^jjpn.  earth,  during  the  autumn  months  the  amount   of  heat 

^'7';'.'j;^;,'ji)jj,';.^';  received  from  the  sun  gra.lually  lessens,  hence  a  cooling 
ri*!^  of  the  air.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  air  at  a  tem- 
perature of  50°  will  hold  but  one-fourth  as  much  moisture 
in  suspension  as  it  will  at  a  temperature  of  100°.  With 
this  fact  in  view,  it  can  be  seen  that  the  continuous  move- 
ment of  the  moisture-laden  air  from  the  ocean  meets,  in 
the  autumn,  a  gradual  cooling  of  the  air  over  the  land, 
hence  the  precipitation  begins.  As  the  disturl)ing  causes  become  more  frequent,  due 
to  the  greater  cooling  of  the  air  over  the  land,  the  precipitation  becomes  more  fre- 
quent and  heavier,  until  the  maximum  cold  of  winter  has  passed  and  the  warming 
of  the  air  of  spring  begins,  With  this  increased  heat,  the  disturbing  causes  become 
less  frequent,  until  in  the  summer  they  almost  entirely  disappear.  The  winds  from 
the  ocean  continue  during  summer,  and  they  have  as  much  moisture  in  suspension  as 
they  had  before,  but  the  greater  heat  of  the  air  over  the  land  allows  this  moisture  to 
be  t:)ken  up  and  absorbed,  and  not  cooled  and  precipitated  as  Jl  is  in  winter.  The 
gentjral  movement  or  circulation  of  the  air  is  a  great  factor  in  v.e  change  from  the 
wet  to  the  dry  season,  but  the  change  is  more  due  to  the  change  ui  heat  than  in  the 
change  in  the  winds,  though  the  latter  carry  great  weight  in  the  argument  as  to  the 
causes  of  the  wet  and  dry  .sea.sons. 

There  now  have  been  presented  the  main  factors  of  the  climate  and  its  causes. 
The  mechanical  resultant  of  these  causes  is  the  climate  of  this  region,  a  climate 
which,  practically  constant  as  a  whole, displays  equalh' constant  differences  between 
the  several  natural  districts  into  which  the  region  is  divided.  Yet,  before  proceeding 
to  a  more  minute  description  of  these  various  districts,  it  will  be  advisable  to  present 
a  general  review  of  the  climatic  characteristics  which  dominate  the  whole  region. 
The  distinguishing  characteristic  of  the  climate  of  the  region  is,  that  varieties  of 
weather  endure  practically  unaltered  for  days  at  a  time,  and,  even  when  supplanted 
by  others,  return  again  and  again,  and  on  each  such  recurrence  are  symmetrical  with 
their  former  appearance,  even  when  they  are  not  practicall}'  identical.  In  this 
regard  there  is  a  wide  variation  from  the  conditions  which  obtain  elsewhere  in  the 
United  States.  Nor  is  this  the  only  difference.  Another  notable  one  is  that  the 
storms  of  the  Pacific  are  with  comparative  infrequency  traced  across  the  Rocky 
Mountains  and  the  Atlantic  slopes  Another  is  that  the  storm  frequently  increases 
rapidl}'  toward  the  north. 

When  the  area  of  low  barometer  of  considerable  depth  overlies  Washington  and 
probably  is  central  far  to  seaward,  its  movement  eastward  is  checked  .f  not  pro- 
hibited by  the  Cascade  and  Rocky  Mountains.  Held  back  by  this  mountain  wall 
and  the  eciuallj-  potent  barrier  of  high  barometric  pressure  eastward,  the  low  pres- 
sure is  kept  beating  against  the.se  obstacles.  While  this  condition  endures,  gales 
occur  along  the  coast  and  rains  occur  over 
most  of  the  region.  When,  on  the  other 
hand,  a  high  area  is  central  over  Washing- 
ton, the  low  pressure  is  central  over  Cali- 
fornia, fair  weather,  light  winds  and  an 
increasing  temperature  prevail.  We  have 
now  given  in  general  terms  and  briefly  the  ^r  r..    . '     •.  r  

causes  of  the  changes  in    the    weather   of  „,   „,,„,„  ,,„  lake  Washington,  Seattle. 


PHOTO.    BY  LA   ROCHE. 


Topography  and  Climate. 


IS 


Camp  Portland  neah  Mt.  Rainier. 


this  region  on  a  general  scale.  The  object  of  this  paper  is  to 
give  a  more  minute  description  of  the  climate  of  the  region 
in  order  that  the  inquirer  or  the  present  citizen  can  become 
more  familiar  with  a  section  whose  area  is  immense,  its  climate 
embracing  all  changes  from  the  sunny  clime  of  Italy  to  the 
rigors  of  an  arctic  clime;  a  section  that  produces  every  known 
product  of  the  temperate  zone,  rich  in  minerals,  fish,  wood 
and  natural  resources,  and  possessing  qualifications  which 
should  and  which  will  entitle  it  to  a  population  more  dense 
and  more  prosperous  than  that  which  any  section  of  our  broad 
land  now  possesses. 

No  single  feature  with  which  we  come  in  contact  during  our 
existence  has  such  an  influence  upon  our  lives,  our  occupation, 
our  progress  and  advancement  as  has  the  weather.  Upon  the  climate  depends 
everything,  hence  such  an  important  part  of  our  existence  should  be  thoroughly 
understood  and  be  familiar  to  every  one.  That  more  attention  is  being  paid  to  a 
study  of  climate,  to  changes,  causes  and  t 'fects,  is  evinced  by  the  greater  interest 
displayed  in  the  work  of  the  national  weather  bureau.  It  is  only  through  the  medium 
of  this  organization  that  we  can  learn  of  the  climate  from  a  practical  or  scientific 
standpoint,  and  it  is  by  having  access  to  its  reco.ds  and  data  that  this  article  was 
made  possible.  This  article  is  based  entirely  upoi.  ofl'icial  data,  hence  is  authentic. 
Covering  15  degrees  of  longitude  and  10  of  latitude,  it  loes  not  seem  so  improb- 
able that  the  region  should  have  such  a  wide  difftrerce  in  climatic  conditions.  The 
marked  features  of  this  difference  are  the  precipitation  over  the  extreme  northwest 
section  of  Washington,  at  and  near  Neah  Bay  amounting  to  over  100  inches,  eight 
and  one-half  feet  of  water,  annually,  while  in  portions  of  Southern  Central  Washing- 
ton about  Pasco,  in  Southeastern  Oregon  and  in  the  central  portions  of  Idaho,  less 
than  10  inches,  or  less  than  one  foot,  of  water  falls  annually.  vSuch  is  the  difference 
in  precipitation  in  inches.  In  snowfall  along  the  coast,  snow  is  as  much  a  rarity  as  it 
is  in  the  southern  sections  of  those  states  bordering  upon  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  while 
in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  on   the  higher  mountains  of  Idaho  and   ^Montana,  snow 

falls  to  a  depth  of  several  feet,  and  over  a  large  portion 
of  the  country  to  the  east  of  the  Cascades,  snow  covers 
the  ground  during  the  latter  part  of  December,  in  Janu- 
ary and  for  part  of  February.  This  is  not  true  of  the 
immediate  Columbia  river  vallej-  and  on  the  lower 
plateaus.  In  temperature  as  great  a  difference  exists. 
Along  the  coast  a  temperature  below  10°  above  zei-o  has 
never  been  recorded,  while  to  the  east  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains  temperatures  of  10°  above  and  below  zero 
occur  every  winter.  Such  an  extremely  low  temper- 
ature as  41°  below  zero  was  recorded  at  Helena,  Mon- 
tana, in  January,  1880.  These  extremes  are  quoted  to 
show  the  wide  range  of  climatic  conditions  which  exist 
over  this  region. 

The  following  statement  will  give  the  reader  a  gen- 
eral idea  of  the  climatic  condition   prevailing  over  this 
section    In  selecting  the  stations  for  which  data  is  given 
FALLS  NEAR  MT.  RAINIER.  ^^  ^as  becu  eudcavorcd  to  select  those   which   give  the 


ri' 


10 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


most  complete  type  of  the  climate  for  their  section.  The  figures  given  are  taken 
from  reports  of  the  United  States  and  Canadian  weather  bureaus.  A  few  stations 
distributed  over  the  whole  country  are  included  in  the  table  for  comparison. 


Stations 

Mean  Annual 
Temperature 

Highest 

Temperature 

on  Record 

Lowest 

Temperature 

on  Record 

Average 

Summer 

Temperature 

Average 

Winter 

Temperature 

Av'ge  Annual 

Precipitation 

in   nches 

Victoria,  B.  C 

Esquimault,  B,  C 

New  Westminster,  B.  C. 

Soda  Creek,  B.  C - 

Spence's  Bridge,  B.  C.-- 

Olynipia,  Wash 

Spokane,  Wash  — 

Walla  Walla,  Wash--- - 

Astoria,  Oregon 

Portland,  Oregon 

Roseburg,  Oregon 

Bandon,  Oregon 

Baker  City,  Oregon 

Helena,  Mont 

Boise  City,  Idaho 

48.5 
48.8 

47-5 
41.6 

47.0 

49-7 
47.2 

5-7 
49.8 
53-4 
53-2 
5I.8 

45-^ 
43-3 
50.5 

86 

79 

90 

110 

102 

97 
102 
108 

88 
102 
102 

92 

lOI 

103 
106 

104 
100 
101 
100 
106 

97 
105 
109 

8 

17 
2 

-38 

-14 

-2 

-30 

-17 
10 
-2 

-6 

14 
-14 

-41 
-28 

-!i 

-13 
-23 
-22 

15 
-29 

2.S 

58.2 
58.2 

59-7 
66.4 

69.5 
60.9 
66.9 

71.8 
5H.7 
65.7 
64-5 
57-9 
63.1 
644 

70.3 

38-0 
40.0 

35-3 
14.9 
22.4 
42.6 
27.4 
35-3 
40.3 
40.4 
41.6 
459 
24-5 
20.1 

31.8 

34-6 

33'^> 
28.6 
27.1 
.^3-4 
56.3 

31-2 

54.7 

34-72 
24.82 
62.88 

7.48 
10.17 

55.9S 
20.08 

17.94 
75.49 
49-34 
36-52 
61.58 
14.20 

12.53 
14.30 

Washington,  D.  C 

New  York  City 

Boston ,  Mass 

Chicago,  Ills- 

St.  Louis,  Mo-    

New  Orleans,  L,a 

Denver,  Colo 

Los  Angeles,  Cal 

54.7 
51-4 
48.1 

48.5 
55-6 
69.0 

49-3 
61.4 

75-2 

71-3 
68.7 
69.9 
76.7 
81.4 
69.6 
.     70.  r 

44.66 

45-47 
46.42 
36.00 

38-37 
62.94 

14.31 
18.38 

*  Figures  preceded  by  the  minus  sign,  indicate  temperature  below  zero. 

The  mean  annual  temperature  has  considerable  variation  over  the  section.  Soda 
Creek,  in  British  Columbia,  having  the  lowest  mean  and  next  to  Helena  has  the  low- 
est temperature  on  record  for  this  section  Walla  Walla  has  the  highest  mean  tem- 
perature. Portland  and  Roseburg  have  nearly  as  high  a  temperature.  These  tem- 
peratures are  nearly  as  high  as  that  of  Washington  City.  The  extreme  temperatures 
at  Walla  Walla,  having  a  range  of  125°,  are  much  greater  than  those  of  Portland  or 
Roseburg.  Portland  has  the  highest  mean  temperature  and  least  range  with  the 
highest  mean  of  any  station  in  the  district.  xJandon,  Coos  county,  Oregon,  on  the 
ocean,  has  the  least  absolute  range  of  temperature  of  any  station  in  the  district.  The 
mean  temperature  of  all  the  stations  except  Helena  and  Soda  Creek  is  higher 
than  the  mean  over  a  great  portion  of  the  United  States.  The  mean  temperature  does 
not  convey  the  proper  information  for  an  agriculturist,  hence  the  highest  and  lowest 
temperatures  on  record,  covering  a  period  of  ten  years  or  more  are  given.  Along 
the  immediate  coast  line  the  maximum  temperature  is  rarely  above  85°  and  has 
never  been  as  low  as  zero,  temperatures  below  10°  above  zeio  being  very  unusual  on 
the  coast.  In  the  interior,  but  to  the  west  of  the  Cascade  range,  the  extreme  sum- 
mer heat  rises  to  90°  almost  every  year,  and  extremes  of  102°  are  on  record.  Cross- 
ing to  the  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  extremes  of  105°  and  110°  are  recorded. 
Through  the  major  portion  of  the  United  States  maximum  temperatures  of  100°  are 


are  taken 
ff  stations 
1. 


iv'ge  Annual 

Precipitation 

in  Inches 


34-72 
24.82 
62.88 
7.48 
10.17 

55.9S 
20.08 

17-94 
75-49 
49-34 
36-52 
61. 5S 
14.20 

12.53 
14.30 


44.66 

45-47 
46.42 
36.00 

3«-37 
62.94 

14-31 

18.38 


ion.  Soda 
as  the  low- 
meau  tem- 
These  tein- 
tnperatures 
'ortland  or 
e  with  the 
fon,  on  the 
strict.  The 
:  is  higher 
iraturc  does 
and  lowest 
en.  Along 
1°  and  has 
unusual  on 
treme  sum- 
»rd.  Cross- 
e  recorded, 
of  100°  are 


Topography  and  Climate. 


17 


NtsQUALuy  Glacier- Mt,  Rainier. 


recorded,  and  in  a  great  portion  of  this  high  summer  temperature  injurious  effects 
result  from  the  heat,  such  as  prostration,  sunstrokes  and  the  like.  This  depressing 
effect  during  the  high  temperature  is  due  to  the  increased  moisture  of  the  air  during 
the  increased  heat.  Over  the  entire  area  of  the  section  under  discussion  the  ill  effects 
of  heat  are  unknown       A  sunstroke  has  not  been  recorded.     This  difference  is  due  to 

the  fact  that  with  increased  heat  there  is  a  decrease 
in  the  moisture,  so  that  when  perspiration  is  formed 
on  the  body  the  great  evaporating  power  of  the  air  is 
such  as  to  immediately  evaporate  the  body  moisture, 
thus  producing  a  cooling  effect.  Then  too,  the  dura- 
tion of  heat  is  comparatively  short  in  thi3  section, 
while  in  the  Eastern  states  the  duration  of  heat  fre- 
quently extends  over  a  week.  This  long  extension 
of  debilitating  heat  adds  new  fuel  to  the  already  super- 
heated body  and  having  no  relief  during  the  night, 
there  is  no  cooling  or  rest  for  the  blood,  the  result 
of  continued  exposure  to  the  heat  finally  produces  prostration  with  frequently  fatal 
results.  In  this  section  the  period  of  warm  or  hot  weather  is  of  short  duration, 
seldom  extending  over  two  or  three  days,  and  during  the  continuance  of  this  heat, 
as  at  other  times,  the  nights  are  cool,  thus  allowing  the  body  to  almost  entirely 
recuperate  during  the  period  from  sunset,  when  the  cooler  ocean  breezes  are 
experienced,  to  10  o'clock  A.  M.  the  next  day  when  the  heat  again  begins  to  be 
experienced.  Over  the  greater  portion  of  British  Columbia,  Montana,  Idaho,  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon  a  blanket  is  a  comfortable  and  necessary  covering  during  the  night, 
even  during  the  period  of  the  maximum  sumr  heat.  Considering  these  various 
conditions  it  does  not  seem  peculiar  that  during  extreme  heat,  which  in  Chicago,  St. 
Louis,  New  York  and  other  Eastern  cities  would  result  in  sunstroke,  here  leads  to  no 
great  or  serious  inconvenience  or  results. 

Due  to  the  proximity  of  the  ocean  and  the  chain  of  mountains  to  the  east  (the 
Coast  range),  that  section  lying  to  the  west  of  the  Coast  range  is  free  from  zero  tem- 
perature, in  fact  generally  free  from  even  freezing  temperature.  Between  the  coast 
and  Cascade  Mountains,  once  in  the  history  of  meteorological  record,  has  the  tem- 
perature gone  below  zero,  and  that  period  was  in  Janu- 
ary, 1888,  when  orange  trees  were'  frozen  in  Southern 
California  and  zero  temperature  occurred  in  Oregon, 
Washington  and  British  Columbia.  From  self-register- 
ing instruments  at  the  weather  bureau  office  in  Portland, 
the  following  data  is  deduced  which  will  to  a  great 
extent  be  true  of  the  entire  country  lying  between  the 
coast  and  Cascade  Mountains. 

During  the  year  1890,  at  Portland,  the  temperature 
was  below  the  freezing  point  for  529  hours  or  during 
6  per  cent,  of  the  hours  of  the  year.     In  the  same  year 

the  temperature  was  above  90°  during  11  hours  or  less  than  one  percent,  of  the  hours 
of  the  year.  The  non-frost  period  was  from  April  15  to  October  9.  In  1891  the  teth- 
perature  was  below  the  freezing  point  during  153  hours  or  during  1.7  per  cent,  of  the 
hours  of  the  year ;  it  was  above  90°  during  33  hours  or  three-tenths  of  one 
per  cent,  of  the  hours  of  the  year.  The  non-frost  period  was  from  April  11  to 
November  16.    To  the  east  of  the  Cascades  the  extreme  summer  temperature  is 


GREAT  COWLITZ    GLACIER-MT.    RAINIER. 


& 


■  (■ 


i    1 

i 

! 

1 
t 

^—  ^^^— 

18 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


°  below  at 
is   seldom 


SSO'i' 


Cowlitz  Glacier  and  Tatoosm  range. 
Mt.  rainier. 


higher  and  winter  temperature  decidedly  colder  than  to  the  west  of  them.  The 
winter  temperature  is  below  zero  every  winter  and  sinks  as  low  as  41 
Helena,  Montana.  Through  the  immediate  Columbia  river  valley  it 
lower  than  15  or  20  degrees  below  zero,  and  this  extreme  is  seldom  of  long 
duration.  The  winter  period,  during  which  stock  must  be  fed,  seldom  exceeds  seven 
or  ten  weeks,  usually  six  weeks  is  the  utmost  limit.  To  the  west  of  the  Cascades 
wheat  has.not  been  known  to  "  winter  freeze  "  while  to  the  eastof  them  it  frequently 

freezes. 

For  the  purpose  of  furnishing  a  general  idea  of  the 
usual  winter  and  summer  temperature  the  table  given  above 
notes  these  temperatures  for  the  various  stations.  In  sum- 
mer Walla  Walla,  with  Boise  City  a  close  second,  has  tlie 
highest  mean  temperature,  while  Bandon  has  the  lowest. 
The  usual  summer  mean  temperature  is  about  65°  for  the 
whole  region.  In  winter  at  Soda  Creek  and  Spence's  Bridge, 
British  Columbia,  at  Spokane,  Baker  City,  Helena  and  Boise 
City,  the  mean  winter  temperature  is  below  the  freezing 
point,  with  the  lowest  at  Soda  Creek.  The  temperature 
over  the  greater  portion  of  this  .section  is  favorable  to  the 
growth  of  fruit,  agricultural  and  stock  products.  A  care- 
ful analysis  of  the  data  given  in  the  foregoing  table  would 
take  many  pages,  but  the  gist  of  it  all,  so  far  as  temperature  is  concerned,  is  here 
given. 

The  column  on  the  right  in  the  foregoing  table  contains  the  average  annual 
amount  of  rainfall.  The  term  rainfall  includes  all  forms  of  precipitation.  The  heav- 
iest rainfall  in  the  United  States  occurs  at  Neah  Bay,  extreme  Northwestern  Wash- 
ington, where  it  amounts  to  over  100  inches  annually  ;  thence  north  and  southward 
there  is  a  decrease.  A'.  Astoria  there  are  75  inches ;  at  New  Westminster,  B.  C. , 
there  are  63  inches.  Along  the  immediate  coast  it  amounts  to  over  60  inches,  or  five 
feet,  annually.  In  the  interior  there  are  many  local  variations,  but  generally  speak- 
ing, from  Puget  »Sound,  north  and  south,  there  is  a  decrease.  Olympia  has  56  inches 
annually,  Victoria  35  inches,  Portland  49  inches,  while  in  the  southern  portion  of 
Oregon  it  is  but  22  inches.  To  the  east  of  the  Cascades  it  varies  from  7  to  20  inches. 
In  this  section  about  one-third  the  annual 
amount  occurs  in  the  form  of  snow,  while  to 
the  west  snowfall  does  not  form  over  5  per  cent 
of  the  annual  total,  and  in  years  not  i  per  cect. 
The  generally  received  opinion  is  that  the 
heavy  rainfall  along  the  coast  sections  extends 
over  the  major  portion  of  this  section,  while  it 
is  a  fact  that  excessive  rain  does  not  extend 
over  3  per  cent  of  the  country.  Again,  on  the 
other  hand,  it  has  been  represented  that  tothe 
east  of  the  Cascades  the  country  is  almost 
rainless.  The  statemen^  is  absurd  on  the  face 
of  it.  The  annual  rainfall  occurs  principally 
from  December  i  to  March  i,  where,  save  to  the 
east  of  the  Cascades,  65  per  cent  of  the  rain 
occurs.      The  area  over  which  there  is  less  than         g„„,  north  glacier,  mt.  baker,  at  .000  feet. 


OOBBS,   NEW  WHATCOM. 


Topography  and  Climate. 


10 


leni.  The 
'  below  at 
is  seldom 
1  of  long 
eeds  seven 
;  Cascades 
frequently 

dea  of  the 
iven  above 
.  In  sum- 
id,  has  the 
the  lowest. 
65°  for  the 
:e's  Bridge, 
a  and  Boise 
le  freezing 
eniperature 
able  to  the 
Ls.  A  care- 
able  would 
ned,  is  here 

rage  annual 
The  lieav- 
itern  Wash- 
l  southward 
ister,  B.  C. , 
ches,  or  five 
rally  speak- 
as  56  inches 
n  portion  of 
0  20  inches. 


Water  Fall  near  mt.  baker,  wash. 


IT   6000  FEET. 


10  inches  of  rainfall  does  not  cover  10  per  cent  of  the  entire  woto.  it  mtitcM. 

region.    Over  this  area  the  precipitation  during  the  dry  sea- 
son is  about  one-fifth  of  what  it  is  during  the  wet  season, 
showing  a  quite  general  distribution  of  moisture  throughout 
the  year.     It  follows  from  such   a   distribution  of  rainfall 
that  it  is  more    beneficial   to   agricultural   operations   andj 
more   fruitful   than   in   those  sections  where  summer  rains  I 
and  storms  do  so  much   damage   to   the   harvested   crops. 
This  entire  section  is   favored    with   a   climate  of  unusual 
mildness.     While  the  immediate  coast  regions  have   very 
heavy   rainfalls,   yet   such  rain  occurs  during  the  winter 
months  of  December  to  March,  and  in  all  cf  ses  the  wet  sea- 
son gives    /ay  gradually  to  the  dry    iason  during  July  and 
August.     While  the  prepondering  aaiount  of  rain  falls  dur- ; 
ing  the  winter,  yet  the  spring,  early  summer   and  late  fall 
are  marked  by  moderate  rains  at  not  infrequent  intervals. 

From  a  perusal  of  the  foregoing  the  general  climatic 
condition  of  this  region  can  be  understood,  and  the  rela- 
tion of  the  climatic  condition  to  health  will  now  be  briefly 
discussed.  As  has  been  shown,  the  atmospheric  changes 
of  this  region  are  more  uniform  and  of  minor  range, 
when   compared    with  the   great  portion    of    the     United 

States.  This  absence  of  disturbing  meteorological  forces,  as  indicated  by  the 
narrow  range  of  barometric  and  thermometric  oscillation,  is  sufficient  to  account 
for  the  freedom  here  from  epidemics  caused  l)y  atmospheric  influences,  and  especi- 
ally the  absence  of  those  atmospheric  conditions  favorable  to  the  development  of 
bacteria  and  all  cryptoganic  and  sporadic  germs,  and  on  account  of  the  divers  currents 
of  air  mingling  with  the  breezes  from  the  mild  Pacific,  contagious  and  epidemic  dis- 
eases are  easily  controlled,  while  such  diseases  as  typhus  and  cholera  are  entirely 
unknown,  and  even  typhoid  forms  of  malaria  are  quite  easily  controlled,  when 
compared  with  the  same  class  of  diseases  in  the  climate  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 
The  climate  west  of  the  Cascades  is  generally  too  damp  for  consumptives,  but  on  the 
plateaus  east  of  this  range  it  is  the  best  climate  for  them  in  the  world.  Atmospheric: 
causes  of  disease  reside  chiefly  in  the  varieties  of  atmospheric  changes  of  moisture 
and  temperature,  sudden  changes  in  temparature,  excessive  moisture  or  dr  ness, 
different  electric  conditions,  or  a  deficiency  of  sunshine.  The  atmosphere  may  be  a 
source  of  disease  in  consequence  of  its  being  loaded  with  impurities,  malaria,  con- 
tagions of  vf  -ious  kinds,  and  noxious  gases  in  general,  and  an  endless  variety  of 
septic  germs.  The  range  of  atmospheric  temperature  compatible  with  human  life 
is  very  consi^'  .rable.     Its  limits  are  probably  just  those  extremes  of  heat  and  cold 

that  belong  to  the  lower  strata  of  air  in  the 

different  parts  of  the  planet  on  which  man   is 

destined  to  exist.      Under  the  burning  sun  of 

,,  ^.Jthe  tropics  and  amid  the  profound  frost  of  the 

Sjfei^i  polar  regions  are  alike  found  human  dwellers. 

'*!.'  These  different  degrees  of  external  temperature 

impose  peculiar  physical  characters  ujKJn  those 

who  are  subjected  to  th^m,   but  they  do  not 

MT.  JEFFERSON,  OR.,  FROM  GR.zzLy  TARN.  of  ncccssity  cxtitguisfa  Or  even  cause   disease. 


W" 


Ill  IT 


ao 


The  Oregonian  s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


It  requires  more  care,  however,  to  preserve  life  under  intense  cold  than  under  intense 
heat.  In  India  and  other  portions  of  the  tropics  the  temperature  ranges  for  a  long 
time  from  Soto  120  degrees.  The  mingling  of  the  arctic  and  tropical  atmospheres 
ht ic  combines  to  produce  t.n  anomalous  climate  singularly  free  from  the  severer 
forms  of  disease  found  in  either  of  these  zones.  The  gradual  effects  of  great  heat 
upon  the  human  body  operate  distinctly  as  an  exciting  cause  of  disease,  and  give 
rise  to  sudden  attacks  of  illness.  In  the  arctic  countries,  on  the  other  hand,  where 
the  sun  appears  for  a  short  time  above  the  horizon ,  and  where  the  thermometer  sinks 
to  50  or  more  degrees  below  zero,  are  still  found  inhabitantSj  but  they  are  few  and 
thinly  scattered,  dependent  mainly  on  the  scanty  supply  of  food  in  those  parts  of  the 
world.  Under  a  degree  of  temperature  a  Uttle  greater  than  that  of  the  tropics,  or  a 
little  less  than  the  lowest  of  the  arctic  regions,  it  seems  probable  that  man  would 
soon  perish,  and  in  this  fact  we  have  a  striking  instance  of  the  adaptation  of  the 
health-giving  properties  of  a  climate  free  from  those  extremes  of  heat  and  cold. 

Closely  connected  with  the  effects  of  temperature  upon  the  health  is  the  influ- 
ence of  the  dir^rent  seasons  of  the  year.  It  is  open  to  the  commonest  observation 
that  the  general  health  of  the  community  fluctuates  with  the  changing  seasons. 
Catarrhs,  coughs  and  pectoral  complaints  of  all  kinds  are  apt  to  commence  or  grow 
worse  in  the  winter  and  spring  months,  while  bowel  complaints  are  more  numerous 
and  distressing  in  the  summer  months.  The  mucous  membranes  of  the  air  passages 
sympathize  with  the  skin  unJer  the  agency  of  extreme  cold  ;  those  of  the  stomach 
and  intestines  under  that  of  continued  heat.  The  thoracic  disorders  are  more  seri- 
ous and  fatal  than  those  of  the  abdominal.  Cholera  prevails  where  the  temperature 
stands  at  a  high  degree  for  a  considerable  length  of  time,  and  proves  fatal  where 
cholera  germs  luxuriate  in  a  hot  and  unchanging  atmosphere.  The  climate  of  this 
region  is  entireh-  free  from  this  disease,  for  the  simple  reason  that  the  germs  of  this 
particular  form  of  disease  cannot  flourish  in  this  mild  antiseptic  climate,  with  its 
ever  chr.r:ging  currents  of  air  drawn  from  the  mild  Pacific  and  mixed  daily  with  the 
gentle  breezes  from  the  tablelands  of  the  adjacent  coast.  Sunstroke,  yellow  fever 
and  the  like  are  unknown  in  all  this  region,  for  the  reason  that  the  mild,  warm  days 
are  followed  by  refreshingly  cool  nights,  which  make  the  climate  destructive  to  the 
germs  which  live  in  continuously  hot  localities  and  develop  these  remarkably  fatal 
maladies.  And  so  it  seems  quite  conclusive  that  the  tiiv."apeutics  of  the  climate  of 
this  region  is  remarkable  in  its  effects  both  as  to  its  prophylactic  agencies  and  its 
curative  effects  on  all  diseases  peculiar  to  our  race. 


Soils  of  the  Pacific*  Nortli\vest.— In  a  pre 

outburst  covered  the  principal  part  of  Oregon,  Wash- 
ington and  Idaho  with  a  sea  of  molten  lava,  effectu- 
ally destroying  every  vestige  of  vegetable  and  animal 
life.  This  volcanic  stone  covered  an  area  of  '•00,000 
square  miles  to  a  depth  of  over  2,000  feet.  It  is  this 
lava,  crumbled  by  mechanical  action  and  by  the  ele- 
ments to  an  impalpable  powder,  mixed  with  the  ac- 
cumulations of  years  of  decaying  vegetation,  that 
now  forms  much  of  the  soil  of  these  states. 

Generally,  U  may  be  tated  that  in  no  part  of  the 
world  is  the  soil  more  productive  or  lasting  than  are 
the  soils  of  the  best  lands  of  the   Pacific  Northwest. 


-historic  age,  a  great  vo  canic 


*-« 

rt 

fe 

'vH^^ 

w^^Sjr 

W/ 

H 

In 

i 

v,»|H||ffi| 

B™M| 

K 

f^m 

'Nrrffnii 

wiiP 

p 

* 


Tall  Wheat  Raised  in  Willamette  Valley,  Oh. 


Soils  oi  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


21 


der  intense 
>  for  a  long 
mospheres 
he  severer 
great  heat 
,  and  give 
md,  where 
neter  sinks 
re  few  and 
larts  of  the 
ropics,  or  a 
man  would 
tion  of  the 
d  cold. 

IS  the  influ- 
abservation 
ig  seasons. 
ce  or  grow 

numerous 
lir  passages 
le  stomach 
:  more  seri- 
emperature 
fatal  where 
nate  of  this 
;rms  of  this 
ite,  with  its 
ily  with  the 
ellow  fever 
warm  days 
ctive  to  the 
kably   fatal 

climate   of 
cies  and  its 

jat  vo.  canic 


'■'l<^ 

^s 

n|i^HHK|V| 

I 

<Al,','h'StiiLi'.'Xi 

■ 

i|ifl!!''r''"' ' 

18TH  Successive  Crop  of  Oats,  Kl*m*th  Co.,  Or. 


ETTE  Valley.  Or. 


This  is  fully  borne  out  by  the  expressed 
opinions  of  the  most  eminent  geolo- 
gists and  chemists.  Tlnre  is  as  great 
a  diversity  of  soils  in  the  states  com- 
prising the  region  covered  by  "  The 
Handbook"  as  there  is  a  diversity  of 
climate  in  this  part  of  the  United 
States.  The  soil  of  each  division  of 
this  region  possesses  peculiarities 
distinctively  its  own.  There  is  but 
little  difference,  however,  in  the 
wonderful  productive  power  of  the 
various  soils  of  the  Northwest.  Every  semi-tropical  fruit  and  all  vegetation  indig- 
enous to  the  temperate  zone  can  be  successfully  grown  on  this  soil.  In  the  great 
number  of  different  articles  in  "The  Handbook"  on  the  different  localities  of  this 
region,  will  be  found  a  full  desciipi-ion  of  the  diversity  and  extent  of  crops  that  are 
grown  successfully  In  their  respective  localities.  The  general  characteristics  of  the 
soils  of  the  different  parts  t  the  Northwest  are  worthy  of  some  mention  in  the  pres- 
ent article,  and  it  is  these  gener..!  features  which  will  command  attention  here,  the 
special  characteristics  of  the  lands  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  being  reserved  for  men- 
tion in  '.he  subsequent  articles  of  "The  Handbook  "  on  the  different  localities  of  this 
.section. 

In  Western  and  Southern  Oregon  the  soil  of  the  bottom  lands  of  the  valleys  is 
H  rich  black  loam  of  great  fertility.  The  Willamette,  the  largest  of  these  valleys, 
uas  at  one  time  covered  by  a  detached  part  of  the  ocean,  something  like  Puget 
Sound  is  today.  The  soil  of  the  flat  lands  of  the  Willamette  valley  is  the  sediment 
of  a  very  fine  silt  cast  into  the  waters  of  this  pre-historic  sound.  Generally,  the  soil 
in  this  part  of  Oregon  is  made  up  of  disintegrated  basaltic  rock,  washed  down  from 
the  adjacent  hills,  alluvial  deposits  and  decomposed  vcj^etable  matter.  The  hill 
soils  a;-e  less  fertile  than  are  the  soils  of  the  low  lands,  and  are  ot  a  dark  brown  color, 
friable  and  fine.  The  Willamette  valley  is,  in  some  respects,  the  most  remarkable  part 
of  llie  state,  and  it  comprises  one  of  the  most  productive  agricultural  sections  of  the 
Union.  South  of  the  Willamette  valley  are  the  valleys  of  the  Umpqua  and  Rogue 
river,  both  of  which  possess  soils  similar  to  the  soils  of  the  Willamette  valley. 

East  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  the  fertility  of  the  soil  and  its  prolific  production 
of  all  vegetation  are  due  to  the  prevalence  of  lava  asii  and  decomposed  basaltic  rock, 
which  it  contains.  The  great  cliffs  and  heaps  of  basaltic  rock  that  are  so  often  noted 
in  this  region  contain  nearly  all  the  ingredients  which  constitute  the  most  important 
elements  of  vegetable  life.  The  soils  of  volcanic  origin  are  the  most  productive  and 
la.sting  of  all  soils.     Contrary  to  popular  belief,  basaltic  rocks  are   fragile  and  short 

lived.  All  over  Eastern  Oregon,  Eastern 
Washington  and  Idaho  the  basalt,  by  a 
mechanical  breaking  down,  accompanied 
by  erosion  from  water  and  a  process  of 
chem  cal  decomposition,  is  even  today 
building  up  fertile  acres  and  adding  to  the 
productive  resources  of  land  1  hat  has  al- 
FARM  Scene,  eastern  washinoton.  ready  astouished  the  world  with  its  enor- 


i, 


I  i 


22 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


!!   !  I 


^y^. 


Tall  Oats,  Medical  Lake,  Wash. 


mous  yields  of  cereals.  It  is  highly  probable  that  on  no 
other  lands  than  the  volcanic  ash  fields  of  the  Pacific  North- 
west can  successive  crops  be  grown  without  each  subsequent 
year  noting  some  slight  diminution  of  the  yield.  The  lava 
fields  of  this  region  are  vast  and  inexhaustible  manure 
heaps,  which  insure  ample  yields  of  crops  for  countless 
years  in  the  future.  This  land  yields,  on  an  average,  30 
bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre.  The  lands  of  the  Red  River 
valley,  now  considered  the  greatest  wheat  producing  belt 
in  the  world,  yield  less  than  14  bushels  to  the  acre.  The 
practical  farmer,  who  has  made  a  study  of  cereal  culture, 
will  appreciate  the  fact  that  on  the  lands  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  the  continuous  raising  of  wheat  on  the 
same  land  soon  wears  it  out.  There  are  today,  in  the 
Willamette  valley,  farms  on  which  large  crops  of  wheat  have  been  raised  during 
successive  seasons  for  more  than  35  years  past.  The  yield  of  wheat  on  these  lands 
is  as  large  today  as  it  was  during  the  first  few  years  it  was  cultivated.  The  soil  of 
the  lands  in  the  Pacific  Northwest  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  is  even  more  last- 
ing than  are  soils  of  the  Willamette  valley,  yet  it  is  doubtful  if  either  of  these 
soils  will   be  found  less  productive  after    lany  future  generations  have  passed  away. 

The  amount  of  rainfall  in  Eastern  Oregon  and  Ka&tern  Washington,  per  year, 
is  generally  less  than  20  inches.  This  rainfall,  in  the  eastern  part  of  these  states, 
would  not  furnish  sufficient  moisture  for  the  maturing  of  crops  did  not  the  subsoil 
furnish,  during  the  time  when  crops  are  growing,  a  constant  source  of  moisture  for 
surface  vegetation.  It  is  by  this  sub-surface  form  of  irrigation  on  the  rich  lands  of 
the  Big  Bend  and  Palouse  sections  of  Washington  that  it  is  possible  to  raise  here, 
each  season,  the  millions  of  bushels  of  wheat  which  Washington  now  annuallj-  pro- 
duces. The  air  currents  which  pass  over  Eastern  Oregon  and  Eastern  Washington 
during  the  summer  months  are  charged  and  surcharged  with  vapor  taken  up  from 
the  ocean,  and  this  falling  on  the  growing  crops  at  night  in  the  form  of  dew,  insures 
a  form  of  irrigation  in  this  section  not  afforded  by  rain. 

The  soil  of  the  lands  in  the  valle)'S  tributary  to  Puget  Sound  is  a  rich  alluvium 
which  will  meet  the  draft  of  centuries  of  constant  tillage.  This  soil  is  of  great,  even 
of  unknown  depths.  At  the  bottom  of  a  well  144  feet  deep  in  one  of  these  valleys, 
an  alluvial  deposit  was  found  fully  as  rich  as  the  soil  on  the  surface.  At  a  depth  of 
80  feet  in  this  well,  a  tree  four  feet  in 
diameter  was  encountered,  and  for  the 
whole  depth  signs  of  vegetation  were 
found,  thus  evidencing  the  gradual  build- 
ing up  of  this  soil  by  ages  of  decaying 
matter.  The  enormous  crops  raised  on 
the  lands  of  the  valleys  of  the  Puget 
Sound  section  are  almost  beyond  the 
belief  of  the  Eastern  farmer.  It  migl^t 
be  mentioned  here  that  wheat  cannot 
be  successfully  grown  on  these  lands 
owing  to  the  excessive  moisture  the  air 
contains    during    the   time  the  grain  is 

°  °  Fahm  Scene  near  walla  Walla,  wash. 


Soils  of  the  PaciSc  Northwest. 


28 


ic*L  Lake,  wash, 

ised  during 
these  lands 
The  soil  of 
1  more  last- 
,er  of  these 
assed  away. 

n,  per  year, 
;hese  states, 
;  the  subsoil 
moisture  for 
ich  lands  of 
)  raise  here, 
mually  pro- 
Washington 
ten  up  from 
lew,  insures 

ch  alluvivmi 
"  great,  even 
lese  valleys, 
t  a  depth  of 


4 


parts    of   the   Northwest,   the  country   surrounding 


.#*■ 


Camping,  Two  Medicine  Creek,  Montana. 


ripening.       As   in   the   other 
Puget  Sound  contains  a  wide 
diversity  of  soils.     The   up-    , 
lands  are  not  as  fertile  as  the  ' 
valleys,  but  the  soils  of  these  c 
higher  lands  here  if  found  in 
the  East  would  be  considered 
rich  agricultural  land.     Up- 
wards of  45,ooo  acres  of  tide 
lands   in   this   section    have 
been  r.-claimed  by    diking. 
The  soil   of  this   reclaimed 
land  is  rich,    black   and   of 
great  fertility.     It   is   unex- 
celled as  a  producer   of  cer- 
tain cereals  and  of  all  kinds 
of  vegetables. 

The  soil  of  the  25,ooo,ock)  acres  of  Eastern  Washington  drained  by  the  Columbia 
river  and  its  branches  is  made  up  of  decomposed  lava.  It  does  not  differ  from  the 
soil  of  Eastern  Oregon.  This  soil  is  abundantly  supplied  with  potash  and  other  ele- 
ments essential  to  the  highest  development  of  cereal  production.  The  soil  is  of  a 
line  texture  and  in  color  it  is  a  light  gray  which  darkens  slightly  on  exposure  to 
moisture.  The  basin  of  the  Columbia  river  was  at  one  time  a  vast  inland  .sea.  In 
the  smaller  valleys  near  the  mountains  that  surround  this  basin  are  rich  alluvial 
deposits  of  great  depth.  Where  the  Columbia  river  makes  its  great  cut  through 
this  basin  the  lava  beds  show  a  depth  of  nearly  2,600  feet.  From  the  summit  of 
these  beds  of  lava  a  broad  plateau  stretches  away  to  the  east  for  a  distance  of  nearl}' 
150  miles.  This  comprises  the  great  grain  producing  region  known  as  the  Rig  Rend 
and  Palouse  sections  of  P^astern  Washington  and  the  Potlatch  district  of  Idaho. 
Some  parts  of  this  great  plateau  are  covered  here  and  there  with  great  unsightly 
piles  of  basaltic  rock  which  when  seen  from  the  passing  cars,  convey  the  impression 
of  an  unproductive  .section  of  country.  The  soils  of 
the  Big  Bend  and  Palouse  sections,  howe%'er,  are  per- 
haps the  richest  on  the  coast,  and  this  is  today  ♦'he 
greatest  wheat-producing  region  of  the  West. 

The  .soil  of  the  lands  of  Northern  Idaho  is  in 
many  respects  similar  to  that  of  the  lands  of  the 
adjacent  country  in  Washington.  In  the  valleys  and 
on  the  plateau  of  the  eastern  and  southern  parts  of 
Idaho  the  soil  is  composed  of  vegetable  matter 
mixed  with  mineral,  and  in  some  localities  of  this 
region  with  sand  and  clay.  In  the  southern  half  of 
the  state  irrigation  is  generally  necessary  to  insure 
the  perfect  growth  of  crops. 

The  soils  of  Montana,  unlike  those  of  the  states 
lying  to  the  west,  are  not  of  volcanic  origin.  The  soils 
of  the  valleys  and  bunch  grass  lands  of  Montana  were 
formed  by  the  disintegration  of  mountain  rocks 
and    by    the    slow    accumulations    of   decomposed         growino  hops,  yakima  vai ley,  wash 


PHOTO.    BY  CARPENTER, 
TACOMA. 


mm 


m 

:■  If 


i:' 


y ! 


y[  I 


24 


The  Oregotiian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Photo  by  a.  j.  merwin. 


■M<s 


Trout  Stream  near  Montesano,  Wash. 


organic  matter.  The  valleys 
of  the  state  are  exceedingly 
fertile  and  produce  cereals, 
hay,  vegetables  and  fruit. 
In  the  Flathead  and  Bitter 
Root  valleys,  lying  in  Mon- 
tana on  the  Paciiic  side  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains,  fruit 
is  successfully  grown.  Of 
the  lands  in  the  state  east  of 
the  Main  Divide  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  only  small 
areas  can  be  cultivated  with- 
out the  aid  of  irrigation. 
This  land  produces  abundant 
crops  of  wheat  and  other 
cereals. 

In  the  Yakima  valley 
and  in  Franklin  and  Adams 
counties  in  Eastern  Wash- 
aid  of  irrigation.     The  Yakima  valley. 


Large  areas  of  this  valley  are  now  Cov- 


ington crops  cannot  be  grown  without  the 
in  its  natural  state,  is  a  sage  brush  desert, 
ered  with  fruit  trees,  hop  yards  and  fields  of  alfalfa.  All  the  arable  land  in  Oregon 
or  Washington  suitable  for  agriculture  can  be  irrigated  at  a  comparatively  small 
expense.  Irrigation  in  Oregon  is  confined  to  a  small  area  included  in  a  few  coun- 
ties east  of  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains.  In  this  part  of  the  state  there  still 
remain  large  tracts  of  government  land  which,  when  irrigated,  are  as  productive  as 
any  of  the  best  land  now  under  cultivation  in  this  section.  The  average  cost  of  pre- 
paring arable  land  for  cultivation  in  the  districts  where  irrigation  is  necessary  is 
about  $15  per  acre.  The  average  cost  per  acre  in  bringing  water  to  this  land  is  esti- 
mated at  I5.  This  with  the  purchase  price  of  $1.25  an  acre  from  the  government, 
and  the  co.st  of  $15  per  acre  for  preparing  the  land  for  cultivation,  makes  the  total 
cost  of  this  land  when  fully  planted  $21.25  per  acre.  The  average  annual  expense 
of  water  for  irrigating  this  land  after  it  has  once  been  planted  is  94  cents  per  acre. 

The  average  value  of  irrigated  land  in  this  section  when 
once  cultivated  is  $57  per  acre.  These  figures  are  given 
merely  as  averages,  and  they  do  not  represent  the 
cost  of  reclaiming  land  in  any  particular  locality  of  the 
irrigated  belt.  In  some  counties  of  Oregon  the  first 
cost  of  conduccing  water  to  arid  lands  is  as  high  as  $20 
per  acre,  while  in  other  parts  of  the  arid  belt  the  cost  of 
conveying  water  for  irrigation  is  as  low  as  $1.25  an  acre. 
Statistics  bear  out  the  statement  that  when  a  tract  of 
arid  land  has  once  been  brought  under  cultivation  its 
value  increases  fully  100  per  cent,  over  the  cost  of  re- 
claiming it.  This  great  increase  of  value  in  irrigated 
lands  and  the  possibilities  of  irrigation  here  have  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  thoughtful  men  and  capitalists  to 
the  future  of  irrigation  in  the  arid  parts  of  the  Northwest, 


The     Pit.LAR8,"  U.  P.  Railroad. 
Columbia  River. 


Rivers  and  Harbors. 


26 


rhe  valleys 
xceedingly 
ice  cereals, 

and    fruit. 

and  Bitter 
ng  in  Mon- 
fic  side  of 
itains,  fruit 
rown.  Of 
tate  east  of 
ie  of  the 
>  only  small 
vated  with- 

irrigation. 
;s  abundant 

and   other 

ma  valley 
ind  Adams 
ern  Wash- 
ima  valley, 
e  now  cov- 
[  in  Oregon 
ively  small 

few  coun- 

there  still 
xluctive  as 
cost  of  pre- 
ecessary  is 
and  is  esti- 
avernment, 
?s  the  total 
al  expense 
:s  per  acre, 
ction  when 
's  are  given 
iresent  the 
ality  of  the 
n  the  first 
ligh  as  $20 

the  cost  of 
.25  an  acre. 
I  a  tract  of 
tivation  its 

cost  of  re- 
in irrigated 
re  have  at- 
apitalists  to 
Northwest, 


: 


I 


1 


4 


/I  • .. 

1 

m:ii 

J.  i 

I'J';»j 

"i.  41 

m 

jfe't*' 

|L«v 

m 

A 

M^M^^Mi'!\i 

Wm 

ii 

M^^r 

^ 

SJ^Hi. 

i 

mwt'^^mt 

w& 

\K 

wG'^iwKm 

^nfji 

'.'■Jl 

)E%'''iwbi 

Tllfth 

m 

;';i:„,,"""^ '  : 

-^^ 

F. 

J;i>«^^ 

'^ 


and  active  steps  have  already  been  taken  to  reclaim  thousands  of  acres  of  land  in 
Eastern  Washington  and  Idaho  by  digging  ditches  and  conducting  water  in  sufficient 
quantities  to  insure  ample  crops  on  this  land  in  all  seasons. 

Rivers  and  Harbors  of  the  Pacific  Nortliwest. — The  Pacific  North- 
west contains  several  great  navigable  rivers,  innumerable  rivulets,  and  a  score  or 

more  of  beautiful  Alpine  lakes  and  a  series  of  magnificent 
harbors.  It  also  boasts  of  an  incomparable  inland  sea 
which  offers  the  finest  harbor  for  shipping  in  the  world. 
Through  this  vast  region,  and  draining  an  area  of  no 
less  than  298,000  miles,  flows  the  Columbia  river,  one  of  the 
greatest  watercourses  of  the  continent.  The  Columbia 
river  rises  among  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  a  wild  and 
romantic  part  of  British  Columbia.  Its  course  for  1,020 
miles  lies  through  British  Columbia,  the  states  of  Wash- 
ington and  Oregon,  to  the  Pacific  ocean  at  Astoria.  From 
its  source  it  first  flows  in  a  northerly  direction.  After  re- 
ceiving the  waters  of  Canoe  river  it  describes  a  sharp  turn 
and  then  flows  in  its  southerly  course  towards  the  ocean. 
Below  the  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway  it  expands, 
forming  the  Arrow  Lakes,  two  beautiful  mountain-walled 
sheets  of  water.  At  Robson,  40  miles  north  of  the  inter- 
national boundary  line,  it  receives  the  waters  of  the  Koote- 
nay  river.  This  latter  stream,  from  its  mouth  to  the 
Kootenay  Lake,  a  distance  of  28  miles,  is  a  surging  and 
foaming  torrent,  which  makes  three  distinct  falls  over  huge  ledges  of  rocks.  This 
river  rises  among  the  mountains  of  East  Kootenay,  and  in  reaching  Kootenay  Lake  it 
describes  a  semi-circle,  flowing  successively  through  Montana  territory,  thence  into 
Idaho,  and  then  back  again  into  British  Columbia.  A  peculiarity  of  this  stream  is 
that  near  its  source  it  flows  due  south,  while  over  a  low  divide,  only  five  miles  away, 
the  Cohnnhia  river  winds  its  way  northward.  From  Kootenay  Lake,  a  beautiful 
sheet  of  water,  hemmed  in  by  mountains  6,000  feet 
high,  the  Kootenay  river  is  navigable  to  Bonner's 
Ferry,  Idaho,  a  station  on  the  line  of  the  Great 
Northern  railway.  From  Bonner's  Ferry  to 
Jennings,  Montana,  a  distance  of  62  miles,  ob- 
structions prevent  navigation.  At  Kootenay  sta- 
tion the  river  begins  a  rapid  descent,  and  in  this 
fall  two  great  cataracts  are  formed.  From  Jenn- 
ings, on  the  river,  a  line  of  boats  plies  to  East 
Kootenay,  which  is  separated  from  Kootenay 
Lake,  in  the  west  division  of  the  province,  by  the 
Purcell  range  of  mountains. 

At  Fort  Sheperd,  an  old  abandoned  post  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  just  north  of  the 
American  boundary,  the  great  Clark's  i'ork  pours 
its  waters  into  the  Columbia  river.  Clark's  Fork 
rises  among  the  mountains,  near  Butte,  Montana.  g,.  ^,,„  p,,,,,  kooten.,  r,ver,  b,  c. 


Cape  horn   Columbia  River. 


^J   — .= 


¥ 


i  il 


26 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


t  i 


Glimpse  of  Kootenay  Lake,  B.  C. 


It  is  first  known  as  Silver  Bow  creek,  then  successively  as  the  Deer  Lodge,  Hell  Gate, 
Missoula,  Clark's  Fork  of  the  Columbia,  and  finally  as  the  Pend  d'Oreille  river.  It 
is  navigable,  for  broken  distances,  through  Idaho. 

Crossing  the  international  boundary  line  the  Columbia  river  pursues  its  south- 
erly course,  receiving  numerous  small  streams  along  its  course  before  it  is  finally 
joined  by  the  Spokane  river.  This  latter  stream  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Coeur  d'  Alene, 
Idaho,  and  is  not  navigable.  After  receiving  the 
waters  of  the  Spokane,  the  Columbia  turns  nearly 
due  west,  forming  what  is  known  as  the  Big  Bend 
of  the  Columbia.  The  river  winds  here  around 
the  foot  of  basalt  cliffs  2,000  feet  high.  F'rom  the 
summit  of  these  cliffs  a  broad  plateau  stretches 
away  southward  for  about  150  miles.  This  plateau 
is  the  famous  wheat-producing  section  known  as 
the  Big  Bend  country  of  Washington.  After  flow- 
ing south  for  a  distance  of  214  miles  from  the 
international  boundarj',  the  Columbia  is  joined  by 
the  Okanogan  river,  which  flows  from  the  lake  of 
the  same  name  in  British  Columbia.  This  stream 
is  navigable  for  about  40  miles  from  its  mouth. 
Between  the  boundary  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Okanogan  river  the  Columbia  falls  524.4  feet, 
being  pn  average  fall  of  2.5  feet  to  the  mile. 
The  average  velocity  of  the  surface  flow  over  this 
course  is  3. 48  miles  per  hour.     After  passing  the 

Okanogan  the  next  streams  which  add  their  waters  to  those  of  the  Columbia  are 
the  Methow,  Chelan,  Entritow,  Wenatchee  and  the  Yakima. 

A  boat  now  runs  from  Rock  Rapids,  on  the  Columbia  river,  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Okanogan  river,  a  distance  of  about  80  miles.  Rock  Rapids  is  a  station  on  the  line 
of  the  Great  Northern  railway.  The  part  of  the  Columbia  from  the  head  of  Rock 
Island  rapids  to  the  foot  of  Priest  rapids  covers  a  distance  of  about  60  miles.  These 
two  rapids  and  Cabinet  rapids  are  the  principal  obstructions  to  navigation  along  this 
part  of  the  Columbia.  At  Rock  Island  rapids  the  river  has  a  fall  of  I2>2  feet  over  a 
distance  of  8,000  feet,  and  it  falls  10  feet  in  8,000  feet  of   its  course  at  Cabinet  rapids. 

At  Priest  rapids  there  are  seven 
principal  rapids,  extending  over  a 
distance  of  10  miles.  Between  *he 
little  dalles  and  Priest  rapids  are 
many  obstructions  which  interfere 
with  continuous  navigation.  These 
consist  principally  of  rapids  which, 
however,  can  be  overcome  if 
Congress  will  appropriate  suffi- 
cient money  to  insure  navigation 
through  them.  The  total  fall  of  the 
river  over  Priest  rapids,  at  low 
water,  is  72  feet,  and  at  high  water 
63^4  feet.  Boats  can  now,  at  cer- 
„^  .„       ,     „     ^  ^  ^  „  tain  stages  of  the  water,  pass  over 

Bio  Falls,  i  ootenav  River,  Line  Col.  R.  A  Koot£n»»  Rv.  o  '    r 


PMOTO.  QV  NULAN09  BHOS.,  NELSON. 


.; 


Rivers  and  Harbors. 


;e,  Hell  Gate, 
iUe  river.     It 

lies  its  south- 
;  it  is  finally 
oeuid' Aleiie, 


'olumbia  are 

iiouth  of  the 
n  on  the  line 
lead  of  Rock 
liles.  These 
Dn  along  this 
^2  feet  over  a 
binet  rapids. 
re  are  seven 
nding  over  a 
Between  *he 
it  rapids  are 
lich  interfere 
ation.  These 
apids  which, 
Dvercome  if 
)priate  suffi- 
e  navigation 
tal  fall  of  the 
jids,  at  low 
it  high  water 
now,  at  cer- 
er,  pass  over 


all  of  these  rapids,  though  "lining  up"  is  usually  necessary  to  allow  a  boat 
to  pass  up  the  river  here.  Priest  and  Rock  Island  rapids  will  always  be  diffi- 
cult places  in  the  river  for  boats  to  pass  until  either  systems  of  locks  or  boat  rail- 
ways around  tliese  dangerous  rapids  are  built.  When  the  improvements  around  the 
cascades  of  the  Columbia  are  finished  and  the  dalles  shall  be  successfullj'  passed 
and  the  upper  rapids  of  the  Columbia  are  improved,  Portland  will  enjoy  uninter- 
rupted water  communication  with  the  wheat  fields  of  the  Big  Bend  and  Palouse 
wheat-producing  sections  of  Washington,  as  well  as  with  the  mines  of  the  Chelan 
and  Okanogan  mining  districts.  Just  south  of  Pasco,  a  station  on  the  line  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific,  the  Columbia  is  joined  by  its  g'    't  southern  fork,  the  Snake,  in  many 

<  Inspects  a  greater  stream    than  even  the 

Columbia  itself.  The  Snake  is  one  of  the 
wonderful  rivers  of  the  West.  It  derives 
its  name  from  its  extremely  tortuous 
course.  It  carries  a  sufficient  volume  of 
water  to  float  steamers  i  ,000  miles  or 
more  from  its  mouth,  but  owing  to  num- 
erous obstructions  to  navigation  it  is  not 
practicable  to  continue  navigation  above 
Lewiston,  Idaho.  Steamers  have  plied 
on  this  stream,  however,  to  within  150 
miles  of  Great  Salt  Lake,  and  even  to- 
day parts  of  the  river  are  navigated  regu- 
larly for  a  considerable  distance  east  of 
Huntington,  a  station  near  the  boundary 
line  between  Oregon  and  Idaho. 

The  aggregate  appropriations  by  the  government  for  the  improvement  of  the 
Snake  and  Upper  Columbia  rivers  have  been  1271,000,  of  which  amount  1162,965  was 
expended  prior  to  June,  1893.  By  the  terms  of  the  river  and  harbor  bill  of  July,  1892, 
the  upper  limits  of  work  under  this  head  were  extended  from  Lewiston,  Idaho,  to 
Asotin,  Wash.,  a  distance  of  seven  miles.  The  Snake  is  now  regularly  navigated 
between  Riparia,  on  the  Washington  division  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  and 
Lewiston,  Idaho,  a  distance  of  77  miles.  For  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  i,  1893,  the 
three  steamers  plying  on  this  route  carried  19,364  tons  of  freight,  the  estimated 
value  of  which  was  $605,910.  ^,;__ 

The  Snake  is  one  of  the  longest  of  Western  rivers. 
It  rises  among  the  wonderful  scenic  country  of  the  Yel- 
lowstone National  Park.  It  winds  among  the  hills  and 
plains  of  Idaho  for  nearly  800  miles.  T\venty-five  miles 
from  Shoshone,  a  station  on  the  line  of  the  Union 
Pacific  railrotxd,  the  river  forms  Shoshone  falls,  next  to 
Niagara  the  most  imposing  waterfall  in  America.  Before 
entering  Washington  and  emptying  into  the  Columbia, 
the  Snake  separates  a  part  of  Idaho  from  Oregon,  being 
the  boundary  line  between  these  two  states  for  this  distance.  The  Columbia  and 
Snake  rivers  form  a  continuous  line  of  navigable  water  from  Celilo,  at  the  head  of 
the  dalles,  to  Lewiston,  Idaho.  The  only  part  of  this  stretch  of  river  now  navi- 
gated, however,  is  the  Snake  from  Riparia  to  Lewiston,  a  distance  of  77  miles.     The 


View  on  Aurow  L»ke,  Columbia  River. 


'mm 


-*"■";", *T!i5St!(r<3r;:.. 


CLARK9  Fork,  Columbia  River. 


~t:  .^ 


■'\M 


■'.    ,! 


^m 


■■■■  t^T.''  ■ 

■'  ■  ■.  f.r   i 

1; ,:.'. '  ;■ 


T 


28 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


•      H 


ii 


I     1 

I! 


!  II 

i  -Ii 


WATER  Power,  Spokane,  Wash. 


Snake,  at  certain  stages  of  water,  is  navigable  for  300  miles  above  its  junction  with 
the  Columbia  and  for  200  miles  in  the  heart  of  Idaho. 

The  Salmon ,  Boise,  Payette,  Weiser  and  Wood  rivers  drain  Central  and  Southern 
Idaho.  All  these  streams  flow  into  the  Snake  from  the  north.  The  Clearwater,  a 
blue  mountain  stream  rising  in  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  and  navigable  for  a  few 
miles  from  its  mouth,  joins  the  Snake  at  Lewiston.  The  Powder  and  Grand  Ronde 
rivers,  swift  flowing  streams,  watering  large  areas  of  fertile  valley  lands  lying  in 
Oregon,  contribute  their  waters  to  the  Snake  as  it  winds  its  way  along  the  Oregon 
boundary.  Just  as  the  Snake  strikes  the  boundary  line  it  receives  the  waters  of  the 
Malheur  river  which,  rising  in  Nevada,  flows  northward  for  a  distance  of  500  miles, 
watering  along  its  course  an  important  section  of  country. 

When   boats  shall  be  able  to  run  from  Portland  to  Celilo,  the  Columbia  and 

Snake  rivers  will  furnish  a  most  important 
system  of  water  communication  with  the 
interior.  This  water  course  will  furnish  an 
outlet  for  the  great  grain  districts  of  East- 
ern Oregon,  Washington  and  Idaho. 

The  Columbia,  after  it  is  joined  by  the 
vSnake,  receives  the  waters  of  the  Walla 
Walla,  Umatilla,  John  Day  and  Des  Chutes 
rivers,  as  well  as  the  waters  of  several 
smaller  streams.  Of  the  numerous  small 
rivers  which  empty  into  the  Columbia  be- 
tween the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  river  and  tl'p  '^c-a,  and  the  most  important,  is  the 
Cowlitz.  In  the  early  history  of  Washington,  the  course  of  the  Cowlitz  was  the  route 
generally  followed  by  people  traveling  overland  between  Portland  and  Paget  Sound. 
The  Cowlitz  river  is  navigable  for  small  steamboats  for  a  distance  of  50  miles  from 
its  mouth.  The  government  has  appropriated  for  its  improvement  sums  aggregating 
$22,000.  Nearly  all  of  this  money  has  been  expended  in  removing  sand  bars,  snags, 
rocks  and  other  obstructions  from  the  channel  of  the  river. 

The  distance  by  river  from  Priest  rapids  to  the  ocean  is  409  miles.  All  of  this 
stretch  of  the  river  is  navigable  except  a  short  distance  of  about  20  miles.  At  Celilo, 
275  miles  below  Priest  rapids  and  124  miles  east  of  Portland,  commences  a  series  of 
rapids  which  are  about  14  miles  long.  A  short  distance  above  The  Dalles  is  a  gorge 
of  the  Columbia  called  the  dalles.  The  chasm  occupies  two  and  one-half  miles  out 
of  the  14  miles  of  the  course  of  the  river  between  Celilo  and  The  Dalles.  The  river 
above  the  gorge  is  from  2,000  to  2,500  feet 
wide,  and  at  its  highest  state  it  even  covers 
a  stretch  of  a  mile  wide.  For  two  and  one- 
half  miles  through  the  gorge,  however,  the 
great  body  of  the  stream  is  compressed 
into  a  narrow  cleft  about  130  feet  across. 
During  a  June  freshet  the  water  has  been 
known  to  rise  in  this  gorge  126  feet.  It  is 
expected  that  Congress  will  make  an  appro- 
priation for  the  building  of  a  ship  railroad 
around  the  dalles  as  this  is  the  easiest  way 
to  carry  boats  over  these  dangerous  rapids.  ,^^,„,^  ,„^^„3,.  „^^„  ,^„^^  ^^^  „.^^,,. 


Rivers  and  Harbors. 


29 


iction  with 


S2!!,«: 


Gorge  agove  The  Dalles   Columbia  River. 


This  improvement  is  demanded  by  the  interests  of  a  vast  country  adjacent  to  the 
Columbia  river  above  The  Dalles,  and  the  maj^nitude  of  the  interests  of  this  section 
well  justifies  the  expenditure  of  the  small  sum  necessary  for  the  construction  of  the 
ship  railroad  referred  to. 

About  20  miles  below  The  Dalles  the  gorge  proper  of  the  Cascade  mountains 
through  which  the  Columbia  flows,  is  reached.  Thirty  miles  farther  down  the  stream 
are  the  cascades  of  the  Columbia.  Here  the  rivet  bed  is  filled  with  gigantic  boulders 
and  huge  mis-shapen  stones,  and  for  a  distance  of  six  miles  here  the  mighty  stream 
lashes  itself  into  a  fury  over  these  obstructions.  Con- 
gress has  already  appropriated  $3,553,403  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  cascades  here.  The  first  appropria- 
tion for  this  work  was  made  in  1877,  about  which 
time  work  was  commenced  on  the  system  of  canal 
and  locks  around  these  rapids.  The  work  was  de- 
layed from  time  to  time,  however,  by  the  lack  of 
money.  In  July,  1892,  and  in  March,  1893,  Congress 
made  appropriations  aggregating  11,665,903  for  the 
completion  of  the  improvements  at  this  point.  The 
general  scope  of  these  improvements  includes  a  com- 
plete system  of  canal  and  locks  and  improvements  to 
the  stream  extending  over  a  distance  of  four  and  one- 
half  miles.  The  fall  of  the  river  in  this  distance  is  about  45  feet  at  high  water  and 
36  feet  at  low  water.  The  principal  obstruction  to  navigation  here  occurs  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  reach  known  as  the  upper  cascades.  The  project  for  the  improve- 
ments contemplates  that  the  river  shall  be  improved  below  the  upper  cascades  by 
removing  boulders  and  projecting  points  in  the  bed  and  banks  so  as  to  give  good, 
navigable  water  from  its  lowest  up  to  a  20  foot  stage.  The  fall  at  the  upper  cascades 
is  to  be  overcome  by  digging  a  canal  3,coo  feet  in  length  across  the  neck  of  a  low, 
projecting  spur  around  which  the  river  is  forced  at  the  entrance  to  the  gorge,  and 
placing  in  this  a  lock  and  other  suitable  structures  which  would  permit  the  pass- 
age of  boats  up  to  a  20  foot  stage  ;  this  lock  and  canal  to  be  so  arranged  that 
should  the  future  necessities  of  commerce  so  demand,  additional  structures  may  be 
added  which  will  make  navigation  practicixble  here  at  a  much  higher  stage  of  the 
river. 

The  first  part  of  this  vast  project,  that  of  im- 
proving the  river  below  the  foot  of  the  upper  cas- 
cades is  finished.  The  difference  of  level  between 
the  head  and  foot  of  the  canal  as  now  established 
is  15  feet  at  high  water  and  24  feet  at  low  water, 
and  the  difference  in  height  between  high  and  low 
water  at  the  foot  is  54  feet,  and  at  the  head  45  feet. 
The  plan  on  which  work  on  the  canal  with  its 
locks  and  accessions  is  now  being  prosecuted  has 
for  its  object  the  improvement  of  the  river  to  a 
point  where  it  will  be  navigable  here  as  before 
stated  up  to  a  stage  of  20  feet.  These  improve- 
ments it  is  now  contemplated  will  be  completed  by 
the  end  of  1894.    This  will  give  an   unobstructed 


■?ff^ 


"ov- •;■■!'-•■  -'•-     •"■■■■■■ 


^■:;ii^^. 


fe   '1 


i 
^  9 


').  I; 


V     7  ." 


I  i 


STEAMER   HARVEST  QUEEK   RUNNINO  THE   RAPIDS 

AT  THE  Cascades  of  the  Columbia  River. 


Tf"^ 


80 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


CO-<STRUCTION  W0nK-CASC»3E    LOCKS,    OREGON. 


waterway  for  light  draft  ocean  vessels  and  river  craft  from  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia to  The  Dalles,  a  distance  of  about  200  miles. 

Fifty-three  miles  below  the  Cascade  locks  and  12  miles  distant  from  Portland,  the 
Columbia  is  joined  by  the  Willamette  river,  its  most  important  tributary.  On  the 
Willamette  between  Portland  and  the  Columbia  river  the  largest  ocean  steamers  and 
sailing  vessels  ply  at  all  seasons  with  safety.  The  Willamette  and  I^ower  Colum- 
bia rivers  float  an  export  commerce  valued  at  Si 7,000,000  annually.  A  myriad  of 
steamboats "  navigate  the  river  here,  and  hundreds  of  vessels  hailing  from  all  parts 

of  the  world  sail  over  its  waters.  From  Portland  to 
the  ocean  is  a  channel  of  a  mean  depth  of  22)4  feet 
at  the'  very  lowest  stage  of  water.  The  improvement 
of  this  stretch  of  river  is  largely  due  to  the  efforts 
of  the  citizens  of  Portland  who  have  accomplished 
work,  and  expended  large  sums  of  money  which 
should  have  been  done  bj-  the  general  government. 
In  the  Columbia  below  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette 
the  formation  of  sand  bars  at  five  or  six  places  form- 
erh'  seriously  interfered  with  the  successful  navigation 
at  these  places.  To  remove  these  bars  small  appro- 
priations were  made  by  the  general  government, 
but  these  appropriations  were  totally  inadequate 
to  accomplish  more  than  temporary  relief.  The  work  done  by  Portland  in  over- 
coming these  bars  has  been  of  a  permanent  nature,  and  it  has  been  clearly 
demonstrated  as  the  result  of  this  work  that  a  channel  of  even  30  feet  depth  at  the 
lowest  stages  of  the  river  can  successfully  be  maintained  from   Portland  to  the  sea. 

At  its  mouth  the  Columbia  river  is  eight  miles  wide.  Here  it  is  really  an  estuary 
of  the  ocean.  Accumulations  of  sand,  washed  in  by  the  ocean  and  carried  down  by 
the  river,  formed  what  was  formerly  known  as  the  Columbia  river  bar.  This 
bar  interfered  seriously  with  navigation.  Before  it  was  removed,  large  vessels  could 
only  cross  over  it  at  high  tide.  A  plan  was  elaborated  for  providing  a  channel  across 
this  bar  having  a  depth  of  30  feet  at  mean  low  tide.  The  first  appropriation  for  this 
work  was  made  by  Congress  in  1884.  The  total  amount  appropriated  for  this  work 
to  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year  of  June  30,  i.S  3,  was  $1,687,500.  The  amount  of  this 
appropriation  expended  has  been  11,540,413,  leaving  a  balance  of  1147,087  still 
available  for  the  prosecution  of  the  work.  The  work  of  improving  the  mouth  of  the 
Columbia  river,  however,  is  now  substantiall}'  finished.  The  main  part  of  the  chan- 
nel at  the  entrance  is  now  30  feet  deep  at  low  tide.     For  one  mile  of  the  width  of 

the  channel  the  lowest  depth  is  27  feet,  and  for  a  dis- 
tance of  two  miles  the  lowest  depth  is  25  feet.  The 
largest  vessels  now  pass  into  the  river  from  the  ocean 
with  safety  and  without  delay  on  account  of  tides. 

As  early  as  1877  the  government  began  the  work 
of  improving  the  Columbia  and  Willamette  rivers 
from  Portland  to  the  sea.  The  object  of  these  im- 
provements was  to  make  and  maintain  a  navigable 
channel  having  a  low  water  depth  of  25  feet  from 
Portland  to  the  sea.      The  amount  expended  by  the 

COLUMBIA  River  Rapids  AT  Cascades,  ,  ...  i     j      i«  /-         i  i- 

SHOWING  STATE  PORTAGE  ROAD,  govcmment  ou  this  work  to  the  fiscal  year  ending 


;:-x;5.^-^^^..  ,.;,i"iE 


Rivers  and  Harbors. 


31 


:he  Colum- 


,^^?r;^r-~i::y^  ;:^  ":^: 


Mouth  of  Columbia  River. 


June  30,  1893,  was  $775,138.58.       This  sum  was  appropriated  at  different  times  and 
the  work  of  the  government  in  the  improvement  has  been  carried  on  very  slowly. 

At  the  close  of  1890  it  became  apparent  that  con- 
siderable additional  improvements  must  be  made  to 
the  rivers  between  Portland  and  the  ocean,  and  that 
this  work  must  be  accomplished  in  less  time  than  it 
was  possible  to  secure  an  appropriation  from  the 
government  for  finishing  it.  Arriving  at  this  conclu- 
sion, the  citizens  of  Portland  applied  to  the  state 
legislature  of  the  session  of  1890-91  for  authority  to 
issue  bonds  to  complete  this  work  of  improving  the  rivers  from  Portland  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia.  As  a  result  of  this  petition,  the  legislature  passed  an  act, 
P'ebruary  16,  1891,  creating  a  corporation  under  the  title  of  the  Port  of  Portland. 
This  comprised  15  reprfesentative  citizens  of  Portland,  and  it  was  formed  in  the 
nature  of  a  municipal  corporation.  About  90  per  cent,  of  Multnomah  county  is 
embraced  within  its  limits,  and  it  is  vested  with  authority  to  issue  bonds  to  the  extent 
of  1500,000,  and  to  levy  taxes  to  meet  the  interest  on  the  bonds  and  to  retire  them  at 
their  maturity.  Work  was  commenced  under  the  direction  of  this  corporation  in 
December,  1891.  Since  that  time  it  has  constructed  43,000  lineal  feet  of  diking  at 
several  points  on  the  Willamette  and  Columbia  rivers  where  it  was  necessary  to  nar- 
row the  channel  to  increase  the  depth  of  water.  This,  together  with  a  con- 
siderable expenditure  for  dredging,  has  already  secured  between  Portland  and  tl.e 
sea  a  channel,  at  the  lowest  watei,  of  22^2  feet.  This  channel,  with  the  natural  ero- 
sions, is  expected  to  attain  a  depth  of  26  or  even  30  feet  with  little  further  expen- 
diture. This  result  has  been  reached  by  using  the  proceeds  of  I300, 000  in  bonds  and 
|i 25,000  raised  by  direct  taxation.  The  action  of  the  citizens  of  Portland  in  thus 
spending  nearly  half  a  million  dollars  in  improving  a  government  water  course  is 
unprecedented.  The  exigency  of  the  situation,  however,  induced  thsm  to  under- 
take that  which  the}'  had  a  right  to  expect  was  a  work 
the  government  ought  to  do.  With  these  improve- 
ments the  Columbia  and  Willamette  rivers  will  here- 
after have  a  channel  of  sufficient  depth  for  the  pas- 
sage between  Portland  and  the  ocean  of  all  vessels 
likely  to  visit  these  waters. 

From  the  mouth  of  the  Willamette  to  the  Cas- 
cade Locks,  the  Columbia  affords  free  navigation  for 
vessels  drawing  from  10  to  12  feet  of  water.  The 
Columbia  is  the  only  river  in  the  United  States  navi- 
gable for  deep  water  vessels  for  120  miles  inland 
from  its  mouth.  Tide  ascends  the  Columbia  river  to  the  Cascades,  and  on  the 
Willamette  the  river  is  affected  by  tides  to  the  Willamette  falls,  12  miles  south  of 
Portland. 

The  Willamette  river  is  formed  in  Lane  county,  Oregon,  by  the  uniting  of  several 
small  streams  which  have  their  source  in  the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  Willamette 
flows  in  a  northerly  direction,  midway  between  the  Coast  and  Cascade  ranges  of 
mountains,  and  it  waters  one  of  the  most  fertile  and  beautiful  valleys  in  America. 
Forty-two  large  and  small  streams  empty  into  the  Willamette.  It  is  unobstructed 
by  falls,  rapids  or  rocks,  except  at  Oregon  City,  12  miles  south  of  Portland.    At  this 


WORKING  ON  JETTY- MOUTH  COLUMBIA  RiVER. 


W'^ 


»1, 


1.  Ill 


i 


82 


The  Oregoninn's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Government  Jettv- mouth  Columbia  Riveh. 


point  the  great  river  flows  over  a  solid  rock  dam  3,000  feet  wide  and  42  feet  high 
forming  the  Willamette  falls.     Boats  pass  these  falls  by  a  system  of  locks,  owned  by 

the  Portland    General    Electric    Company.      These 
^  -  locks  are  now  being  widened  from  40  to  120  feet,  at  a 

cost  of  nearly  $1,000,000.  By  the  use  of  the  locks, 
the  river  is  navigable  for  the  largest  river  boats  to 
Corvallis,  96  miles  south  of  Portland,  and,  during 
favorable  stages  of  water,  boats  ascend  the  river  as 
far  as  Eugene,  130  miles  south  of  Portland.  It  is 
estimated  that,  at  a  light  cost,  the  Willamette  river 
can  be  made  navigable  between  Portland  and  Eugene 
throughout  the  year. 
Of  the  numerous  streams  which  empty  into  the  Pacific  ocean  along  the  Oregon 
coast,  a  few  are  navigable  for  distances  varying  from  40  to  70  miles.  The  entrances 
to  all  of  these  rivers  are  obstructed  by  sand  bars.  Where  the  Siuslaw  empties  into 
the  ocean  there  is  a  vast,  shifting  sandy  beach,  without  any  headland  to  determine 
the  location  of  the  entrance  channel.  The  improvements  projected  by  the  govern- 
ment at  the  mouth  of  the  Siuslaw  are  the  building  of  two  jetties,  one  4,500  feet  and 
the  other  3,000  feet  in  length.  Congress  has  already  appropriated  |i 00,000  for  this 
work.  Thfi  work  accomplished  here  so  far  has  been  properly  of  a  preliminary  nature 
only.  The  depth  of  water  on  the  Siuslaw  bar,  at  the  entrance,  now  varies  from  5  to 
12  feet  at  low  tide,  and  the  bar  channel  changes  much  in  position  and  direction  at 
different  tin.ss,  owing  to  shifting  sands. 

The  Umpqua  river  rises  among  the  Cascade 
Mountains  of  Douglas  County  and  flows  through 
a  picturesque  and  exceedingly  fertile  valley.  This 
stream  is  frequented  by  light  di-.t:  ::oasting  vessels. 
It  is  navigable  from  its  mouth  t .  Scottsburg,  a 
distance  of  about  20  miles.  Ti.e  bar,  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  river,  is  covercti  to  a  depth  of  10  feet 
at  low  tide.  Appropriations  for  the  improvement 
of  the  channel  of  this  river  now  aggregate  $33,500. 
The  Coquille  river  flows  from  the  Coast  range 
of  mountains,  through  Coos  county,  to  the  ocean. 
It  is  navigable  for  40  miles  above  its  mouth. 
About  $105,000  has  been  expended  in  improving 
the  channel  of  this  river  and  on  its  entrance  from 

the  ocean.  At  low  water,  the  bar  at  the  mouth  of  the  Coquille  is  covered  to  a  depth 
varying  from  4  to  12  feet.  The  projected  improvements  here  consist  of  extending 
and  strengthening  the  jetties  already  built,  which  will  result,  it  is  believed,  in  main- 
taining a  depth  of  at  least  eight  feet  of  water  over  the  bar  at  low  tide. 

The  Rogue  river  rises  in  the  heart  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  near  Crater  Lake. 
This  lake  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  sheets  of  fresh  water  in  the  world.  It  is  at 
an  altitude  of  6,500  feet  above  sea  level,  and  rests  in  the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano. 
It  is  eight  miles  long  by  six  miles  in  width,  and  is  estimated  to  be  1,996  feet  deep. 
It  is  surrounded  by  walls  rising  vertically  to  a  height  of  from  i  ,000  to  2,000  feet. 
The  Rogue  river  leaves  the  mountains  and,  in  flowing  to  the  ocean,  winds  through  a 
beautiful  and  well  settled  valley  contained  in  the  counties  of  Jackson,  Josephine  and 
Curry.     It  is  navigable  only  a  few  miles  above  its  mouth. 


COLUMBIA  River  near  the  Cascades. 


Of  a  .1  the  1) 
world,  none  can 
as  Paget  Sound, 
timbered  shore 
waters,  the  grea 
thousands  of  fe 
cities  along  its 
most  picturesqi 
lashes  its  water 
its  surface  is  a 
any  great  river 

On  Puget 
come  and  ride  i 
first  bark  sailei 
broad  and  deep 
record  of  a  storn 
(juence,  maritim 
rate  made  for  ve 

Puget  Sounc 
distinctive  name 
the  shore  rises 
into  the  bank  w 
scjuare  miles.  I 
miles.  Down  tl 
center  of  these  s 
bia  and  the  state 
from  the  Straits 
vSound.  Hood's 
it  is  separated  by 

Seattle  and  1 
tions  of  Admirall 
Sound,  is  Olymp: 
another  indeutal 
numerous  fine  hi 
frequented  by  ni: 
ularly  on  the  brc 
Puget  Sound. 

North  from 
ingham  Bay,  on( 
that  the  prospcrc 


I  Hi 


Rivers  am]  Harbors. 


33 


Gorge  »t  the  Cascades-Columbia  River- 


Of  a.l  the  beautiful  bodies  of  salt  water  and  safe  harbors  in  the 
world,  none  can  compare  with  the  great  inland  sea  popularly  known 
as  Puj^et  Sound.  The  irregular  contour  of  its  densely 
timbered  shore  line  and  the  deep  blue  of  its  island-dotted 
waters,  the  great  snow  peaks  that  lift  their  battlements 
thousands  of  feet  above  its  surface,  and  the  remarkable 
cities  along  its  shores,  combine  to  make  it  one  of  the 
most  picturesque  spots  in  America.  No  storm  ever 
lashes  its  waters  into  fury  dangerous  to  shipping,  and 
its  surface  is  at  all  times  as  placid  as  is  the  surface  of 
any  great  river  of  the  continent. 

On  I'uget  Sound,  the  shipping  of  the  world  can 
come  and  ride  at  anchor  in  safety.  From  the  time  the 
first  bark  sailed  through  the  Straits  of  I'uca  into  the 
broad  and  deep  channel  of  Admiralty  Inlet,  there  is  no 
record  of  a  storm  having  sent  a  vessel  to  the  bottom  of  Puget  Sound.  As  a  conse- 
([uence,  maritime  insurance  on  shipping  frequenting  Puget  Sound  is  at  the  lowest 
rate  made  for  vessels  plying  any  waters. 

Puget  Sound  is  an  aggregation  of  land-locked  bays  and  inlets,  each  enjoying  a 
distinctive  name.  Its  shore-line  is  over  i.Soo  miles  in  length,  and  in  many  places 
the  shore  rises  so  abruptly  from  the  water's  edge  that  a  boat  would  run  its  prow 
into  the  bank  without  grounding.  The  waters  of  the  sound  cover  an  area  of  2,0(X) 
s(juare  miles.  From  Cape  Flattery  the  Straits  of  Fuca  extend  inland  for  about  50 
miles.  Down  tliese  straits  sail  vessels  hailing  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The 
center  of  these  straits  is  the  boundary  line  between  Vancouver  Island,  British  Colum- 
bia and  the  state  of  Washington  to  the  south.  F^xtending  south  through  Washiu'^tcm 
from  the  Straits  of  Fuca  is  Admiralty  Inlet,  the  most  important  subdivision  >*'  Puget 
Sound.  Hood's  Canal  extends  from  near  the  mouth  of  Admiralty  Inlet,  from  which 
it  is  separated  by  a  peninsula  comprising  Kitsap  county,  for  many  miles  southward. 

Seattle  and  Taconia,  the  two  great  seaports  of  Washington,  arc  located  in  indenta- 
tions of  Admiralty  Inlet.  South  of  Taconia,  and  at  the  extreme  inland  end  of  Puget 
Sound,  is  Olympia,  the  state  capital.  Olympia  is  located  on  the  shores  of  Rudd's  Inlet, 
another  indentation  of  the  sound.  Along  the  entire  course  of  Admiralty  Inlet  are 
numerous  fine  bays  affording  safe  anchorage  for  the  deepest  vessels.  These  bays  are 
frequented  by  numerous  steamers  and  sailing  vessels,  and  thousands  of  craft  ph'  reg- 
ularly on  the  broad  bosom  of  the  great  channels  and  inlets  forming  what  is  known  as 
Puget  Sound. 

North  from  the  Straits  of  Fuca,  and  directly  opposite  Vancou-or  Island,  is  Bell- 
ingham  Bay,  one  of  the  finest  harbors  of  Puget  Sound.  It  is  on  Bellingham  Bay 
that  the  prosperous  cities  of  Fairhaven  and  New  Whatcom  are  located.     From  above 

this  bay  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  separates  the 
__  mainland  of  British  Columbia  from  Van- 
,^:_  oouver  Island.  The  northwest  navigable 
:^^.  outlet  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  is  Discovery 
"'if'fc.^r  Passage.  This  is  the  route  taken  by  the 
;^r¥&=-  steamers  plying  between  Seattle,  Taconia 
and  Alaska.  The  distance  between  Sitka  and 
Tacoma  is  1,378  miles.      With  the   excep- 


iV-3>it> 


£  ••S-iSISi' 


Steamboating,  Puget  Sound. 


[  i 
ft 


1 1 


if 


84 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Columbia  River  near  B'~ 


tioa  of  a  few  miles  of  the  distance  between  these  cwo  ports  the  route  lies  whclly 
between  islands  and  the  mainland,  where  the  water  is  as  smooth  as  any  river  course. 

Of  t':e  numerous  rivers  and  small  streams  which  empty  into  Puget  Sound,  the 
largest  are  the  Nisqually,  Puyallup,  Duwamish,  White,  Summanish,  Snohomish,  Sno- 
quahuie,  Stilaguamish,  Skagit,  »Samish  and  Nooksack.  Steamers  ply  the  waters  of 
all  these  streams.  The  largest  of  these  rivers  is  the  Skagit,  which  is  navigable  for  So 
miles  above  its  mouth.     In  enterng  the  sound  it  forms  an  extended  delta.     This  is 

principall}'  composed  of  tidal  marshes,  which  have 
been  reclaimed  by  diking,  and  which  now  possess  an 
almost  fabulous  fertility.  Near  t!ie  mouth  of  the 
Skagit  is  that  part  of  Puget  Sound  known  as  Sara- 
toga Passage,  which  is  connected  with  Padillo  Bay  by 
Swinomish  Slough.  This  slough  will  be  made  navi- 
gable for  vessels  drawing  8  and  lo  feet  of  water,  and 
will  thus  lessen  the  distance  between  the  Lower 
Sound  ports  and  Fidalgo  ;;sland  and  Bellingham  Bay. 
The  estimated  cost  ot  this  improvement  is  1 122,000. 
Of  the  projected  improvements  on  Puget  Sound, 
the  most  important  is  the  construction  of  a  ship 
canal  to  connect  Lakes  Union  and  Washington  with 
Elliott  Bay,  on  which  the  city  of  JSeattlc  is  located.  Lake  Union  lit-s  within  the  city  lim- 
its of  Seattle,  and  covers  an  area  of  905  acres.  Lake  Washington  is  a  fine  body  of  water 
immediately  east  of  Seat'le.  It  is  19  miles  long  and  maintains  an  average  width  of 
about  two  miles.  Its  total  area  is  39  s([uare  miles.  In  places  this  lake  is  600  feet  deep. 
The  average  depth  is  about  50  feet.  The  estimated  cost  of  the  canal  is  $5,000,000. 
The  level  of  Lake  Washington  is  31  feet  above  extreme  low  tide  mark  of  Puget  Sound, 
and  the  distance  between  the  part  of  Lake  Washington,  which  the  canal  will  reach, 
and  l-Ciliott  Bay,  where  it  will  terminate,  is  six  miles.  The  peculiar  advantage  of  a 
fresh  water  harbor  to  ocean-going  vessels  and  the  ravages  of  the  teredo  worm  to  piling 
of  the  wharves  situated  in  the  water  front  of  Seattle,  are  the  principal  reasons  advanced 
in  support  of  the  project  of  buildiiir  the  canal. 

Along  the  Washington  and  Oregon  coast  are  several  bays,  harbors  and  estuaries 
wuich  are  of  considerable  importance  to  the  shipping  interests  of  the  Pacific  North 
west.  Grays  Harbor  and  Willapa  Harbor  (Shoalwater  Bay ),  are  the  two  inlets  from  the 
ocean  along  the  coast  of  Washington  between  the  Straits  of  Fuca  and  the  mouth  of 
the  Columbia  river.  Grays  Harbor  was  discovered  by  Captain  Robert  Gray  in  the 
ship  Columbia  on  May  7,  1792.  It  is  of  triangular  shape,  covering  an  area  of  150 
square  miles.  Its  greatest  width  is  15  miles, 
and  at  high  tide  its  bar  is  covered  with  24  feet 
of  water.  At  its  apex  it  receiver  the  waters  of 
the  Chehalis  river.  The  part  of  the  Chehalis 
1  cr  which  it  is  possible  for  boats  to  navigate 
IB  about  90  miles  in  length.  Coasting  vessels 
now  run  up  the  river  to  Montcsano,  a  di.stance 
of  T5  miles.  The  appropriations  for  the 
improvement  of  this  stream  aggregate  $13,000. 
South  of  Grays  Harbor,  from  which  it  is  sepa- 
rated by  a  narrow  strip  of  land,  ia  Willapa 
Harbor,  formerly  called  Shoalwater  Bay.     Two    NoRtHtPN  pacific  construction  work,  south  bend,  wash. 


PHOTO    Br  GYLFt. 


\ 


■f 


Ei 


Jiivers  and  Harbors. 


85 


es  whcily 
course, 
sound,  the 
iiish,  Sno- 
;  waters  of 
able  for  So 
1.  This  is 
hich  have 
possess  an 
ith  of  the 
1  as  Sara- 
II o  Bay  by 
nade  navi- 
water,  and 
lie  IvOwer 
;ham  Bay. 

1 122,000. 
jet  Sound, 
jf  a  ship 
igton  with 
lecity  lim- 
y  of  water 
e  width  of 
I  feet  deep. 
1^5,000,000. 
fct  Sound, 
all  reach, 
itage  of  a 
1  to  piling 

advanced 

1  estuaries 
fie  North 
s  from  the 
mouth  of 
ay  in  the 
ea  of  150 


Entrance,  yaouin*  B»y   Ohf.gon. 


channels  witii  middle  sands  between  afford  entrance  to  this  bay.  The  bay  is  fn.ll  of 
shoals  and  fi.  ts  and  one-half  its  area  is  bare  at  low  tide.  The  fiats,  however,  are 
valuable  as  deposits  of  oysters.  T?ifty  thousand  sacks  01  these  bivalves  were  .'.hipped 
in  1S93.  Willapa  Harbor,  despite  the  numerous  flats,  si'Totds  ample  room  for  the 
safe  passage  and  anchorage  of  a  large  amount  of  shipping.  The  Willapa  river,  wb'oh 
flows  into  the  bay,  is  at  its  mouth  one  mile  wide.  This  stream  is  navigable  for  a  dis- 
tance of  17  miles  inland.  Rapids  prevent  ingress  of  steamers  Vjeyoud  that  point. 
The  appropriations  for   the  improvement  of  Willapa  Harbor  aggregate  ;?i8,ooo. 

A  few   miles  south  of  Willapa  Harbor 
is  the    entrance    to    the    Columbia    river. 
South  from  the  Columbia,  the  coast  of  Ore- 
gon is  unbroken   by  indentations  until  Til- 
lamook  Bay   is   reached.     This  bay  has  an 
average  depth  of  16  feet  at  high  tide,     it  is 
about  eight  miles  wide  and  is  twelve   miles 
long.      Five    rivers  empty   into  Tillamook 
Bay.  These  are  the  Miami,  Kilchcs,  Wilson, 
Trask  and  Tillamook.      The  Tillamook  bar 
is  considered  one  of  the   safest  to  cross  on  the  Oregon  coast.     The  bay  at  low  tide 
consists  of  thret  channels  sepam'tcd  from   each  other  by  sand  and  mud  flats.     The 
sum  of  $20,700  has  already  been  expended  in  improving  the  bar  and  the  l)ay  of  Tilla- 
mook.    South  of  Tillamook  Bay  the  next  hari. or  is  Yaquiua  Bay,  into  which  flows 
the  river  of  the  same  name.    This  harbor,  like  tiie  others  on  the  Washington  and 
Oregon  coast,  was  impaired  by  rocks,  shifting  sands  a.nd  other  obstructions  to  easy 
navigation.     The  improvements  already  made  here  by  ti:c  government  have  resulted 
in  increasing  the  depth  of  water  over  the  bar  at  the  entrance  from  a  depth  of  7  feet  to 
15  feet  at  low  tide.     Congress  has  appropriated  f55<>,Gou  for   improving  this  harbor. 
The  best  harbor  on  the  Oregon  coast  south  of  the  Columbia  river  is  Coos  Baj'. 
This  is  a  latge  body  of  water  with  a  verj'  irregular  shore  line.     Extensive  improve- 
ments have  been  made  here,  the  appropriations  already  made  for  this  work  having 
aggregated  1338,750.     It  is  estimated  by  the   United  Stales  engineering  department 
that  the  cost  of   improving  Coos  Bay  as  approved  by  the    war  department  will  be 

$2,466,412.     The  improvement    to 
3%e^"^  '^^  this  harbor  consists  principally  of 

jetties  which  have  the  effect  of 
keeping  the  channel  over  the  bar 
from  changing  its  position  and  to 
divert  the  great  volume  of  water  • 
flowing  out  of  the  harbor  into  the 
ocean  to  narrow  limits.  There  is  now  an  average  depth  of  18  feet  of  water  at  low 
tide  over  the  Coos  Bay  bar. 

The  Pacific  Northwest  contains  many  lakes,  some  of  which  are  unexcelled  in 
the  beauty  and  grandeur  of  their  surroundings.  In  this  article  only  the  large,  navi- 
gable lakes  of  this  section  will  be  mentioned.  In  .seoarate  articles  of  ' '  The  Hand- 
book," however,  which  treat  of  different  sections  of  the  Northwest,  the  lakes  of 
these  respective  Realities  are  fully  described.  The  most  bcuv.«^iful  of  the  many  lakes 
of  the  Northwest  is  Chelan,  lying  just  beyond  the  Columbia  river  in  Okanogan 
county,    in   Eastern   Washington.        This  lake  extends  for  a  distance  of   70  miles 


..il.-A|.'fij*j.5'#&%4.. 


Entrance  to  coos  Bay,  OhecjOn. 


P\ 


m 


'    ^  '  Si 


y,    *  ■ 


36 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


into  the  very  heart  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  It  is  navigable  for  its  entire  length. 
It  is  fully  described  in  a  separate  article  of  "The  Handbook."  Kootenay  Lake, 
already  mentioned  in  this  article  under  the  head  of  West  Kootenay,  is  a  romantic 
Alpine  sheet  of  water,  and  along  its  mountainous  shores  are  numerous  mining 
camps.  A  line  of  boats  ::lies  between  the  different  settlements  on  this  lake,  and  up 
the  Kootenay  river  to  Bonner's  Ferry,  Idaho.  Lying  in  the  center  of  a  beautiful  and 
fertile  valley  of  the  same  name  in  Montana  is  the  Great  Flathead  Lake.  Steamers 
ply  on  this  lake  between  its  southern  and  northern  shores.  Nestling  among  the 
mountains  of  Northern  Idaho  is  Lake 
CfEur  d'Alene.  Across  this  lake  ply 
steamboats  which,  with  their  rail  connec- 
tions, form  a  continuous  route  between 
Missoula,  Montana,  through  the  great 
Cteur  d'  Alene  mining  district  to  Spokane. 
This  line  is  known  as  the  Coeur  d'Alene 
branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad. 
The  C(]eur  d'Alene  and  St.  Joe  rivers  flow 
into  this  lake.  Both  of  these  streams  are 
navigable.  The  outlet  of  the  lake  is  the 
Spokane  river,  which  joins  the  Columbia 
many  miles  to  the  westward. 

On  the  line  of  the   Northern    Pacific 
railroad,   in  the  Hitter  Root  Mountains,  is 

Lake  Pend  d'Oreille,  sparkling  in  its  setting  of  castellated  hills.  Lake  Pend  d'Oreill-^ 
is  one  of  the  great  lakes  of  Idaho,  and  it  h  one  of  the  most  attractive  bodies  of  fre-^'a 
water  of  the  Northwest.  In  Southeastern  Oregon  are  a  series  of  lakes  which  hav  ki! 
to  this  region  being  called  the  lake  district  of  the  state.  Upper  and  Lower  K!  ■;,  ''  i 
Lakes  here  are  jointly  about  60  miles  long.  The  Lower  Klamath  Lake  c.s.tendb  ici'f^^ 
the  boundary  line  into  California.  Lying  partly  in  Lake  county,  <^)regon,  anu 
Northern  California  is  the  Great  Goose  Lake.  It  is  50  miles  long  and  from  S  to  15 
miles  wide.  Its  depth  is  from  12  to  40  feet.  Abert,  Warner,  Summer  and  Silver 
Lakes  in  the  county  are  all  fine  bodies  of  water,  teeming  with  fish,  and  lying  in 
the  midst  of  charunng  scenery.  In  Harney  county,  Oregon,  is  Malheur  Lake,  a  large 
and  deep  body  of  water.  In  different  parts  of  the  Northwest  are  innumerable  other 
lakes,  all  of  which,  as  before  mentioned,  are 
fully  described  in  subsequent  articles  of  "The 
Handbook." 


CflATER  Lake,  Klamath  Co.,  Oregon. 


Jtiill roads  of  the  ?>{ or th west. —Per- 
haps the  j^reatcst  agent  in  the  enlightenment 
and  civilization  of  any  people  is  the  railroad. 
No  country  without  the  nid  of  the  railroad  is 
in  close  touch  with  the  thought  and  action  of 
the  higher  civili/ed  centers.  The  telegraph 
does  much  as  a  national  educator,  but  the  rail- 
road, affording  rapid  and  frequent  means  of  trans- 
portation between  points  widely  separated  frv.m 
each  other,  offers  such  excellent  opportunities 
for  conveying  intelligence  over  long  distances. 


^^' 


I 

I 
% 
"it 
'5 


THE  Oldest  Steamer  on 
Pacific  Coast. 


Railroads  of  the  Northwest, 


37 


Jtf--^ 


?^ 


r 


.>  iii:Mi'uiiiriiijii(iUU;:!r«!:is)i9i.<Mj.>i 

iii!ii:iii!iMi?;iSais''^s! 

.    1  'ffiiiWpL 


Rooster  rock -Columbia  River. 


as    well    as    between    the 


juformation  contained  in  both  the  standard  publications 
of  the  country  and  in  personal  letters,  that  its  importance 
to  any  new  section  of  country  cannot  be  over-estimated. 
Practically  all  the  solid  advancement  made  in  the  Pacific 
Northwest  has  been  accomplished  since  the  tracks  of  the 
transcontinental  lines  first  reached  tide  water  on  the 
Pacific  coast,  and  it  is  to  the  perfection  of  the  railroad 
systems  of  the  North  wccL  that  this  part  of  the  United 
States  has  the  most  to  look  to  for  its  future  advancement. 
The  railroad  has  been  an  essential  factor  in  the 
growth  of  the  states  of  Oregon  and  Washington.  Before 
the  iron  horse  reached  the  coast  the  maritime  ports  of 
these  states  recieved  their  freight  from  San  Francisco 
pnJ  the  Kast  by  sail  and  steamers.  The  railroad  was 
needed  to  furnish  more  rapid  and  direct  means  of  com- 
municating with  the  East  than  had  been  afforded  by  the 
water  transportation  lines.  No  railroad  could  reach  the 
West,  however,  without  being  brought  intr-  direct  com- 
petition for  its  freight  traffic  with  the  n  mierous  lines 
of  steamers  and  fast  sailing  vessels  plying  between 
Oregon  and  Washington  and  all  ports  of  the  coast, 
Northwestern  States  and  all  parts  of  the  Orient.  The  water  lines  have  given  the  peo- 
ple of  the  Northwest  the  benefit  of  competition,  which  has  placed  the  freight  charges 
of  the  transcontinental  railroads  on  a  most  reasonable  basis,  and  it  has  been  largely 
due  to  these  low  freight  rates  that  the  Northwest  has  made  such  marvelous  advancc- 
n\ent  duriniT  the  past  ten  years. 

The  rail  and  water  lines  of  transportation  in  the  Northwest  are  so  closclj'  allied 
thf.c  it  is  necessary  to  state  for  the  information  of  the  reader  that  nearly  every  railroad 
line  reaching  this  section  has  direct  connections  with  lines  of  boats  plying  tlie  waters 

of  Puget  Sound,  the  Columbia  river  and  its  tributaries  and  the 
Pacific  oce  m.      The   railroade,    v.'ith  their  water  connections, 
form  a  net  work  of  transportation  lines  that  cover  all   the  best 
parts  of  tht  Northwest,  and  the  railroads,  through  their  connec- 
tions here  with  ocean  steamers  for  nearly  all   the  ports  of 
ihc  world,  afford  a  means  of  rapid  communication  with 
New  York  and  the  Orient  that  is  oi  the  utmost  import- 
ance to  the  commercial  intciests  of  the  United  States. 

Prior  to  1880  Oregon  and  Washington  practically 
were  without  railroads.  A  few  short  lines  of  road  had 
been  built  in  the  Northwest  before  that  time,  but,  like 
the  Oregon  &  California  extending  south  from  Portland 
through  the  Willamette  valley  for  a  distance  of  200 
miles,  these  roads  were  merely  local  in  their  nature  and 
they  were  but  uncompleted  parts  of  what  have  since 
l)een  developed  into  great  railroad  systems.  Traffic 
between  this  coast  and  the  East  was  then  handled  by 
steamer  to  San  Francisco  where  connection  was  made 
with  the  Central  and  Union  Pacific.  The  MuUaii  road,  a 
ON  COLUMBIA  RIVER.  auious  military  highway  running  from  Walla  Walla  on 


i\ 


■(^Ti^DoMt;^ 


,'  1 


I  Hi 


3  8 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I    I 


]  P!  i 


H!      ^il 


-SwIJIt 


-  D 


Castle  Rock-cdlumbia  River. 


the  west  to  Fort  Benton  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Missouri  river,  on  the  east,  was 
the  only  overland  route  followed  by  traffic  from  the  Northwest  to  the  East.  Thousands 
of  travelers  passed  over  this  road  in  the  6o'sand  70's  in  canvas-covered  wagons.  Most 
of  the  early  sf  ctlers  in  Oregon  reached  this  state  by  way  of  Salt  Lake  City,  having 
crossed  the  plains  to  that  point,  where  they  left  the  California  trail,  reaching  Oregon 
by  following  the  course  of  the  Snake  river  to  its  junction  with  the  Columbia  near 

Wallulu,  from  whence  they  cam'*  by  water  down  this  noble 
stream  and  up  the  Willamette  to  Portland.  From  the  Wil- 
lamette valley,  the  earliest  settled  part  of  the  state,  settlers 
drifted  north  to  the  country  bordering  on  Puget  Sound. 
For  years  before  the  comingof  the  railroad,  long  teams  of 
wagons  drawn  by  oxen  and  laden  with  supplies  regularly 
left  the  large  distributing  centers  along  the  coast  for  the 
smaller  settlements  of  the  interior.  Nearly  all  articles  of 
commerce  not  produced  in  the  Northwest,  and  consumed 
here,  were  brought  by  sailing  vessel  around  Cape  Horn. 
A  dependence  on  this  means  of  securing  supplies  from  the  East  often  caused  priva- 
tions among  the  early  settlers  of  the  country.  The  failure  of  a  ship  laden  with  pro- 
visions often  sent  staple  articles  of  consumption  up  to  faljulous  prices.  While  the 
Northwest  is  a  country  of  many  varied  resources,  almost  everything  required  for  the 
support  of  man  now  being  raised  here  in  abundance,  the  early  settlers  of  this  region 
placed  a  dependence  upon  the  arrival  of  a  provision-laden  ship  that  often  caused 
them  trouble.  Once  in  *he  early  history  of  Seattle  the  failure  of  a  ship  to  reach  the 
Sound  in  its  accustomed  cime,  reduced  the  inhabitants  to  sore  extremities.  But  one 
barrel  of  pork  remained  in  the  city  to  feed  the  people.  This  was  anchored  on  the 
beach  in  front  of  the  hamlet.  One  morning  it  was  missing,  having  evidently  floated 
out  on  a  very  high  tide.  This  was  a  public  calamity  at  the  time  and  the  entire  popu- 
lation gathered  around  the  gaping  hole  the  barrel  had  occupied,  bewailing  their  loss. 
On  the  following  Sunday  the  single  preacher  who  looked  after  the  spiritual  welfare  of 
the  settlement,  delivered  an  eloquent  sermon  on  the  bad  influence  of  a  high  tide  on 
salt  pork  and  the  uncertainty  of  placing  implicit  confidence  in  man's  ability  alone  to 
care  for  man's  everyday  wants.  No  man  who  was  willing  to  "  hustle,"  as  they  say  in 
the  West,  ever  went  hungry  in  either  Oregon  or  Washington,  but  the  dependence  on 
sailing  vessels  for  provisions  that  could  be  produced  to  better  advantage  here  soon 
taught  the  people  a  lesson,  and  when  the  railroad  did  finally  reach  the  states  of  Ore- 
gon ar.  Washington  it  found  a  country  well  settled  and  in  many  places  highly  culti- 
vated. It  was  the  fuller  development  of  the  Northwest, 
made  before  the  advent  of  the  iron  horse,  that  has 
resulted  in  the  rapid  advancement  of  this  section  during 
the  past  few  years  which  has  made  it  one  of  the 
most  promising  parts  of  the  United  States. 

The  first  railroad  built  in  Oregon  was,  at  the  time  of 
its  conception,  an  indefinite  and  apparently  impracticable 
scheme  fostered  by  a  few  men  of  the  adventurous  type. 
These  men,  with  Simon  G.  Elliot  at  their  head,  formed 
themselves  into  a  combination  which  they  named  the 
California  &  Columbia  River  Railroad  Company.  They 
surveyed  a  route  from  Portland  south  through  the  Wil- 
lamette valley  to  the  Siskiyou  Mountains.     The  expenses 


■    ^1^ 

, 

WMR9|m^ 

M 

^^^ 

vr 

Castlf  Rock,  Columbia  River. 

A  NEAR  view. 


Railroads  of  the  Northwest. 


39 


Oneont*  f*lls. 
Columbia  River, 


of  this  preliminary  survey  were  principally  borne  by  people  along  the  line  of  the  pro- 
posed road.  The  surveyors  in  charge  of  Colonel  Charles  Barry  reached  Portland  in 
September,  1864.  They  hadpraci.."?ally  surveyed  the  entire  route  from  the  Sacramento 
river  north  to  Portland. 

Using  thio  .urvey  as  .1  basis  of  operations,  the  promoters  of  the  railroad  agitated 
the  matter  of  building  a  road  over  its  course.  The  project  was  brought  before  the 
Oregon  vState  Legislature  and  Congress  was  memorialized  by  that 
body  to  authorize  the  construction  of  the  road.  In  1866  a  bill 
passed  Congress  authoriziug  the  formation  of  two  companies,  one 
in  California  and  one  in  Oregon,  to  construct  a  continuous  line 
of  railroad  from  Portland  on  the  north,  south  to  Marysville,  Cal. 
This  enabling  act  also  contained  a  clause  granting  the  company 
building  the  road  a  subsidy  of  7,000,000  acres  of  government  land. 
Owing  to  the  ambiguous  provisions  of  the  bill  there  was  consider- 
able misunderstanding  and  ill-feeling  engendered  among  the 
different  members  of  the  company  when  the  work  of  constructing 
the  road  "ad  been  commenced.  This  misunderstanding  was 
caused  by  th;-"  fact  that  the  Willamette  valley  is  settled  on  both 
sides  of  the  Willamette  river  which  flows  through  it.  Each 
side  of  the  river  was  well  settled,  and  when  the  time  for 
building  the  road  had  arrived,  the  people  on  both  sides  of  the 
river  demanded  that  the  proposed  roa  i  should  aiTord  them  the  direct 
rail  communication  with  Portland  to  which  they  felt  they  were  entitled.  This  dissen- 
sion finally  resulted  in  the  formation  of  two  companies  for  bu'Miug  a  road  south 
through  the  valley.  One  of  these  companies  was  for  the  East  Side  and  the  other  was 
clamoring  for  the  rights  of  the  West  Side,  and  both  demanded  the  government  sub- 
sidy. The  two  roads  were  built,  however,  the  one  on  the  East  Side  finally  reaching 
Ashland,  in  the  Rogue  River  valley,  and  the  other,  after  long  delays,  reac'^'ng  Cor- 
vallis,  about  100  miles  south  of  Portland.  The  East  Side  road  is  now  the  direct  all- 
rail  route  between  Portland  and  San  Francisco,  while  the  West  Side  line  has  never 
been  extended  beyond  Corvallis.  The  East  Side  company  first 
completed  its  line,  and  having  kept  within  the  time-limit  allowed  by 
the  Act  of  Congress,  earned  the  valuable  land  grant  for  which  both 
companies  had  been  competing.  Both  of  these  lines  and  their 
numerous  branches  subsequently  became  merged  into  the  great 
Southern  Pacific  system,  under  a  long-time  lease,  and  they  are 
now  all  operated  under  the  direct  control  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
Company. 

The  roads  controlled  by  the  Southern  Pacific  in  Oregon  are  the  fol- 
lowing :  the  East  Side  main  line,  extending  from  Portland  south  to  Ash- 
land, a  distance  of  340  miles.  A  few  miles  the  other  side  of  Ashland 
connection  is  made  by  this  line  with  the  California  end.  A  branch  of 
13  miles  in  length  leaves  the  East  Side  road  at  Alba nj',  80  miles  south  of 
Portland.  This  road  runs  east  to  Lebanon,  cro-aing  the  Woodburn- 
Springfield  branch  at  Lebanon  Junction,  nine  miles  east  of  Albany. 
Another  branch  of  the  East  Side  road  is  known  as  the  Woodburn-Springfield  line. 
This  leaves  the  main  line  at  Woodburn,  35  miles  south  of  Portland,  and  runs  south 
through  the  valley  cast  of  and  parallel  to  the  main  line  as  far  as  Natron,  93  miles. 


Horsetail  Falls. 
Columbia  Riven. 


li 


V'i'AV 


't}: 


■■fi*r-i|i- 


■'^: 


I  • 


i 


Multnomah  Falls. 
Columbia  River, 


40  The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

The  West  Side  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  runs  from  Port- 
land to  Corvallis,  a  distance  of  97  miles.  The  Portland  and 
Yamhill  and  Oregonian  division  of  the  West  Side  road  is  80 
miles  long  by  its  through  line.  This  road  runs  south  through 
the  west  part  of  the  Willamette  valley  from  Portland,  parallel- 
ing and  crossing  the  main  West  Side  road,  to  Airlie.  A  branch 
leaves  this  road  at  Sheridan  Junction  for  Sheridan.  This 
branch  is  about  seven  miles  long.  The  Portland  and  Yamhill 
and  Oregonian  division  was  formerly  a  narrow-gauge.  It  has 
since  been  made  a  standard-gauge  from  Portland  to  Dundee,  a 
distance  of  29  miles.  From  Dundee  south  the  road  is  still  ops;- 
raled  as  a  narrow-gauge.  The  old  rail  has  been  left  on  the 
road  from  Dundee  to  Portland,  and  this  part  of  the  road  can 
be  operated  either  as  a  narrow  or  standard-gauge. 

The  first  through  train  to  San  Francisco  from  Portland 
was  run  over  the  East  Side  division  Decembet  16,  1887.  All 
the  lines  of  the  Southern  Pacific  in  Oregon  pass  through 
the  Willamette  valley,  famous  for  the  fertility  of  its  soil,  the 
diversity  of  its  resources  and  for  its  charming  river  and 
mountain  scenery.  The  through  line  to  San  Francisco  crosses 
the  Siskiyou  Mountains,  and  in  its  course  south  winds  along 
the  foothills  of  F  .  vShasta,  one  of  the  loftiest  peaks  of  the  West.  It  is  along  this 
part  of  the  line  that  some  of  the  grandest  views  of  the  coast  can  be  seen.  The  con- 
struction of  this  line  through  the  Siskiyou  Mountains  was  considered  one  of  the  most 
remarkable  railroad  engineering  achievements  in  the  history  of  the  United  States. 
The  road  for  the  entire  distance  between  Portland  and  San  Francisco  is  well  and  sub- 
stantially built,  and  this  forms  one  of  the  most  important  railroad  systems  of  the  west. 

In  1892  the  local  shipments  of  wheat  over  the  Southern  Paci- 
1  fie  lines  in  Oregon  aggregated  62,613  tons  During  the  same  year 
I  these  lines  hauled  16,523  tons  of  other  grains.  The  flourshipments 
over  the  lines  in  1892  amounted  to  30,442,  tons  and  they-hau.od 
during  the  same  time  8,500  tons  of  feed  and  millstuffs.  During 
the  same  year  the  roads  carried  44,000  tons  of  lumber,  2,800  tons 
of  green  fruit,  4,500  tons  of  vegetables  and  io,6(xj  tons  of  livestock. 
The  Union  Pacific  system  in  Oregon  and  Washington  is  an 
amalgamation  of  the  Oregon  Short  Line  and  the  lines  of  theOregon 
Railway  and  Navigation  Company.  The  Union  Pacific  system 
which  reaches  Oregon  extends  from  Granger  in  Wyoming,  to 
Portland,  a  distance  of  945  miles.  The  part  of  this  road  from 
Granger  to  Huntington,  a  distance  of  541  miles,  is  known  as  the 
Oregon  Short  Line  From  Huntington  to  Portland  the  Union 
Pacific  runs  over  the  old  track  of  the  Oregon  Railway  and  Navi- 
gation company.  The  distance  from  Huntington  to  Portland  is 
404  miles.  The  Union  Pacific  system  in  Oregon  now  comprises 
what  is  known  as  the  Pacific  division  of  this  road.  It  has  a  total 
trackage  of  523  miles.  In  connection  with  the  Pacific  system 
the  company  operates  a  fleet  of  fine  ocean  steamers  between  Portland  and  San 
Francisco  and  also  a  perfectly  equipped  line  of  river  steamers  on  the  Columbia 
and  Willamette  rivers,  with  headquarters  at  Portland.     For  187  miles  of  the  distance 


iATOUHELLE    FALLS. 

Columbia  River. 


Railroads  of  the  Northwest. 


41 


IS  from  Port- 
'ortland  and 
e  road  is  80 
)Uth  through 
ind,  parallel- 
i.  A  branch 
idan.  This 
and  Yamhill 
ige.      It  has 

0  Dundee,  a 

1  is  still  opc- 
left  on  the 

he  road  can 

m  Portland 
1887.      All 
ass   through 
its  soil,  the 
river    and 
;isco  crosses 
nuds  along 
>  along  this 
.     The  cou- 
of  the  most 
ited  States, 
ill  and  sub- 
>f  the  west, 
thorn  Paci- 
;  same  year 
■shipments 
ley  -hau.od 
s.     During 
2,800  tons 
livestock, 
gton  is  an 
theOregon 
tic   system 
'oming,  to 
road   from 
vn    as   the 
he   Union 
snd  Navi- 
'ortlaud  is 
comprises 
las  a  total 
ic   system 
and   San 
Columbia 
?  distance 


Bridal  Veil  falls 
Columbia  River. 


between  Portland  and  Huntington  the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific 
follows  along  the  course  of  the  Columbia  with  the  exception 
of  20  miles  at  the  Portland  end  of  the  road.  Between  The 
Dalles  and  Portland,  a  distance  of  88  miles,  this  route  affords 
sonic  of  the  grandest  and  most  picturesque  bits  of  scenery  on 
the  continent.  Twenty  miles  below  The  Dalles  the  Columbia 
river  enters  the  great  gorge  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  It 
is  here  that  the  works  of  nature  have  taken  many  fantastic 
forms.  From  this  point  to  Portland  there  is  spread  before  the 
traveler  a  panorama  of  indescribable  grandeur.  The  Columbia 
river  is  noted  for  its  scenic  effects,  and  the  line  of  the  Union 
Pacific  follows  the  river  for  its  entire  course  through  the  great 
chain  of  the  Cascade  Mountains. 

Branches  of  the  Union  Pacific  in  Oregon  leave  the  main 
line  at  Arlington  142  miles  east  of  Portland  and  run  to  Hepp- 
ner,  a  distance  of  45  miles,  and  another  branch  leaves  the  main  line  at  La  Grande, 
305  miles  east  of  Portland,  and  runs  to  Klgin,  20  miles  distant.  Still  another  branch 
runs  from  Umatilla,  187  mile?  east  of  Portland,  to  "Walla  Walla,  in  Washington,  a 
distance  of  58  miles.  Under  the  head  of  railroads  in  Washington  will  be  found  a 
complete  list  of  the  mileage  of  the  Union  Pacific  in  that  state. 

The  Union  Pacific  taps  the  most  fertile  and  productive  part  of  Eastern  Wash- 
ington. It  annually  carries  to  Portland  millions  of  bushels  of  wheat  for  foreign 
shipment.  The  average  grain  receipts  of  this  road  during  the  harvest  season  run 
from  125  to  200  cars  a  day.  It  is  estimated  that  the  Union  Pacific  carried  8,000,000 
bushels  of  wheat  from  the  interior  to  tide  water  at  Portland  in  1892.  The  lumber 
shipments  from  Oregon  over  this  line  during  times  when  business  is  in  its  normal 
condition  average  about  25  cars  a  day.  The  company's  extensive  shops,  located  in 
the  suburban  part  of  Portland  known  as  Albina,  have  a  payroll  of  $40,000  a  month. 
The  company  also  maintains  large  shops  at  La  Grande  in  which  60 
men  are  employed,  and  shops  at  all  tlie  terminal  divisions  of  the 
road  in  Oregon. 

The  Northern  Pacific  was  the  first  transcontinental  road  to  run 
its  cars  into  Portland.  Through  the  instrumentality  of  Henry  Vil- 
lard,  the  Oregon  Railway  &  Navigation  Company  was  formed  for 
the  purpose  of  building  a  line  of  railroad  along  the  Columbia 
river  to  connect  with  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  at 
Wallula  Junction,  216  miles  east  of  Portland.  In  1883  connec- 
tion was  made  between  these  two  roads.  At  that  time  Henry  Vil- 
lard  was  at  the  head  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  Oregon  Railway  & 
Navigation  Company  and  the  Oregon  &  California  lines,  extend- 
ing south  through  the  Willamette  valley  from  Portland,  and  close 
connection  was  made  between  all  of  these  lines.  Mr.  Villard 
was  unable  to  carry  his  great  scheme  of  uniting  all  the  great 
railroads  of  the  Northwest  to  a  successful  termination,  and  shortly 
after  the  completion  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  and  after  the  expend- 
iture of  vast  sums  of  money  to  perfect  the  great  system,  Henry 
N'illard  experienced  his  first  great  downfall.  This  crash  was  precip- 
itated   by    a    period    of   general    depression    in   business.     This 


rj; 


■'I 

I    '1 

1 

;  \ 

s  'J 


11 


1^,1 


PACE  Creek  falls. 
Columbia  River. 


i,' 


T 


42 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  at  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


i 


resulted  in  the  disintegration  of  all  the  lines  of  road  which  Henry  Villard  had 
labored  so  hard  to  hold  together.  The  Northern  Pacific,  through  a  traffic  arrange- 
ment with  the  Union  Pacific,  continued  to  run  its  through  trains  into  Portland  by  the 
Columbia  river  route  until  1888,  when  it  completed  the  construction  of  its  direct  line 
to  Puget  Sound  over  the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  Northern  now  runs  its  trains 
between  St.  Paul  and  Portland  by  way  of  Tacoma, 
the  through  passenger  trains  over  this  line  running 
direct  between  these  two  points  with  a  change  of 
engines  only  at  the  different  terminal  divisions 
along  the  road.  The  road  enters  Oregon  at  Goble, 
a  point  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Columbia  river 
opposite  Kalama.  Connection  between  Goble  and 
Kalama  is  made  by  means  of  an  immense  iron 
ferry,  which  carries  the  fully  loaded  trains  over 
the  river  here.  The  distance  between  Portland 
and  Goble  is  39  miles.  Reference  to  the  Washing- 
ton part  of  the  present  article  should  be  had  for 
complete  data  of  the  mileage  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  in  that  state.  • 


ScF.NE,  Oregon  Pacific  Railroad,  Oregon. 


The  Oregon  Pacific  railroad  extends  from  Yaquina  Bay,  an  indentation  of  the 
coast,  about  100  miles  south  of  the  entrance  to  the  ColumVjia  river,  through  Corvallis 
and  Albany  into  the  heart  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  It  runs  across  the  entire 
length  of  the  rich  Willamette  valley  from  west  to  east.  The  end  of  the  track  in  the 
Cascade  Mountains  is  3,500  feet  above  sea  level.  All  along  this  line  are  charming 
bits  of  scenery,  and  it  traverses  the  best  portion  of  the  state.  The  total  length  of  the 
completed  road  is  142  miles.  At  Corvallis,  72  miles  east  of  the  ocean  terminus  at 
Yacjuina,  the  road  connects  with  the  West  Side  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific.  At 
Albany,  11  miles  east  of  Corvallis,  the  road  crosses  the  tracks  of  the  main  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific.  Connecting  with  the  Oregon  Pacific  at  Yaquina  Bay  is  a  line  of 
fast  steamers  which  carry  passengers  and  freight  from  this  road  to  San  Francisco. 
The  completion  of  the  Oregon  Pacific  between  Yaquina  Bay  and  the  Willamette  Val- 
ley hns  been  of  great  benefit  to  the  residents  of  the  latter 
section  in  the  low  rates  it  has  afforded  on  freight  from  San 
Prancisco  for  the  valley  points  reached  by  this  line,  and  also 
on  the  wheat  shipments  from  these  valley  points  to  San 
I'rancisco.  The  road  has  been  badly  managed,  however,  and 
it  has  been  in  financial  difficulties  for  years,  and  what  its  ulti- 
mate outcome  will  be  has  puzzled  many  of  the  men  who 
were  supposed  to  know  the  most  about  its  affairs.  The  resi- 
den,ts  along  its  course  have  hopes  that  it  will  some  day  be 
extended  across  the  Cascade  Mountains  to  an  Eiasteru  con- 
necti-^n,  but  at  the  present  writing  these  hopes  give  no 
promise  of  an  early  fulfillment. 

The  Coos  Bay,  Roseburg  &  Eastern  railroad,  now  un- 
der construction  between  Marshfield  and  Roseburg,  fol- 
lows closely  along  the  line  of  .r  present  stage  road 
through  the  pass  of  the  Coast  range  of  mountains.  The  part  of  this  road  between 
Marshfield  and  Coquillc  City,  a  distance  of  25  miles,  is  now  completed,  and  trains  are 


Scene  along  Oregon  Pacific  Railroad. 


Railroads  of  the  Northwest. 


43 


Bridal  Veil  Bluffs  Columbia  River. 


running  over  the  road.  The  road-bed  is  graded 
between  Coquille  City  and  Myrtle  Point.  It  was 
the  financial  panic  of  1893,  alone,  that  prevented 
the  completion  of  this  road  through  to  Roseburg 
during  the  past  year. 

A  short  line  of  railroad,  six  miles  in  length, 
runs  from  Jacksonville,  in  Southern  Oregon,  to 
Medford,  a  station  on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern 
Pacific.  This  line  is  owned  by  Portland  capital 
principally.  It  is  operated  under  the  name  of  the  Rogue  River  Valley  Railway 
Company. 

A  short  line  of  railroad  runs  from  Astoria  south,  along  the  coast,  to  Clatsop  Beach 
points.     This  road  is  fully  described  in  connection  with  the  Astoria  article. 

Over  40  years  ago,  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States,  Thomas  H.  Benton,  of  Mis- 
souri, pointed  his  prophetic  finger  to  the  west  and  said,  "There  is  the  east;  there  is 
India.  The  road  I  propose  is  necessary  to  us,  and  now.  The  title  to  Oregon  (then 
including  what  is  now  Washington)  is  settled,  and  a  government  established.  Cali- 
fornia is  acquired,  people  are  there  and  a  government  must  follow.  We  own  the 
country  frgm  sea  to  sea,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  upon  a  breadth  equal  to  the 
length  of  the  Mississippi,  and  embracing  the  whole  temperate  zone.  We  can  run  a 
road  through  and  through  the  whole  distance,  under  our  flag  and  under  our  laws. 
An  American  road  to  India  through  the  heart  of  our  country  vsill  revive,  upon  its  line, 
all  the  wonders  of  which  we  have  read,  and  eclipse  them.  The  western  wilderness, 
from  the  Pacific  to  the  Mississippi,  will  start  into  new  life  at  its  touch.  Let  us  act  up 
to  the  greatness  of  the  occasion,  and  show  ourselves  worthy  the  extraordinary  circum- 
stances in  which  we  are  placed  by  securing,  while  we  can,  an  American  road  to  India, 

central  and  national,  for  ourselves   and   our   posterity,  now 
and  hereafter,  for  thousands  of  years  to  come." 

The  road  glowingly  portrayed  by  Benton,  nearlj'  half  a 
century  ago,  has  been  built.  It  is  the  Northern  Pacific, 
and  it  ran  its  first  through  passenger  train  across  the  present 
great  and  prosperous  state  of  Washington  in  1883.  Henry 
Villard,  then  the  ruling  genius  in  the  management  of  the 
road,  elaborated  and  consummated  a  scheme  which  involved 
the  construction  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  the  lines  of  the 
Oregon  Railway  &  Navigation  Company,  and  the  extension 
of  the  lines  of  road  in  the  Willamette  valley.  The  downfall 
of  Villard  and  the  collapse  of  his  great  undertaking  has  been 
previously  mentioned  in  this  article.  In  1888,  the  Northern 
completed  its  main  line  to  Puget  Sound  at  Tacoma.  In  the 
history  of  railroad  building  and  in  the  growth  of  permanent 
settlements,  never  before  was  there  witnessed  the  activity 
that  followed  the  completion  of  the  Cascade  division  in  the 
country  it  crossed.  Villages  sprang  up  on  Puget  Sound  and 
in  Eastern  Washington  in  a  week ;  they  rapidly  grew 
into  towns  and,  within  two  years,  developed  into  large  and  prosperous  centers  of 
population.  In  the  short  period  of  two  years,  Spokane,  Seattle  and  Tacoma  grew 
from  struggling  and  unstable  settlements  to  cities  of  over  25,000  inhabitants  each. 


Oneonta  Bluffs-Columdia  Riveh. 


1'' 
'it' 

l.'^i 


'  I 

■J 


t'  •■ 


I  I 


<iMa 


44 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Switchback,"  Summit,  Casc«0E9,  N.  P.  R.  R. 


The  same  remarkable  development  took  place  in  the  farming  districts  of  the  state. 
The  great  Inlaud  Empire,  as  Eastern  Oregon  and  Eastern  Washington  arc  called,  was 
metamorphosed  from  an  uninhabited  district  into  a  section  of  waving  fields  of  grain, 
by  the  advent  of  the  iron  horse.  As  in  every  other  line  of  industry,  the  state  of 
Washington  has  made  remarkable  progress  in  rail- 
road building  during  the  past  few  years.  In  1892, 
Washington  .led  all  other  states  of  the  Union  in 
miles  of  railroad  conslructt-d.  In  that  year  421  miles 
of  road  were  laid  in  the  state.  Pennsylvania,  in  1892, 
was  the  second  state  in  the  Union  in  mileage  of  new 
railroads  constructed,  her  record  for  that  year  having 
been  256.  On  the  first  day  of  January,  1.S93,  Wash- 
ington had  2.614  miles  of  railroad  lines,  and  the 
assessed  value  of  railroad  property  in  the  state  at 
that  time  was  112,204,725.  Four  great  transcontinen- 
tal roads  now  own  trackage  in  Washington.  These  are 
the  Northern  Pacific,  Union  Pacific,   Great  Northern 

and  Canadian  Pacific.  The  last  named  road  runs  trains  from  its  main  line,  in  British 
Columbia,  over  the  Bellingham  Bay  &  British  Columbia  railway  to  Fairhaven  and 
New  Whatcom,  on  Bellingham  Bay,  where  connection  is  made  with  the  Great 
Northern.  It  also  has  connection  in  Eastern  Washington  with  the  Spok'anc  Falls  & 
Northern  railway,  running  north  from  Spokane.  Connection  between  the  two  roads 
is  made  by  boats  running  from  Ravelstoke,  a  station  on  the  main  line  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific,  through  the  Arrow  Lakes,  down  the  Columbia  river  to  the  American  town  of 
Northport,  the  northern  terminus  of  the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern. 

The  Northern  Pacific  owns  and  controls  1,244  miles  of  track  in  Washington.  The 
main  line  enters  the  state  30  miles  east  of  Spokane,  follows  a  zig-zag  course  to  Tacoma 
and,  from  the  latter  point,  turns  and  runs  due  south  to  the  Oregon  state  line,  where 
connection  is  made  with  the  Oregon  part  of  the  road  for  Portland.  The  total  length 
of  this  main  line,  in  the  state  of  Washington,  is  541  miles.  The  Northern  has  16 
branch  and  auxiliary  lines  in  the  state  with  a  total  trackage  of  703  miles.  The  names 
of  these  roads,  with  the  mileage  of  each,  are  as  follows:  Spokane  &  Palouse,  105 
miles;  Farmington  branch,  7  miles;  Central  Washington,  no  miles;  N.  P.  Cascade 
railway,  7  miles;  Burnett  branch,  4  miles;  Crocker  branch,  5  miles;    Tacoma,  Orting 

&  Southeastern,  8  miles;  N.  P.  &  Puget  Sound 
vShore,  31  miles;  Roslyn  branch,  5  miles;  Green 
River  &  Northern,  4  miles;  Tacoma,  Olympia 
&  Grays  Harbor,  Centralia  to  Ocosta,  66  miles; 
Lakeview  branch,  via  Olympia,  to  Ocosta,  4;, 
miles;  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern,  Spokane 
branch,  50  miles;  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  East- 
ern, Western  branch,  164  miles;  Yakima  6v: 
Pacific  Coast,  94  miles. 

The  more  important  branches  of  tlu 
Northern  Pacific  in  Washington  cover  all 
the  best  parts  of  the  state.  The  rich  Palousi 
wheat  growing  section  of  Eastern  Washington  is  thoroughly  covered  by  the  Palouse 
branch  and  its  connections.  This  branch  leaves  the  main  line  at  Marshal' 
Junction,  10  miles  west  of  Spokane,  and  runs  to  Juliaetta,  in  Idaho,  a  distance  of  11," 


Co. '3  YARDS,    TACOMA. 


Railroads  of  the  Northwest. 


45 


Spokane  River,  Spokane. 


miles.  Branches  of  the  Spokane  &  Palouse 
leave  the  main  line  at  Belmont  and  run  to 
Farmington,  a  distance  of  seven  miles,  and 
also  at  Pullman  Junction  and  run  to  Genesee, 
a  distance  of  27  miles.  Part  of  the  Spokane  & 
Palouse  system  is  in  Idaho,  and  the  mileage  of 
the  road  not  mentioned  in  the  Washington 
article  will  be  found  under  the  head  of  Idaho. 

The  Central  Washington  extends  from 
Cheney,  17  miles  west  of  Spokane,  to  Coulee 
City,  in  the  heart  of  the  Big  Bend  country,  a  distance  of  108  miles.  This  road 
covers  the  best  part  of  the  famous  Big  Bend  wheat  belt,  comprising  thousands  of  acres 
of  the  finest  land  on  the  coast.  The  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern  runs  from  Spokane 
to  Davenport,  the  principal  town  of  the  Big  Bend  country,  a  distance  of  50  miles. 
Tliis  road  parallels  the  track  of  the  Central  Washington  from  Medical  Lake  to  Daven- 
port, a  distance  of  2S  miles.  The  Roslyn  branch  and  other  short  branches  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  in  Western  Washington  reach  the  great  coal  fields  lying  in  the  foot- 
hills of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  An  important  Vjranch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  in 
Western  Washington  is  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern.  This  road  runs  from 
Seattle  east  to  North  Bend,  a  distance  of  59.5  miles.  This  line  affords  an  outlet  for  the 
rich  coal  mines  at  Oilman,  42  miles  east  of  Seattle.  A  branch  of  the  Seattle,  Lake 
Shore  &  Eastern  also  runs  north  from  Woodinville  Junction,  23.7  miles  east  of  Seat 
tie,  to  Snohomish  and  Sedro,  the  latter  point  bein^  85  miles  north  of  Seattle.  At 
Sedro,  connection  is  made  for  Anacortes.  The  Northern  Pacific  &  Puget  Sound  line 
runs  between  Tacoma  and  Seattle,  a  distance  of  49  miles,  connection  being  made  with 
the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  by  this  load  at  Meeker's  Junction,  about  10  miles 
east  of  Tacoma.  Another  important  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  in  Western 
Washington  is  the  line  run  itnder  the  name  of  the  United  Railroads  of  Wabhington. 
This  line  leaves  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  at  L^keview,  between  Tenino 
and  Tacoma,  runs  to  Olympia,  a  distance  of  24.6  miles,  a.';  tiKtends  to  Gate  City,  a 
distance  of  43.9  miles  from  Lakeview.  From  Gate  City  a  breach  extends  to  Ccntralia, 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  49  miles  south  of  Tacoma.  The  length  of 
this  branch  to  Centralia  is  13  miles.  The  road  also  extends  from  Gate  City  to  Ocosta, 
on  Grays  Harbor.  Ocosta  is  56  miles  from  Gate  City.  A  branch  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  also  runs  from  Chehalis  to  South  Bend,  on  Willapa  Harbor,  a  distance  of 
58  miles. 

The  Great  Northern  railway  completed  its  transcontinental  line  and  commenced 
running  through  trains  between  St.  Paul,  Minnesota,  and  Seattle,  Washington  in  July, 

1893.  This  splendid  railroad  system  is  in  many  respects 
one  of  the  best  in  the  United  States.  It  is  a  monument 
to  the  builder,  James  J.  Hill.  Early  in  the  70's,  Mr.  Hill 
secured  control  of  an  insolvent  railroad  line  in  Minnesota, 
with  a  total  trackage  of  about  100  miles.  Using  this  run- 
down and  unprofitable  line  as  a  foundation  on  which  to 
build,  he  has  managed  to  construct  without  the  aid  of 
government  support  a  magnificent  systems  of  railroads, 
with  a  total  mileage  of  4,253.  The  Great  Northern  has 
picTunESQUE  ROCKS,  SPOKANE  RIVER.         opeued  Up  for  Settlement  in  Washington  a  vast  area  of 


MOrO  BY  MAXWELL. 


If    11 


I       1 


.'i 


II  't 


y   '  1 


i!| 


if 


1  ! 


n 


p 


46 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


A  Great  Northern  Railwat  town. 


fertile  agricultural  lands  lyiug  in  the  Big  Bend 
country  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  It  also 
has  furnished  an  outlet  for  the  Okanogan,  Chelan 
and  Kootenai  mining  districts,  rich  in  future 
promise.  The  Great  Northern  system  embraces 
487  miles  of  road  in  Washington.  The  main  line 
in  the  atatc  is  345  miles  long.  In  addition  to 
the  main  line,  the  Seattle  &  Montana  branch  has 
1 19  miles  of  track  in  the  state,  and  the  Bellingham 
Bay  &  British  Columbia  branch  is  23  miles  in 
length. 

The  Great  Northern  enters  Washington  from  the  Panhandle  of  Idaho  and  runs 
directly  west  through  Spokane,  Rock  Island  and  Wenatchee  and  the  Big  Bend  coun- 
try to  the  Cascade  Mountains  which  it  crosses  in  Stevens  Pass.  From  this  latter 
point  it  runs  south  to  vSeattle.  A  branch  of  the  Great  Northern  r'  •  from  Seattle 
through  an  exceptionally  rich  country  to  Bellingham  Bay,  from  wJ  ioint  another 

branch  extends  north  to  the  Canadian  line. 

The  Union  Pacific  operates  588  miles  in  Eastern  Washington.  The  system  here 
is  an  amalgamation  of  the  Oregon  Railwaj-  &  Navigation  Company's  lines  and  local 
lines.  The  Union  Pacific  covers  the  famous  Palouse  wheat  district  of  Eastern  Wash- 
ington and  the  highly  fertile  valley  of  the  Snake  river  No  other  section  of  the 
Northwest  has  superior  transportation  facilities  to  those  enjoyed  by  the  part  of  Wash- 
ington covered  by  the  Union  Pacific,  The  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  in  Wash- 
ington runs  frotn  Pendleton,  Oregon,  to  Spokane,  Washington,  a  distance  of  251 
miles.  From  this  line  a  ramification  of  branch  roads,  all  operated  under  the  same 
system,  extend  through  the  adjacent  country.  One  of  these  lines  leaves  the  Spokane 
line  at  Tekoa  Junction  and  extends  through  the  rich  Coeur  d'Alene  mining  district  to 
Mullan,  a  distance  of  87  miles.  Most  of  this  line  runs  through  the  state  of  Idaho. 
Another  branch  extends  from  Walla  Walla  to  Umatilla,  Oregon,  a  distance  of  58 
miles.  Still  another  branch  of  the  Spokane  division  runs  from  Bolles  Junction,  25 
miles  east  of  Walla  Walla,  to  Dayton,  a  distance  of  12  miles.  Another  branch  runs 
from  Dudley  Junction,  six  miles  east  of  Walla  Walla,  to  Dixie,  a  distance  of  six 
miles.  A  branch  also  leaves  the  main  line  at  Dudley  Junction  and  extends  to  Dud- 
ley, a  distance  of  two  niilej.  At  Starbuck,  46  miles  east  of  Walla  Walla,  a  branch 
runs  to  Pomeroy,  a  distance  of  30  miles.  An  important  branch  of  this  road  leaves 
the  main  line  at  La  Crosse,  Si  miles  cast  of  Walla  Walla,  and  runs  to  Connell,  53 
n  iles  distant,  where  connection 
is  made  with  the  main  line  of 
the  Northern  Pacific.  A  branch 
of  the  Spokane  division  also 
runs  from  Colfax  to  Moscow,  a 
distance  of  .^S  miles.  The  Wash- 
ington division  of  the  Union 
Pacific  is  one  of  the  most  import- 
ant railroad  systems  of  the  West. 
This  system  reaches  such  iin- 
portant  Washington  places  as 
Walla  Walla,  Dayton,  Colfax. 
Palouse,    Farmington   and    Ri- 


ingto 
affon 
ton  1 
and 


CauR  D'Alene  River,  Idaho. 


Railrofids  of  the  Northwest. 


47 


FALLS   PEND  D'OREILI.E    RiVER. 


naria.  All  of  the  lines  of  the  Uniou  Pacific  iu  Wash- 
ington connect  with  the  main  line  in  Oregon  thus 
affording  direct  through  rail  connection  to  Washing- 
ton via  the  Union  Pacific,  to  Pacific  Coast  points 
and  to  all  parts  of  the  United  States. 

The  Oregon  Improvement  Company  operates  four 
lines  of  road  in  Washington.  These  are  the  Colum- 
bia &  Puget  Sound,  Port  Townseud  &  vSoutheru, 
the  Olympia  branch  and  the  Seattle  &  Northern. 
The    total    trackage    operated    by    the  company    in 

the  state  is  164  miles.  The  most  important  road  operated  by  this  company  is  the 
Columbia  &  Puget  Sound,  extending  from  .Seattle  to  Franklin,  a  distance  of  34  miles, 
with  a  branch  from  Black  River  Junction  lo  Coal  Creek,  11  n.iles  in  length.  This 
road  affords  an  outlet  to  the  rich  coal  mines  of  Renton,  Black  Diamond  and  Franklin, 
and  is  a  fine  paying  piece  of  property.  The  other  lines  operated  by  the  Oregon 
Improvement  Company  in  Washington  are  but  disconnected  pieces  of  what  was 
intended  should  be  a  great  trunk  system,  and  they  are  practically  without  an  identity 
of  their  own  that  would  entitle  them  to  much  importance  in  railroad  circles. 

In  Eastern  Washington  the  Hunt  lines  (Washington  &  Columbia  River  Railway 
Co.  I  cover  11 1  miles  of  road. 

This  road  has  close  traffic  arrangements  with  the  Northern  Pacific.  It  runs  from 
Hunt's  Junction,  near  Wallula  Junction,  where  the  Northern  Pacific  and  Union 
Pacific  roads  meet,  to  Dayton,  Washington,  a  distance  of  86.8  miles.  Another  line 
of  this  same  system  also  runs  south  from  Hunt's  Junction  to  Pendleton,  Oregon,  a 
distance  of  40.3  miles.  A  branch  of  this  same  road  runs  from  Rurcka  Junction,  22 
miles  east  of  Hunt's  Junction,  to  Pleasant  View,  a  distance  of  19.40  miles.  Another 
branch  of  the  Hunt  system  runs  from  Killion  Junction,  19.2  miles  south  of  Hunt's 
Junction,  on  the  Pendleton  end  of  the  road,  to  Athena,  a  distance  of  14. i  miles. 
The  Hunt  roads,  as  originally  projected,  would  have  been  developed  into  a  very 
important  system.  Portland  at  one  time  raised  a  subsidy  of  $500,000  for  the  exten- 
sion of  this  line  down  the  Columbia  river  to  Portland,  and  arrangements  were  also 
completed  at  the  same  time  for  completing  the  line  across  the  Blue  Mountains  from 
Pendleton  to  La  Grande  and  Union,  in  Eastern  Oregon.  The  financial  depression, 
however,  prevented  the  completion  of  this  system.  The  Hunt  lines  tap  a  verj-  rich 
section  of  country,  the  local  traffic  of  which  is  heavy,  and  through  the  valuable 
traffic  arrangements  which  this  road  has  with  the  Northern  Pacific  it  is  regarded 
among  practical  men  as  a  splendid  piece  of  railroad  property. 

An  important  railroad  line  of  Eastern  Washington  is  the  Spokane  Falls  & 
Northern.  This  line  runs  from  Spokane  through  the  Colville  valley  north  to 
the  international  boundary  line.      From  th.-^  boundary  line  the   road   continues  to 

Nelson,  on  Kootenay  Lake,  under  the  name  of  Nelson  & 
Fort  Shepherd  railway.  The  America  dnivision  of  this  road 
is  127  miles  in  length.    At  Northport,  a  station  in  Wash- 

—     -  ington  on  this  line,  connection  is  made  with  boats  running 

?'"'     ^^Sflfy^WlF^^^i  up  the  Columbia  river  to  Ravelstoke,    on   the   Canadian 

Pacific.  Thus  Eastern  Washington  is  practicallj-  given  the 
benefit  of  four  transcontinental  lines  of  railroad. 

There  are  207   miles  of  railroad  in    Washington   not 
included  in  the  systems  already  mentioned.     These  lines 


'm 

;■:] 


"a  I 

'  '1 

'V  } 


"*      I 


i  I 


I 


V, 


If* 
t 

I 


'Ml 

it 


CuRK's  FORK  River. 


"T 


I  a 


48 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  tht  Pacific  I^orthwest. 


■ 


I 


'.•*«s-^:. 


Marent  Trestle  Near  Missoula 


vary  in  length  from  5  to  52  miles  each.  They  are  principally  used  as  feeders  for 
the  larger  roads.  T'^'-'  tap  principally  lumbering  and  mining  districts.  The  Everett 
&.  Monte  Cristo  railroad   is  one  of  these  roads.      This  road  is  45  miles  in  length.     It 

taps  the  rich  mining  districts  of  Monte  Cristo  and  Silver 
Creek,  in  Western  Washington.  The  road  starts  from 
the  town  of  Everett  on  the  Snohomish  river,  ncur  the 
salt  water  of  Puget  Sound. 

Idaho,  the  least  developed  ot  the  four  states  of  the 
Pacific  Northwest,  has  three  transcontinental  railroads, 
and  1,025  niiles  of  railroad  track  are  credited  to  the  state. 
The  assessed  valuation  of  railroad  property  in  the  state  is  15,812,065.  The  peculiar 
shape  of  the  state  is  such  that  its  extreme  northern  end  is  only  about  84  miles  wide. 
Across  this  "Panhandle,"  as  it  is  called,  run  the  main  lines  of  the  Northern  Prcllic 
and  the  Great  Northern  railroads.  The  Union  Pacific  enters  the  Si  .te  at  its  south- 
eastern corner  and  runs  across  the  state  in  a  northwesterly  direction,  passing  through 
the  counties  of  Rear  Lake,  Bint^ham,  Logau,  Elmore,  Ada  and  Washington,  to  the 
town  of  Huntington,  on  the  border  of  the  state  of  Oregon,  a  distance  of  465  miles. 
From  Ogden,  Utah,  the  Utah  &  Northern  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  enters  Idaho 
near  the  town  of  Franklin,  where  it  forms  a  junction  with  the  Oregon  lineatMcCam- 
man,  passes  north  through  the  town  of  PccatcUo,  and  crosses  the  vSnake  river  at  Black- 
toot,  24  miles  north  of  PoCc:tello.  Around  Blackfoot  are  thousands  of  acres  of  reclaimed 
land  now  producing  large  crops  of  hay  and  cereals.  From  Blackfoot  the  road  con- 
tinues north  to  Beaver  Canyon,  at  the  foot  of  the  Main  Divide  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. At  this  station  connection  is  made  by  stage  for  the  Yellowstone  Park.  Leav- 
ing Beaver  Canyon  the  road  passes  over  the  Main  Divide  into  Montana,  passing 
through  the  town  of  Dillon,  in  Beaverton  valley.  I'rom  Silver  Bow  Junction  the 
Montana  Union  railroad,  an  auxiliary  line,  branches  off,  one  spur  running  to  Butte 
City,  while  the  other  runs  through  Stuart  to  Garrison,  where  connection  is  made 
with  the  Northern  Pacific  for  Helena. 

The  Wood  River  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  leaves  the  main  line  at  Shoshone, 
623  miles  east  of  Portland,  and  runs  through  the  towns  of  Bellevue  and  Hailey,  in  the 
Wood  River  mining  district,  to  Ketchum,  70  miles  north.  Twenty-five  miles  from 
th.  lown  of  Shoshone  bj'  stagj  arc  ♦^^he  great  Shoshone  Falls  of  Snake  river.  The  river 
at  this  point  dashes  down  between  rocks  nearly  r,ooo  feet  high,  and  the  surroundings 
of  these  falls  are  awe-inspiring  and  wierd.  Seven  distinct  channels  in  this  river  here 
form  as  many  different  falls  btjfore  their  final  plnnge  into  the  great  depths  of  the 
lower  river.  Of  the  immf.rous  great  falls  of  the 
West  no  one  possesses  uie  grandeur  of  Shoshone. 
At  Nampa,  a  station  on  the  main  line  of  the  Union 
Pacific,  137  miles  west  of  Shoshone,  v  branch  19 
miles  in  length  runs  to  Boise  City,  the  capital  and 
commercial  metropolis  of  Idaho. 

In  Northern  Idaho  the  Union  Pacific  has  some 
valuable  connections.  A  branch  leave?  this  road 
at  Tckoa,  near  the  Idaho  line,  and  runs  east 
through  the  famous  Coeur  d'Alene  mining  district 
in  Idaho.  This  road  pa..ses  through  all  the  rich  silver 
cam-is  of  this  district,  including  Wardner,  Osborn,  Wallace,  Burke,  and  terminates  at 
Million,  a  distance  of  87  miles  from  Tckoa.     Burke  on  this  line  is  reached  by  a  short 


I'HOTO  By  hUl,  marvsville. 


TRESTLk    Rocky  mountains,  neah  heuna,  Line  N.P.n.R. 


m 


Railroads  of  the  Northwest. 


40 


feeders  for 
"he  Everett 
length.  It 
anci  Silver 
starts  from 
■,    ncur   the 

tates  of  the 
I  railroads, 
,o  the  state, 
lie  peculiar 
iiiles  wide. 
;ern  Prcllic 

its  south- 
tig  through 
ton,  to  the 
465  miles, 
ters  Idaho 
at  McCam- 
;r  at  Black- 
f  reclaimed 

road  con- 
cky  Mouu- 
rk.  I.,eav- 
fa,  passing 
notion  the 
to  Butte 
n   is  made 

Shoshone, 
ley,  in  the 
niles  from 
I'he  river 
roundings 
river  here 
Ihs  of  the 


Ia,  1.1NF.  N.p.n.R. 

liinates  at 
py  a  short 


Down  Caun  d'Alene  Mountains,  N.  P.  R.  R. 


branch  seven  miles  in  length  running  out  from  Wallace.  Paralleling  the  line  of  the 
rnion  Pacific  through  the  heart  cf  ♦^he  Coeur  d'Aiene's,  is  the  Canir  d'Alene  branch 
of  the  Northern  Pacific.  This  branch  leaves  the  main  line  at  Missoula,  125  miles 
west  of  Helena,  and  runs  through  the  heart  of  the 
C(U'ur  d'Alenes  to  Mission  Landing  on  Cceur  d'Alene 
river,  where  connection  is  made  by  boat  down  the 
river  and  across  Lake  Co^ur  d'Alene  for  Spokane. 
The  dislaiice  between  Missoula  and  Mission  Landing  is 
150  miles.  The  Northern  Pacific,  like  the  Union  Paci- 
fic, also  operates  a  branch  from  Wallace  to  Burke.  The 
river  parL  of  this  route  from  Mission  Landing  to  the 
lowu  of  Coeur  d'Alene  is  50  miles.  At  the  latter  point 
the  boat  makes  connection  with  the  Creur  d'Alene 
liranch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  for  Spokane.  This 
road  connects  with  I  he  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  at  Hauser  Junction,  16  miles 
west  of  Ccxiur  d'Alcue  and  21  miles  from  Spokane. 

Part  of  the  Spokane  &  V-J  -use  system  of  the  Northern  Pacifi-^  also  penetrates 
from  Washington  into  Idaho.  The  Idaho  branch  of  this  road  rea  ;hes  the  towns  of 
Moscow,  Kendrick.  Julirietta  and  Genesee.  All  of  these  towns  are  lu  the  main  line 
of  the  Spokane  &  Paloise  except  Gencse-  which  is  reached  from  Pullman  Junction, 
on  the  main  line  27  nii'ies  distant. 

For  some  years  after  the  working  out  of  the  bonanza  placer  mines  discovered  in 
the  early  6o's,  Montana  v  s  at  a  standstill,  owing  to  lack  of  facilities  for  transporting 
the  product  of  its  mines  to  smelting  and  reduction  centers  where  this  product  could 
1)6  handled  with  a  profit  to  the  mine  owners,  and  which  prevented  the  heavy  machinery 
for  establishing  large  smelting  and  reduction  plants  in  Montana  from  l)eing  established 
here.  Two  or  three  times. a  year  boats  ascended  the  Missouri  river  as  far  as  Fort 
Benton,  from  wliich  point  ox  teams  distributed  their  cargoes  of  freight  to  different 
parts  of  the  territory.  A  line  of  freighting  teams  was  also  engaged  in  hauling  sup- 
plies from  Utah  to  Montana,  and  supplies  and  outfits  were  al?o  hauled  into  Montana 
over  the  military  highway,  known  as  the  MuUan  road,  from  Walla  Walla,  Washing- 
ton. Montana  is  today  well  supplied  w  :h  railroads.  There  are  now  29  different 
railroads   in    the   state,    with     an    agg    gate    mileage    of    2,662    miles.      The    total 

a.-sesscd  valuation  of  railroad  property  in  the 
state  as  fixed  by  the  state  board  of  equaliza- 
tion in  1892  was  19,287,532.  The  first  road  built 
into  Montana  was  the  Utah  Northern,  which 
reached  Butte  in  1881.  This  road  extended 
north  from  Ogden,  Utah,  to  Butte,  a  distance 
of  403  miles.  It  was  c  -iginally  a  narrow-gauge, 
but  has  since  been  made  a  standard-gauge  and 
is  now  operated  in  connection  with  the  Union 
Pacific  System.  Two  years  later  the  Northern 
Pacific  ran  its  trains  into  Helena.  In  188S  the 
Great  Northern  and  its  allied  line,  the  Montana 
Central,  built  its  road  into  both  Helena  and 
Hutte.  Another  line,  the  Montana  Union,  was  built  from  Butte  to  Garrison.  Sub- 
sequently the  Northern  Pacific  constructed  a  cut-off  from  its  line  at  Logan  through 
the  Gallatin  valley  to  Butte.      From  Butte  the  cars  of  the  Northern  Pacific  run  over 


Tunnel,  N.  P.  R.  R.,  Summit,  Ciun  d'Alenes, 


50 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


i    m 


In 


the  tracks  of  the  Montana  Union  to  Garrison,  a  distance  of  51   miles,  where  connec- 
tion is  again  made  with  the  main  line. 

Following  the  completion  of  its  main  line  the  Northern  Pacific  built  and  acquired 
control  of  14  branch  lines  in  Montana.     The  company  now  operates  1,274  miles  of 

railroad  in  the  stale,  of  which  7S2  miles  are 
covered  by  the  mala  line  and  492  miles  by 
the  branches.  The  combined  assessed  val- 
uation of  all  these  lines  is  ^4, 187,331.  The 
more  important  of  these  branch  lines  are 
as  follows  :  the  Northern  Pacific  &  Montana 
branch  runs  from  the  town  of  Logan,  24 
miles  west  of  Bozeman,  to  Butte,  71  miles 
from  Logan.  This  road  connects  at  Butte  for 
Anaconda,  the  great  mining  center,  26  miles 
distant,  and  also  b}'  the  Montana  Union  for 
Garrison  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern 
Pacific.  A  branch  also  leaves  the  Northern 
Pacific  &  Montana  at  Sappington,  19  miles 
from  Logan,  and  runs  to  Harrison,  10  miles, 
where  connection  is  made  by  two  sub-branch 
roads  to  Norris,  11  miles  distant,  and  to 
Pony,  seven  miles  from  Harrison.  The 
Helena  &  Jefferson  County  and  Helena,  Boul- 
der Valley  &  Butte  branch  runs  from  Helena 
to  the  towns  of  Wickes,  Jefferson,  Boulder, 
and  other  points.  This  branch  follows  the 
main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  east  to 
Prickly  Pear  Junction,  4.9  miles  distant  from  Helena,  from  which  point  the  road  runs 
south  to  Jefferson,  20.4  miles  from  Helena,  where  a  shortspur  branches  off  for  Corbin 
and  Wickes,  great  smelting  centers,  and  respectively  22.2  and  24.9  miles  from  Helena. 
The  main  line  of  the  road  continues  south  to  the  town  of  Boulder,  37.4  miles  from 
Helena.  Boulder  is  in  the  center  of  a  rich  mining  and  agricultural  section  of  coun- 
try, and  is  one  of  the  important  interior  points  of  Montana.  l<"rom  Boulder  a  road 
branches  off  to  the  rich  Elk  Horn  mining  district.  Ivlk  Horn  is  58  miles  from  Helena. 
The  main  line  of  this  road  continues  beyond  Boulder  to  the  town  of  Calvin. 

The  Helena  &  Red  Mountain  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  runs  from  Helena 
to  Rimini,  a  distance  of  16.9  miles.  Rimini  is  south  of  Helena  and  is  a  rich  mining 
center  The  Helena  &  Northern  brancli  runs  north  from  Helena  to  the  great  mining 
center  of  Marysville,  a  distance  of  21.5  miles.  At  Marysville  is  located  the  great  Drum 
Lummon  mine  and  plant.  This  is  otie  cf  the  great  mining  properties  of  the  state. 
Near  Marysville  are  several  rich  mining  districts,  of  which  the  town  is  the  supply 
center.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  town  are  worked-out  placer  deposits  of  some  of  the 
richest  gold-bearing  gulches  of  the  state,  and  all  along  the  line  of  the  railroad,  between 
Helena  and  Marysville,  can  be  seen  the  piles  of  gravel  handled  in  years  past  by  the 
placer  miners  in  their  search  for  the  yellow  metal  here. 

A  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  leaves  the  main  line  at  Drummond,  53  miles 
east  of  Missoula,  and  runs  south  to  the  rich  mining  camps  of  Phillipsburg,  a  distance 
of  25.4  miles.  This  branch  extends  beyond  Phillipsburg  to  Rumsey,  which  is  31.4 
miles  from  Drummond.     The  last  and  most  important  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific 


Scenery,  Rocky  Mountains,  Butte  SmHT  Line  R.  R. 


i  f1 


Railroads  of  the  Northwest. 


51 


re  counec- 

d  acquired 
74  miles  of 

1  miles  are 

2  miles  by 
;essed  val- 
,331.  The 
I  lines  are 
c  Montana 
Logan,  24 
;,  71  miles 
It  Butte  for 
r,  26  miles 

Union  for 
;  Northern 
:  Northern 
1,  19  miles 
,  10  miles, 
iub-brauch 
It,    and  to 
on.       The 
lena,  Boul- 
jm  Helena 
f,  Boulder, 
Hows  the 
east  to 
road  runs 
ibr  Corbin 
;n  Helena. 
iles  from 
of  Conn- 
er a  road 
Helena. 

tn  Helena 

1  mining 

it  milling 

eat  Drum 

he  state. 

le  supply 

nc  of  the 

between 

St  by  the 

53  miles 
distance 
h  is  31.4 
n  Pacific 


in  Montana  is  the  Do  Smet  &  Coeur  d'Alene.  This  road  leaves  the  main  line  at 
Missoula,  125  miles  west  of  Helena,  and  runs  through  a  rich  agricultural  and  mining 
section  into  the  C(t?ur  d'Alene  mining  district,  terminating  at  Mission  Landing,  in 
Idaho.  By  extending  this  road  from  Mission  Landing  through  Fourth  of  July  can- 
yon to  CfEur  d'Alene  City,  a  distance  of  about  30  miles,  the  Northern  Pacific  could  ri  .1 
its  through  trains  directly  through  the  heart  of  the  Ccuur  d' Alenes,  thus  elTecting  a  great 
saving  in  distance  over  the  long  detour  around  La.ke  Pend  d'Oreille,  which  the  main 
line  now  makes.  A  short  part  of  the  Northern  Pacific  road  through  the  CcEur  d'Alenes 
on  the  western  end,  is  still  a  narrow-gauge  track,  but  this  could  be  changed  to  stand- 
ard-gauge at  a  small  expense,  and  this  line  be  made  the  through  route  to  the  coast  for 
this  great  transcontinental  system. 

The  line  of  the  Great  Northern  extends  across  the  northern  part  of  Montana,  run- 
ning through  the  states  of  Idaho  and  Washington  to  Puget  Sound.  The  Montana  Central, 
really  a  branch  of  the  Great  Northern,  extends  from  Pacific  Junction  south  through 
the  towns  of  Fort  Benton  and  Great  Falls  to  Helena  and  Butte.  This  road  is  267 
miles  in  length,  and  affords  the  Great  Northern  direct  entry  into  the  great  centers  of 
Helena  and  Butte.  The  Great  Northern  has  one  or  two  small  branch  roads  in  Mon- 
tana of  no  great  importance. 

The  Belt  Mountain  and  Sand  Coulee  lues  of  the  Great  Northern  system  extend 
from  Great  Falls  to  Neihart,  a  mining  camp  in  the  Little  Belt  Mountains.  The  line 
to  Neihart  is  67  miles  long.  A  sub-hrnich  extends  from  Monarch  to  Barker,  a  distance 
of  II  miles.     From  Allen,  10  milc^  m  from  Great  Falls,  another  sjinr  track  runs 

to  Sand  Coulee,  distant  five  miles,     a,      .■tl  Ooukc  ire  located  cxt' ii'  iv-   mines  which 
produce  2,000  tons  of  coal  a  day. 

The  Great  Falls  &  Canadian  railway  extends  from  Great  Falls  to  Lethbridge, 
British  Columbia,  and  at  Shelby  Junction  this  line  crosses  the  main  line  of  the  Great 
Northern.  At  Leth- 
bridge, as  befo  re 
stated,  connection  is 
made  with  the  line  of 
the  Canadian  Pacific. 
Aside  from  the  Cana- 
dian Pacific,  the  roads 
in  British  Columbia 
are  short  lines. 

A  branch  track, 
eight  miles  lon^,  ex- 
tends from  the  main 
line  of  the  Canadian 
Pacific  at  Westminster 
Junction,  south  to  New 
Westminster,  one  of 
the  oldest  and  most 
important  centers  of 
population  in  British 
Columbia.  At  Mission, 
on  the  main  line  of  the  same  road,  aline  branches  off  to  the  south,  crossing  the  Fraser 
river  at  this  point  and  counecling  at  Huntingdon,  at  the  international  boundary  line, 
with  the  Great  Northern  and  Northern  Pacific  systems,  over  which  tracks  Ihe  Cana- 


BiTTcn  Root  Valley  *no  Riveh,  Line,  N.  P.  R.  R,,  Montana. 


«)!=' 


7^ 


52 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


;35gi«e; 


■ '.IJV  '\^  -J-     ,      .    .,  . 


dian  gains  an  entrance  to  Fairhavcn  Nc"  Whatcom,  Seattle  and  the  other  Sounil 
points.  The  distance  between  Missiou  ana  Huntingdon  is  ii  miles.  From  Sicamous 
Junction,  on  the  Canadian  Pacific,  a  branch  extends  south  to  Okanogan  Lake,  a  dis- 
tance of  51  miles.  From  Okanogan  1  -iding  on  this 
lake,  steamers  run  down  this  mountain-hemmed 
inland  body  of  water  for  a  distance  of  35  miles 
toPenticton.  Stages  leave  this  latter  point  for  Oro, 
Golden  and  Loomiston,  Washington,  centers  of 
the  Okanogan  country,  on  the  rnerican  side  of 
the  international  bonndary  line. 

At  Ravelstoke,  379  miles  east  of  Vancouver, 
the  western  termirns  of  the  Canadian  Pacific,  con- 
nection is  mr.de  with  boats  running  down  the  Col- 
umbia ri  \:r  to  Robson.  From  the  latter  point  a 
line  of  railroad,  22  miles  in  length,  extends  to  Nel- 
son, on  Kootenay  Lake,  from  whence  boats  run 
SCENE  ALONG  THE  EsQu,«ALT  *  NANAiMo  RA.Lw.v,  B.  c.  ^.Q  j^g^lQ    ^jj^i    j^jg^^    jq    BoHucr's    Ferry,     Iduho, 

where  connection  is  made  with  the  main  line  of  the  Great  Northern.  From 
Robson  the  boats  continue  down  the  Columbia  river  to  Northport,  Washington, 
where  connection  is  made  with  the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern  Railway.  At  a  point 
822  miles  east  of  Vancouver  is  the  town  of  Dunsmore.  The  Alberta  Coal  &  Railway 
Company  runs  a  line  .south  from  this  point  to  Lethbridge,  a  distance  of  109  miles. 
At  Lethbridge  connection  is  made  with  the  Great  Falls  &  Canadian  Railway  running 
to  Great  Falls,  Montana. 

On  Vancouver  Island  the  Esquimalt  &  Nanaimo  railway  runs  north  from  Victoria 
to  the  great  coal  mining  centers  of  Nanaimo  and  Wellington.  Wellington,  the 
northern  terminus  of  the  road,  is  7.S  niile:^  from  Victoria.  This  line  passes  throngh  a 
good  section  of  country,  and  the  local  traffic,  together  with  the  great  coal  trade  of 
the  mines,  makes  this  a  fine  paying  piice  of  property. 

Timber  Resources  of  tlie  I'uelfle  NortliAvest. — The  forests  of  the 
Pacific  Northwest  contain  about  1,890,425,(100,000  feet  of  timber.  This  is  five  times  the 
total  amount  of  timber  contained  in  all  that  part  of  the  United  States  lying  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  a  difficult  matter  for  the  average  mind  to  grasp  the  full  sig- 
nificance of  this  vast  array  of  figures.  It  is  harder  still  to  appreciate  the  value  of 
this  euormo":s  quantity  of  timber  to  the  future 
prosperity  of  the  Northwest.  Nowhere  else  in 
the  world  are  forests  which  compare,  in  extent 
and  in  the  quantity  of  valuable  timber  contained, 
with  the  vast  timber  reserves  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest. 

In  the  territory  covered  by  "The  Hand- 
book "  is  the  vast  sum  of  1700,01x3,000  in  natural 
wealth  represented  in  its  thousands  of  s(|uare 
miles  of  forests.  Many  generations  will  yet 
come  and  pass  away  before  the  mighty  forests 
here  are  felled  to  the  ground.  It  is  not  unrea- 
sonable to  hope  that  the  forests  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  will  in  the  near 
future  be  the  chief  source  of  supply  of  the  world  for  lumber.     These  forests,  now 


PHOTO  BY  LA  ROCHE,  SEATTLE. 


Fir  Loq  Sent  to  world's  F»m  rnciM  State   of  Washinoton. 
112  Feet  Long;    si  Inches  in  Diameter;  Weight  97,000  Las. 


Timber  Resources  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


53 


deuse  and  impenetrable,  stretch  from  the  Arctic  ocean  south  to  the  bound- 
ary line  between  Oregon  and  California.  TLis  great  available  supply  of  timber  is 
fully  described  in  the  subsequent  articles  on  the  timber  wealth  in  the  different  states 
covered  by  "The  Handbook."  When  it  isconsidered 
that  the  timber  is  but  one  of  the  many  resources  of 
the  vast  territory  now  under  discussion,  the  future 
promise  of  this  region  can  be  fully  appreciated  and 
the    claims   of    "The    Handbook"    that 


A  LOG  ROLLWAY  Near  Cathlamet,  wash. 


this  section  will  in  time  become  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  parts  of  the  continent 
will  pass  unchallenged. 

Timber  RKjOurces  of  Oregon. — 
With  the  exception  of  Washington,  Ore- 
gon contains  more  timber  than  any  other 
state  in  the  Union.  Twenty-live  thousand 
square  miles  of  its  territory  is  covered  with  great  forests,  the  monarchs  of  which  tapering 
upwards  from  a  circumference  of  30  feet  at  their  base  finally  lift  their  evergreen  tops 
at  a  height  of  375  feet  above  the  ground. 

Oregon's  timber  exhibit  at  the  world's  fair  at  Chicago  was  entered  as  a  whole  in 
competition  for  the  first  medal  as  an  instructive,  comprehensive,  collective  and  com- 
mercial exhibit  of  native  woods  in  their  natural  and  manufactured  state.  This  exhibit 
secured  the  first  medal,  which  was  the  most  coveted  award  in  the  forestry  department 
of  the  fair.  The  only  other  award  made  on  the  Oregon  exhibit,  and  it  was  the  only 
other  asked  <br,  was  for  manufacturing  paper  from  spruce  pulp. 

The  forests  of  Oregon,  it  is  estimated,  contain  266,893,255,000  feet  of  timber.  Ten 
per  cent  of  this  enormous  forest  growth  is  hardwood.  The  remainder  constitutes  a 
body  of  woods  unsurpassed  for  general  building  purposes  ard  for  manufacturing  use. 
The  stumpage  value  of  Oregon's  timber  is  over  |i  17,000,000,  about  44  cents  per  1,000 
feet.  Slumpage  values  are  relati^el-"  higher  than  this  in  every  state  in  the  Union. 
In  Wisconsin,  where  the  timber  i  nuch  inferior  to  that  of  Oregon,  pine  sells 
for  I3.69  per  1,000  feet  before  it  is  cut  to  the  ground.  It  is  but  a  matter  of  a  few  years, 
however,  when  stumpage  values  in  Oregon  will  have  increased  fully  500  per  cent. 

To  the  Pacific  coast,  not  only  the  greater  portion 
of  the  United  States,  but  most  of  Kurope  as  well 
must,  at  sometime,  look  for  its  supply  of  lumber, 
Today,  if  the  Nicaragua  canal  were  built,  Oregon 
lumber  could  be  sold  at  a  profit  at  the  ports  on 
either  side  of  the  Atlantic. 

In  Oregon,  as  in  Washington,  the  Cascade 
range  of  mountains  is  the  dividing  line  between 
the  heavy  and  light  growth  of  timber  in  the  state. 
Alongside  of  the  timber,  however,  called  light  in 
Oregon,  the  trees  of  the  Kastern  and  Southern 
states  would  apyear  as  pigmies  in  she.  The  light 
growth  of  timber  is  scattered  over  Eastern  Oregon, 
where  it  covers  11,117,350  acres  of  land.  This 
part  of  Oregon  contains  84,209,915,000  feet  of  tim- 
ber. The  average  stumpage  value  of  this  timber  is  62  cents  per  1,000  feet,  and 
its  aggregate  value  is  152,210,147.     In  Western  Oregon  the  forest  growth  is   much 


PHOTO  BY  HEINS. 


Lumber  Camp  ncar  Tillamook  Bay,  Or. 


'!  i: 


■    '  i 


>li 


64 


The  Orcsonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Log  Driving  in  Oregon. 


heavier,  the  average  quantity  of  timber  to  the  acre  in  this  part  of  the  state  being 
18,894  feet.     In  t...  ■  division  of  the  state  there  is  timberto  the  extent  pf  152,683,340,000 

feet,  covering  an  area  of  3,081,000  acres.  This 
great  body  of  timber  has  a  present  vahie  of  over 
1150,000,000,  or  an  average  of  33  cents  per  1,000  feet. 
Curry  county,  bordering  on  the  ocean,  in  the  ex- 
treme southwestern  corner  of  Oregon,  has  the 
heaviest  growth  of  timber  in  the  state.  The  tim- 
ber in  this  county  scales  21,429  feet  to  the  acre. 
The  largest  and  most  extensive  forest  growth  is  found 
in  Tillamook  countj',  this  county  containing  22,092,000,000  feet  of  timber.  Lane, 
Crook,  Benton  and  Curry  counties  rank  next  in  the  extent  of  their  forest  wealth  in 
the  order  named.  Each  of  these  counties  contains  over  15,000,000,000  feet  of  timber. 
The  kinds  of  timber  found  in  Oregon  are  red  fir,  yellow  fir,  white  fir,  sugar  pine, 
yellow  pine,  white  pine,  bull  pine,  black  pine,  pitch  pine,  Alaska  pine,  spruce,  cedar, 
larch,  tamarack,  juniper,  birch,  oak,  yew,  Cottonwood,  ash,  maple,  alder,  willow, 
elm,  mountain  mahogany,  myrtle,  dogwood,  white  cedar,  chincapin,  balm  and  cherry. 
On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  pine  predominates,  while  on  the  west- 
tern  side  fir  is  the  leading  wood. 

The  forests  of  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin,  which  now  furnish  two-thirds  of  the 
lumber  consumed  in  the  East,  are  rapidly  being  depleted,  and  it  is  a  question  of  but 
a  few  years  in  the  future,  at  most,  when  the  United  States  nmst  depend  for  the  greater 
part  of  its  lumber  supply  from  the  virgin  forests  of  the  Pacific  Northwest.  When 
Oregon  and  Washington  lumber  becomes  a  staple  article  of  commerce  in  the  Eastern 
market,  as  it  must  become  in  time,  the  lumber  interests  of  this  part  of  the  West  will 
become  one  of  the  greatest  in  magnitude  of  any  on  the  coast. 

In  the  forests  of  Oregon  are  found  gigantic  fir  and  cedar  trees  from  6  to  19  feet 
in  diameter.  In  comparison  to  these  giants  of  the  forest  the  largest  trees  of  the  East 
are  but  pigmies.  In  this  connection,  it  will  be  interesting  to  compare  the  size  of 
Eastern  timber  with  that  found  in  the  iw  West.  In  Wisconsin,  for  instance,  the 
average  log  scales  about  127  feet,  while  in  Oregon  the  average  scale  per  log  is  1,300 
feet.  In  tlie  latter  state,  however,  many  long  logs  have  been  cut  which  scaled  from 
8,000  to  ii,aoo  feet.  There  is  a  great  difference  too  in  the  diameter  of  the  Eastern 
and  Western  timber.  Logs,  five  and  seven  feet  in  diameter,  are  found  in  every  mill 
pond  of  Oregon  and   Washington.       Many   of  these  logs  are  so  large,  even,  that 

before  they  can 
be  sawed  it  be- 
comes necessary 
to  split  them 
with  dynamite, 
and  this,  too, 
when  the  saws 
in  the  Western 
mills  are  the 
largest  made  in 
the  world. 

The  most  abundant  and  valuable  timber  found  in  this  great  forest  is  the  family 
of  fir,  or  Douglas  pine.     The  fir  tree  grows  to  immense  proportions.     Trees  of  250  to 


Logging  Team,  Coos  River,  Oregon. 


Jilu 


Timber  Resources  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


-■)•) 


Timber  felling,  Oregon 


;cxD  feet  in  height  are  not  at  all  uncommon.     This  permits  the  cutting  of  long-length 
tinibar  for  bridge  and  other  use,  which   cannot   be   obtained   from   the  forests  of  any 
other  part  of  the  world.     The  timber   of  the   Douglas  ur 
is  heavy,  strong  and  firm.    It  is  unsL:rpasscd  for  the  frame- 
work of  ships,  bridges  or  cars.     For  gimeral  building  pur- 
])oses  it  is  conceded  to  be  the  best  tiu'ber  in  the  world. 
I-'ir  lumber  is  now  extensively   used   in    ])lace   of  oak,  it 
being  stronger,  easier  to  handle,  taking  nails  easily  and 
holding  them  firmly,  and  it   is  only   a  little   over  one- 
half  as  heavy  as  oak.     A  recent  test  of  the  breaking  pres- 
sure of  fir,  P. astern  oak  and   Eastern  pine,  tlic  pieces  of 
wood  used  ha/ing  been  four  feet  long  and  2x4  inches  in 
dimensions,  made  the   following  showing  :    to  break  the 
fir  required  a  test  of  4,320  pounds  ;    Easvern  oak,  2,428 
pounds,  and  Eastern  pine,   1,610  pounds.      The  '.alue  of 
the  fir  for  car  construction  is  now  recognize '^  throughout 
the  country,  and  during  the  pa.U  two  years  the  mills  of 
the  Northwest  have  shipped  large  quantities  of  this  tim- 
ber to  the  Eastern  manufacturing  centers. 

The  merchantable  fir  of  Oregon  and  Washington  is 
of  three  varieties,  the  red,  yellow  and  white  fir.  The 
red  fir  is  found  growing  in  the  f^reatest  abundance  in  alti- 
tudes of  not  over  600  feet.  It  is  a  very  thrifty  and  rapid  grower.  The  fiber  is  very 
hard  with  an  equal  growth  all  around  the  tree.  Il  is  a  much  more  unifoi^^i  wood 
to  stand  heavy  strains  than  is  the  timbT  which  sliows  a  tendency  to  develop  an 
undue  growth  to  one  side  of  the  tree,  as  is  the  case  of  much  of  the  Eastern  timber. 
The  lasting  qualities  of  red  fir  are  fully  50  per  cent,  more  than  those  of  white  or  yel- 
low pine,  while  from  actual  tests,  it  has  been  found 
that  a  fir  joist  2  x  14  inches  will  withstand  a  greater 
pressure  than  one  2  '/a  ^f  16  of  white  or  yellow  pine. 
These  and  other  tests  have  demonstrated  that  red  fir 
is  vastly  superior  to  all  '>*her  timber  for  bridge  build- 
ing purposes. 

The  yellow  fir  grows  in  highei  altitudes  than 
does  the  red  fir.  It  attains  its  greatest  perfection  in 
growth  along  the  base  of  the  foothills  of  the  Cascade 
range  of  mountains.  The  yellow  fir  is  a  much  softer 
wood  than  the  red  fir,  and  while  it  will  not  stand 
quite  the  strain  that  red  fir  will  submit  to,  its  lasting 
qualities  when  exposed  to  the  weather  are  much  better. 
It  is  also  fflf  superior  to  the  red  fir  for  flooring  and 
finishing  luml>e.-,  and  it  is  much  softer  to  work  than 
the  SouUiern  pint  It  is  admirably  adapted  to  build- 
ing purposes  and  interior  finishing  work,  and  is  re- 
ceived    with     much     favor    wherever    it     has    been 

Big  Timber,  Oregon.  iu'roduced 

The  white  fir  is  less  valuable  than  is- either  the  red  or  the  yellow  variety.     It  is 
not   found   in   large   quantities   in  the  state.     It  attains  a  great  height,  is  perfectly 


m 


>  ti  ] 


m! 


;ii. 


,j|m.. 


56 


Tlie  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 


Logging  Scene,  Oregon. 


PHOrO.    BY  PRATSCH  A  CO. 


Straight,  and  has  been  used  principally  for  piling,  for  which  it  is  excellently  adapted. 
The  manufacture  of  this  magnificent  body  of  timber  into  lumber  and  furniture  is  now 

one  of  Oregon's  most  important  industries. 
Since  January,  1844,  when  Ililer  H.  Hunt 
built  his  rickety  and  primitive  sawmill  on 
the  banks  of  the  little  stream  opposite  the 
present  towi  of  Cathlamet  on  the  Columbia 
river,  OregoT  has  steadily  been  a  large  ex- 
porter of  lumber.  The  bark  Toulon  and  the 
brig  Chenamus  sailed  up  the  Columbia  river 
.  in  the  early  40's  and  carried  away  from  this 
pioneer  mill  the  first  cargoes  of  lumber  ever  shipped  out  of  Oregon.  Afterwards  other 
ships  visited  Oregon.  Some  of  these  vessels  replaced  their  weak  masts  with  new  ones 
made  of  Oregon  fir.  The  beauty  and  strength  of  these  tapering  spars  were  greatly  ad- 
mired in  foreign  waters  to  which  these  vessels  sailed.  It  soon  became  known  abroad 
that  masts  made  of  Pacific  coast  fir  excelled  masts  made  of  any  other  wood.  Today  the 
dock  yards  at  Toulon,  France,  and  the  great  ship  yards  of  Kugland  and  Scotland,  use 
Oregon  fir  for  masts  in  preference  to  all  other  woods.  The  yacht  Vigilant,  winner  of  the 
international  race  in  1893,  has  a  mast  made  of  this  same  fir.  The  fame  of  this  wood 
as  a  ship  timber  is  world  wide.  The  value  of  Oregon's  timber,  however,  is  not  con- 
fined to  its  special  adaptability  for  ship  masts,  but  more  especially  to  its  superiority 
for  lumber.  It  has  the  strength  of  oak,  with  almost  the  lightness  of  cedar,  it  outwears 
most  other  woods,  and  for  general  building  pur- 
poses it  is  accepted  as  the  best  wood  in  the  world. 
It  is  estimated  that  there  is  invested  in  the 
269  sawmills,  40  shingle  mills  and  52  woodworking 
establishments  of  Oregon  about  1 15,000,000.  These 
industries  furnish  employment  to  over  7,000  men, 
and  their  annual  wage  roll  is  about 
13,675,000.  The  total  output  of  these 
plants  in  1892  was  estimated  to  have  been 
worth  $10,049,217.  The  manufactured 
product  consisted  of  608,600,200  feet  of 
lumber,  210,000,000  laths  and  162,340,000 
shingles.  The  output  of  the  wood-work- 
ing establishments  consisted  principally 
of  sash  and  doors  and  was  valued  at 
12,700,000. 

Timber  Resources  of  Washing- 
ton.— The  forests  of  the  state  of  Wash- 
ington, according  to  estimates  computed 
from  the  latest  and  most  reliable  sources 
of  information,  cover  23,588,512  acres. 
In  this  timber  belt  there  is  now  standing  ■ 
at  least  410,333,335,000  feet  of  the  finest 

merchantable  timber  in  the  world.  At  the  present  stumpage 
value  of  65  cents  per  thousand  feet,  the  standing  timber  of  Washington  is  worth  today 
1266,716,667.  The  value  of  stumpage  in  Washington  is  exceedingly  low  when  com- 
pared with  rates  for  stumpage  in  the  older  lumber  states  of  the  Union.     In  Minne- 


A  Giant  Stump  near  Aberdeen,  Wash 


Washl 
is  star 


i 


Timber  Resources  of  the  Paciti:  Northwest. 


67 


Big  log,  Mount  Vernon,  wash. 


sota  stunipage  is  $2.87  per  thousand  feet ;  in  Wisconsin  stunipage  is  $3.69  per 
thousand  feet,  and  in  all  the  Middle  States  rates  forstumpage  are  largely  in  excess  of 
those  charged  in  Washington  today.  It  is  not 
unreasonable  to  suppose  that  as  the  timber  re- 
sources of  the  West  are  encroached  on,  the 
stunipage  values  in  Washington  will  greatly  in- 
crease, and  the  present  valuation  put  on  the 
timber  still  standing  in  the  state  must  be  re- 
garded as  an  exceedingly  conservative  one. 

The  importance  of  the  great  timber  belt  of 
Washington  can  be  better  appreciated  when  it 
is  stated  that  this  state  alone  contains  56,873,- 
cx3o,ooo  more  feet  of  standing  timber  than  is 
found  in  the  forests  of  all  the  Eastern  and 
Southern  states  combined.  The  heaviest  growth 
of  timber  in  the  state  is  in  the  counties  situated 
in  the  northern  portion  of  Western  Washington 
and  in  those  bordering  on  the  Pacific  ocean  along 
the  western  coast.  The  best  timber  does  not  grow  directly  on  the  coast,  but  beginning 
at  a  point  about  one  mile  distant  from  shore  line,  a  gradual  improvement  is  noted  in 
the  timber,  which  continues  to  grow  better  in  quality  for  several  miles  toward  the 
interior.  At  the  base  of  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains  the  timber  again  suddenly 
becomes  larger  and  the  growth  is  heavier  than  it  is  immediately  to  the  west.  It 
decreases  in  size  as  the  ascent  of  the  range  is  made,  increasing  again  as  the  descent 
is  made  on  the  eastern  slope.     It  is  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  mountains  and  covering 

tho  foothills  tliat  the  best  timber  of  Eastern 
Washington  is  found.  The  great  plains  of 
the  eastern  part  of  the  state  are  practically 
treeless.  In  but  few  parts  of  the  state,  how- 
ever, is  there  a  lack  of  sufficient  timber  for 
domestic  use  within  easy  hauling  distance. 

On  account  of  the  easy  facilities  enjoyed 
for  shipment  by  both  rail  and  water,  nearly 
all  the  extensive  lumbering  operations  in 
Washington  r.re  now  carried  on  in  that  part  of 
the  state  bordering  on  Puget  Sound  and  the 
Pacific  ocean.  On  the  cast  side  of  the  Cas- 
cade range  in  the  state  are  11,616,720  acres 
of  forests  which  contain  in  round  numbers 
106,978,041,000  feet  of  timber.  In  the  entire 
state  there  are  only  two  counties  out  of 
the  34  that  are  without  stniding  tiniber 
of  some  kind.  These  are  the  counties  of 
Adams  and  Franklin  both  located  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state.  These  two  coun- 
ties adjoin  each  other  and  are  exactly  similar 
in  their  topography  and  character  of  soil. 
The  present  value  of  timber  still  standing  in  Eastern  Washington  is  $80,427,000, 
and  up  to  the  present  time  this  timber  has  been  utilized  almost  solely  for  home  con- 


l:,ii 


PHOTO  BV   PRAT3CH  A.  CO. 


Timber  felling  near  Aberdeen,  Wash. 


,1 


jni 


.:M' 


I 


58 


The  Orej^oninn's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I  ii|i 


i 

) 

■ 

!            !  i 

i  , 

Mi 

Log  Chute,  1100  Feet  Long. 
PuGET  Sound. 

WEIGHT  OF  LOG  COMING  DOWN, 
a  TONS. 


PHOTO.   BY   R.  SHEANE. 


sumption.  The  lumber  sawed  in  the  western  part  of  the  state,  however,  has  for  many 
years  past  been  shipped  in  hirge  quantities  to  all  parts  of  the  United  vStates  and 
exported  by  the  shipload  to  Europe,  South  America,  the  islands  of  the  Pacific  Ocean 
and  Australia.  Western  Washington  now  contains  the  largest  continuous  belt  of  for- 
est growth  in  the  United  States.  This  great  unbroken  and  almost 
impenetrable  forest,  with  its  heavy  undergrowth  and  windfall  sev- 
eral feet  in  thickness,  contains  hundreds  of  trees  to  the  acre,  many 
of  which  arc  from  200  to  400  feet  high.  This  forest  stretches  away 
from  the  waters  of  Pugct  Sound  for  miles  eastward,  practically  to 
the  snow-line  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  between  Puget  Sound 
and  the  ocean  to  the.  west  is  a  belt  of  timber  thousands  of  miles  in 
extent.  Much  of  this  vast  forest  contains  trees  so  high,  and  so 
thick  is  the  growth,  that  the  sun  never  penetrates  to  its  fastnesses. 
It  is  a  forest  of  absolute  and  continual  shade.  Every  acre  of  this 
timber  belt  contains  thousands  of  feet  of  the  finest  timber,  a  source 
of  wealth  that  will  some  day  make  this  one  of  the  richest  states  in 
the  Union. 

In  some  parts  of  Western  Washington  the  timber  is  much 
thicker  than  it  is  in  others.  In  Chchalis  county,  for  instance,  the 
forests  will  average  nearly  32,000  feet  to  the  acre,  and  in  the 
same  county  are  whole  townships  which  will  cruise  from  6,000,- 
000  to  12,000,000  feet  to  the  quarter  section.  Another  in- 
stance of  extraordinary  forest  growth  in  the  state  is  in  Skagit 
county,  where  16,000,000  feet  of  merchantable  timber  to  the 
square  mile  is  considered,  by  practical  lumber  men,  as  a 
conservative  estimate  of  the  forest  growth.  In  cither  of  the 
counties  named  above,  or  for  that  matter,  in  any  of  the 
counties  of  Western  Washington,  it  is  not  difficult  to  find 
cedar  trees  from  12  to  21  feet  in  diameter,  and  from  150  to 
375  feet  high.  The  lowest  limbs  on  these  great  trees  are 
often  100  feet  from  the  ground,  One  of  these  giants  of  the 
forest  will  furnish  sufficient  clear  lumber  or  shingles  to  fill 
several  standard  railroad  cars. 

It  is  impossible  to  form  any  accurate  estimate  of  the 
different  kinds  of  timber  still  standing  in  the  state  of  Wash- 
ington. There  has  never  been  an  effort  made  on  the  part 
of  those  who  have  cruised  over  this  timber  belt  to  segre- 
gate the  different  varieties  in  their  reports.  It  can  be  safely 
stated,  however,  that  fir  constitutes  about  60  per  cent,  of  the 
forest  growth  of  the  state,  while  cedar,  Washington  pine 
(spruce),  Alaska  pine  (hemlock),  pine,  ash,  maple,  alder, 
Cottonwood,  larch  and  oak  fellow  in  importance  in  the 
order  named. 

Growing  side  by  side  with  the  fir  is  the  Washington 
cedar,  which  is  the  next  abundant  to  fir  here,  and  whose 
timber  is  second  in  importance  to  fir.  While  this  tree  be- 
longs to  the  same  family  as  the  cedar  of  the  Eitstern  states, 
it  grows  in  the  forests  of  Washington  very  differently  from 
what   it   docs   farther  east.      Here  it  is  straight   from  the 


Timber  felling  near  Chehalis,  wash. 


11 


Timber  Resources  of  the  Piicific  Northwest. 


59 


^a^-^rr,. 


-:?a'#|gl™''^'^ 


Locoing  Train -Puget  Sound. 


H»tlS,  W»8H. 


ground   up,    and   is   of  immense   size.      In  height  it  does  not  equal  the  fir,  but  its 

average   diameter   is   much  greater.      The   value  of  Washington  cedar   lumber  has 

not  until  recently  been  fully  appreciated,  but  as  its  durability,  the  ease  with  which 

it  is  worked  and  its  beauty  when   properly  finished  have  become  better  kijown,  the 

demand  for  this  lumber  has  greatly  increased,  and  today 

Washington  cedar  lumber,  as  well  as  cedar  shingles  from 

this  state,  is   an    important  article  of  commerce  in  the 

ivistern  states.     Shingles  made   from  Washington  cedar 

have  attained   a   world-wide   reputation.     One   of  these 

shingles  will  last  for  50  years,  and  as  the  average  life  of 

a  pine  shingle,  under  the  best  conditions,   is    not  more 

than  10  years,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  cedar  shingle  has  a 

great  advantage  in  the   market.      On    the   roofs   of  the 

cabins  occupied  by  the  early  pioneers   of  Washington, 

from  1846 to  1852,  may  still  be  seen  shingles  as  they  were 

first  nailed  in  position,  and  as  sound  as  the  day  they  were 

split  from  the  timber. 

In  Western  Washington  is  also  found  the  Alaska  cedar.  This  is  a  very  valuable 
wood,  but  the  supply  here  is  limited.  The  only  place  in  the  state  where  it  exists  in 
any  considerable  quantity  is  in  the  recesses  of  the  forests  along  the  Olympic  range 
of  mountains  between  Puget  Sound  and  the  ocean.  This  cedar  is  of  a  very  fine 
grain,  it  takes  a  very  beautiful  finish,  and  it  is  even  valuable  for  the  process  of  wood- 
engraving. 

A  species  of  cedar  known  to  the  trade  as  pencil  cedar,  is  also  found  in  the  forests 
of  Wai!hington.  While  not  as  common  as  the  red  cedar  of  commerce,  several  tracts 
of  this  wood  are  scattered  through  the  western  part  of  the  state,  and  the  forests  of 
this  wood  will,  in  time,  prove  very  valuable.  Florida  is  the  only  other  state  in  the 
Union  '.vhich  contains  this  wood,  and  the  available  supply  there  now  is  all  owned 
by  a  single  great  pencil  manufacturer.  The  existence  of  this  cedar  in  /Vashington  is 
not  generally  known  at  the  present  time,  but  it  is  believed  by  the  lumbermen  of  the 
state  that  this  wood  Vvill  be  a  staple  article  of  export  a  fe-.v  years  hence. 

The  nomencla'.ure  of  Waslungton's  trees  is  liable  to  pre  e  confusing  to  the  ixader 
who  is  not  familiar  with  the  different  varieties  of  woods  growing  in  the  forests  of  the 
state.     Owing  to  the  great  difference  existing  between  woods  of  the  same  variety 

found  in  Washington  and  in  th^,  Kast,  shippers  of  Wash- 
ington lumber  have  found  it  necessai^'  to  preserve  the 
identity  of  this  lumber  by  atcaching  local  names  to  the 
several  varieties  handled.  Thus  the  fir  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest  is  known  to  the  Eastern  trade  as  Oregon 
pine  and  Douglas  fir,  spruce  is  called  Washington  pine, 
and  hemlock  from  the  states  bordering  on  the  North 
Pacific  Ocean  as  Alaska  pine. 

Washington  spruce  bears  a  close  resemblance  to  the 
Eastern  white  pine.  It  is  a  perfectly  odorless  wood,  is 
almost  milk  white,  and  is  equally  as  soft  as  white  pine. 
Up  to  the  present  time  its  use  has  been  confined  to  the  manufacture  of  boxes,  store 
shelving  and  dairy  furniture.  Its  entire  freedom  from  even  the  least  perceptible 
odor  especially  recommends  this  wood  in  connection  with  handling  butter  or  milk. 
Washington  spruce  is  now  receiving  attention  from  Eastern  wagon  makers  with  a 


Logging-  Puget  Sound, 
starting  log  down  chute. 


w 


^!P 


'1   1  + ' 


ti' 


U(» 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Loo  FROM  Chute  Striking  Water. 

PUGET  SOUNO. 


view  to  utilizing  this  wood  largely  for  the  mauufacture  of  wagon  boxes.  Spruce  is 
found  in  large  quantities  on  lands  tributary  to  Grays  Harbor,  Willapa  Harbor  (Shoal - 
water  Bay),  and  the  Columbia  river. 

HemlC'Ck,  or  Alaska  pine,  is  generally  found  in  close  proximity  to  tide  water  i-i 
Washington.     The  value  of  the   hemlock   forests  of  the  state  has   heretofore  bee  i 

greatly  underestimated  by  reason  of  the  general,  bui 
erroneous,  impression  that  the  hemlock  found  here  is  iden- 
tical with  that  found  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  is,  there- 
fore, much  inferior  to  either  the  fir,  the  cedar  or  the  spruce 
which  Washington  contains  in  such  abundance.  The  hem- 
lock of  Washington  is  the  Tiisqa  Mertensianaixnd  ib  entirely 
distinct  from  the  Tusqa  Canadensis,  or  the  common  hem- 
lock of  the  Rast.  The  Washington  hemlock  differs  from 
the  Eastern  variety  in  both  its  botanical  and  its  economi<- 
properties.  It  is  not  generally  known  that  the  heml<  k 
forests  of  Washington  contain  fully  one-fourth  of  the  ^vai' 
able  tan  bark  of  the  I'nited  States.  Pennsylvania  .it 
the  present  time  is  the  leading  state  of  the  Union  for  the 
production  of  hemlock  leather.  Present  statistics  show,  however,  that  within 
the  next  six  years,  at  the  present  rate  of  consumption,  the  supply  of  hemlock  tan 
bark  in  that  state  will  be  exhausted.  It  is  perhaps  a  safe  assertion  to  say  that  before 
the  expiration  of  the  next  ten  years  tannin,  manufactured  largely  from  the  hemlock 
bark  of  Washington,  will  be  in  great  demand  in  both  the  United  States  and  in 
Europe.  Apart  liom  the  local  rcqtiirements,  a  great  and  constantly  increasing 
demand  exists  for  hemlock  extract  all  over  the  United  States  as  well  as  for  export  to 
foreign  countries.  Germany  alone  imported  35,000,000  pounds  of  tanning  extracts 
ill  1892,  and  Great  Britain  is  one  of  the  largest  consumers  of  tanning  extract  in  the 
world.  A  number  of  tests  made  by  leading  and  reliable  chemists  have  demonstrated 
that  Washington  hemlock  is  the  strongest  bark  of  its  kind  on  the  continent,  and 
that  it  contains  a  larger  percentage  of  tannin  even  than  the  Pennsylvania  hemlock 
bark,  which  has  always,  up  to  the  present  time,  stood  the  highest  in  the  market. 
These  tests  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  a  tannin  extract  company  at  South  Bend, 
Washington.  These  works  have  a  capacity  of  150  barrels,  or  75,000  pounds  a  week, 
and  are  being  very  succesefully  operated.  Other  tannin  extract  works  will  soon  be 
put  in  operation  in  the  state,  and  hemlock  from  Washington  will  soon  become  as 
staple  an  article  of  trade  here  as  is  the  spruce  or  the  cedar  at  the  present  time.  The 
hemlock  lumber  is  very  valuable  and  is  especially 
adapted  for  fine  interior  work  and  ornamentation. 
It  IS  not  to  be  compared  with  the  fir  in  tensile 
strength  or  in  durability  when  exposed  to  the 
weather,  but  it  can  be  used  for  many  purposes, 
and  its  value  is  becoming  better  appreciated  with 
each  succeeding  year. 

Of  the  other  woods  found  in  Washington's 
forests,  pine  is  the  most  abundant.  Yellow  pine  is  a 
mountain  wood  as  found  in  this  state.  It  is  plenti- 
ful in  Eastern  Washington  and  has  all  the  characteristics  of  the  Southern  yellow  pine. 
In  the  state  are  also  scattered  growths  of  ash,  alder,  cottonwood,  oak,  maple,  poplar, 
tamarack,  yew  aud  willow.     All  these  woods  differ  little,  if  any,  from  the  same  varieties 


BOOM    LOGS,    LOWER   END  OF  CHUTE -PUGET  SOUND. 


Timber  Resources  of  the  Pacific  Xortbwest. 


(il 


SET  Sound. 


MOUNTAIN  Scenery  Near  Vientq- Columbia  Riveh. 


found  in  the  Eastern  forests.  Another  Washington  wood  is  madi  me,  which  is  found 
along  the  coast  in  paying  quantities.  It  is  an  exceedingly  handsome  wood  and  can  he 
used  with  profit  by  wood-workers  for  various  purposes.  White  birch,  a  very  rare  wood, 
is  found  in  small  quantities  in  Eastern  Washington.  It  has  attained  but  little  value, 
cointncrcially,  up  to  the  present  time. 

The  last  wood  found  in  Washington's 
forests  in  sufficient  quantities  to  call  for  men- 
lion  in  the  present  article  is  larch.  This  is  a 
beautiful  wood  which  grows  in  great  abundance 
in  the  mountainous  districts  of  the  state.  The 
tree  attains  a  height  of  150  feet  and  is  from  three 
to  six  feet  in  diameter.  The  wood  is  used  for 
interior  finishing  and  makes  an  excellent 
quality  of  sash  and  doors. 

With  all  this  great  wealth  of  timber  only  awaiting  the  axe  and  the  saw  to  be  con- 
verted into  marketable  lumber,  it  is  but  natural  that,  dating  from  the  time  that  the 
first  pioneers  settled  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound,  the  people  of  the  state  have  largely 
depended  on  the  forests  of  the  state  as  a  means  of  livelihood,  and  that  lumber  is 
today,  as  it  will  always  be  the  leading  industry  of  thestate.  With  the  exception  of  an 
occasional  hunting  or  trading  trip  made  by  the  hardy  voyageurs  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company,  the  forests  of  Washington  remained  undisturbed  by  the  foot  of  the  white 
man  until  the  coming  of  the  pioneer  settlers  to  this  part  of  the  state  in  1846.  In  that 
year  the  first  sawmill  in  the  state  was  built  at  Tumwater  Falls,  on  the  Dcs  Chutes 
river,  in  Thurston  county,  by  Captain  Simmons.  This  was  a  primitive  affair,  and  its 
market  was  limited  altogether  to  the  local  demand.  This,  however,  was  the  initial 
stage  of  the  development  of  an  industry  that  now  represents  millions  of  invested 
capital,  and  whose  trade  reaches  to  nearly  all  accessible  parts  of  the  world. 

In  1853,  Henry  L.  Yesler  built  at  Seattle  the  first  steam  sawmill  on  the  shores  of 
Puget  vSound.  It  would  be  a  difficult  matter  for  those  acquainted  only  with  the  great 
and  flourishing  city  of  Seattle  today,  to  realize  the  important  part  the  small  sawmill 
of  Henry  Yesler's  played  in  the  pioneer  stage  of  the  city's  history.  For  years  follow- 
ing its  establishment  it  was  almost  the  sole  industry  of  the  place,  and.  it  is  possible 
that,  through  the  establishment  of  this  mill  here,  may  be  traced  the  primary  cause 
which  determined  the  subsequent  supremacy  of  Seattle.      In  the  '50's,  Yesler's  mill 

was  the  most  important  structure  of  the  villagt 
of  Seattle.     There  all  the  wage-earners  of  the  place 
were  employed;  there  the   few  ships  that  then  vis- 
ited   Puget  Sound   came  for  cargoes  and  landed 
their  freights  of  produce  and  merchandise.      The 
mill  occupied  a  long,  low,  rambling  building,  and 
had  a  capacity  of  15,000  feet  a  day.      Later  other 
mills  were  established  at  this  point  and  on  other 
ports  of  the  Sound.     In  1867-68,  Charles  Hanson 
built  the  big  Tacoma  mill,  which  is  still  one  of  the 
leading  mills  of  the  latter  city. 
At  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  the  big  mill  at  the  present  site  of  Tacoma, 
ships  called  occasionally  at  the  ports  of  Puget  Sound  and  carried  away  lumber  to  San 
Francisco  and  Austrulia.     Mills  began  to  multiply  rapidly  on  the  shores  of  the  Sound 
and,  by  1880,  the  output  of  lumber  in  Washington  amounted  to  160,176,000  feet  a 


Scene  Near  mosier-columbia  River. 


T 


62 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


HfULiNG  Loos  Near  Seattle. 


year.  INIorc  than  half  of  this  luuiber  found  a  market  in  vSan  Francisco  and  foreign 
ports.  No  record  of  the  output  of  the  sawmills  of  WafLlogton  was  kept  in  the  years 
following  1880  until  1887.  In  the  latter  year  the  output  was  600,000,000  feet,  one- 
third  of  which  was  sent  out  of  the  state  b\ 
vessel,  and  a  small  demand  had  been  created 
in  the  East  which  was  supplied  by  rail  ship- 
ments. By  1890,  the  number  of  mills  in  the 
state  had  increased  to  over  2oa,  and  tlie  output 
of  these  mills  for  that  year  wa<^  i,ooci,ooo,ooo 
feet.  It  was  in  1890  that  the  first  large  ship- 
ments of  lumber  were  made  from  the  Washing- 
ton mills  to  the  Eastern  states.  Since  that  time  freight  rates  have  discriminated 
against  Washington  lumber  shipments,  but  it  can  be  but  a  few  years  in  the  future, 
at  the  most,  when  nearly  all  the  lumber  consumifd  in  v  hat  are  known  as  the  Middle 
states  and  those  of  the  Central  West  will  be  shipped  from  the  mills  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest. 

Nearly  one-third  of  the  population  of.  'ashington  at  the  present  time  is  depend- 
ent on  the  industries  of  sawing  lumber,  s]"'ngles  and  wood-working  plants,  and  a 
large  part  of  the  wealth  of  the  state  is  derived  from  this  source.  The  followi>ig  sta- 
tistics will  be  found  interesting  as  s'rowing  the  mammoth  proportions  which  the  lum- 
ber industry  has  assumed  in  the  state  during  the  last  10  years,  and  it  will  furnish  a 
basis  on  which  to  make  hopes  for  the  future  of  this  industry  in  the  Northwest. 

In  1892  the  mills  of  Washington  turned  out  1,164,425,880  feet  of  lurtiber,  436,716,- 
oix)  laths,  and  1,883,868,750  shingles.  The  output  of  shingles  for  the  year  showed  an 
lucre .'se  of  957,ckio,ooo  over  the  output  of  1891,  while  the  output  of  1893,  exact  figures 
for  which  are  not  oLitaijiable  this  early  in  the  year,  it  is  expected  will  show  a  corres- 
ponding increase  over  the  output  of  the  year  previous.  This  remarkable  increase  in 
a  single  year  was  due  altogether  to  the  growing  popularity  of  cedar  shingles  in  the 
East.  It  is  now  freely  admitted  that  the  Washington  red  cedar  shingle  is  superior  to 
any  shingle  in  the  market,  At  the  present  time  only  about  oue-twenty-fifth  of  the 
trade  of  the  Union  is  supplied  with  Wa.shington  shingles.  The  6,oco  carloads  of 
Washington  shingles  siiipped  East  in  1893  represent  less  than  2,000  actual  customers. 
There  are  now  50,cx)o  lumV)cr  firms  in  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  conservative 
shingle  men  do  not  believe  that  thi^  limit  of  th2  Eastern  demand  for  Washington 
shingles  will  l.)e  reached  until  at  least  one- 
half  of  the  lumber  dealers  of  the  countrj- 
are  handling  these  shingles. 

The  output  of  the  Washiuj^/.on   lumber 
and  shingle  mills   finds   its  way  to  market 
through  the  medium  of  coasV.iug  and  (oreiga 
vessels,  and  by    ail  to  the  ISast.      The  ship- 
ment of  lumber  aiul  shingles  from  the  state 
in  1892  was  divided  as  follows  :    lumber  to 
foreign  ports,    105,002,710  feet;    lumber  to 
coast   ports,  263,666,523  feet;  shipments  of 
lumhe-  Dy  rail,  100, 650, o(X);  shingles  by  rail, 
9i3,300,cxx>;    shingles  by  water,  8,608,000. 
The  foreign  shipments  were  made  to  the  ports  of  I?,urope,    As'h,    South  America 
and   O'^eanica,    while  the    coastwise    shipments  were    made    principally    to    Cali- 


vW*  <*■'': 


>m&f:. 


w^hRBHE 


•'  ..T?!'"'"' 


Tut  GnciT  Fi.»rMC*t'  Uke,  Montana, 


Timber  Resources     t' the  Pacific  Northwest. 


m 


, '  'f| 


LAKE  CCEUh     D'ALENE 


fornia  and  Mexico.  A  large  fleet  of  sailing  vessels  is  regularly  engaged  in  the  export 
Washington  liiniVjer  trade,  and  the  harbors  at  Seattle,  Tacouia,  Port  Blakely  an>i  other 
milling  centers  of  the  sound  contai  ■  ships  at  all  seasons  of  the  year  and  from  all 
parts  of  the  >vorld  loading  with  lumber. 

The  value  of  the  output  of  the  lumber  and  wood-workiug  mills  of  Washington  for 
1892  was  I19, 000,000.     This  was  subdivided  as  follows:  Lumber,  112,481,543;  shin- 
gles, 12,187,898,  and  manufactures  of  wood,  13,512,429. 
The  capital  invested  in  the  lumber  and  wood-working 
plputs  of  the  state  is  over  $3o,oaj,ooo.     These  indus- 
tries give  employment  to  about  12,000  men,  and  they 
annually  disbur.se  in  wages  over  $7,coo,ckxj.    There  are 
now  in  operation  in  the  state  227  sawmills    246  shingle 
mills,  and  73  sash  and  door  factories.      The  sawmills 
have  an  aggregate  yearly  capacity  of  2,970,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  while  the  shingle 
nulls  of  the  state  turn  out  annually  3, 7 -'3,000,000  shingles. 

Owing  to  the  depressed  condition  of  the  lumber  trade  and  the  unsettled  ci..  ^'tion 
of  the  foreign  market  for  lumber,  the  mills  of  the  state  did  not  run  to  their  full  capac- 
ity during  the  season  of  1892-93.  The  mill  men  of  Washington  base  great  hopes  on 
the  completion  of  the  Nicaragua  canal  to  revolutionize  the  lumber  business  of  the 
Pacific  Northv/^est  and  cause  Washington  to  take  front  rank  among  the  great  lumbtj- 
produciug  states  of  the  Union.  At  the  present  time,  owing  to  the  great  length  of 
time  it  requires  to  ship  a  cargo  of  lumber  from  Washington  around  Cape  Horn,  the 
shipments  of  lumber  from  the  state  to  the  Atlantic  seaboard  are  neither  large  in 
v<ilame  nor  are  they  profitable.  The  lumber  of  Washington  has  no  superior  in  the 
world,  and  wlien  distances  to  Rurope  arc  lessened  over  <S,oo(3  miles  by  the  completion 
of  the  canal,  it  will  easily  drive  all  other  lumber  ouc  of  the  markets  of  Europe  and 
the  .\tlantic  states. 

(Treat  Britain  alone  now  annually  imports  J575, 000,000  worth  of  lumber,  of  which 
less  t'lian  $i5o,a>j  worth  comes  from  the  Pacific  coast.  Other  foreign  nations  import 
lumber  in  proportionate  amounts.  This  foreign  demand,  together  with  the  constantly 
increasing  market  in  the  Kastern  stntcs  for  lumber,  will,  in  the  near  future,  create  a 
great  demand  lor  lumber  sawed  in  the  mills  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

It  may  be  interesting  to  call  the  attention  of  the  readers  of  this  article  to  the  mis- 
leading statements  scattered  broadcast  bj'  certain  misinformed  persons  to  the  effect 
that  the  forests  of  Washington  contain  sufficient  timber  to  supply  the  world  for  loo  years 
in  thf  future.  The  facts  arc  that  there  is  today  just  about  sufiicient  timber  in  these 
forests  to  supply  the  trade  now  handled  by  the  mills  of  the  northern  pine  .stales  for 
aboi.t  40  years,  and  on  the  entire  Pacific  coast  there  is  now  only  sufiicient  standing 
timber  to  last  70  years  at  the  same  rate  of  consumption. 

Timber  Resoitrces  ok  1d.\ho. — The  forests  of  the  state  of  Idaho  it  is  estimated 
contain  3o,vioo,ax),uot)  feet  of  timber.  This  is  double  the  amount  of  timber  con- 
tained today  in  Minnesota,  which  now  ranks  as  one  of  the  greate.st  lumbering  stales 
of  the  Union. 

But  little  lumber  is  now  manufactured  in  Idaho,  and  its  forests  may  be  called 
vast  timber  preserves  for  the  use  of  future  generations.  The  most  extensive  forest 
growth  of  the  state  is  in  Siioshone  and  Kootenai  counties.  Around  beautiful  Lake 
Tend  d'  Oreille,  in  Idaho,  and  stretching  back  from  this  body  of  water  for  miles,  is 


i\ 


I      H 


T^ 


»l 


64 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


t 

1 

1    ■ 

\  ] 

■ 

■  i 

\ 

M 
,. 

J 

Logging  in  the  Cceur  o'Alene  District. 


a  superb  forest,  in  which  gigantic  trees  lift  their  heads  aloft  to  a  height  of  over  200 
fiet.     Nowhere  else  iu   the   United  States,  except  iu   the  Pacific  Northwest,  can  be 

found    such    proiiigious    amounts  of   timber    to    the  acre. 

Covering  the  granite-ribbed  slopes  of   the  C(JL'ur  d'  Akne 

mountains,    and  extending   to  the  shores    of    L,ake    Ccieur 

d'  Alcne,   is  another  vast  forest  which  makes  au  important 

addition  to  Idaho's  timber  wealth.     An  enormous  amount 

of  timber  is  also  found  fringing  the  numerous 

streams  which  wind  among  the  hills  of  Northern 

and    Central   Idaho.      The   varieties   of  timber 

found-  in  Idaho  include  pine,  spruce,  tamarack, 

oak,    mountain   mahogany,  Juniper,  birch,  cot- 

tonwocd,  alder  and  willow. 

TiMHER  RESOURCES  OF  MONTANA. — Mon- 
tana's pre-eminence  as  a  mineral-producing 
state  has  detracted  attention  from  its  other 
natural  resources.  About  ro,ooo,ooo  acres  of  Montana's  mountain  lands  are  covered 
by  fine  forests  of  pine,  spruce,  cedar  and  tamarack.  It  is  estimated  that  these 
forests  contain  75, (.00,000,000  feet  of  merchantabh>  timber.  This  timber  grows 
upon  the  rugged  slopes  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  on  detached  clusters  of  moun- 
tains scattered  here  and  there  throughout  the  state. 

While  Montana  exports  but  little  lumber,  it  takes  about  ioo,ooo,p'  j  feet  a  year  to 
supply  the  local  demand.  The  greater  portion  of  this  lumber  is  ..sed  by  the  mines 
of  tl;e  state.  The  ;\naconda  mine,  at  Butte,  alone  uses  nearly  15,000,000  feet  of 
lumber  a  year  in  timbering.  A  large  quantity  of  wood  is  also  used  as  fuel  in  the 
great  smelters  and  quartz  mills  of  the  state.  There  are  102  sawmills  and  shirglc 
mills  in  Montana,  nearly  all  of  which  have  u  capacity  under  10,000  feet  a  daj-.  The 
largest  sawmill  in  Montana  is  that  of  the  Blackfoot  Milling  and  Manufacturing 
Company,  at  Bonner.  This  mill  has  a  daily  capacity  of  240,000  feet.  Its  yearly  out- 
put is  about  32,000,000  feet. 

TiMHER  Resources  of  Alaska. — Alaska,  bordering  on  the  .\rctic  ocean,  with 
one  end  experiencing  the  cold  of  almost  perpetual  winter  and  the  other  end  of  the 
territory  seldom  noting  a  temperature  below  the  freezing  point,  contains  a  vast 
amount  of  standing  timber.  It  is  estimated  that  one-thirtieth  of  the  entire  territory 
is  covered  with  timber.  The  timber  belt  of  Alaska  contains  about  11,160,000  acres. 
At  the  low  estimate  of  6,000  feet  of  standing  timber  to  the  acre,  Alaska  contains 
today  66,960,000,0:0  feet. 

The  Yukon  river,  a  wide  and  deep  streatti,  flowing  from  the  10c  fields  of  the 
north  thri)Ugh  .-Maska,  is  fringed  for  almost  its  entire  length  with  a  dense  forest. 
Along  the  coast  from  the  southeastern  boundary  of  the  territory  to  Kodiak  Island, 
tncre  is  a  continuous  forest,  except  where  n.onntain  ranges  over  2,000  feet  high 
approach  the  water.  On  the  islands  of  the  Alexander  Archipelago  is  a  heavy  growth 
of  yellow  cedar,  from  which  a  superior  class  of  lumber  is  manufactured.  These  for- 
ests contain  great  trees  six  feet  in  diameter  and  branchless  for  sixty  feet  or  more 
above  the  ground.  The  ';imbcr  of  the  southeastern  parts  of  Alaska  consists  of 
spruce,  hemlock,  3-ellow  and  red  cf.dar,  the  woods  being  found  in  quantity  in  these 
forests  in  the  order  named  above.     The  forests  of  the  interior  of  Alaska  extend  as  far 


Mining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


«5 


^'11 


north  as  the  range  of  mountains,  from  50  to  100  miles  distant  from  the  coast.     These 
forests  contain  spruce,  hemlock,  birch,  poplar  and  other  deciduous  trees. 

The  principal  woods  of  export  of  Alaska  are  Alaska  cedar  and  hemlock,  which  is 
known  commercially  as  Alaska  pine.  The  cedar  of  Alaska  is  so  fine  grained  that  it 
can  be  used  for  wood  engraving.  It  is  susceptible  of  taking  a  high  polish,  and  is 
well  adapted  for  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  for  interior  finishing  work. 
There  are  now  13  sawmills  in  Alaska.  The  output  of  these  mills  is  used  for  local 
consumption,  the  government  instructions  preventing  the  shipment  of  lumber  sawed 
in  the  territory  beyond  its  limits.  It  is  to  these  restrictions  alone  that  the  present 
stagnation  in  the  lumber  industry  of  Alaska  is  due.  In  1890  Congress  passed  an  act 
allowing  one  person  to  purchase  160  acres  of  land  in  Alaska  at  the  price  of  f  2.50  an 
acre.  This  act  only  applied  to  actual  settlers  on  the  land  purchased.  As  none  of  the 
timber  land  of  the  territory  has  been  surveyed,  all  parties  now  cutting  timber  on  the 
government  land  of  Alaska  are  trespassers.  The  great  inland  sea,  extending  from 
Alaska  to  the  cities  of  Puget  Sound,  affords  an  easy  means  of  shipping  the  lumber 
product  of  Alaska  to  an  available  market,  and  as  soon  as  the  government  restrictions 
governing  the  export  of  lumber  from  the  territory  are  removed,  the  lumber  industry  of 
Alaska  will  prove  to  be  as  great  as  is  this  industry  today  in  the  states  of  Oregon  and 
Washington  to  the  south. 

Lumber  Resources  of  British  Columbia. — It  is  not  generally  known  that 
British  Columbia  contains  more  timber  than  the  two  states  of  Oregon  and  Washing- 


ton combined.  Of  the  total 
000  acres  are  classified  as 
that  the  average  amount  of 
10,000  feet,  a  very  small  esti- 
tains  today  the  enormous 
Where  extensive  logging 
ducted  in  the  province,  the 
more  than  15,000  feet  to  the 
standing  timber  in  the 
feet  to  the  acre,  British  Col- 


A  PnOSPECTOR. 


area  of  the  province,  85,000,- 
timber  land.  Estimating 
standing  timber  to  the  acre  is 
mate,  British  Columbia  con- 
total  of  850,000,000,000  feet, 
operations  have  been  con- 
standing  timber  has  scaled 
acre.  If  the  average  of 
province  is  as  high  as  15,000 
umbia  contains  today  more 


timber  than  is  found  in  the  entire  territory  of  the  United  States. 

The  trees  growing  in  British  Columbia  are  of  the  same  varieties  as  those  found 
in  the  forests  of  Washington.  Fir  predominates,  with  cedar  second  in  abundance. 
The  lumber  interest  of  the  province  at  the  present  time  is  one  of  its  principal  indus- 
tries. In  1892  the  mills  of  British  Columbia  turned  out  164,877,000  feet  of  lumber 
and  126,273,001)  cedar  shingles.  Of  the  lumber  product,  38,897,029  feet  were  shipped 
to  foreign  ports.  Like  Oregon  and  Washington,  British  Columbia  finds  a  market  for 
her  lumber  in  Australia,  South  America  and  the  Sandwich  Islands.  In  November, 
1893,  u  shipment  of  fir  lumber  was  made  from  Victoria  to  the  coast  of  Africa.  Other 
shipments  have  been  made  from  the  ports  of  the  province  to  Kngland  and  parts  of 
the  Orient.  A  considerable  part  of  the  lumber  manufactured  in  the  province  is 
shipped  via  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway  to  the  treeless  plains  of  Alberta  and  Mani- 
toba and  even  as  far  east  as  Quebec.  Like  the  timber  of  Washington,  that  of  Brit- 
ish Columbia  is  unexcelled  for  general  building  purposes  and  is  greatly  superior  to 
the  timber  which  is  cut  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Mining  in  tlio  Pafiflc  Northwest — From  the  gold-impregnated  sands  of 
mountain  strcan  s  and  from  the  bowels  of  the  earth  are  obtained  the  precious  metals 


66 


The  Orcgonian's  Hnn<lhook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


h   * 


]    I    I 


*■.: 


in 


'?m 


.fr^;s$--^^ 


A  PROSPECTOR'S  Pack  Train. 


which,  after  passing  through  the  mints,  become  the  money  of  the  world.  The  use  of 
gold  aud  silver  a',  money,  the  demand  for  the  yellow  and  white  metals  in  the  arts 
and  the  waste  of  chesc  minerals  by  the  wearing  effects  of  time,  call  for  a  never-ceas- 
ing source  of  supply  of  gold  and  silver.      It  is  to   meet  this  demand  that  the  present 

great  mining  centers  have  been  established,  and 
the  millions  of  dollars  now  invested  in  the  mines 
of  the  United  States  shows  a  confidence  of  capital 
in  the  permanency  of  our  mining  industries  that 
promises  much  for  the  future  increase  of  mining 
operations  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

Countless  fortunes  have  already  been  made  on 
the  Pacific  coast  out  of  mining.  Throughout  the 
Pacific  Northwest  today  ^re  many  rich  men  who 
a  few  years  ago  were  searching  among  the  hills 
and  gulches  of  this  region  for  the  yellow  metal 
which  is  responsible  for  so  much  happiness  and  so 
much  misery.  These  men  formed  a  part  of  the 
army  of  argonauts  who,  reckless  of  jr'^sical  suffering  and  danger  alike,  jour- 
neyed to  the  mountains  of  Oregon,  Idaho  aud  Montana  from  all  parts  of  the  United 
States.  It  was  in  the  early  '6o's  that  the  thousands  of  these  adventurous  spirits 
swarmed  into  the  gulches  of  Idaho  and  Montana,  and  from  these  gulches  was  v  islied 
within  the  short  space  of  a  few  years  over  $100,000,000  in  gold.  I'rom  the  first  dis- 
covery of  gold  in  Montana  to  the  present  time,  the  humble  miner  has  patiently  pros- 
pected the  mountainous  regions  of  the  states  comprising  the  Pacific  Northwest.  He 
has  fallen  to  sleep  at  night  with  the  sky  for  a  canopy  and  on  the  morrow  has 
discovered  the  wealth  to  which  he  had  devoted  his  life.  Not  all  of  these  worthy  men 
have  been  successful  All  over  the  Northwest  are  nameless  graves  filled  as  the  result 
of  physical  exhaustion  and  long  deferred  hopes  in  the  mad  rush  for  gold.  The  miner, 
like  men  in  other  callings  in  life,  is  forced  to  accept  the  issue  of  success  or  failure 
with  a  calm  spirit.  Like  ever}  calling,  where  success  means  a  fortune,  it  claims  the 
attention  of  thousands  of  men  doomed  to  failure.  The  search  for  the  yellow  metal, 
however,  possesses  a  fascination  which  binds  for  a  lifetime  lease  the  man  who  first 
looks  for  gold,  and  the  success  which  a  few  men  attain  in  the  calling  is  an  ever-pres- 
eut  incentive  for  constant  prospecting  on  the  part  of  the  miner,  which  alone  leads  to 
rich  discoveries.  It  is  the  possibility  of  finding  thousands  of  dollars,  even  millions, 
that  urges  the  prospector  to  roam  alone  in  the  unbroken  solitudes  of  mighty  moun- 
tains never  prospected  before.  P  is  this  same  spirit  which  induces  capitalists  to 
spend  thousands  of  dollars  in  sinking  shafts,  ru?i,ning  tunne's  and  doing  other  devel- 
opment work  on  promising  prospects,  the  surface  indications  of  these  prospect  holes 
indicating  that  immense  stores  of  wealth  may  lie  hidden  below. 

In  recent  years  science  has  done  much  to  remove  the  element  of  uncerlaintj'  from 
the  development  of  a  mine  which  was  formerly  connected  with  all  mining  operations. 
Practical  mining  men  now  assert  that  it  is  seldom  that  any  considerable  sum  of  money 
is  lost  in  developing  .lining  proi)erty.  The  profits  of  no  other  business  are  as  great 
as  are  those  of  minii  g  when  intelligently  conducted  l)y  men  of  large  means.  There 
are  even  today  scatf.ered  throughout  the  Northwest  hundreds  of  prospects  which,  if 
developed  at  the  expense  of  a  few  thousand  dollars,  would  prove  fine  paying  proper- 
ties. The  one  great  need  of  any  promising  mining  dist  ict  is  capital  to  develop  its 
mines.     A  new  mining  district,  however  rich,  is  slow  to  enlist  the  atteutiou  of  capital. 


Mining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


67 


Yet,  when  oucc  capital  becomes  interested  in  a  mining  section,  its  development 
is  rapid  and  its  prosperity  is  usually  permanent.  Quartz  ledges  now  claim  the  prin- 
cipal attention  of  raining  men  and  the  development  and  subsequent  working  of  a  rich, 
(juartz  mine  require  years  of  constant  work,  which  alone  insures  permanence  to  any 
camp  in  which  quartz  mining  predominates. 

The  men  who  discover  mines  are  usually  improvident,  and  they  are  usuallj'  with- 
out money.  They  sell  their  claims  in  most  cases  for  a  small  fraction  of  their  value, 
and  it  is  this  which  renders  it  easy  for  capitalists  to  invest  in  claims  which  give 
almost  a  positive  assurance  of  turning  out  well.  The  Pacific  Northwest  is  today,  per- 
haps, one  of  the  greatest  mineral-producing  regions  in  the  world,  and  yet  all  mining 
men  concede  that  the  production  of  gold  and  silver  in  this  vast  territory  is  but  a 
small  part  of  what  it  will  be  in  the  near  future.  In  1892  the  nnnes  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest,  independent  of  British  Columbia,  produced  the  enormous  sum  of  I54,- 
593,912  in  gold  and  silver.  It  is  not  improbable  that  this  output  of  precious  metals 
in  the  Northwest  will  be  at  least  doubled  within  the  next  few  years.  This,  at  least,  is 
the  opinion  of  careful  and  experienced  mining  men  who  are  familiar  with  the  mineral 
resources  of  the  country.  In  the  following  series  of  articles  on  mining  in  the  North- 
west, full  and  reliable  information  is  given  on  the  mines  of  Oregon,  Washington, 
Idaho  and  Montana,  and  reference  is  also  made  to  the  great  mining  districts  of  British 
Columbia  aad  Alaska.  This  information  has  been  gathered  from  personal  visits  to 
the  mining  centers  of  the  Northwest;  the  figures  have  been  taken  from  the  United 
States  official  reports,  and  statistics  given  in  these  articles  will  be  accepted  by  the 
world  as  positive  evidence  of  the  great  and  constar  ly  increasing  importance  of  the 
mines  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

Mining  in  Oregon. — Since  the  discovery  of  gold  on  the  Rogue  river  in  1852, 
Oregon  has  been  a  steady  producer  of  the  precious  metals.  The  mines  of  Jackson 
and  Josephine  counties  alone  have  yielded  since  that  time,  some  reports  state,  as 
high  as  $30,000,000  in  gold.  It  was  in  these  counties  that  the  first  mining  in  the 
state  was  done,  and  this  section  is  now  the  scene  of  a  mining  excitement  that  equaled 
the  rush  of  the  early  50's  when  the  "  Argonauts  "  of  California  came  over  the  Siski- 
you mountains  and  made  the  first  discov  eries 
of  the  coarse  gold  of  the  Rogue  River  placers. 

Gold  predominates  in  the  mineral  districts 
of  Oregon,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  silver 
output  of  the   mines   of  Umatilla  county,  but 
very  little  of  the  white  metal  is  pro- 
duced  in   the  state.       The  most  im-  ,  A 
portant    gold-producing    sections    of 
Oregon  today  are  the  Rogue  River  val- 
ley and   the   adjacent  coun- 
try, and  the  Blue  Mountain 
region    in    the   counties    of 
Baker,  Grant  and  Union,  in 
K astern    Oregon.       A   large 
part  of  the   gold   mined    in 
Southern    Oregon   is    taken 
from    the  placers.  .  Gold  is 
found  in  nearly  all  the  numerous  creeks  and  large  rivers  of  Southern  Oregon.   Along  the 
Coast  Range  of  mountains  in  this  part  of  the  state,  evidences  of  gold  appear  wher- 


HyDHAULic  Mining  SouTHtnN  Oregon. 


i-  ■■■'I 


1  f-'.H 


m 


'  n 


'i%1 


I  'i, 


1' 


T 


68 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


t       I     I'!-:' 


I  Hi 


■f^i-^ 


Hydraulic  MtNiNG. 


ever  the  streams  have  cut  their  way  through  the  sandstone  to  the  more  ancient  form- 
ation of  the  rocks  lying  underneath.  Trickling  down  this  range  are  innumerable 
creeks  which  uniting  form  large  rivers.     The  gravel  in  any  of  these  streams  shows 

traces  of  gold,  and  a  color  can  be  obtained  from  the 
gravel  at  any  place  along  their  course.  This  gold  has 
been  carried  by  the  streams  to  the  beaches  of  the 
ocean,  and  in  a  few  places  on  the  Oregon  coast — 
notably  in  Coos  and  Curry  counties — the  black  sand 
deposits  are  worked  for  the  minute  particles  of  gold 
which  all  this  sand  contains.  This  gold  is  found  in 
considerable  •  quantities,  but  it  is  so  fine  that  it  has 
never  been  possible  with  the  machinery  now  in  use 
to  save  but  an  exceedingly  small  part  of  the  flour  gold. 

Quartz  mining  began  in  Southern  Oregon  in  i860.  Quartz  mining  in  the  state, 
however,  has  never  assumed  great  proportions.  This  has  been  due  to  a  number  of 
causes.  In  the  first  place  it  has  been  easier  to  work  the  placers  of  Southern  Oregon 
than  it  has  been  to  develop  the  quartz  ledges  of  this  section.  There  has  been  a  feel- 
ing among  practical  mining  men  that  the  quartz  ledges  of  Southern  Oregon  were  not 
continuous  veins.  During  the  past  two  years,  however,  some  very  rich  ledges  of 
gold  quartz  have  been  uncovered  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  and  the  working 
of  these  ledges  has  been  attended  with  very  profitable  results.  The  recent  decline 
in  the  price  of  silver  has  caused  mining  men  to  turn  their  attention  more  to  the 
mining  of  gold,  and  as  a  result  several  gold  properties  in  the  state  which  have  been 
allowed  to  lie  idle  for  years  were  again  opened  up  during  the  past  year,  and  the 
development  work  already  done  on  these  properties  has  been  of  an  encouraging 
nature  to  the  mine  owners. 

Generally  speaking  the  veins  of  gold  quartz  in  the  mines  of  Southern  Oregon 
are  of  a  "pockety"  nature.  Recent  explorations  of  the  mineralized  area  here, 
however,  have  disclosed  several  true  fissure  veins.  In  past  years  quartz  mining  has 
not  been  conducted  by  practical  miningmen  in  Southern  Oregon,  and  but  little  effort 
has  been  made  by  these  men  to  save  the  vast  amount  of  gold  contained  in  the  sul- 
phurets  of  these  mines.  The  machinerj'  by  which  the  ores  have  been  handled  has 
been  of  a  primitive  character.  The  method  adopted  here  for  treating  the  ores  has 
not  been  the  one  that  is  in  use  where  operations  are  directed  by  scientific  and  prac- 
tical mining  men.  Under  these  conditions  mining  in  the  .southern  part  of  the  state 
has  only  been  profitable  where  the  percentage  of  free  gold  in  the  quartz  was  large.  It  is 
noticeable  that  where  thoroughly  experienced  mining  men  of  means  have  taken  hold  of 
any  of  the  gold  quartz  ledges  of  Southern  Oregon  the  results  have  been  satisfactory, 
and  it  is  this  evidence  of  the  richness  of  these  ledges,  when  the  ores  have  been  prop- 
erly treated,  which  must  be  taken  as  an  index  of  the  importance  of  the  future  min- 
ing interests  of  this  part  of  the  vState.  The  present  great  drawback  to  profitable 
quartz  mining  in  many  of  the  different  sections  of  Southern  Oregon  is  the  absence 
of  complete  and  thorough  apparatus  for  cheap  milling.  There  are  extensive  deposits 
of  low-grade  gold-bearing  ores  scattered  all  over  this  district,  and  it  is  the  opinion 
of  experienced  mining  men  that  these  ores  could  be  profitably  worked  with  the  aid  of 
good  machinery. 

There  are  now  at  least  25  quartz  mines  which  are  being  worked  in  Southern 
Oregon.     It  is  confidently  believed  that  this  number  will  be  at  least  doubled  during 


the  pi 
in  for 
been 
bed-rc 
of  the 
nugge 
rangii 
direct 

$1,491 
fine  01 


Alining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


69 


the  present  year.  The  gold-bearing  quartz  veins  in  this  section  are  found  principally 
in  formations  of  auriferous  slate.  Some  remarkable  "  pockets"  of  placer  gold  have 
been  found  in  the  gulches  here.  In  1893,  as  high  as  $3,000  was  taken  off  a  strip  of 
bed-rock  12  feet  long  and  8  feet  wide.  On  Althouse  creek,  in  Josephine  county,  some 
of  the  largest  nuggets  ever  found  on  tile  coast  were  picked  up.  The  largest  of  these 
nuggets  v.'as  valued  at  $3,100,  while  others  were  picked  up  along  the  same  creek 
ranging  in  value  from  $1,000  to  $1,500  each.  In  1892,  according  to  liie  report  of  the 
director  of  the  mint,  the  mines  of  Oregon  produced  $1,555,861.57.  Of  this  amount, 
$1,491,781.39  was  gold,  and  $64,080. 18  silver.  This  represents  an  output  of  72,165 
fine  ounces  of  gold,  and  49,563  fine  ounces  of  silver.  Southern  Oregon  produced  dur- 
ing I092,  $194,374.17  in  gold,  distributed  by  counties  as  follows:  Coos  $16,884.70; 
Curry,  $2,991,40;  Douglas,  $15,251.26;  Jackson,  $41,773.25;  Josephine,  $72,293.47; 
Lane,  $31,500;  Linn,  $13,680.  Of  this  gold,  $18,000  was  taken  from  placer  diggings 
by  Chinese.  These  almond-eyed  aliens  are  the  most  persistent  of  Western  miners. 
They  will  plod  along  for  years  working  placer  ground  that  white  miners  have  long 
since  abandoned  as  worked-out  diggings. 

The  two  greatest  producing  mines  of  Southern  Oregon  in  1892  were  the  Annie 
Consolidated,  with  a  yield  for  the  year  of  $16,500,  and  the  Occidental,  which  pro- 
duced $15,000  of  gold.      Roth  of  these  mines  are  in  Lane  county.     The  Simmons  and 


Cameron  mine,  in  Josephine 
same  year,  $14,707.  The  largest 
Ashland,  with  a  yield  for  the 
are  considefed  good  paying  prop- 
The  Blue  Mountain  region, 
promising  and  most  productive 
is  a  country  of  metamorphic 
basaltic  lava.  The  basaltic 
vein  deposits,  but  occasionally 
detritus  from  older  rocks  carr\'- 
ers.       Streams    have,  in  many 


•><«5l«r 


Placer  Mining. 


county,  produced,  during  the 
mine  in  Jackson  county  is  the 
year  of  $io,oco.  All  of  these 
erties. 

in  Eastern  Oregon,  is  the  most 
mineral  belt  in  the  stat^.  This 
rocks,  granite  and  gneisses,  and 
rocks  here  contain  no  regular 
they  are  found  overlaid  with 
ing  gold  and  constituting  plac- 
places,  cut  the    lava    sheet     in 


this  region  and  have  exposed  the  underlying  metamorphic  rocks  which  con- 
tain the  quartz  veins  from  which  the  gold  of  this  country  is  taken.  At  the 
higher  elevations  of  the  Blue  Mountain  range  the  lava  sheet  ceases,  and  in  its  stead 
metamorphic  rocks  and  granite  are  exposed.  The  gold  veins  in  this  region  occur  in 
horn-blende,  schist,  mica  schist,  granite  and  slate.  These  are  the  most  favorable 
formations  for  gold.  A  large  quantity  of  gold  is  taken  from  placers  here,  and  there 
is  still  considerable  virgin  ground  unworked.  It  is  believed  by  mining  men,  however, 
that  this  branch  of  mining  here  is  not  capable  of  further  expansion,  or  even  of 
maintaining  its  present  relative  importance  to  quartz  mining.  Unlike  Southern 
Oregon,  nearly  all  the  gold  produced  in  this  region  is  taken  from  quartz  mines. 
There  are  now  a  large  number  of  producing  and  dividend-paying  mines  in  this  dis- 
trict, and  hundreds  of  promising  claims.  The  veins  here  are  large;  they  are  well 
defined;  they  go  down  to  great  depths  and  do  not  pinch  out.  The  ore  runs  from  free 
milling  to  base,  and  in  value  from  what  is  considered  low  grade  to  rich  ore,  averag- 
ing $1,000  to  the  ton  in  gold.  The  Conner  Creek  mine  in  this  district  was  the  first 
productive  quartz  mine  in  Oregon.  It  has  been  in  operation  for  25  years  past  and 
is  still  producing.  In  1888,  a  pocket  of  rich  ore  was  uncovered  in  this  mine  which  it 
took  a  year  to  extract,  and  which  yielded  a  total  of  $104,000.  Some  of  the  rock  in 
this  pocket  was  worth  $20  a  pound.        .  ,       •      . 


•    la 


i 


''-   hi 


f 


n 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


\r 


! 


■•; 


I 


As  a  rule  the  quartz  found  in  the  mines  of  Eastern  Oregon  is  what  may  be  termed 
low  grade.  In  several  of  the  so-called  low-grade  mines  of  this  region,  however,  like 
the  Connor  Creek,  exceedingly  rich  ore  shoots  are  found.  In  1S92,  the  mines  of 
Eastern  Oregon  produced  $i,'36o,245.72.  Of  this,  $1,297,409  was  gold  and  $62,836 
was  silver.  Of  the  silver,  Umatilla  county  produced  $53,640  of  the  year's  output. 
Of  this  silver,  $28,000  was  taken  out  of  Leap-for-Life  mine,  in  Umatilla  county. 
This  is,  today,  the  only  large  silver-producing  mine  in  Oregon.  Another  silver  mine 
in  Umatilla  county-is  the  New  Silver  Bell,  which  yielded  $6,150  in  1892.  The  Car- 
bonate mine  of  the  same  county  is  a  famous  gold  producer.  Its  ores  also  carry 
considerable  silver.  In  1892,  this  mine  produced  $53,4^0  i"  i^old  and  $16,600  in 
silver. 

Union  is  now  the  greatest  mining  county  of  the  state,  and  its  output  is  increas- 
ing at  the  rate  of  nearly  $200,000  a  year.  In  1892,  the  precious  metal  yield  of  the 
Eastern  Oregon  counties  was  as  follows:  Union,  $755,615;  Baker,  $370,843.72;  Uma- 
tilla, $119,765;  Grant,  $53,820;  Malheur,  $55,900,  and  Wallowa,  $4,300.  With  the 
exception  of  Umatilla,  none  of  these  counties  produce  a  noticeable  amount  of  silver. 

The  largest  producing  mines  of  this  section 
and  their  output  in  1892,  were  as  follows :  the 
Sanger  group,  at  Sparta,  Union  county, 
$275,000;  Carbonate,  Pendleton,  Umatilla  coun- 
ty, $7o,CKXJ ;  White  Swan,  Baker  City,  Baker 
county,  $72,642  ;  Bonanza,  Baker  City,  $54,994; 
Little  Pittsburg,  Sparta,  Union  county,  $45,000, 
and  Dolly  Varden,  Sparta,  $45,000.  Eight 
other  mines  here  produced  in  the  same  year 
$25,000  each.  The  Chinese  were  especially 
fortunate  in  Eastern  Oregon  during  1892,  they 
having  secured  during  that  year  about 
$150,000  in  placer  gold.  The  increased  ac- 
tivity shown  in  the  mines  of  Eastern  Oregon 
in  1893  will,  it  is  believed,  result  in  a  much 
larger  output  of  these  mines  than  was  shown  by  the  report  of  1892.  There  are 
now  few,  if  any,  gold-producing  regions  of  the  West  where  capital  can  be  more  profit- 
ably employed  than  it  can  today  in  the  promising  mines  of  Eastern  Oregon. 

Extending  from  Goble,  on  the  Columbia  river,  to  Oregon  City,  on  the  Willa- 
mette, are  the  low  Scappose  or  Portland  Hills.  It  was  in  these  hills  that  iron  ore 
was  first  discovered,  in  1843.  This  discovery  was  made  near  the  present  town  of 
Oswego,  on  the  Willamette  river,  seven  miles  south  of  Portland.  In  1866  a  small  blast 
furnace  was  erected  at  Oswego,  by  the  Oswego  Iron  Company,  of  which  the  late 
W.  S.  Ladd  was  president.  This  furnace  had  a  capacity  of  10  tons  per  day,  and  it 
was  worked  successfully  for  20  years.  Its  product  of  pig-iron  was  sold  principally 
in  Portland  and  San  Francisco.  In  1888  this  plant  was  enlarged  at  a  cost  of  $500,000, 
and  a  railroad  was  built  from  the  blast  furnace  to  the  mines.  The  iron  ore  found  in 
the  Scappoose  Hills  is  hydrated  oxide  of  iron,  commonly  called  "bog  iron"  or 
"  brown  hematite."  It  is  known  to  mineralogists,  however,  as  limonite.  The  la\a 
rocks  of  Oregon  are  rich  in  iron,  and  it  has  been  calculated  that  there  is  enough  iron 
in  the  lava  flows  which  nearly  cover  the  state  to  form  a  solid  iron  plate  50  feet 
thick  over  all  of  Oregon.     With  the  possible  exception  of  rocks  containing  a  large 


Prospecting.  Montana. 


proporl 
Oregoij 
titles  al 


H 


PHOTO.   PALAIS  STUOIO- 


Mining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest.  Tl 

proportion  of  magnetite,  the  volcanic  rocks  are  practically  worthless.  In  Southern 
Oregon  are  extensive  deposits  of  magnetic  iron  ore.  This  ore  is  found  in  large  quan- 
tities at  Gold  Hill,  in  Jackson  county. 

Copper  is  found  in  Southern  Oregon,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  mine  it  near 
Waldo,  in  Josephine  county.  The  value  of  this  metal  is  now  purely  prospective,  as 
Oregon  cannot,  at  the  present  time,  compete  in  the  production  of  copper  with  the 
other  great  copper-producing  districts  of  the  United  States.  It  is  found  in  large 
(juantities  here,  however,  and  these  deposits  may,  at  some  time  in  the  future,  prove 
of  great  value. 

In  Douglas  county,  near  the  town  of  Riddle,  are  vast  deposits  of  nickel.  As  yet 
no  attempt  has  been  made  to  extract  and  treat  this  ore,  owing  to  the  excess  of  silica 
it  contains  and  the  presumed  high  cost  of  smelting  it.  That  these  nickel  mines  are 
very  valuable  is  not  questioned  by  practical  men.  Ores  of  exactly  the  same  char- 
acter as  are  found  here  are  now  being  extensively  handled  with  profit  in  New  Cale- 
donia, and  it  is  probaVjly  only  a  question  of  time  until  the  nickel  mines  will  be  worked 
here  with  a  profit. 

Extensive  coal  measures  are  found 
in  Oregon  along  the  Coast  range  of 
mountains  and  along  the  western 
slope  of  the  Cascades.  In  Eastern 
Oregon,  throughout  that  portion  of 
the  John  Day  valley  where  tertiary 
rocks  are  found,  coal  indications  are 
numerous.  The  principal  deposits  of 
coal  in  the  state  lie  in  the  stratified 
rocks  of  the  Coast  range,  where  coal- 
bed  indications  are  found  extending 
south  from  the  Columbia  river  to  the 
California  line.  At  Coos  Bay  coal  has 
been  mined  since  the  early  50' s,  and 
the  output  of  the  mines  here  has 
found  a  market  principally  in  San 
Francisco.  This  coal  is  a  low-grade  lignite,  as  is  nearly  all  the  coal  found  in  Oregon. 
At  Wilhoit  Springs,  in  Clackamas  county,  is  a  large  deposit  of  lignite  lying  in  a  hori- 
zontal bed  of  a  uniform  thickness  of  four  feet.  The  quality  of  this  coal  is  poor  on  the 
surface,  but  it  improves  with  the  depth  of  the  ledge  vein.  In  the  Nehalem  valley, 
and  in  other  parts  of  Clatsop  county,  extensive  deposits  of  lignite  have  been  discovered, 
some  of  which  are  of  a  fair  grade  of  coal.  This  field,  owing  to  its  proximity  to  Port- 
land, is  perhaps  the  most  valuable  in  promise  in  Oregon.  It  is  confidently  believed 
that  the  future  supply  of  coal  for  Portland  will  be  obtained  from  this  source,  and 
the  attention  of  capital  has  already  been  called  to  the  splendid  opportunity  afforded 
for  working  these  deposits.  With  the  exception  of  the  Coos  Baj-  coal,  there  is  prac- 
tically no  coal  mined  in  Oregon  today.  Most  of  the  coal  that  has  been  discovered 
in  the  state  is  not  adapted  to  coking,  but  it  makes  a  very  satisfactory  fuel  for  house- 
hold use,  and  as  depth  is  attained  in  the  mines  the  quality  of  the  coal  found  in  Ore- 
gon will  probably  increase  over  the  quality  of  the  surface  croppings.  There  is  no 
reason  to  suppose  that  the  coal  fields  of  Oregon  will  not  prove  as  valuable  as  the 
present  great  coal  fields  of  Washington.  , 


Placer  Mining.  Missoula  Gulch,  Butte,  Montana. 


i    i 


,1 


:  I'll 
I '  fill 


72 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


1,000  FOOT  LEVEL.    LEXINGTON   MINE   NEAR    BUTTE,    MONTANA. 


Mining  in  Washington. — A  combination  of  causes  has  conspired  to  prevent 
Washington  from  taking  rank  as  one  of  the  great  precious  metal-producing  states  of 
the  Union  The  isolated  location  of  several  of  its  richest  mineral  districts  and  the 
lack  of  transportation  facilities  in   other  districts  have  retarded  the  development  of 

numerous  valuable  properties  in  the 
state  which  i)roniisc  to  prove  very  rich 
on  a  fuller  development.  In  connec- 
tion with  the  mining  industry  of  the 
state,  however,  one  important  fact 
must  not  be  overlooked.  This  is  that 
the  rich  mines  of  Northern  Idaho  and 
I  the  Kootenay  district,  in  British 
c  lumbia,  are  really  tributary  to 
Washington.  Sookane,  for  instance, 
enjoys  most  of  the  trade  of  the  rich 
Cfuur  d' Alenes.  The  money  made  in 
these  mines  is  invested  largely  in 
Spokane,  and  this  city  is  also  the  out- 
fitting point  for  the  rich  mines  of 
British  Columbia,  to  the  north.  Washington  has  profited  largely  by  the  development 
of  mines  in  the  adjacent  territory. 

The  construction  of  new  lines  of  railroad  in  the  state  during  1893  furnished  an 
outlet  for  two  of  the  most  promising  mining  districts  of  the  West.  The  construction 
of  these  roads  will  result  in  more  activity  in  these  mining  centers  during  the  present 
year  than  has  yet  been  noted  in  the  mining  history  of  the  state.  Mineral  discoveries 
during  recent  years  in  the  state,  have  demonstrated  that  Washington  contains  great 
fields  of  low-grade  ores,  both  silver  and  goldj  which  can  be  worked  at  a  profit  with 
the  aid  of  the  latest  improved  machinery.  In  the  Okanogan  country  are  ledges  of 
gold-bearing  ore  which,  from  surface  indications,  surpass  in  extent  anything  of  the 
kind  in  the  West.  In  other  parts  of  the  state  are  extensive  deposits  of  high-grade 
gold  and  silver  ores.  Some  of  the  most  promising  of  these  claims  are  located  remote 
from  railroad  lines.  It  is  but  a  question  of  time  when  many  of  these  promising 
prospects,  now  lying  idle,  will  be  developed  into  good,  paying  mines.  Capitalists, 
even  today,  are  investigating  the  merits  of  nearly  every  mining  camp  in  the  slate, 
and  when  their  value  is  once  fully  determined,  the  development  of  the  mines  of 
Washington  will  be  but  a  repetition  of  the  history  of  the  growth  of  the  great  mining 
properties  of  Montana  and  Idaho.  Projects  to  build  lines  of  railroad  to  the  most 
promising  camps  of  Washington  are  being  considered.  The  completion  of  these 
lines  would  allow  the  shipment  of  ores  from  these  camps  to  outside  reduction  centers 
where  such  ores,  owing  to  the  heavy  expense  of  long  hauls  by  horses,  cannot  be 
handled.  There  are  today  in  Washington  a  score  or  more  of  mines  from  which  the 
owners  have  not  yet  earned  a  dollar.  Vet  on  the  dumps  of  these  same  mines  are 
thousands  of  dollars  worth  of  ore  which  can  be  handled  at  a  profit  as  soon  as  it  can 
be  hauled  to  reduction  centers  by  railroads. 

Washington  is  divided  into  two  great  natural  divisions  by  the  Cascade  range  of 
mountains.  It  is  on  the  eastern  side  of  this  range  that  most  of  the  best  mining  prop- 
erties of  the  state  are  located.  The  mineral  districts  of  the  state  have  never  been 
thoroughly  prospected.  The  dense  forest  growth  and  almost  impenetrable  under- 
brush which  cover  the  slopes  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  rich  in  minerals,  have  thus 


far  pre  V 
after  a 
cades, 
been  il 
uncovej 
jccture,! 
carefuUl 
ore  are 
a  quest! 
profit  oj 

In 
exposed! 
Monte 
road,  arl 
ain  side, 
the  state 
worked 
been     Ci 
a  large 
with  pro 
142,000  i 
tials  wor 
a   while 
can  live 
where  a 
work, 
in  the  stJ 
mines. 
1892      W 
of  silver, 
ogan  cov 
The  tots 
field,   go 
gold    $v 


Mining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


73 


iters 
be 
the 
are 
can 

e  of 
op- 
een 
ler- 
hus 


far  prevented  extensive  prospecting  in  these  districts.  Geologists,  however,  believe 
after  a  careful  examination  of  the  formation  of  the  rocks  on  the  slopes  of  the  Cas- 
cades, that  the  mountains  contain  vast  deposits  of  ore,  which  have  never  yet 
heen  imcovered.  As  the  country  is  developed,  these  mineral  ledges  will  be 
uncovered.  The  future  of  mining  in  the  state  can,  at  best,  be  only  a  matter  of  con- 
jecture, but  it  is  the  freely  expressed  opinion  of  every  practical  mining  man  who  has 
carefully  looked  over  the  ground  here,  that  vast  deposits  of  gold  and  silver  bearing 
ore  are  hidden  in  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains  within  the  state,  and  that  it  is  but 
a  question  of  time  until  these  great  storehouses  of  wealth  will  be  opened  for  the 
profit  of  man. 

In  several  of  the  non-producing  mineral  districts  of  Washington  leads  are 
exposed  so  that  they  can  be  followed  with  the  eye  for  thousands  of  feet.  In  the  rich 
Monte  Cristo  region,  recently  connected  with  the  tide  water  of  Puget  Sound  by  rail- 
road, are  great  parallel  ledges  which  can  be  plainly  seen  as  they  ascend  the  mount- 
ain side.  Gold  is  found  on  all  the  bars  of  the  Columbi.'  Yakima  and  other  rivers  of 
the  state.  This  gold,  ho^^ever,  is  in  many  cases  too  line  to  allow  the  deposits  to  be 
worked  with  a  profit.     On  the  upper  waters  of  the  Columbia  river  placer  mining  has 

Along  the  Columbia  even  today 


been  carried  on  for  years, 
a  large  number  of  Chinamen 
with  profit.  During  1893  these 
142,000  in  gold  from  the  Stevens 
tials  work  patiently  at  this  work 
a  white  miner,  and  it  is  the 
can  live  that  allows  the  China- 
where  a  white  man  would  suffer 
work. 

in  the  state  of  Washington  over 
mines.  The  report  of  the  direc- 
1892  Washington  produced 
of  silver.     Of  the  silver  output. 


Marble  LedoeS  Near  Spokane. 


work  the  deposits  of  the  river 
Chinese  miners  took  out  about 
county  placers.  These  Celes- 
for  wages  that  would  discourage 
small  pittance  on  which  they 
man  to  work  in  these  diggings 
privation  at  the  same  kind  of 
Of  the  gold  now  produced 
two-thirds  comes  from  the  placer 
tor  of  the  mint  shows  that  in 
5373.533  of  gold  and  $195-949 
the  Ivanhoe  mine,  in  the  Okan- 


ogan country,  produced  $79,369,  and  the  Old  Dominion,  of  Colville,  yielded  $100,000. 
The  total  mineral  production  of  the  state  came  from  six  counties  as  follows  :  Gar- 
field, gold  f^72>  500,  silver  $10,500;  Kittitas,  gold  $169,203,  silver  $3,486;  Lincoln, 
gold  $17,000;  Okanogan,  gold  §10,250,  silver  $79,519.28;  vSkagit,  gold  $40,600; 
Stevens,  gold  $63,000,  silver  §102,444.58.  This  represented  18,071  fine  ounces  of  gold 
and  151,557  fine  ounces  of  silver. 

In  Western  Washington  the  most  promising  mining  camps  are  located  near  the 
summit  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  in  the  counties  of  King  and  Snohomish.  Of  these 
the  Monte  Cristo  camp  is  situated  in  a  huge  basin  on  the  headwaters  of  the  Sauk 
river.  The  principal  ledges  in  this  camp  are  found  running  in  continuous  and 
almost  parallel  lines,  through  mighty  clefts  that  have  been  carved  out  of  the  mount- 
ains by  glaciers.  The  bottom  of  the  gorges  of  the  Monte  Cristo  district  lies  at  an 
elevation  of  2,100  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea,  while  the  mountains  on  either  side 
rise  to  an  additional  height  of  3,000  feet.  The  mineral  ledges  in  this  district  lie 
exposed  on  the  mountain  side.  Nature  has  already  done  a  large  part  of  the  neces- 
sary development  work  on  these  ledges,  and  but  little  remains  for  man  to  do  here 
but  to  shovel  out  the  ore  and  reduce  it.  The  original  discovery  of  the  Monte  Cristo 
camp  was  made  from  a  point  15  miles  distant  with  the  aid  of  a  good  field  glass.     The 


1  V-' 


'     '1 
-■11 


>  lii 


n 


74 


The  Oregoniati's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


. 


M- 


COLUMBIA  RiVfcR,    BELOW  THE  CASCADES, 


ores  in  this  camp  are  generally  base,  bearing  sulphurets  of  iron  and  galena,  with  a 
showing  of  zinc.       Parallel  with  nearly  all  the  veins  of  galena  in  this  district  are 

bodies  of  iron  pyrities  frequently  mixed  with 
porphyry.  These  ores  carry  from  $S  to  I55  a  ton 
in  gold,  and  from  10  to  75  ounces  in  silver,  and 
from  14  to  70  per  cent.  lead. 

In  Washington  the  most  promising  camps  are 
located  near  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, in  King  and  Snohomish  counties.  In  1893 
a  sj-ndicate  of  English  capitalists  expended 
|5, 000, coo  in  opening  the  Monte  Cristo  district 
and  in  building  the  Everett  &  Monte  Cristo  rail- 
road from  tidewater  to  the  mines. 
On  a  high  divide  from  the  Monte  Cristo  mines  is  the  Silver  Creek  mining  dis- 
trict. This  is  about  eight  miles  in  length  and  about  three  miles  wide.  The  forma- 
tion in  this  district  is  granite,  porphyry  and  metamorphosed  slate.  The  ores  are 
galena,  with  iron  and  sulphurets  of  copper  carrying  gold,  silver  and  copper.  The 
principal  mines  in  this  district  are  the  Oro  Fino,  Rattler,  National,  Morning  Star, 
Vandalia,  Jumbo,  Winner  and  Webster.  These  mines  have  all  been  developed  to 
some  extent  and  the  ores  they  produce  average  about  $40  a  ton  in  value.  In  what  is 
known  as  the  Anaconda  group,  in  this  district,  a  nine-foot  vein  of  ore  has  been 
exposed  which  assays  11  per  cent,  in  copper. 

The  Cascade  mining  district  is  located  in  the  western  part  of  Skagit  county  on 
the  headwaters  of  the  Cascade  river.  The  ledges  in  this  district  are  extensive  and 
well  defined.  The  principal  mine  is  the  Boston,  which  produces  a  galena  ore  assay- 
ing 60  per  cent,  lead  and  50  ounces  in  silver.  Another  mining  district  of  Western 
Washington,  not  yet  sufficiently  developed  to  show  its  permanent  character,  is  the 
Snoqualmie,  situated  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Ca.scade  Mountains,  in  King 
county.  There  are  two  large  bodies  of  copper  sulphuret  ore  in  this  district 
which  assay  from  5  to  20  per  cent,  copper  in  the  outcrop.  The  character  of  the 
ores  found  in  this  district  is  free  milling,  togethex*  with  sulphurets,  concentrates  and 
smelting  ores.  Samples  of  galena  ore  have  been  assayed  here  which  run  from  20  to 
60  per  cent,  in  lead  and  from  20  to  200  ounces  in  silver  to  the  ton.  The  Green  River 
country,  a  recently  discovered  mineral  district,  is  located  near  the  foot  hilla  of  Mt. 
St.  Helens,  and  is  reached  from  Winlock  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
railroad  between  Portland  and  Tacoma. 

The  principal  placer  mines  in  Washington  are  on  Swauk  creek,  a  tributary 
stream  to  the  Yakima  river  in  Kittitas  county,  25  miles  north  of  Ellensburgh. 
The  gravel  in  the  Swauk  district  is  spotted  and  the  pay  dirt  is  found  in  streaks.  This 
dirt  is  in  places  very  rich  in  coarse  gold.  Nearly  all  the  mines  here  are  owned  and 
operated  by  individuals.  Nuggets  worth,  respectively,  $500,  I400,  I325,  $110  and 
I49,  have  been  found  in  this  district.  Separated  from  Swauk  creek  by  a  low  divide 
is  Peshastin  creek.  This  camp  consists  of  free-milling  gold-quartz  ledges.  It  is 
admirably  located,  with  an  abundance  of  water  and  timber.  One  40  and  one  20- 
stamp  mill  are  in  operation  here.  This  district  has  recently  attracted  the  attention 
of  capitalists  and  it  is  being  rapidly  developed.  The  average  working  value  of  the 
Peshastin  ore  is  estimated  at  about  $35  a  ton.  The  ledges  are  well  defined  and  in 
many  instances  free  gold  is  seen  in  the  rock  with  the  naked  eye.  To  the  northwest 
of  the  Peshastin  is  what  is  known  as  the  Cle  Elum  district.     A  large  number  of  loca- 


tions 


hi 


vie 


Id  frc 
mines  ni 
district  1 
there  is 
ounces  i 
district, 
mountain 
seems  to| 

Aboi 
Falls  & 
here  is  s\\ 
in  the  stE 
of  that  yJ 
A  six-fooll 
in  silver  1 
Old  Dom 
Another 
from  this 
lead. 

Abou 
extensive 
this  distri 
railroad, 
greatly  fa 
it  will  alsc 
north. 

North 
of  the  pla 
lakes,  pict 


Union  Pacifh 
Coi 


Five  hunt' 
was  the  i 
1883  consi 


Alining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


75 


tions  have  been  made  in  this  district,  and  it  contains  several  developed  mines  which 
yield  from  |5,oooto  $30,000  a  year  each.  Assays  show  that  the  ores  from  these 
mines  run  from  $20  to  $45  a  ton  in  gold.  In  the  mountains  at  and  near  the  Cle  Elum 
district  are  extensive  deposits  of  copper,  iron  and  low-grade  galena  ores.  In  one  place 
there  is  a  three  and  one-half  foot  vein  of  galena  carrying  50  per  cent,  lead  and  12 
ounces  in  silver.  There  is  a  peculiar  formation,  covering  about  2,500  acres  in  this 
district,  where  the  country  rock  will  assay  from  I1.50  to  $6  per  ton  silver.  There  are 
mountains  of  iron  ore  in  this  locality,  and  the  country  within  a  radius  of  many  miles 
seems  to  be  a  mineralized  area. 

About  80  miles  north  of  Spokane,  in  Washington,  and  on  the  line  of  the  Spokane 
Falls  &  Northern  railroad,  is  the  Colville  mining  district.  The  Old  Dominion  mine 
here  is  six  miles  east  of  the  town  of  Colville.  This  is  the  greatest  producing  mine 
in  the  state  of  Washington.  It  was  discovered  in  the  spring  of  1885,  and  since  July 
of  that  year  it  is  estimated  that  about  $900,000  has  been  produced  by  the  property. 
A  six-foot  vein  of  ore  is  now  being  worked  in  this  mine.  This  ore  averages  70  ounces 
in  silver  to  the  ton,  and  about  65  per  cent  lead.  On  the  mountains  adjacent  to  the 
Old  Dominion  mine  are  many  promising  prospects  in  various  stages  of  development. 
Another  large  mine  here,  which  is  near  Colville,  is  the  Dead  Medicine.  The  ore 
from  this  mine  runs  from  40  to  50  ounces  in  silver  to  the  ton,  and  about  50  per  cent 
lead. 

About  20  miles  north  of  Colville,  in  Washington,  is  the  Metalline  district,  where 
extensive  deposits  of  low-grade  ores  have  been  discovered.  Twenty  miles  east  of 
this  district  is  Northport,  a  station  on  the  line  of  the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern 
railroad.  At  this  latter  point  a  large  smelter  is  now  being  built.  This  smelter  will 
greatly  facilitate  mining  operations  in  the  Colville  and  neighboring  districts,  and 
it  will  also  be  largely  patronized  by  the  numerous  mines  in  British  Columbia  to  the 
north. 

North  of  where  the  mighty  Columbia  river  winds  2,000  feet  below  the  summit 
of  the  plateau  of  the  Big  Bend  country,  is  the  Okanogan  country  with  its  beautiful 
lakes,  picturesque  valley.s,  and  vast  deposits  of  precious  metals.  Long  before  Wash- 
ington became  a  separate  political  division  of  the  Union  this 
region  was  known  under  the  name  it  now  bears.  In  1889 
it  was  made  Okanogan  county,  and  it  is  now  the  largest 
political  division  of  Washington.  In  area  it  equals  three 
states  of  the  Union,  and  it  is  one  of  the  coming  rich  sections 
of  Washington.  Okanogan  county  is  made  up  of  a  series 
of  undulating  plains,  fertile  valleys  and  hills.  These  hills 
terminate  on  the  northern,  northwestern,  and  western 
borders  of  the  county  in  a  broken  chain  of  mountains.  In 
the  early  6o's  prospectors  working  their  way  east  from  the 
Fraser  river  discovered  placer  mines  in  the  Similkimeen 
river.  A  great  deal  of  gold  was  subsequc'V  taken  from 
the  bars  along  this  stream.  The  placers  here  becoming 
exhausted,  the  country  was  again  left  in  solitude.  In 
the  70's  men  again  visited  the  Okanogan  country,  and 
these  men  discovered  in  the  district  a  ledge  of  galena  ore. 
Five  hundred  pounds  of  this  ore  were  shipped  to  San  Francisco  for  treatment.  This 
was  the  first  silver  produced  from  ores  taken  out  of  the  state  of  Washington.  In 
1883  considerable  prospecting  was  done  in  the  Mount  Chapaca  and  Similkimeen  dis- 


;S."*f'?lJ 


Union  Pacific  Track,  near  Viento, 
Columbia  River. 


I        n 


\ 


1 


7tt 


The  Ore/roniun's  Handbook  of  the  I'licific  Xorthwest. 


I 


m% 


I 


i 


Mt 


i  I  c 

ill 


COLUMBIA   Rlvr;H  APOVF. 

Thf  Dalles. 


trit;ts,  hut  it  \v:»s  not  until  1886  that  the  big  rush  to  this  section  bej^an.  This  stam- 
pede was  made  to  what  is  known  as  tlie  Salmon  River  country.  As  a  result  of  this 
ru!ih  tlu;  towns  of  Ruby.  I.oomiston,  Golden  and  Conconnully  were  establislied. 
The  latter  is  the  present  comity  seat.  It  was  not  long  before  the  numerous  pros- 
pectors who  had  flocked  to  this  country  be- 
gan to  make  discoveries  of  exceptionally 
rich  ledges  of  gold  and  silver  (juartz.  These 
hnds  extended  through  a  large  area  of  ter- 
ritory. Tlr  t  Okanogan  is  the  richest  and 
most  promising  mineral  district  in  Wash- 
ington is  now  thoroughly  established.  The 
recent  rich  gold  strikes  made  upon  Palmer 
Mountain  and  other  localities  o*"the  district, 
indicate  that  it  will  soon  become  the  greatest 
gold-producing  district  of  the  West.  All  kinds  of  ores,  from 
base  to  I'ret  -  milling,  are  found  in  this  district.  Prior  to  1893  the  country  had  no  rail 
outlet.  The  completion  of  the  Great  Northern,  however,  which  forms  connection  with 
the  boats  plying  on  the  Salmon  and  Columbia  rivers,  now  furnishes  the  distiict  with 
transportation  facilities  which,  altliough  inadequate  to  the  needs  of  the  country, 
liave  done  much  to  hasten  its  development. 

The  Chelan  mining  district  lies  in  Okanogan  county,  immediately  adjacent  to 
Lake  Chelan.  The  first  important  discoveries  made  in  this  district  were  in  1889. 
Two  of  the  claims  then  located  here  were  subsecjuently  sold  for  130,000.  Numerous 
mineral  locations  have  since  been  made  in  the  Chelan  district,  and  with  proper  trans- 
portation facilities.,  which  it  does  not  now  possess,  the  district  will  become  a  large 
silver  and  gold  producer.  Tlie  formation  of  this  district  is  principally  granite,  cut 
by  veins  of  porphyry  dikes.      These  vary  in  width  fron:  3  to  30  feet. 

The  principal  mining  di.stricts  have  all  been  touched  on  in  the  article  above. 
These  districts  contain  nuUions  of  tons  of  gold  and  silver-producing  ore,  which  cm 
be  lian<lled  at  a  profit  by  capital  and  with  tlie  aid  o '  imxircved  machinery.  The 
rapid  development  of  the  mines  of  Waslrngton  during  the  past  few  years  but  pres- 
ages the  future  growth  of  th»  1  ming  districts  of  the  state,  and  while  the  state  will 
doubtless  never  rioik  with  Montana  as  a  mineral  producer,  mining  will  always  be 
one  of  the  most  profuable  industries  of  Washington. 

Dr.  W.  Bricdkmkvkr — There  is  a  fu.scination  surrounding  the  life  of  a  mining 
engineer  that  seldom  allows  anyone  engaged  in  that  profession  to  forsake  it 
^or  some  other  calling.  Many  interesting  narratives  could  be  written  from  the 
experiences  of  the  men  who  are  des'oting  their  knowledge  and  energj'  in  an  efiort  t<' 
develop  the  great  precious  metal-producing  regions  of  Wnshington.  Dr.  W.  Birede- 
meyer,  of  Tacoma,  is  the  olflest  mining  engineer  in  the  West,  he  ha  dug  had  over 
oO  years"  experience  in  the  mines  of  Europe,  Asia  and  America.  During  the  past 
22  years,  Dr.  Hredemeyer  has  been  identified  with  nearly  all  of  the  great  mining 
enterprises  of  the  West.  For  a  number  of  years  he  held  the  important  XJOsition  of 
United  States  mining  cornmissione:  for  Utah.  Before  coming  to  America  he  was 
for  a  time  in  charge  of  the  famous  Banketon  mines,  in  the  Dutch  Indies.  Later  he 
developed  <he  first  mine  in  Burmah,  and  was  al.so  the  first  white  man  to  make  u 
scientific  explo.'-ation  of  the  interior  of  China  and  Jai)an.  He  '•eceived  an  appoint- 
nie!it  from  tiie  government  of  Japan  as  the  chief  engineer  c  '  the  .southern  district  o( 
that  empire,  a  position  he  held  for  two  years.     Dr.  Bredemeyei"  is  a  member  of  all 


the  lead] 
mining. 

Mini 

Pearce  ai| 
;d)Out  $1' 
with  astol 
Salmon  r| 
stainpedei 
.'idventun 
finding  tlJ 
discovereil 

The  if 
City,  Warl 
ill  the  earf 
lars  to  the 
leads  the 
principal 
producing 

The 
together  \\ 
falling  off 
year.  Tlu 
has  been  h 
ing„  at  a  p 
already  tui 
the  yellow 
West,  as  b( 
the  silver  : 
properties 

The  m 
ore.  Such 
ties  produ( 
averages  al 
belief  that 


vU": 


■•^^?^pg 


district, 
Ralph  mir 


lillli 


i^jiMtwMiy  ■  r^i  Wi'M 


•tni 


=S8 


Alining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


77 


)OV(.'. 

cm 
The 

•res- 
will 
s  1)e 


;l 


the  leading  scientific  societies,  and  is  also  an  expert  on  all   questions   relating  to 
mining.     His  laboratory  at  Taconia  is  tlie  most  complete  on  the  coast. 

Mining  in  Idaho. — Since  the  discovery  of  gold  in  Idaho  by  Capt.  James 
Pearce  and  party,  on  Oro  Fino  creek,  'n  iS6o,  the  inijies  of  this  state  have  piodnced 
about  f  iSo,<x3o,ooo.  In  i<S6r,  a  report  I'jcanie  circulated  through  the  Western  states 
with  astonishing  rapidity  that  fabulously  rich  placers  of  gold  had  been  discovered  on 
vSalmon  river,  in  Idaho.  These  greatly  exaggerated  stories  caused  one  of  the  wildest 
stampedes  known  in  the  history  of  mining  on  the  coast.  Thousands  of  miners  and 
adventurers  flocked  to  the  Salmon  River  country.  The  later  arrivals  in  the  diggings 
finding  the  best  claims  already  occupied,  spread  out  over  the  adjacent  country  and 
discovered  the  famous  placers  of  (Grasshopper  creek  and  Alder  gulch,  Montana. 

The  most  famous  of  the  early  placer  mines  of  Idaho  were  those  of  Florence,  Rlk 
City,  Warrens,  Salmon  river  and  Oro  Fino.  These  camps  produced  millions  of  wealth 
in  the  early  6o's,  and  they  are  still  adding  annually  several  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars to  the  wealth  of  the  world.  Idaho  county,  in  which  these  mines  are  located, 
leads  the  other  counties  of  Idaho  in  the  production  of  gold  dust.  Mining  is  now  the 
principal  industry  of  Idaho,  and  the  state  ranks  fifth  in  the  list  of  precious  metal- 
producing  states  of  the  Union. 

The  labor  troubles  in  the  Cceur  d'Alene  mining  district,  in  Northern  Idaho, 
together  with  the  decline  in  the  price  of  silver,  combined  to  cause  a  considerable 
falling  off  in  the  output  of  silver  for  the  state  in  1892  ever  the  output  of  the  previous 
year.  The  leading  question  among  the  miners  of  the  state  during  the  past  two  years 
has  been  how  to  work  their  properties,  which  are  principally  silver  and  lead-produc- 
ing,, at  a  profit,  in  view  of  the  prevailing  low  prices  of  silver  and  lead.  Idaho  has 
already  turned  out  millions  of  dollars  in  gold,  and  there  are  some  very  rich  mines  of 
the  yellow  metal  in  the  state,  but  the  heavy  mining  operations  in  this  part  of  the 
West,  as  before  stated,  are  now  confined  to  the  silver-producing  properties,  and  it  is 
the  silver  mines  that  the  people  of  Idaho  lean  on  for  future  activity  in  the  mining 
properties  of  the  state. 

The  most  exten.sive  mines  in  the  state  are  those  which  carry  an  average  grade  of 
ore.  Such  mines  as  the  Poorman,  Tiger,  Black  liear  and  other  well  known  proper- 
ties produce  on  an  average  from  27  to  29  ounces  of  silver  per  ton,  and  the  lead 
averages  about  57  per  cent.  The  heavy  mine  owners  of  the  state  are  firm  in  the 
belief  that  the  only  relief  they  can  reasonably  look  for  during  the  present  low  pre- 
vailing prices  of  silver  lies  in  a  general 
reduction  of  freight  rates  by  the  railroads 
which  haul  their  ore  to  market.  The  n;ine 
owners  of  Southern  Idaho  have  a  great 
advantage  over  the  owners  of  milling  prop- 
erties in  the  Creur  d'Alenes  and  other 
districts  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state. 
The  Southern  Idaho  mines  carry  a  higher 
percentage  of  gold  thin  the  mines  to  the 
north,  and  the  cost  of  working  the  mines 
in  Southern  Idaho  is  less  than  it  is  in  the 
heavy  silver  properties  of  the  Cu'ur  d'Alene 
district.  This  applies,  especially,  to  the  De  Lamar,  Black  Jack,  Trade  Dollar  and 
Ralph  mines,  in  Owyhee  county. 


Hope  Station,  Lake  Peno  d'Oreille. 


78 


The  Orcfioniun' s  Hutidhnok  <>t  the  Piicific  Northwest. 


According  to  the  report  of  the  director  of  the  miut  the  mines  of  Idaho  produced, 
during  1^92,  gold  to  the  anioi^t  of  .S3, 271  ounces,  valued  at  $1,721,364;  silver, 
3,16.1,269  ounces,  ( oining  vahu  J'4, '91,083;  lead,  51,322,263  pounds,  commercial 
value,  $2,(:k)I,56.S.  The  product  of  i;  '  "nd  silver  in  Idaho,  by  counties,  during  the 
calendar  year  1.S92,  was  as  follows:  Gold — Ada  county,  272  ounces,  value,  $5,623; 
Alturas,  1,102  ounces,  value,  $22,780;  Bingham,  436  ounces,  value,  $9,013;  Boise, 
18,209  ounces,  value,  $376,413;  Cassia,  714  ounces,  value,  $14,760;  Custer,  1,166 
ounces,  value.  $24,103;  Elmore,  5,870  ounces,  value,  $121,344;  Idaho,  7,140  ounces, 
value,  $147,597;  Lemhi,  12,4(17  ounces,  value,  5257,71b;  Logan,  776  ounces,  value, 
$16,041;  Owyliee,  23,244  ounces,  value,  $480,496;  vShoshone,  1  i,ock)  ounces,  value, 
$227,390;  Washington,  875  ounces,  value,  $18,088.  Silver — Ada,  118  ounces,  coining 
value,  $153;  Alturas,  7(X), 362  ounces,  coining  value,  $905,498  ;  Bingham,  48  ounces, 
coining  value,  $62;  Boise,  163,368,  coining  value,  $211,218;  Cassia,  50  ounces, 
coining  value,  $65;  Custer,  397,360  ounces,  coining  value,  $513,747;  Elmore,  ;  ,80/ 
ounces,  coining  value,  $2,332;  Idaho,  5,o6r  ounces,  coining  value,  $6,543  ;  Lemh:' 
2,457  ounces,  coining  value,  $3,177;  Logan,  1,168  ounces,  coining  value,  $1,510; 
Owyhee,  645,569  ounces,  coining  value,''$834,656;  Shoshone,  i  ,195,904 ounces,  coining 
value,  $1,546,184;  Washington,  51,000  ounces,   coining   value,   $65,938.     The  total 

value  of  the  gold  and  silver  output  of  the  state,  by 
counties,  in  the  same  year,  v.as  as  follows :  Ada, 
$5,776;  Alturas,  $928,278  ;  Bingham,  $9,075  ;  Boise, 
$587,631;  Cassia,  $14,829  ;  Custer,  $537,850;  Klmore, 
$123,676;  Idaho,  $154,140;  Lemhi,  $260,893  ;  Logan, 
$17,551  ;  Owyhee,  $1,315,152;  Shoshone,  $1,773,574; 
Washington,  $84,026.  The  gold  and  silver  bullion 
produced  in  Idaho,  and  deposited  in  government 
institutions  during  1892,  amounted  to  $725,124.97  in 
gold,  and  $16,865.50  in  silver. 

Idaho  is  one  of  the  richest  states  in  the  Union 
in  silver  and  lead  ore  deposits,  and  many  of  these  valuable  properties  are  now  lying 
idle  awaiting  the  rise  in  silver  to  insure  their  being  worked  at  a  profit. 

In  Shoshone  county  are  located  the  famous  Creur  d'  Alene  mines  which  are 
fully  described  in  a  separate  article  in  "The  Handbook.  The  rich  mines  adjacent  to 
Boise  City  also  receive  mention  in  another  part  of  this  work.  Lying  in  the  south- 
west corner  of  Idaho  is  Owyhee  county,  which  for  many  years  was  the  greatest  min- 
ing camp  in  Idaho.  Nine  miles  from  vSilver  City,  the  principal  town  in  the  county, 
is  Jordan  creeK,  where  are  located  the  famous  Owyhee  mines.  The  lodes  here  cover 
an  area  of  20  square  miles.  They  were  first  discovered  in  rS63.  These  veins  vary  in 
width  from  2  to  60  feet,  while  the  ore  they  carry  assays  from  ■■>.  trace  of  gold  or  silver 
up  to  thousands  of  dollars  a  ton.  Up  to  1876  this  was  one  of  the  liveliest  camps  in 
the  West.  The  mines  here,  in  the  13  years  following  their  discovery,  ])roduced  over 
$26,(X)o,ooo  in  wealth.  Upou  tlic  collapse  of  the  Bank  cf  California,  ot  vSau  Francisco 
in  1S76,  capital  was  withdrawn  from  these  mines  and  the  camp  has  been  supported 
since  that  time  by  the  individual  miners  who  have  resided  here.  These  mine*  are 
still  large  producers.  In  1892  they  yielded  !ri,3i5,i52.  This  was  an  I'-.crcasc  of 
nearly  1ii,ooo,Ofxi  over  the  output  of  these  mines  in  1880.  At  this  rate  of  increase  tL 
camp  will  soon  surpass  its  record  of  its  palmiest  davs.  The  Wilson  mine  in  this 
camp  is  probably  the  largest  and  richest  mine  in  Idaho.  Tiiere  are  thrt'c  veins  in 
thij  location,  though  from  the  formation  the  mine  looks  as  though  it  mere  a  m-iun- 


RAPI05  OF  THE  C«SCADES-COLUMBI»   RiVEH. 


I        I 


tain  of  (j 
iu  •A'idth. 
in  gold  e 
is  the  chi 


other  fine 
feet  dee]), 
mine  avert 
ducing  pn 
Seventy  \i 
In  i86f 
in  the  basii 
been  a  fetea 
ising  gold  ( 
had  rail  tra 
are  near  th 
The  most  n 
estimated  t 
estimates  tl 
placers.  T 
already  bee 
are  the  Kai 
mines  arc  tl 
of  permane 
the  richest 
the  district 

Anothe 
This  IS  one 
belt  crossin 
50  miles  wi 
its  entire  1« 
2,000  prom 
Custer  com 
Creek  and  ] 


;««-*  *•  •#* 


■!?■>;««■  ...I.*'.  w*,..v,,C 


;ire 
1  to 

itli- 

Ull- 

)ver 
in 

Iver 
in 

|ver 

of 

in 
lin- 


w: 


r*ir' 


Mt.  hooo-Chossing  Ash  Beds,  near  Snow-Line. 


Mining  in  the  Pacific  Xorthwest.  Tft 

tain  of  (juarlz  mineralized.  The  veins  of  the  mine  are  respectively  15,  30  ami  77  feet 
in  width.  There  is  a  20-stanip  mill  on  this  property,  whirh  produces  over  ii>5oo,cxx) 
in  K^l'l  every  year.  It  is  estimated  that  in  the  jj;roup  of  mines  of  wliiih  the  Wilson 
is  the  chief,  there  is  now  over  |i,ouo,oiJo  worth  of  gold  quart/  in  sight. 

The  Ore  Fine  group  of  mines  have  long  been  noted  as  great  gold 
producers.  The  lode  is  situated  on  War  Flagle  Mountain,  three  miles 
distatit  from  vSilver  City.  The  vein  of  this  group  is  a  true  fissure, 
varj'ing  from  two  to  six  fei;t  in  width.  It  carries  free-niillijig  gold 
and  silver  ore.     The  Oro  I'ino  mine  has  produced  in  the  ])ast  over 

$\  ,So<),f)fx)  and  it  is  still  yieliling 

,V  A^f^C  thousands  of  dollars  annually. 

iipi.   WiiWi'tr^TWS^  ^   '■-'''' ifST  >''^-<    ■"'r!:Wt%  AtSilver  City  the  Oro  Kino  Min- 

^^S^f^^P^Wl^W?lBd^/-jf'"  *^[i^'''^^^^ii^B^  '"S  Company  have  in  operation 

a  2o-stamp  steam  (|uartz  mill. 
The  I'oorman  groujjof  mines  in 
this  district  is  composed  of  eight 
or  ten  lodes.  The  Poorman,  the 
principal  mine  of  the  group,  has 
yielded  over  |?  1,000,000.  An- 
other fine  property  here  is  the  Empire  mine,  which  is  developed  by  a  shaft  about  7(xj 
feet  dee]).  The  I5lack  Jack  mine  here  has  yielded  over  $t,oo,o(K).  The  vein  of  this 
mine  averages  four  feet  in  width  and  is  encased  in  porphyry.  Other  valudblc  pro- 
ducing properties  in  this  district  are  the  Stormy  Hill,  Mahogan\',  Morning  .Star, 
Seventy  Nine,  Phillips  and  Sullivan,  and  the  Summer  Camp  group  of  mines. 

In  1 866  a  party  of  prospectors  discovered  rich  placer  diggings  in  l,emhi  county 
in  the  basin  of  the  North  Pork  of  Salmon  river.  Since  that  time  the  county  has 
been  a  feteatiy  producer  of  gold.  Ivcmhi  county  contains  several  very  rich  and  pnmi- 
ising  gold  districts  whooo  output  would  doubtless  be  greatly  increased  if  the  county 
had  rail  transportation  to  outside  points.  On  Naplus  creek  and  its  tributaries,  which 
are  near  the  town  of  Leisburgh,  over  |io,ooo,ooo  has  been  taken  from  placer  mines. 
The  most  notable  placer  mine  now  producing  in  the  county  is  on  Moose  creek.  It  is 
estimated  tlrat  this  property  has  produced  over  $500,000.  The  cnvner  of  this  mine 
estimates  that  he  has  over  $i,oo;j,ooo  remaining  in  the  gravel  to  be  taken  out  of  these 
placers.  There  are  hundreds  of  quartz  claims  in  Lemhi  county,  some  of  which  have 
already  been  developed  into  valuable  producing  mines.  Of  these  mines  the  largest 
are  the  Kaintuck,  Grunter,  Yellow  Jacket  and  Viola  groups.  Connected  with  these 
mines  arc  three  rostamp  mills.  The  leads  in  this  district  are  all  well  defined  and  are 
of  permanent  character.  The  ore  runs  from  I5  to  $70  per  ton  in  gold,  and  in  some  of 
the  richest  mines  of  the  district  as  high  as|i3o  a  ton.  The  principal  silver  mines  in 
the  district  carry  ores  assaying  from  15  to  40  ounces  in  silver  and  70  per  cent.  lead. 

Another  ca'nn  in  Idaho,  remote  from  railroad  lines,  is  that  of  Custer  county. 
This  IS  one  of  the  largest  and  richest  mineral  districts  in  the  W'est.  The  mineral 
belt  crossing  the  western  ])ortion  of  Custer  county  is  at  least  100  miles  in  length  and 
50  miles  wide.  It  is  intersi>crsed  with  veins  carrying  gold  and  silv<'r  ores  all  along 
its  entire  length.  There  are  nearly  150  developed  mines  in  this  d'*''  I-^t  and  fully 
2,u<)o  promising  prospects.  The  most  prominent  among  the  nr;  'iii,-  districts  of 
Custer  county  are  the  Lost  River,  Yankee  Fork,  Bay  Horse,  Kim  •  ^ncck,  Sejuaw 
Creek  and  East  Fork  districts.     A  40-ton  smelter  is  situated  in  the  Bay  Creek  dis- 


80 


The  Orcguninn's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Xorthwest. 


u 


'  i 


!ii 


r 


I 


I 


:*?■ 


Mount  Hood- 
Great  Sto^..  Towards  Summit. 


trict  atul  in  the  other  districts  are  three  quartz  mills,  three  couceutrators  and  two 
smelters. 

Mining  in  Montana. — In  the  Summer  of  1852  Francois  Finlay,  a  half-breed, 
from  the  Red  River  of  the  North,  while  on  his  way  homeward  from  a  trading  trip 
to  California,  wandered  into  what  is  now  Deer  Lodge  county,  Montana.  It  was  in 
this  part  of  the  present  great   state   that   Finlay  first  noticed  coarse  flakes  of  gold 

glittering  in  the  gravel  of  what  is  now 
known  as  Gold  Creek.  He  washed  out  here 
about  two  ounces  of  gold  dust.  This  was 
the  first  discovery  of  gold  in  Montana.  It 
attracted  but  little  attention  from  the  few 
mountaineers  then  in  the  territor\-  and 
mining  in  earnest  ir.  the  territory  did  not 
commence  until  1861,  nearly  10  years  after 
the  first  discovery  of  the  yellow  metal  was 
made  here. 
In  the  latter  yenr  James  and  Granville  Stuart  prospected  Gold  Creek,  the  scene 
of  Finlay's  first  discovery.  They  found  gold  here  in  paying  quantities.  They 
wrote  to  their  brother  at  Pikes  Peak  of  the  find.  The  information  which  this  letter 
conveyed  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  first  great  stampede  to  the  Montana  gold 
fields.  Since  the  Stuarts  uncovered  bedrock  of  the  placers  of  Gold  Creek  the  mines 
of  Montana  have  added  nearly  1400, 000, oo(j  to  the  wealth  of  the  world.  Now  nearly 
one-third  of  all  the  gold,  silver,  copper  and  lead  mined  in  the  United  States  comes 
from  Montana.  This  is  pre-eminently  the  greatest  mineral-producing  state  in  the 
Union.  Mining  is  its  leading  industry.  In  some  of  its  many  phases  the  industry 
of  mining  enters  into  nearly  every  department  of  trade  here.  It  represents  a  large 
proportion  of  the  aggregate  wealth  of  the  state. 

Only  a  few  of  the  many  great  fields  of  precious  mi-tals  in  Montana  have  yet 
been  explored.  On  almost  every  mountain  of  the  state  and  in  nearly  all  the 
gulches  are  rich  prospects  that  only  a  v«  nit  the  .id vent  of  capital  vo  develop  them 
into  great  bonanza  mines.  Practical  mining  men,  familiar  with  this  field,  believe 
that  the  quartz  ledges  of  Montana  have  yielvled  up  hut  a  small  part  of  the  hidden 
wealth  they  contain.  Mining,  when  conducted  on  scientific  principles  and  as  a  cold 
matter  of  business,  is  not  the  uncertain  and  speculative  calltng  it  iv  popularly  sup- 
posed to  be.  Where  ore  is  found  cropping  out  of  the  mountnin  si<tes  the  experienced 
miner  can  tell  by  an  examination  of  the  fcrmation  of  the  surrountiiTjg  land  and  by 
its  deposits  of  rock  whether  the  lead  is  a-  sufficient  extent  to  i«Ktify  the  employ- 
ment of  capital  to  develop  it.     In  many  instances  immen  .  -^c  expended   on 


the  development  of  promising  prospects  before  the  miiu 


idend.     In  Mon- 


tana there  are  few  recorded  instances  of  any  considerahic  sums  of  money  having 
been  lost  in  the  development  of  mines.  It  is  true  th?;  occa-^ionaUy  a  pros}-)ect'>r 
will  make  what  he  believes  is  a  Inmanza  strike,  and  wii  n  the  blind  confidence  of  his 
class  will  labor  hard  for  months  to  develop  his  claim  until  he  is  finally  brought  to 
realize  that  his  find  is  worthless.  Capital,  however,  is  seldom  extensively  invested 
in  a  mine  unless  its  value  has  first  been  determined  and  its  promised  output  accu- 
rately estimated. 

There  is  no  better  field  for  the  profitable  investment  of  large  surii^  M"  TT>one\ 
than  is  afibrdeil  in  the  gold,  copper  anil  lead  districts  of  Montana.  Tin.  stale  is  ,4 
great  silver-producing  district.     Owing  to  what  the  people  of  Montana  feel  has  been 


adverse 
their  att(| 

The 
from  Col  J 
the  diggil 
1862  the 


Mount  HooI 

On  the 
to  prospect 
Returning 
Bannock, 
ment  of  his 
great   surpr 
worth  in  sub' 
gulch  discov 
gold.     Of  al 
Twelve 
made  and  s 
turned  the  k 
that  Virgini; 
capital  of  Mc 
ulation.     Th 
most  deprav( 
munity.     In 
they  shot  an( 
they  commit 
most  polishei 
of  this  gang 
sheriff  of  Mc 
this  publicati 
The  nex 
Cowan  and  1 
Pear.     Here 
They  named 
ies,  and  it  w 
laid.     In  five 
Lewis  auf'  Cli 


Milling  in  the  Pncific  Xorthwest. 


m 


lu- 


MounT  HoodDewert  Party  on  Summit. 


julverse  legislation  to  the  silver  interests,  mining  men  of  that  state  are  now  turning 
their  attention  to  the  development  of  its  many  rich  gold  and  copper  properties. 

The  discovery  of  gold  on  Salmon  river,  Idaho,  in  July,  1861,  attracted  thither 
from  Colorado  and  other  terri'ories  a  large  immigration.  The  late  arrivals  finding 
the  diggings  here  occupied  began  to  spread  out  over  the  adjacent  territory.  In 
1862  the  great  bonanzas  of  Grasshopper  creek  were  discovered,  and  as  a  result  the 

town  of  Bannock  sprung  into  existence.  By  the 
1st  of  January,  1863,  a  population  of  5(X)  men  had 
gathered  at  Bannock,  and  among  them  were  many 
wild  and  reckless  adventurers,  whose  names  and 
misdeeds  figure  prominently  in  the  early  history 
of  the  territory.  With  the  discovery  of  Grass- 
hopper Creek  placers,  commenced  the  first  im- 
portant mining  operations  in  Montana.  The  fame 
of  these  diggings  soon  spread  throughout  the  West, 
and  it  occasioned  a  great  stamf  ede  to  Montana. 
In  the  seven  years  folh^wing  Itiis  discovery  the 
placer  mines  of  Grasshopper  creek  yielded 
^12,245,000  in  gold. 
On  the  1st  day  of  p-ebruary,  1S63,  William  Fairweather  and  others  left  Bannock 
to  prospect  the  Big  Horn  Mountains.  They  were  driven  back  by  the  (!row  Indians. 
Returning  homeward  the  party  camped  at  noon  on  Alder  creek,  75  miles  east  of 
Bannock.  While  the  midday  meal  was  being  prepared  Fairweather,  to  the  amuse- 
ment of  his  companions,  began  to  wash  a  few  pans  of  gravel  in  the  creek.  To  his 
great  surprise  he  obtained  30  cents  worth  of  gold  from  the  first  pan,  and  over  $2 
worth  in  subsequent  pans,  before  he  was  through  experimenting.  Thus  was  the  famous 
gulch  discovered.  It  is  estimated  that  Alder  gulch  has  yielded  fully  |;7o,ooci,o(X)  in 
gold.     Of  all  placer  fields  this  was  the  greatest  ever  discovered  in  the  West. 

Twelve  years  after  Alder  gulch  was  discovered  Bill  I'airweather,  after  having 
made  and  spent  a  fortune,  died  penniless.  This  was  the  end  of  a  man  who  had 
turned  the  key  which  unlocked  millions  in  wealth  for  others.  It  was  on  Alder  ^ulch 
that  Virginia  City  was  built.  This  town  was  for  years  the  political  and  coniujcicial 
capital  of  Montana.  During  its  palmiest  days  of  186.1-5,  it  contained  over  io,ocxi  pop- 
ulation. This  large  population  was  ruled  and  robbed  with  impunity  by  one  of  the 
most  depraved  and  blood-thirsty  gangs  of  villains  that  ever  infested  a  civilized  com- 
munity. In  less  than  eight  months  this  gang  murdered  102  inoffensive  citizens  ; 
they  shot  and  wounded  scores  of  others,  and  it  is  supposed  tliat  many  of  the  murders 
they  committed  were  never  traced  to  their  daring.  Henry  Plummer,  one  of  the 
most  polished  and  dangerous  villains  known  in  the  annals  of  crime,  was  the  leader 
of  this  gang,  and  he  was,  up  to  the  time  of  his  execution  by  the  vigilantes,  the 
sheriff  of  Montana.  Early  life  in  Virginia  City  is  fully  descrilied  in  an  article  in 
this  publication  on  the  vigilantes  of  Montana. 

The  next  important  discoveries  of  gold  in  the  territory  were  made  by  John 
Cowan  and  three  companions,  in  the  fall  of  1863,  on  a  small  tributary  of  Prickly 
Pear.  Here  they  found  pay-dirt  yielding  from  40  cents  to  $1  a  pan  o!i  bedrock. 
They  named  the  locality  Last  Chance  gulch.  A  stampede  followed  these  discover- 
ies, and  it  was  here  that  the  foundation  of  the  present  great  city  of  Helena  was 
laid.  In  five  years  Last  Chance  gulch  yielded  over  $i5,ixkj,(xx)  in  goUl.  The  yield  of 
Lewis  anc'  Clarke  county,  of  which  it  is  a  part,  was  $t9,36o,c»)  between  the  years 


n 


"Tf 


82 


77jc'  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


;    n- 


m 


_»*--'!»^  !s»rr'!?!^ 


••«^i 


of  1H64  and  1869.  Many  of  the  largest  and  most  imposing  business  blocks  of  Hel- 
ena are  built  on  the  worked-out  placer  ground  of  the  gulch. 

The  last  extraordinary  find  of  gold  in  Montana  was  made  in  Confederate  gulch, 
Meagher  county,  in  the  winter  of  1S64-5.  Some  of  the  claims  in  this  gnlch  were 
phenomenally  rich.     On  Montana  bar  several  claims  yielded  as  high  as  $iSo  to  the 

single  lo-quart  pan  of  dirt,  and  in  one  in- 
stance a  pan  of  gravel  yielded  |r,(X)o  in 
gold.  In  the  fall  of  1X66  a  four-mule  team 
hauled  from  Fort  Benton,  for  transporta- 
tion down  the  Missouri  river,  2!4  tons  of 
gold,  worth  |i, 500, GOO.  Nearly  all  of  this 
gold  was  taken  out  of  Montana  bar  and 
Confederate  gulch. 

In  all  there  are  about  500  gold-bearing 
gulches  in  Montana.     These  vary  from  one- 
half  mile  to  20  miles  in  length.      In   addi- 
u.  8.  LIGHTSHIP,  MOUTH  OF  coLUMBi*  RivEH.  tlou  to  tlicse  gulchcs   'dve   uumcrous    bars 

rich  in  gold.  The  gold  found  here  varies  in  size  from  microscopic  powder  to 
nuggets  weighing  y)  to  40  ounces  each.  It  varies  from  600  to  990  in  fineness.  One 
nugget  was  found  in  vSnow-shoe  gulch,  in  the  territory,  in  1865,  which  weighed  178 
ounces,  and  which  was  worth  $3,200.  Other  large  nuggets  of  gold,  worth  respect- 
ively $2,073,  $i.8iM),  $475,  $375  and  $556  were  found  here  between  1865  and  1880.  The 
most  famous  of  Montana  placers  l»ave  yielded  the  following  amounts  in  gold  :  Pio- 
neer, Independent  and  (iold  creek,  y  1 3,000,00:) ;  Alder  gulch,  $70,000,000;  Confed- 
erate, $4,000,000;  I^ast  Chance,  $i5,(K)'),ooo  ;  Grasshopper  creek,  $5,000,000. 

An  interesting  relic  of  early  plact  r  mining  in  the  territory  is  a  bill  of  goods 
purchased  at  Florence  City,  in  1861,  of  \  hich  the  following  is  a  copy  ;  100  lbs.  beans, 
at  $1.25  per  pound,  $125  ;  31^)0  lbs.  tlour,  at  $1  per  pound,  $300;  11  lbs.  coffee,  at 
$1.25  per  pound,  $13.75;  300  lbs.  beef,  at  25  cents  per  pcund,  $75  ;  9  lbs.  beans, 
$9-5'-';  3  sacks  salt,  $12;  i  bar  .soap,  $3;  10  lbs.  sugar,  ai  $1.50  per  pound,  $15; 
25  lbs.  bacon,  at  $1.25  per  pound,  $31.25;  i  paper  saleratus,  $6.  The  total  price 
of  this  purchase  was  $595.50. 

Placer  mining  is  r.till  extensively  carried  on  in  Montana,  but  it  does  not  now 
possess  its  former  magnitude  and  importance.  When  the  1)onanza  placers  of  the 
territory  began  to  decline,  miners  here  began  to  look  for  the  source  of  the  placer 
gold  which  had  been  found  here  in  such  large  quantities.  It  was  not  long  before 
a  number  of  mother  lodes  were  discovered  as  a  result  of  this  search.  The  industry 
of  quartz  mining  in  Montana  was  .started  in  a  small  way,  owing  to  the  lack  of  proper 
transportation  facilities,  and  also  the  lack  of  large  works  for  the  reduction  of  the 
ores  nf  the  mines.  The  early  quartz  mines  worked  in  Montana  were  free-milling 
properties,  and  all  the  precious  metal  which  the  ore  contained  was  extracted  at  the 
mine.  In  subseciuent  years  this  industry  developed  here  into  one  of  great  magni- 
tude, and  now  Montimu  derives  the  greatest  poiiion  of  its  wealth  from  it »  quartz 
pro])erlies.  A  markid  difference  between  the  mining  of  gold  in  qunt'l/  an  i  rom 
placers  is  that  placer  mining  is  largely  carried  on  by  individuals,  while  nearly  all 
the  large  quartz  mines  are  owned  by  corporations  capitalized  for  from  a  f«w  thou- 
Hunds  of  dollars  each  to  tnillions  of  dollars.  The  development  of  a  plarrv  mine  ^p- 
resents  usually  the  amount  of  hard  labor  alone  that  is  put  upon  it  by  the  owner 


and  his 
a  cost  o 
oped,  b; 
ing  incu 
which  i: 
aside  fn 
and    it 
many  ric 
tana  tha 
great  de^ 
The 
of  the   g( 
Montana 
working 
gold    qua 
A  mill  to 
was  the  fi 
ing  woodt 
silver  mill 
at  Phillip 
Dr.  Georg 
from  San 
The  bi 
impetus  to 
in  the  terri 
change  in 
ating  here, 
prominent 
greatest  mi 
and  silver  t 
output   was 
Before  1883 
tory.     .Mon 
The  coj 
the  mines  h 
Anaconda   1 
world.     The 
in  1880  by  tJ 
run  as  a  pn 
capital  of  $: 
boring  city  c 
reduction  w( 
state  in  the  1 
regarded  as  1 
mine,  the  Ai 
the  mines  of 
was  as  folio V 
pounds;   r8S': 
i«88,  97,^7,1 


ii 


Alining  in  the  Facitic  Xorthwest. 


§» 


tht 


ill 


"m^^^^&i 


Anaconda,  Montana. 


and  his  few  assistants.  A  bonanza  quartz  mine,  on  the  other  hand,  is  develoi^ed  at 
a  cost  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars,  and  is  often  operated,  when  fully  ilevel- 
oped,  by  hundreds  of  men.  Thus  it  will  readily  be  seen  that  extensive  quartz  min- 
ing incurs  vast  outlays  of  money  ior  labor,  machinery,  etc.,  and  it  is  this  industry 
which  insures  stability  to  a  mining  section  in  the  development  of  its  many  resources, 
aside  from  that  of  mining  alone, 
and  it  is  to  the  working  of  the 
many  rich  quartz  ledges  of  Mon- 
tana that  Montana  owes  its  present 
great  degree  of  prosperity. 

The  history  of  the  discovery 
of  the  gold  and  silver  mines  of 
Montana  is  almost  coeval  with  the 
working  of  the  placer  deposits  of  the  territory.  The  Dakota  Lode,  bearing 
gold  quartz,  was  discovered  at  Bannock,  and  located  on  November  12,  1862. 
A  mill  to  crush  the  quartz  from  the  lode  was  erected  in  the  following  JSpring.  This 
was  the  lirst  quartz  mill  set  up  in  the  territory.  It  was  a  rattle-trap  affair,  contain- 
ing wooden  stamps  on  which  pieces  of  wagon  tire  were  used  for  shoes.  The  first 
silver  mill  in  the  territory  was  the  old  Pioneer,  now  owned  by  the  Hope  Company, 
at  Phillipsburg.  It  was  built  in  1865  by  Ex-Ciovernor  Samuel  T.  Hauser  and 
Dr.  George  C.  Swallow.  The  pans  for  this  mill  were  shipped  V^y  wagon  all  the  way 
from  San  Francisco. 

The  building  of  the  Utah  Northern  and  Northern  Pacific  railroads  gave  a  great 
impetus  to  quartz  mining  in  Montana.  Prior  to  that  time  there  were  no  facilities 
in  the  territory  for  reducing  ores.  The  advent  of  the  iron  horse  wrought  a  great 
change  in  the  old  methods  in  use  by  the  different  mining  companies  who  were  oper- 
ating here.  Soon  after  the  cars  reached  Montana  great  smelters  were  built  on  its 
prominent  mining  properties,  and  Montana  commenced  to  forge  to  the  front  as  the 
greatest  mining  district  of  the  United  vStates.  In  1883  the  total  output  of  the  gold 
and  silver  mines  of  Montana  amounted  to  only  j^7,8oo,cx)o.  Five  years  later  this 
output  was  increased  to  $23,759,000.  Of  this,  $14,735,000  was  in  copper  and  lead. 
Before  1883  but  small  (|uantities  of  these  latter  metals  were  produced  in  the  terri- 
tor}-.     ;Montana  is  today  the  greatest  mineral-producing  state  of  the  United  States. 

The  copper  industries  of  Butte  were  first  developed  in  1S75.  Since  that  time 
the  mines  here  have  become  the  greatest  copper  producers  in  America.  The  great 
Anaconda  mines,  at  Butte,  are  now  noted  as  the  mammoth  copper  mines  of  the 
world.  They  consist  of  six  well  developed  mines.  The  original  mine  was  bought 
in  18S0  by  the  California  millionaire,  J.  B.  Haggin,  for  $30,000.  The  Anaconda  was 
run  as  a  private  concern  until  1891,  when  it  was  made  a  stock  company,  with  a 
capital  of  f  25,000,000.  The  ore  from  the  mines  here  is  shipped  by  rail  to  the  neigh- 
boring city  of  Anaconda,  where  the  company  owning  the  mines  operates  the  largest 
reduction  works  in  the  world.  Montana's  copper  product  is  larger  than  that  of  any 
state  in  the  Union.  A  few  years  ago  the  mines  on  Lake  Superior,  in  Michigan,  were 
regarded  as  the  greatest  copper  producers  in  the  world.  Now  a  single  Montana 
mine,  the  Anaconda,  produces  nearly  two-thirds  as  much  copper  as  is  yielded  by  all 
the  mines  of  Michigan.  The  production  of  copper  in  Montana,  from  1882  to  1892, 
was  as  follows  :  1882,9,058,284  pounds;  1883,24,664,346  pounds;  1884,  43,093,554 
pounds;  18S5,  67,797,864  pounds  ;  1886,  57,611,621  pounds  ;  1887,  78,699,677  pounds  ; 
1888,97,897,958  pounds;  1889,  105,130,000  pounds;   1890,  112,925,000  pounds;  1891, 


I  4 


HA 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


\:, 


\ 


112,763,420  pounds ;  1892,  159,212,203  pounds.  This  makes  a  total  production  for 
the  II  years  of  868,853,427  pounds.  Of  the  Montana  copper  product  for  1892,  the 
mines  at  Hutte  produced  158,413,284  pounds,  which,  with  the  remaining  789,919 
pounds  produced  in  the  state  that  year,  had  a  market  value  of  $19, 105,464. 

In  1892  Montana  produced  143,508  ounces  of  gold,  worth  $2,966,572,  and  17,405,- 
093  ounces  of  siher,  of  a  coining  value  of  ^22,503,554.  The  total  value  of  the  product 
of  all  mines  in  Montana  in  1892,  was  $45,565,626.  There  was  an  increase  during  that 
year  over  the  output  of  the  previous  year  of  3,637  ounces  of  gold  and  1,056,026 
ounces  of  silver.  The  yield  of  the  precious  metals  in  Montana,  from  1862  to  1892, 
according  to  the  best  obtainable  data,  was  as  follows  :  1862  to  1867,  gold  $74,ooj,ou(J, 
1868,  gold  $15,0(30,000 ;  1S69,  gold  $9,000,000;  1870,  gold  $9,100,003;  1871,  gold 
$8,050,000;  1872,  gold  $6,068,000;  1873,  gold  $5,187,047;  1874,  gold  $3,844,722;  1875, 
gohl  $3,573. 6u() ;  1876,  gold$3,o78,oi3,  silver  $1,132,976  ;  1877,  gold  $3,200,600,  silver 
$750,000;  1878,  gold  $2,260,511;  silver  $1,669,635;  1879,  gold  $2,500,000,  silver 
$2,225,030;  18S0,  gold  $2,40(3,000,  silver  $2,5oo,ckx);  iSfSi,  gold  $3,000,000,  silver 
$3,500,000;  1882,  gold  $2,550,000,  silver  $4,370,000;  1883,  gold  $1,800,000,  silver 
$6,000,000;  1884,  gold  12,170,0: 'J,  silver  $7,000,000;  1885,  gold  $3,409,400,  silver 
$9, 171.9^3  ;  ^'^^'^,  golil  i»4 , 425. u^->o>  'ilver  $12,400,000;  1887,  gold  $5, 978,536,  silver 
$17,817,300;  1888,  gold  .'j54,2(X',?53,  silver  $20,405,300  ;  1889,  gold  $3,794,009,  silver 
$20,038,871;  1890,  gold  $3,022,577,  silver  $20,337,317  ;  1891,  gold  $2,891,386,  silver 
$21,138,186;   1892,  gold   $2,966,571,  silver  $22,503,554.      This   makes   a   total  output 

from  the  mines  of  Montana,  between  the  j'ears  1862 
and  1892  inclusive,  of  gold  $187,469,964,  silver 
$172,971,376,  a  grand  total  of  $360,441,340. 

Nearly  all  the  ores  of  Montana  carry  a  small 
percentage  of  lead.  The  lead  output  of  the  state,  in 
1892,  amounted  to  25,715,197  pounds,  of  a  market 
value  of  $990,035.  While  Montana  stands  pre-emi- 
nent as  a  producer  of  minerals,  her  record  as  a 
dividend-payer  is  becoming  equally  as  noteworthy.  In  1892  the  mines  of  the  state 
paid  one-fourth  of  the  dividends  paid  by  all  the  mining  companies  of  the  United 
States.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  dividends  paid  by  Montana  mines  up 
to  the  1st  of  December,  1892,  except  such  mines  as  the  Anaconda  and  others  that  are 
controlled  by  close  corporations,  and  which  never  make  their  profits  known  :  the 
Alice,  Butte,  $975,000;  the  Amy  and  Silversmith,  Butte,  $247,530;  Boston  and  Mon- 
tana, Butte,  $2,075,000  ;  Boston  and  Montana,  Gloster,  $520,000;  the  Elkhorn,  Jeff- 
erson county,  $571,000;  the  Ivmpire,  Lewis  &  Clark,  $70, cx30  ;  the  Granite  Mountain, 
Granite,  $11,880,000;  Bi-Metallic,  |i, 800,000;  the  Cumberland,  $15,000 :  the  Hecla, 
Consolidated,  Beaverhead  county,  fi,5oo,oo<3;  the  Hope,  Phillipsburg,  $233,532  ;  the 
Iron  Mountain,  $110,000;  the  Glengarry,  $io,0(3o;  the  Lexington,  Butte,  $609,000; 
the  Drum  Lummon,  Marysville,  $2,489,675;  the  Moulton,  Butte,  $380,000;  the  Par- 
rot, Butte,  $i,8oo,ock)  ;  the  Pandora,  $6,000.     Total,  $25,291,737. 

Following  is  the  detailed  statement  of  the  production  of  gold  and  silver  in  Mon- 
tana, by  counties,  for  the  year  1892:  Beaverhead,  gold,  $78,829.97,  silver,  $836,473.34  ; 
Cascade,  gold,  $560.37,  silver,  $1.54;  Choteau,  gold,  $1,205.81,  silver,  $307.67;  Deer 
Lodge,  gold,  $367,819.62,  silver,  $6,795,409.12  ;  Fergus,  gold,  $1,339.76,  silver,  $601.77  ; 
Gallatin,  gold,  $2,453.79,  silver,  $39.10;  Jefferson,  gold,  $186,391.61,  silver,  $2,177, - 
762.97;  Lewis  and  Clarke,  gold,  $667,254.93,  silver,  $109,439.88;  Meagher,  gold,  $41,- 


MONTAN*  Building,  World's  Fair. 


215-57,  : 
gold,  ^1, 
Bow,  go] 
refiners 

|83«,563 
in  silver 

One 
the  Sapj 
capital 
miles  (lis 
diggings 
were  sea 
found  he 
est  watei 
the  oriej 
ruby.  ^ 
gems  an( 
aids,  ton 
tin,  bisn 
best  vari 
the  state 
the  state 
along  the 
grade  fro: 
inous.  S 
The  larg( 
Livingsto 
Company 
the  state 
smelters  j 

Mini 
tion  of  tV 
this  far  di 
fish,  vast 
Washingt 
that  have 
ciers  and ; 
which  is  £ 
try  of  Al; 
increasing 

Next 
of  Alaska 
1 ,000  mile 
memory  c 
Owing  to 
of  the  ter: 
climates  ti 
ing  on  the 


Mining  in  the  Pucific  Xorthwest. 


a-) 


215.57,  silver,  $386,287.18;  Madison,  gold,  1128,374.43,  silver,  $2,407.58;  Missoula, 
gold,  $37,827.22,  silver,  $610,029.75;  Park,  gold,  |5i,(X)8.i4,  silver,  $526.61  ;  Silver 
Bow,  gold,  748,786.77,  silver,  $10,745,704.49.  Montana  products  reported  by  smelters, 
refiners  and  mints  and  assay  offices  not  otherwise  included,  gold,  $653,503. 1 1  ;  silver, 
$838,563.75  ;  or  a  total  product  of  the  state  of  $2,966,571.90  in  gold,  and  $22,503,554.75 
in  silver. 

One  of  the  surprises  in  Montana  mining  circles  was  the  formation,  in  1S91,  of 
the  Sapphire  and  Rub)'  Company,  limited.  This  company  was  backed  by  English 
capital  for  the  exploration  of  the  .sapphire  mines,  on  Kl  Dorado  bar,  only  a  few 
miles  distant  from  Helena.  The  sapphire  was  sometimes  found  in  the  early  placer 
diggings  of  Montana.  Little  attention  was  paid  to  it,  however,  by  the  miners  who 
were  searching  for  gold.  It  was  not  until  recent  years  that  the  value  of  these  gems 
found  here  became  known.  Montana  sapphires  are  of  the  largest  size  and  the  pur- 
est water,  and  of  the  most  brilliant  colors.  The  varieties  most  common  here  are 
the  oriental  emerald,  the  oriental  topaz,  the  oriental  amethyst  and  the  oriental 
ruby.  No  gem,  except  the  diamond,  excels  them  in  hardness  and  brilliancy.  Other 
gems  and  metals  found  in  Montana,  in  greater  or  less  abundance,  are  garnets,  emer- 
alds, tourmalines,  mica,  asbestos,  amianthus,  telluride  of  gold, 
tin,  bismuth,  antimony,  nickel,  zitic,  and  vast  quantities  of  the 
best  varieties  of  iron  ore.  Another  great  mineral  resource  of 
the  state  lies  in  the  extensive  coal  fields  in  the  eastern  part  of 
the  state.  These  coal  measures  underlie  70,000  sfjuare  miles 
along  the  Missouri  and  Yellowstone  rivers.  The  coal  runs  in 
grade  from  an  inferior  quality  of  lignite  to  a  fair  grade  of  bitum- 
inous. Some  of  this  coal  produces  a  superior  quality  of  coke. 
The  largest  coal  mine  in  the  state  is  located  eight  miles  from 
Livingstone,  and  is  owned  by  the  Helena  Smelting  and  Refining 
Company.  The  output  of  the  coal  mines  now  being  worked  in 
the  state  is  largely  used  by  the  railroads  and  by  the  Butte 
smelters  and  reduction  works. 

Mining  in  Alaska. — Alaska,  the  latest  territorial  acquisi- 
tion of  the  United  States,  is  seemingly  out  of  the  world.  Yet  in 
this  far  distant  region  to  the  north  are  mighty  rivers  alive  with 
fish,  vast  forests  of  the  same  fine  qualit}'  of  timber  found  in 
Washington  and  Oregon  to  the  south,  and  the  great  seal  rookeries  off  the  coast 
that  have  already  yielded  millions  of  dollars  in  wealth.  In  this  land  of  great  gla- 
ciers and  sublime  scenery,  a  few  thousand  men  produce  millions  of  wealth  annually, 
which  is  added  to  the  riches  of  the  United  States.  The  fisheries  and  sealing  indus- 
try of  Alaska  are  very  important  and  the  output  of  these  industries  is  annualy 
increasing. 

Next  to  its  seals  and  its  fisheries,  the  greatest  source  of  revenue  to  the  territory 
of  Alaska  is  from  the  working  of  its  mines.  On  the  Yukon  river  for  more  than 
1,000  miles  from  its  mouth,  are  placers  that  in  richness  and  extent  recall  to  the 
memory  of  the  miner  the  early  scenes  of  Alder  gulch,  Montana  in  its  palmy  days. 
Owing  to  the  short  season  of  three  months  in  Alaska,  however,  the  mineral  output 
of  the  territory  is  not  as  large  as  it  would  be  were  the  same  mines  found  in  warmer 
climates  to  the  south.  It  must  be  remembered  that  while  the  part  of  Alaska  border- 
ing on  the  coast  enjoys  a  climate  as  balmy  as  that  of  Portland,  the  interior  of  the  ter- 


MONTANA  Silver  Statue. 
WORLD'S  Fair. 


( 


: 


8() 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  o/  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


■.-y:j2^:y:i=f:'im^'^?^£r*^: 


HtnD  Buffalo,  Flathead  Valley,  Montana 


ritory  is  subject  to  the  cold  of  the 

arctic  circle  in  which  a  great  part 

_  i^-™——-—,^  ,.^_  of  Alaska  is  situated.     It  is  in  this 

^^^Li'-  ^•^--—i^HS^t^Sf^^^/StiS^^fH^Hl^^'^    ^"'*^  ^^^^^  \.\iii.\.   most  of  the  placer 

"■4^     .     -  '^W^MtmcTulSkwS?^^Qmt<Jf   .gold  is  found  and  it  is  the  intense 

cold   of  this   region   alone    which 
prevents  the  rich  placers  here  from 
yielding  largely.   In  order  to  reach 
these  diggings   it   is  necessary   to 
make  long,  expensive  and  sometimes  dangerous  journeys 
to  the  interior.     Alaska  is  a  country  of  magnificent  dis- 
tances and  as  yet  but  an  exceedingly  small  part  of  its 
area  has  been  explored.     That  the   countr}-  is  exceed- 
ingly rich  in  precious  metals,  is   the  opinion  of  every 
mining  man  and  mineralogist  who  has  ever  visited  it. 

In  1892  Alaska  yielded  |i, 09  ), 476.55  in  precious  metals.  With  the  exception  of 
the  small  amount  of  $10,030,  all  of  this  was  gold.  Of  the  total  mineral  production 
of  the  territory  in  1892  the  great  Treadwell  mine  produced  1676,226.53.  This  mine 
contains  enormous  deposits  of  low-grade  free-milling  ore,  most  of  which  hardly  aver- 
ages $7  a  ton.  This,  however,  is  one  of  the  greatest  mines  of  the  United  States 
today.  It  is  located  on  Douglas  island  and  is  worked  throughout  the  year.  It  is 
estimated  that  in  the  year  1892  the  placer  mines  of  the  Yukon  river,  in  Alaska,  pro- 
duced $1 11,000  in  gold.  This  was  an  increase  of  about  $10,000  over  the  product  of 
the  same  placers  for  the  preceding  year.  Mining  in  Alaska  has  a  bright  future  and 
the  gold  output  of  the  territory  will  doubtless  show  a  large  increase  with  each  suc- 
ceeding year. 

The  Coal,  Field.s  ok  Washington. — The  state  of  Washington  is  one  great 
storehouse,  in  which  is  locked  up  a  source  of  wealth  in  latent  industries  that  is  but 
illy  appreciated  by  the  average  visitor  to  the  West.  Washington  has  thousands  of 
acres  of  the  finest  agricultural  lands  not  yet  touched  by  the  plow.  The  state  has 
vast  deposits  of  gold,  silver,  copper,  iron  and  other  metals.  The  forests  of  Wash- 
ington contain  the  .argest  and  best  class  of  timber  in  the  world.  The  rivers  of  the 
state  and  the  fishing  banks  of  Puget  Sound  and  the  Pacific  ocean  to  the  West  teem 
with  countless  varieties  of  the  finest  of  food  fishes,  and  the  climate  of  this  part 
of  the  coast  is  of  an  equable  nature  that  will  especially  commend  it  to  those  who 
have  braved  the  rigor  of  a  Winter  in  Dakota  or  Minnesota.  In  the  extent  and 
diversity  of  its  resources,  the  state  of  Washington  is  one  of  the  most  favored  states 
of  the  Union,  and  the  development  of  these  resources  will,  within  the  next  ten 
years,  make  Washington  a  populous  and  rich  commonwealth. 

At  the  present  time  the  leading  industry  of  Washington  is  the  sawing  of  lumber. 
Next  in  importance  to  the  lumber  industry,  is  the  mining  of  coal.  Washington 
possesses  the  largest  coal  fields  in  the  United  States.  While  the  estimate  of  the 
extent  of  these  deposits  cannot  be  definitely  stated  at  the  present  time,  owing  to  the 
fact  that  there  has  never  been  a  geological  survey  made  of  the  state,  the  estimate 
that  there  are  no  less  than  1,000,000  acres  of  coal  land  in  Washington  is  perhaps 
conservative.  Coal  is  known  to  exist  in  18  of  the  34  counties  of  the  state.  Twenty 
coalmines  are  now  being  extensively  worked  in  this  field,  and  in  addition  consider- 
able prospecting   for   coal   is  constantly  being  done,  and  isolated  mines  are  being 


worked 
referred  1 
coal  in 
this  ou| 
though 
into  dirtl 
petitioj 
English 
tral ian| 
brought 
coast  pril 
as  ballast 
ing  vessej 

The 
most  acct 
the   large 
worked  tc 
far  in  the 
no  less  va 
portion  of 
B.  C,  con 
other  coas 
what  the 
foreign  pr 
on  the  coi 
and  it  is 
Washingtc 

With 
of  the  Noi 
of  the  Cas 
British  boi 
of  Puget  S 
bituminou 
base  of  th 
principal!; 
Cascade  IV 
into  four  d 
Pierce  cou 

The  i 
extends  fi 
south  to  tl 
four  worki 
coal  mcasi 
as  these  ai 
these  vein 
pinch  to  a 
est  the  scl- 
ally  losing 


yiining  in  the  Pacific  Xorthwest. 


m 


''*¥^ 


A  Coal  Mine  and  Dump,  neah  Tacoma 


worked  in  a  small  way.  The  20  mines 
referred  to  above,  yielded  482,000  tons  of 
coal  in  1892,  and 
this  output,  al- 
though brouj^ht 
into  direct  com- 
petition with 
English  and  Aus- 
tralian  coals, 
brought  to  this 
coast  principally 
as  ballast  in  sail- 
ing vessels,  found  a  ready  sale  in  all  parts  of  the  coast. 

The  coal  of  Washington  ranges  in  character  from  lignite  to  anthracite.  The 
most  accessible  veins  are  of  the  bituminous  and  lignite  quality,  and  for  this  reason 
the  large  deposits  of  anthracite  known  to  exist  in  the  state  have  not  yet  been 
worked  to  any  extent.  The  quality  of  the  anthracite  which  has  been  uncovered  so 
far  in  the  state,  however,  is  known  to  be  good,  and  these  deposits  in  time  will  prove 
no  less  valuable  than  those  of  Pennsylvania.  Washington  now  supplies  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  coal  burned  on  the  coast.  The  Wellington  coal  of  Vancouver  Island, 
B.  C,  comes  into  direct  competition  with  Washington  coal  in  the  San  Francisco  and 
other  coast  markets,  but,  as  the  Washington  coal  can  be  sold  considerably  below 
what  the  coal  from  the  province  can  be  landed  this  side  of  the  border  for,  the 
foreign  product  is  at  a  disadvantage  in  this  field.  The  increased  demand  for  coal 
on  the  coast  is  leading  to  the  opening  of  more  remote  coal  properties  in  the  state, 
and  it  is  only  a  question  of  a  few  years  when  all  the  valuable  mines  of  coal  in 
Washington  will  be  worked. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Roslyn  mines,  located  in  Kittitas  county,  on  the  line 
of  the  Northern  Pacific,  the  present  productive  coal  mines  of  Washington  lie  west 
of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  known  lignite  measures  of  the  state  extend  from  the 
British  boundary,  on  the  north,  to  the  Columbia,  on  the  south,  and  from  the  shores 
of  Puget  Sound,  on  the  east  for  an  average  distance  inland  of  about  15  miles.  The 
bituminous  mea=;!rcs  adjoin  the,  lignite  belt  on  the  east  and  extend  eastward  to  the 
base  of  the  Cascauc  nnge,  while  the  anthracite  deposits  occur  in  separated  areas, 
principally  in  t.e  vi<:  nity  of  the  Natchez,  Cowlitz  and  Snoqualmie  Passes,  in  the 
Cascade  Mountai's,  The  coal  fields  of  Western  Washington  are  properly  divided 
into  four  distri.ts,  Tl.ese  are  the  districts  of  the  Skagit-Whatcom,  King  county, 
Pierce  coun'.y  and  T,ewis  County. 

The  Skagit-Whatcom  field  is  located  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state  and 
extends  from  the  British  boundary  south  to  Bellingham  Bay,  and  from  this  point 
south  to  the  Skagit  river.  Its  area  is  about  360  square  miles.  This  field  contains 
four  workable  veins  of  high  grade  bituminous  coal,  and  three  veins  of  lignite.  The 
coal  measures  in  this  field  are  underlaid  with  clay  schists  and  metamorphic  slates,  and, 
as  these  are  an  upheaval,  the  coal  shows  a  very  disturbed  condition.  The  coal  in 
these  veins  docs  not  run  regularly,  but  is  "pockety,"  i.  e.,  the  veins  irregularly 
pinch  to  almost  nothing  or  thicken  out  to  abnormal  widths.  The  veins  of  coal  near- 
est the  schists  are  richest  in  carbon  and  lowest  in  moisture,  the  higher  levels  gradu- 
ally losing  carbon  as  they  recede   from  the  schists,  until,  in  a  few  instances,  a  fine 


lit  ^ 


i 


if\ 


■i 

y  I 

i 


•Vl 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


*~  '^  iilM 

lAO     111112.0 


1.8 


1.25 

1.4     11,6 

1 

♦ 6"     ► 

v: 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


^0^'^^ 


S 


^•N 


:\ 


,v 


\ 


s 


<h 


y^ .  ^ 


^:o. 


O 


% 


^^ 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTIR.N.Y    14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


^ 


%°  ^ 


C/j 


o 


88 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


grade  of  locomotive  coal  is  found,  while  on  the  Skagit  the  coal  yields  a  coke  equal  to 
any  made  from  the  best  Pennsylvania  coal. 

The  dips  of  the  veins  in  this  district  are  very  changeable,  ranging  from  30  degrees 
to  vertical,  and  depend  upon  which  slope  of  the  great  antichinal  and  synchinal  folds 
the  veins  are  exposed.  Near  Hamilton,  on  the  Skagit,  the  coal  found  is  very  rich  in 
carbon.  At  this  place  there  are  three  or  four  distinct  veins,  dipping  at  an  angle  of  45 
degrees.  In  this  same  vicinity  large  veins  of  iron  ore  arc  exposed  to  view  by  the 
Skagit  river  having  cut  through  these  deposits.  At  Jennings,  a  short  distance  from 
Hamilton,  are  three  coal  veins  which  are  being  developed,  and  coke  ovens  have 
already  been  constructed  at  this  point.  This  coal  makes  an  excellent  quality  of  coke 
and  will  be  found  very  convenient  for  smelting  purposes.  Experts  who  have  exam- 
ined the  coal  measures  at  Jennings,  are  strongly  of  the  opinion  that  oil  exists  in  the 
vicinity,  and  a  test  will  soon  be  made  to  prove  the  correctness  of  this  theory. 

To  the  northwest  of  Jennings  is  the  coal  mine  at  Blue  Canyon,  on  the  eastern 
shore  of  Lake  Whatcom.  This  coal  is  decidedly  "pockety"  and  varies  in  thickness 
from  one  foot  to  twenty  feet.  It  is  a  high  gradec-oal  and  especially  adapted  to  gas- 
making  purposes.     About  135,000  tons  have  already  been  mined  here,  most  of  which 

has  been  shipped  to  San  Francisco  from  New  What- 
com. The  latter  city  is  located  on  Bellingham  Bay 
near  the  point  where  the  first  coal  was  r'iscovered  in 
:  the  state.  This  coal  was  mined  nearly  40  years  ago 
for  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  steamers.  Nearly 
every  gulch  on  either  side  of  Lake  Whatcom  has  its 
coal  prospect,  while  along  the  coast  line  of  Chuckanut 
Bay  the  coal  measures  crop  out  for  miles,  showing 
an  enormous  thickness,  but  considerable  develop- 
ment work  has  only  proved  their  worthlessuess.  The 
country  north  from  Lake  Whatcom  is  flat  and  conse- 
(jucntly  no  exposures  arc  seen,  but  the  conclusion  has 
been  reached  that  no  coal  exists  in  this  flat  area,  for 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Railroad  Company  has  bored  to  great  depths  across  the  line 
without  finding  any  coal  of  value.  The  productive  part  of  this  field  is  nearly  all  on 
the  eastern  ridge,  or  nearest  the  mountains.  The  western  portion  is  almost  barren, 
with  the  exception  of  a  few  lignite  veins  found  with  a  drill.  During  1892  the  yield 
from  t!ie  coal  field  was  as  follows  :  Jennings,  4,740  tons;  Blue  Canyon,  25,675  tons  ; 
making  a  total  production  of  30,415  tons  for  the  year. 

The  analysis  of  the  coals  found  in  this  field  show  the  following  results  :  Jen- 
nings: Coal — fixed  carbon,  60,95;  volatile  comp.,  28. 75;  moisture  [water],  .3?;  ash, 
9,95;  sulphur,  .45;  color  of  ash,  whitish  gray;  coke,  70.90.  The  coal  found  m  the 
Jennings  mine  shows  the  following  analysis:  Fixed  carbon,  86.76;  moisture  [water], 
.44;  ash,  II. 12;  sulphur,  .841.  The  Blue  Canyon  Coal — fixed  car])on,  59.90;  vola- 
tile comp. ,  37.70;  moisture  (water),  1.30;  ash,  2. 10.  The  Hamilton  coal  —  Sample 
No.  I — fixed  carbon,  77.41;  volatile  comp.,  7.46;  moisture  (water),  .25;  ash,  14.88; 
sulphur,  .22;  evaporating  down  to  one  pound  coal,  9.50.  Sample  No.  2 — fixed  carbon, 
80.20;  volatile  comp.,  8.44;  moisture  (watei),  .30;  ash,  11.06;  sulphur,  .21;  evaporat- 
ing down  to  one  pound  coal,  9.75.  Sample  No  3 — fixed  carbon,  81.37;  volatile  comp., 
II. 10;  moisture  (water),  .42;  ash,  7,11;  sulphur,  .86;  evaporating  down  to  one  pound 
coal,  10.00.        Sample  No.  4 — fixed  carbon,  71.66;    volatile  comp.,  18.80;    moisture 


Coke  Oven,  near  Tacoma. 


(wl 
asll 

12.1 

spe 

toni 
foul 
coal 
crel 

do\i 

qu£ 

of 


Mining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


m 


PMOTO,    By  MITCHELL  A 
SVITH,    PU¥ALLLI^'. 


(water),  1.19;  ash,  8.35.  Hamilton  Coke  —  Sample  No.  i — anhydrous  coke,  92.30; 
ash,  16.20;  specific  gravity,  1.426.  Sample  No.  2  —  anhydrous  coke,  91.26;  ash, 
12.12;  specific  gravity,  1.389.  Sample  No.  3  —  anhydrous  coke,  88.48;  ash,  8.04; 
specific  gravity,  1.346. 

The  King  county  field  is  the  largest  and  best  developed  coal  field  in  Washing- 
ton. It  is  divided  into  two  classes  of  coal,  one  a  very  high-grade  of  lignite,  which  is 
found  in  an  area  covering  about  120  square  miles.  The  other  is  a  semi-bituminous 
coal  found  in  an  area  covering  about  300  square  miles.  This  coal  belongs  to  the 
cretaceous  period.  Nearly  all  of  King  county  is  covered  with  glacial  drift  carried 
down  by  glaciers  from  the  Cascade  Mountains  during  the  glacial  epoch  of  the 
quartenary  period.  In  some  instances  the  grourd  is  covered  by  this  drift  to  a  depth 
of  300  feet.  Thus,  were  it  not  for  the  river  beds  of  ancient  water-courses,  bed- 
rock would  seldom  be  exposed  here.  The  lignite  of  this  field  possesses  great  heat- 
ing qualities,  and  is  used  for  both  domestic  and  steam  purposes.  This  coal  kindles 
easily  and  makes  a  hot  fire,  and  is  almost  as  clean  to  handle  as  wood.  The  general 
dip  of  the  lignite  veins  seems  to  be  to  the  north,  while  in  the  bituminous  district 
there  is  no  regularity  whatever  and,  as  the  veins  of  the  latter  deposits  approach  the 
mountains,  the  strata    becon'.e  very  distorted,  but  the  coal  becomes  much  richer. 

An  interesting  illustration  of  the  peculiarities  of 
contracted  strata  is  found  in  the  Green  River 
canyon.  At  one  point  here  the  vein  emerges  from 
the  river,  rises  into  the  exposed  side  of  the  river 
bank,  turns  over  and  then  disappears  again  under 
the  river  in  an  opposite  direction,  all  in  a  distance 
of  a  little  over  100  feet.  The  crushing  the  coal 
was  subjected  to  here  can  be  distinctly  seen  in 
the  open  fissures  at  the  top  of  the  vein  and  the 
squeezed,  contracted  conditions  at  the  bottom. 

At  Oilman  there  are  four  veins  of  coal,  varying  in  thickness  from  four  to  nine 
feet,  between  walls  dipping  at  an  angle  cf  35°.  This  is  the  well-known  prop- 
erty of  the  Seattle  Coal  &  Iron  Company,  one  of  the  largest  mining  corporations  in 
Washington.  The  coal  at  Gilman  is  a  very  high-grade  lignite,  and  is  adapted  to 
both  domestic  use  and  steam  purposes.  It  is  used  by  all  the  railroads  entering 
Seattle,  and  has  a  large  retail  sale  in  all  the  cities  of  the  Pacific  coast.  The  output 
of  this  mine  reached  the  lart*e  total  of  103,000  tons  in  1892,  and  the  extensive  devel- 
opment now  being  done  here  will  increase  the  output  during  the  current  year 
to  nearly  1,500  tons  a  day.  The  general  oflices  of  the  company  are  located  at  Seat- 
tle. A  wholesale  yard  and  office  are  maintained  in  San  Francisco,  and  a  yanl  is  also 
operated  by  the  company  at  Gnajanias,  Mexico.  The  bunkers  at  Gilman  have  a 
capacity  of  2,200  tons,  and  the  retail  bunkers  at  Seattle  hold  i.otw  tons.  Coasting 
vessels  are  loaded  with  this  coal  at  Smith's  Cove,  just  above  Seattle.  The  coal 
mined  at  Gilman  is  unexcelled  for  burning  '.:  locomotives.  It  burns  freely,  is  com- 
paratively free  from  sulphur,  does  not  injure  the  tubes  of  the  boiler,  and  makes  steam 
rapidly.     Engines  using  this  coal  have  never  suffered  from  leaky  flues. 

The  Newcastle  mine  is  situated  four  miles  west  of  Gilman.  It  has  been  woiKed 
for  over  25  years  past,  and  is  today  one  of  the  greatest  producing  coal  mines  in  the 
state.  In  the  Newcastle  are  five  distinct  veins,  three  of  which  are  workable.  These 
veins  vary  in  thickness  from  5  to  20  feet.     The  floor  and  roof  are  of  sandrock,  and 


HAULING  Coal  from  Mines,  Gilman,  Wash 


>i     I 


90 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


r-MOTO.    B»  MITCHELL  A  SMITH,    PUYALLUP. 


COAL  Mining,  Oilman,  wash 


in  places  acres  of  coal  have  been  mined  without  the  use  of  supports  of  any  kind. 
The  slope,  which  is  now  down  2,000  feet,  is  the  longest  in  Western  Washington. 

The  Cedar  Mountain,  another  lignite  mine,  is  eight  miles  southeast  of  Newcas- 
tle.    This  vein  maintains  an  average  width  of  about  12  feet.     At  Renton  are  tour 

veins  of  coal  varying  in  thickness  from  3  to  15 
feet.  A  fair  vein  of  lignite  is  also  found  at  Black 
River  Junction.  The  Black  Diamond  mine  is 
situated  southeast  of  Cedar  Mountain.  This  prop- 
^erty  contains  five  veins  of  semi-bituminous  coal, 
three  of  which  can  be  worked.  These  vary  in 
thickness  from  three  to  eight  feet,  and  furnish  an 
excellent  steam  coal,  which  is  in  great  demand 
in  San  Francisco.  The  Franklin  mines  are 
three  miles  further  east,  and  really  belong  to 
the  same  field  as  the  Black  Diamond.  They  con- 
tain four  veins,  with  a  dip  varying  from  17  to  55 
degrees.  Beyond  the  Franklin,  and  further  to  the  east,  are  the  coal  mines  of  Coke- 
dale,  Kangley,  Alta  and  Durham.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  last  named  mines  a  num- 
ber of  veins  have  been  discovered,  and  some  of  these  veins  will  doubtless  prove  pay- 
ing properties.  At  the  present  time,  however,  it  is  impossible  to  form  any  reliable 
estimate  of  their  producing  qualities. 

Scattered  all  over  the  field,  from  Palmer  to  Grand  Ridge,  are  dozens  of  holes  and 
tunnels,  on  some  of  which  considerable  work  has  already  been  done.  The  prop- 
erties at  Sherwood's,  Raging  creek  and  Niblock's  are  especially  developed.  At 
the  latter  place  there  are  some  seven  er  eight  veins  of  coal  which  make  an  excel- 
lent coke. 

The  output  of  the  King  county  coal  mines,  during  1892,  was  as  follows  :  Oilman, 
103, OCX)  tons  ;  Newcastle,  160,000  tons  ;  Cedar  Mountain,  13,000  tons  ;  Black  Diamond, 
9o,cxx)  tons ;  Franklin,  75,ocx)tons;  Alta,  14,000  tons;  Kangley,  25,0^0  tons ;  Denny, 
4,000  tons,  making  a  total  of  484,000  tons  for  the  year. 

The  following  is  the  analysis  of  coals  found  in  King  county  :  Oilman,  fixed  car- 
bon, 53.49;  volatile  comp.,  32.64  ;  moisture,  2.05  ;  ash,  i  r. 40  :  sulphur,  .42.  Newcas- 
tle, fixed  carbon,  43.90;  volatile,  46.57;  moisture,  2.12;  ash,  7.28;  sulphur,  .13. 
Franklin,  fixed  carbon,  50.78  ;  volatile,  34.63  ;  moisture,  3.66  ;  ash,  10.93  ;  coke,  61.71, 
Black  Diamond,  fixed  carbon,  45.11  ;  volatile,  47.19;  moisture,  3.11  ;  ash,  4.56;  sul- 
phur, .01.  Cedar  Mountain,  fixed  carbon,  37.20;  volatile,  41.40;  moisture,  13.00; 
ash,  8.40.  Kangley,  fixed  carbon,  52.00;  volatile,  45.50;  moisture,  i.oo;  ash,  1.50. 
Niblock  (washed),  fixed  carbon,  79.66;  volatile,  14.99;  moisture,  3.92;  ash,  i.io; 
sulphur,  .33. 

The  Pierce  county  field  is  small  in  area,  but  rich  in  the  number  and  thickness  of 
its  veins  of  coal.  The  coal  found  in  this  field  is  all  of  an  excellent  quality,  and  is  in 
great  demand  in  San  Fancisco  and  the  cities  of  Puget  Sound.  A  large  quantity  of 
this  coal  is  also  made  into  coke.  At  Wilkeson  there  are  50  coke  ovens  in  full  blast, 
and  this  coke  is  shipped  from  this  point  in  large  quantities.  The  Pierce  county  coal 
field  commences  at  South  Prairie  and  extends  in  a  line  due  south  to  the  Nisqually 
river,  a  distance  of  26  miles.  The  measures  are  of  greaf  width,  being  from  20,000  to 
25,000  feet  thick,  and  standing,  usually,  from  70  degrees  to  perpendicular.  The  area 
of  this  field  is  about  100  square  miles.     It  is  very  difficult  of  access,  and  this  is  a 


Mining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


91 


serious  drawback  to  operating  the  mines  found  here.  The  rugged  canyons  of  the 
Mashel,  Puyallup  and  Carbon  rivers,  with  their  deep,  turbulent  waters,  present  obsta- 
cles to  successful  working  of  many  of  these  mines  that  will  require  the  highest  skill 
and  ingenuity  to  overcome. 

Commencing  at  the  southern  end  of  the  county,  the  coal  is  exposed  at  a  point 
overlooking  the  valley  of  the  Nisqually  river.  At  this  p'ace  is  a  favorable  location 
for  a  coal  mine,  but  from  this  point  north  to  Wilkeson  the  country  is  yet  an  unbro- 
ken wilderness.  The  coal  veins  crop  out  from  the  flanks  of  the  steep  moutitain 
side  dipping,  usually,  to  the  east  at  heavy  angles.  At  other  times  they  can  be  traced 
up  the  beds  of  the  mountain  streams,  cropping  out,  one  after  another,  in  bewildering 
numbers.  In  places  where  igneous  masses  of  rock  are  adjacent,  the  coal  approaches 
an  anthracite  in  appearance  and  quality,  and  is  always  a  first  class  bituminous  coal, 
which  makes  excellent  coke.  This  vast  deposit  of  coal  will,  in  time,  be  of  great 
commercial  value  to  the  Pacific  coast,  especially  when  the  manufacture  of  pig-iron 
and  the  smelting  of  silver  shall  have  attained  the  importance  here  which  these  indus- 
tries promise  to  assume. 

At  the  northern  end  of  this  field  several  branches  of  the  Northern  Pacific  rail- 
road have  been  built  to  the  mines  of  Carbonado,  Wilkeson,  South  Prairie,  Pittsburg 
and  Acme.  Carbonado  mine  is  opened  in  the  canyon  of  the  Carbon  river,  a  swift 
mountain  torrent,  which  furnishes  sufficient  power  to  operate  all  the  machinery  of 
the  mine.  This  is  the  largest  producing  mine  in  the  county,  ard  its  entire  output  is 
used  by  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company. 

At  Wilkeson  there  are  two  mines  opened  on  the  opposite  side  of  theantichinal 
fold.  In  driving  the  gangway  of  one  of  these  mines  the  bed  of  an  ancient  glacier 
was  passed  through.  This  was  700  feet  in  width  and  showed  a  depth  of  over  yxi  feet 
of  glacial  drift.  The  banks  of  the  glacial  stream  can  be  traced  to  the  surface.  The 
Wilkeson  coal  is  used  as  a  standard  by  the  United  States  government  in  making 
comparisons  of  the  qualities  of  different  coal  on  the  coast.  South  Prairie,  four  miles 
beyond  Wilkeson,  contains  but  one  vein  of  coal  that  can  be  worked.  This  vein  is 
not  over  three  feet  in  thickness,  but  the  coal  taken  from  it  is  of  great  value  for  its 
gas-making  properties,  it  yielding  five  cubic  feet  of  gas  to  the  pound.  At  Pittsburg, 
east  of  South  Prpirie,  and  on  the  same  creek,  the  veins  are  very  dirty  and,  from 
present  appearances,  of  little  commercial  value.  Still  further  up  the  creek  is  Acme, 
where  the  veins  are  similar  to  those  at  Pittsburg. 
From  the  latter  point  north  no  croppings  are  ex- 
posed until  the  measures  reappear  at  Franklin, 
in  King  county.  The  output  of  the  Pierce  county 
coal  mines  in  1892  was  as  follows: 

Carbonado,  132,000  tons;  Wilkeson,  91,000 
tons;  South  Prairie,  40,000  tons;  Acme,  3,oco  tons, 
making  a  total  product  of  the  year  of  316,000  tons. 

Recent  analysis  of  the  coals  of  this  county 
show  the  following  results: 

Carbonado  — fixed  carbon,  58.30;  volatile,  30.70;  moisture,  1.74;  ash,  9.26. 
Wilkeson — fixed  carbon,  62.87;  volatile,  25.56;  moisture,  1.87;  ash,  9.70.  South 
Prairie  — fixed  carbon,  59.89;  volatile,  34.49;  moisture,  2.59;  ash,  3.03.  Nisqually— 
(anthracite)  fixed  carbon,  71.25;   volatile,  18.55;    moisture,  1.72;    ash,  8.48;   sulphur. 


PMOTO.   BV  MITCHELL  A   SMITH,   PUYALLUP. 


800  Feet  unoer-orouno,  Oilman  Mine,  wash. 


92 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


.71.     Nisqually — (bituminous,  unwashed)  fixed  carbon,  59.52;    volatile,  26.41,  mois- 
ture, 1.35;  ash,  18.72;  sulphur,  ,6^ 

The  Lewis  county  field  contains  three  grades  of  coal.  The  area  of  the  respective 
fields  of  these  different  grades  of  coal  are  as  follows:  Anthracite,  72  square  miles; 
bituminous,  216  square  miles;  lignite,  180  square  miles.  In  the  western  part  of  the 
county  the  lignite  veins  appear,  dipping  at  various  angles,  and  are  of  various  thick- 
nesses. Although  this  is  considered  the  lowest  grade  of  lignite  in  the  state,  yet  it 
makes  a  good  fire  and  bums  freely.  The  rich  bituminous  field  of  this  county  is  as 
yet  undeveloped,  owing  to  the  lack  of  transportation.  Experts  are  of  the  opinion, 
however,  that  this  is  a  continuation  of  the  Wilkeson  and  Carbonado  fields  and  the 
coal  of  the  two  fields  is  believed  to  be  equal  in  quality.  The  veins  in  the  bituminous 
field  vary  in  thickness  from  3  to  15  feet  between  walls,  and  are  more  or  less  mixed 
with  foreign  matter.  This  part  of  the  state  will  undoubtedly  become  a  great  coal 
center  as  soon  as  the  product  of  the  mines  here  can  be  economically  hauled  to 
market. 

The  anthracite  field  is  located  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county,  but  it  has  not 
been  opened  up  to  the  present  time  for  the  same  causes  which  have  prevented 
development  work  in  the  bituiiiinous  field.     The  anthracite  veins  are  very  much 

mixed  and,  at  this  time,  it  is  extremely  diffi- 
cult to  form  a  satisfactory  estimate  of  their 
utility.  Every  indication,  however,  is  en- 
couragirg,  and  the  anthracite  field  will 
doubtless  in.  time  prove  very  valuable. 

In     Cowlitz    county,    south    of    Lewis 
^^^^^ ^  county,  two  mines  are  now  being  worked. 

L'    '^^^^%^"    "^'-* -  -       One  of  these  is  at  Kelso   and  the   other  at 
— Castle  Rock.    Both  of  these  coal  properties 

are  yielding  a  good  quality  of  lignite. 
Mines  are  also  being  worked  at  Bucorla  and 
Centralia,  on  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  where  a  good  quality  of  lignite  is 
being  mined. 

The  following  is  the  output  of  this  field  for  1892: 

Bucoda,  Lewis  county,  10,000  tons;  Centralia,  7,800  tons;  Castle  Rock,  Cowlitz 
county,  750  tons;  Kelso,  Cowlitz  county,  2,000  tons,  making  a  total  of  20,300  tons  for 
the  year. 

The  only  available  analysis  of  coal  in  this  field  is  as  follows:  Bucoda— (lignite) 
fixed  carbon,  49.75;  volatile,  35.40;  moisture,  2.55;  ash,  12.30.  Centralia — (lignite) 
fixed  carbon,  43.40;  volatile,  39.50;  moisture,  4.50;  ash,  12.60.  Bituminous  field — 
fixed  carbon,  60.30;  volatile,  33.30;  moisture,  1.70;  ash,  4.70. 

The  mines  of  Roslyn,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains,  will 
receive  suitable  mention  in  another  article. 

Lime  Industry  of  Washington. — An  industry  of  great  magnitude  in  Wash- 
ington to  day,  and  one  on  which  the  public  has  but  little  accurate  information, 
is  the  manufacture  of  lime.  The  production  in  this  state  of  this  most  essential  of 
building  materials,  on  a  large  scale,  is  an  important  factor  in  the  question  of  economy 
and  facility  with  which  the  cities  and  towns  of  the  Pacific  Northwet  are  being 
improved. 


MANUFOCTURING  DiSTHirT,    S'<OK«NE 


and  bj 
lying] 
of  We 
other 
their 
to  COlil 
group  I 
98 >i  pi 
Rochel 
is  a  sol 
Harbol 
width 
elevatil 
not  knl 


11 


at 


itz 
for 

ite) 
ite) 
d— 


sh- 

)n, 

of 


Mining  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


98 


The  only  extensive  ledges  of  limestone  known  to  exist  in  the  Pacific  Northwest, 
and  by  far  the  most  valuable  on  the  Pacific  coast,  are  located  on  the  San  Juan  Islands, 
lying  between  the  Straits  of  Fuca  and  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  off  the  northwest  coast 
of  Washington.  Deposits  of  lime  rock  are  found  in  Southern  Oregon  and  in  a  few 
other  parts  of  the  latter  state,  but  these  deposits  have  never  been  heavily  worked  and 
their  extent  and  importance  have  not  been  proved  of  sufficient  value  to  allow  them 
to  compete  with  the  vast  deposits  on  San  Juan  Islands.  The  lime  rock  found  on  this 
group  of  islands  is  the  best  in  the  United  States.  It  contains  50  per  cent,  of  lime,  or 
98^2  per  cent,  of  limestone.  The  largest  and  purest  of  these  ledges  is  the  one  at 
Roche  Harbor,  on  the  extreme  northwestern  portion  of  San  Juan  Island.  This  ledge 
is  a  solid  mass  of  marble,  extending  across  the  neck  of  a  peninsula  formed  by  Roche 
Harbor  and  Westcott  Bay,  a  distance  of  half  a  mile.  This  ledge  has  an  average 
width  of  850  feet,  and  reaches  to  a  height  above  the  water  of  350  feet,  the  average 
elevation  of  the  ledge  being  fully  250  feet.  How  far  it  extends  under  the  water  is 
not  known. 

There  is  sufficient  limestone  above  the  water  here  to  make  a  monumental  shaft 
for  every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  United  States.  Here  is  a  deposit  of  half  a 
billion  cubic  feet  of  the  purest  gray  marble 
[70,000,000,000  pounds],  an  amount  sufficient  to 
make  350,000,000  barrels  of  lime.  At  the  rate  of 
consumption  of  a  thousand  barrels  a  day  this  is 
enough  to  last  for  1,000  years. 

About  30  years  ago  the  United  States  govern- 
ment inquired  into  the  resources  of  San  Juan 
Islands.  They  found  here  extensive  ledges  of  lime- 
stone. Soon  after  the  settlement  of  the  international 
boundary  dispute,  which  ended  with  the  United 
States  gaining  possession  of  the  islands,  a  man 
named  RufF  homesteaded  the   ledge  of  limestone 

at  Roche  Harbor,  but  no  work  was  done  in  the  development  of  this  ledge  until 
1882,  when  the  manufacture  of  lime  from  this  rock  was  commenced  in  a  stone  draw 
kiln  by  parties  operating  under  the  name  cf  the  Roche  Harbor  Lime  Company. 
About  the  same  time  other  parties  began  to  manufacture  lime  on  a  small  scale  on  the 
island,  and  San  Juan  lime  soon  acquired  a  great  reputation  In  the  markets  of 'he 
Northwest.  In  quality  the  stone  found  on  these  islands  is  superior  to  any  other 
limestone  yet  found  in  the  United  States.  Numerous  assays  of  it  have  been  made  by 
various  persons  an  J  for  different  purposes,  the  samples  having  been  taken  from  many 
different  portions  of  the  ledge.  The  results  of  these  tests  have  all  shown  as  high  as 
98  per  cent,  limestone,  and  most  of  the  tests  even  more  than  this.  When  it 
is  stated  that  the  rock  from  which  the  famous  "  Marble  Head  "  lime,  of  Ohio,  is  made 
contains  only  82  per  cent,  of  carbonate  of  lime,  the  value  of  the  great  lime  deposits 
of  San  Juan  Islands  is  at  once  apparent.  The  tests  of  the  lime  rock  found  here  give 
the  following  analysis  :  silica,  .44;  iron  and  alumina,  1.13;  phosphorus,  .11  ;  car- 
bonate of  lime,  98.21. 

This  stone  contains  no  sulphur,  and  for  flux  is  unsurpassed,  as  it  acts  as  a  pure 
limestone  and  requires  the  addition  of  nothing  to  counteract  deleterious  ingredients , 
as  is  often  the  case  in  fluxes  used  in  smelting.  The  Roche  Harbor  ledge  is  very 
important  to  the  smelting  interests  of  the  Pacific  Northwest,  and  these  ledges  will  no 


Water  Power,  Spokani, 


94 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


i    I 


mOTO   IT  CAILCY. 


i*-.*V--iii': 


8P0KANC  River  Canton. 


doubt  supply  the  greater  portion  of  stone  used  in  the  future  great  smelters  of  iron, 

gold,  silver  and  copper  ore  which  will  be  located  here  in  the  near  future.    This  stone 

for  fluxing  purposes,  is  now  being  shipped  from  the  San  Juan 

Islands  to  the  smelters  at  Irondale,  Washington,  Oswego,  Oregon, 

and  to  other  parts  of  the  Northwest. 

In  addition  to  the  great  works  on  the  San  Juan  Islands,  lime  is 
also  manufactured  to  a  sniallcxtent  in  the  Big  Bend,  Palouse  and 
Colville  sections  of  Kastern  Washington.  The  output  of  the  kilns 
in  these  latter  localities,  however,  is  used  almost  wholly  to  supply 
the  local  demand,  and  it  is  not  a  staple  article  of  export  as  is 
the  product  of  the  Roche  Harbor  kilns.  In  this  connection  a 
brief  description  of  what  lime  is  and  how  it  is  made  at  the  great 
kilns   at  Roche  Harbor  will  prove  interesting  reading. 

Lime  is  the  oxide  of  calcium,  which,  in  combination  with 
carbonic  acid,  forms  carbonate  of  lime,  the  chief  constituent  of 
limestone,  as  it  is  seen  in  nature  in  the  form  of  rock,  marble 
and  shells  of  marine  animals.  Lime  is  made  by  freeing  the 
stone  from  its  carbonic  acid.  This  is  accomplished  by  means  of  heat,  by  which 
process  the  acid  is  volatilized,  leaving  behind  the  white,  brittle  and  flaky  substance 
known  to  commerce  as  lime.  Lime  is  calcined  in  a  kiln  so  constructed  that  heat 
enters  near  the  bottom  and  passes  upwards  thi  ough  the  stone,  which  iias  previously 
been  broken  -'nto  small  pieces.  The  top  of  the  kiln  is  left  open  for  the  free  escape  of 
the  smoke,  gasses  of  combustion,  and  for  the  purpose  of  forming  a  strong  draft. 
The  degree  of  heat  required  to  properly  calcine  the  rock  is  not  specific,  but  the 
greater  the  heat  used  the  quicker  the  process  of  driving  out  the  acid  from  the  rock 
is  accomplished. 

The  primitive  form  of  kiln  in  use,  the  one  adopted  generally  by  lime  manu- 
facturers operating  on  a  small  scale,  is  known  as  the  pot  kiln.  The  stone  kiln  is 
a  decided  improvement  on  this  old  form,  however.  In  the  stone  kiln  there  is  a  radi- 
cal change  of  principle  from  the  primitive  aflair,  as  it  is  so  constructed  that  the  fire 
is  never  drawn,  except  to  make  necessary  repairs.  The  lime  is  drawn  off"  from  the 
bottom  as  fast  as  it  is  calcined,  an  equal  quantity  of  rock  being  fed  into  it  from  the 
top  at  the  same  time.  In  these  improved  kilns  are  usually  four  furnaces,  two  on  the 
sides  of  the  kiln  opposite  to  each  other  and  entering  it  about  four  feet  from  the 
bottom.  In  drawing  the  lime,  all  of  that  material  occupying  the  space  l)ctween  the 
fire  and  the  bottom  is  taken  out  through  an  opening  in  the  bottom  of  the  kiln.  The 
kiln  itself  consists  of  a  wall  of  masonry  about  20  feet  high  and  18  feet  square,  sup- 
ported outside  by  heavy  cross  timbers  and  having  a  cylindrical  spt  ce  of  a  diameter 
of  five  feet  in  the  center.  Above  this  is  a  wooden  crib,  the  full  size  of  the  kiln,  in 
which  the  stone  is  dumped,  making  the  kiln  itself  self-feeding  as  the  lime  below  is 
drawn  out. 

The  Monitor  kiln  now  in  use  at  Roche  Harbor  differs  essentially  from  the  stone 
kiln.  It  consists  of  two  thicknesses  of  fire-brick  and  one  of  red  brick,  all  inclosed  in 
a  jacket  of  boiler  iron,  a  space  of  two  inches  between  the  bnck  wall  and  jacket  being 
filled  with  bleached  ashes  or  gravel.  This  filling  serves  as  a  non-conductor  of  heat 
and  it  also  relieves  the  kiln  from  the  effects  of  the  great  expansion  while  burning. 
One  of  these  kilns  holds  about  30  tons  of  rock.  It  has  two  furnaces,  one  on  each  side. 
A  boiler  smokestack  projects  above  the  kiln,  thus  creating  a  better  draft  than  is 


Fishing  Industries  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


95 


afforded  by  the  above  kiln  and  insuring  more  perfect  combustion.  In  the  Monitor 
kilns  a  system  of  drafts  has  been  adjusted  to  the  cooler  so  that  a  current  of  fresh  air 
is  constantly  passing  around  the  lime,  thus  cooling  it  more  rapidly  than  was  formerly 
done  in  the  old  kilns,  and  facilitating  the  operation  of  barreling. 

A  barrel  of  lime  weighs  200  pounds,  and  is  filled  and  weighed  directly  under  a 
chute  running  from  the  cooler  in  the  kiln.  The  process  of  causing  the  lime  to  settle 
down  after  the  kilns  are  drawn  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  sights  connected  with 
lime  making.  This  is  seen  to  the  best  advantage  after  nightfall,  when  the  outer 
darkness  contrasts  vividly  with  the  brilliancy  of  the  interior  of  the  kiln  when  the 
furnace  door  is  opened.  When  a  drawing  is  made,  and  the  heavy  iron  doors  of  the 
furnace  are  opened,  one  can  look  into  the  heart  of  the  kiln,  which  is  glowing  with 
an  intense  white  heat,  and  see  the  void  left  at  the  bottom  by  the  lime  being  drawn 
off,  and  the  superheated  rock  above,  held  suspended  in  its  place  by  the  expansion  of 
the  great  bulk  caused  by  the  intense  heat  to  which  it  is  suojected.  After  allowing 
the  lime  to  fall  the  fireman  fills  up  the  vacancy  caused  by  working  at  the  mass  above 
with  a  long  iron  poker.  The  intense  white  of  the  glowing  mass  turns  gradually  to 
the  palest  green  as  it  comes  in  contact  with  the  air  drawn  in  through  the  furnace 
opening.  One  of  these  new  kilns  Will  burn  one  and  one-half  cords  of  wood  a  day  in 
its  two  furnaces,  and  it  will  produce  30  per  cent  more  lime  a  day  than  will  one  of  the 
old  stone  kilns  burning  the  same  amount  of  fuel,  which  in  turn  produced  over  60 
per  cent  more  lime  than  the  primitive  pot  kiln. 

There  is  today  over  J  1,000,000  invested  in  the  limeworks  at  Roche  Harbor,  and 
one  company  at  Tacoma  and  the  Roche  Harbor  company  each  has  a  recoid  of  over 
i,5CHD  barrels  of  lime  per  day.  This  is  the  most  extensive  enterprise  of  the  kind  in 
the  West.  As  there  is  no  other  great  and  available  source  of  supply  for  lime,  San 
Juan  lime  will  always  remain  one  of  the,  great  staple  articles  of  trade  on  the  coast. 

The  Fishing  Industry  of  the  Northwest.— The  waters  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest  teem  with  countless  varieties  of  food  fishes.  In  the  mountains  of  this 
part  of  the  West  are  hundreds  of  sparkling  brooks  literally  alive  with  the  most 
beautiful  of  gamy  fish,  the  different  varieties  of  the  speckled  trout.  Through  the 
valleys  flow  great  rivers.  Each  season  millions  of  salmon  ascend  these  rivers  to  the 
spawning  grounds  at  the  headwaters.  The 
canning  and  salting  of  salmon  is,  today,  one  of 
the  great  industries  of  the  West.  In  addition 
to  salmon,  the  principal  rivers  of  Oregon  and 
Washington  contain  large  numbers  of  sturgeon, 
shad  and  other  varieties  of  food  fi.shes,  and  the 
salt  waters  of  the  ocean  along  the  coast  are 
alive  with  halibut,  cod,  mackerel  and  the  bet- 
ter varieties  of  salt  water  fish  found  along  the 
Atlantic  coast.     In  the  numerous  bays  and  in-  i-oian  bpe.h.ng  8«l«on 

-  ,1..  He»ow«tehs  Columbia 

lets  of  the  Pacific  coast  are  found  great  beds  of  river,  b.  c. 
oysters  and  clams,  and  all  varieties  of  shell- 
fish found  on  the  Atlantic  coast  with  tho  possible  exception  of  the  lobster,  are  found 
in  equal  numbers  along  the  shores  of  Oregon  and  Washington. 

The  Columbia  river,  one  of  the  great  streams  of  the  coi;tine   t,  from  its  head 
waters  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  its  mouth,  contains  more  varieties  of  food  fishes 


96 


The  Oregoniati's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


than  does  any  other  stream  in  the  United  States.  Along  the  shores  of  the  Pacific 
ocean,  clear  up  to  the  glacier-lined  and  ice-covered  bays  of  Behring  sea,  is  the  best 
of  deep-water  fishing.  In  Paget  Sound  are  inexhaustible  quantities  of  salt  water 
fish.  At  the  extreme  inland  end  of  this  great  body  of  water,  almost  entirely  sur- 
rounded by  land,  are  extensive  beds  of  oysters.  Other  oyster  beds  are  found  on 
Shoalwater  Bay  ( Willapa  Harbor),  on  the  Washington  coast,  and  at  Yaquina  Bay,  in 
Oregon.  Lying  in  the  heart  of  the  great  mountain  ranges,  in  the  midst  of  romantic 
scenery,  are  four  large  lakes,  the  waters  of  which  abound  in  gamy  fish.  These  lakes 
are  easily  accessible-  from  the  lines  of  railroad.  The  names  of  these  lakes  are 
Chelan,  Kootenay,  Pend  d'Oreille  and  Ciuur  d'Alene.  In  the  valleys  of  the  interior 
are  noted  angling  resorts.  The  largest  of  these  resorts  is  the  Flathead  Lake,  in 
Montana.  In  Southern  Oregon,  lying  in  the  shadow  of  mighty  mountains,  and  sur- 
rounded by  deposits  of  what  was  possibly  the  greatest  volcanic  upheaval  the  world 
has  ever  witnessed,  are  numerous  large  lakes.  The  casting  of  a  fly  into  the  waters 
of  any  of  these  numerous  lakes  will  immediately  bring  to  the  surface  myriads  of  fish 
eager  for  the  bait  which  is  seldom  offered  them.      Within  walking  distance  of  any 

railway  station  in  this  entire  region  are  unex- 
celled fishing  grounds.  The  country  anglers' 
paradise  is  the  region  of  the  Northwest.  If 
the  gentle  sportsman  and  philosopher  who 
many  years  ago  wrote  a  book  on  angling,  which 
subsequently  became  a  classic,  had  visited  this 
region,  his  literary  work  would  doubtless  have 
been  the  writing  of  marvelous  fish  stories.  The 
enthusiastic  disciple  of  Izaak  Walton  after  fish- 
ing for  the  first  time  in  the  waters  of  the 
Northwest  becomes  dangerously  enthusiastic 
over  the  sport  of  Northwestern  fishing.  As  an 
instance  of  the  marvelous  stories  told  of  fishing 
in  the  West  the  following  will  be  found  worthy 
of  relating: 

In  West  Kootenay,  British  Columbia,  just 
north  of  the  boundary  line  of  Washington,  the 
Kootenay  river  leaves  the  lake  of  the  same  name 
and  cuts  its  way  for  28  miles  through  the  Selkirk 
Mountains  to  the  Columbia  river.  At  one  point 
in  its  course  the  river,  surging  over  a  huge  mass  of  rock,  30  feet  high,  forms  St.  Agnes 
falls.  Immediately  below  the  foam  at  the  foot  of  the  falls  is  a  deep  pool  in  which 
can  be  seen  endless  numbers  of  trout  which  would  weigh  all  the  way  from  three 
pounds  to  seven  pounds  each.  A  catch  hereof  100 pounds  of  fish  in  a  day  is  not 
uncommon.  The  close  proximity  of  snow- fed  and  crystal  mountain  streams  to  the 
centers  of  population  of  this  section  brings  the  exhilarating  pastime  of  angling  within 
reach  of  the  most  humble  resident  of  the  West.  Fishing  here  is  an  inexpensive  enjoy- 
ment, and  the  assurance  is  always  given  the  angler  before  he  casts  a  fly  that  he  will 
come  back  loaded  with  fish.  The  game  fish  found  in  the  lakes,  rivers  and  seas  of 
this  region  are  the  mountain  trout,  lake  trout,  salmon  trout,  perch,  pike,  grayling, 
rock  cod  and  salmon. 

The  salmon  found  in  the  waters  of  the  Northwest  is  divided  into  several  varieties. 
One  of  these  is  known  as  the  silverside.    This  fish  weighs  from  6  to  45  pounds  each. 


Rock  Creek,  near  Newport,  Oh.     a  famous  Trout  Stream. 


It  is  ver 
trolling 
North  w 
the  sev 
stream 
ties  of  s£ 
Washiui 

To 
mercc 
sought  f( 
the  Nor 
estimatec 
consistin 
North  we! 
about  13, 
and  in  pi 
Northwe; 

The 
waters, 
varieties  > 
in  Pugct 
as  well  as 
white  mai 
state  and 
Indian  is 
from  hun 
him  an  e: 
trappers  a 
west.     Uii 
the  princi 


i 


ill-      V4i 

Indian  Fishino  r 
Columbia 

who  have 
hatcheries 


•n 

E 


Fishing  Industry  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


97 


ll 
If 


1-r      . 


Fish  Wheci,  CatuwBi*  River, 
UPPER  Cascades. 


It  is  very  gamy,  an  1  is  caught  on  Puget  Sound  and  tributary  streams  in  October,  with 
trolling  lines.  Unlike  the  salmon  of  the  Atlantic  coast  and  England,  this  fish  in  the 
Northwestern  waters  will  not  rise  to  a  fly.  Including 
the  several  species  of  trout  so  abundant  in  every 
stream  here,  there  are  no  less  than  i6  different  varie- 
ties of  salmonidiu  found  in  the  waters  of  Oregon  and 
Washington. 

To  the  thoughtful  economist  the  fish  of  com- 
merce are  of  far  more  importance  than  are  those 
sought  for  by  the  angler.  The  fishing  interests  of 
the  Northwest  are  now  of  great  magnitude.  It  is 
estimated  that  the  total  value  of  the  fishing  indu.stry, 
consisting  of  vessels,  apparatus  and  buildings,  inihe 
Northwest,  is  not  less  than  f.^, 500,000.  There  are 
about  i3,o(X)  men  employed  iu  catching  the  fish  here 

and  in  preparing  them  for  market.     The  aggregate  value  of  the  fish  output  of  the 
Northwest  now  approximates  |!8,(X)o,ooo  annually. 

The  salmon  is  the  most  important  fish  of  commerce  caught  in  Northwestern 
waters.  The  rivers,  bays  and  sounds  of  this  region  contain  millions  of  the  many 
varieties  of  salmon.  Immense  numbers  of  these  fish  are  taken  in  the  Columbia  river, 
in  Puget  bound,  in  the  Fraser  river,  British  Columbia,  and  in  the  streams  of  ."Maska, 
as  well  as  from  the  numerous  small  rivers  along  the  coast.  Before  the  advent  of  the 
white  man  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest  subsisted  largely  on  salmon,  both  in  its  fresh 
state  and  dried  for  winter's  use.  The  proverbial  laziness  of  the  "siwash,"  as  the 
Indian  is  called,  and  his  abhorrence  for  anything  that  resembles  work,  prevented  him 
from  hunting  over  the  great  mountain  regions  of  the  interior,  and  fishing  was  to 
him  an  exceedingly  congenial  method  of  procuring  food.  After  1S29  over  i,oco 
trappers  and  voyageurs  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  roamed  through  the  North- 
west. Until  the  invasion  of  the  later  American  settlers  in  this  region,  salmon  formed 
the  principal  food  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  men. 

In    1865   experiments  demonstrated  that  salmon 

canned    and   hermetically  sealed  retained  its  flavor, 

and  could  be  thus  kept  iu  a  perfect  state  for  years. 

Soon  afterwards  canneries  began  to  nmltiply  along  the 

banks  of  the  Columbia  river  for  preserving  this  fish. 

'  It  was  not  long  before  canned  salmon  became  a  staple 

article  of  commerce  in  the  United  States  and  Europe. 

The  Columbia  river  salmon  industry  increased  from 

4,000  cases  in  1866,  to  the  enormous  pack  of  £29,000  cases  in  1883. 

From  the  latter  year  until  the  present  time  the  pack  has  gradually 

fallen  off.     This  decrease  has  been  caused  by  the  reckless  use  of 

traps,  and  other  fisn-destroying  appliances,  which  have  prevented 

the  fish  from  reaching  their  spawning  grounds  at  the  head  of  the 

numerous  streams.       The  only   way  to  keep  up  the  supply  is  by 

artificial  propogation.     To  this  end   a   hatchery   was  established 

some  years  ago  on  the  Clackamas  river,  near  Portland.       Those 

who  have  studied  carefully  into  the  subject  believe   that  at  least   four  additional 

hatcheries  ought  to  be  established  on  the  tributaries  of  the  Columbia  river.      The 


Indian  Fishing  fOR  Salmon. 
Columbia  River. 


w 


The  Orcffoiiinn' s  Uitndhonk  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


turning  out  of  75,ooo,0(kj  fry  (younjj;  salmon)  annually,  it  is  said  by  experts, 
would  insure  a  maximum  pack  by  the  Columbia  river  canneries  of  500,000  cases  a 
year.  The  percentage  of  young  salmon  that  hatch  out  from  eggs  in  a  natural  state 
is  but  2  per  cent,  while  under  artificial  propogation  95  per  cent  of  the  eggs  are 
hatched. 

The  salmon  of  the  Northwest  is  encorrhycus,  and  is  not  the  salmo  of  Easiern 
waters.  In  all  there  are  about  30  species  or  varieties  of  fish  in  the  Columbia  river 
that  go  by  the  name  of  salmon.  Many  of  these,  however,  are  sea  trout.  The  prin- 
cipal species  of  salmon' are  kn:)wn  commercially  as  the  chinook  (the  royal  fish  of  the 
CoIuml)ia)  the  steclhead,  the  silverside  and  the  blueback.  The  chinook  is  superior 
to  all  other  varieties  of  salmon  caught  in  the  world.  It  weighs  from  i  to  89  pounds, 
its  average  weight  being  from  20  to  30  pounds.  The  flesh  of  this  fish  is  a  rich  red 
in  color,  the  fat  is  eciually  dislril)utcd  throughout  the  fish,  and  the  oil  is  retained  in 
the  flesh  after  either  cooking  or  canning.  It  has  a  delicious  flavor.  No  resident  of 
the  Northwest  who  is  fully  accjuainted  with  the  merit  of  the  chinook  ever  eats  any 
other  variety  (»f  salmon.  The  chinook  commences  'unniiig  in  April.  The  steelhead 
enters  fresh  water  in  October,  an  1  it  is  distinguishec'  from  the  chinook  by  its  slender 
body,  pale  flesh  and  tapering  tail.  For  immediate  use  it  is  regarded  but  little  inferior 
to  the  chiuDok.     When  cooked,  however,  the  natural  oil  of  the  fish  separates  from 

the  flesh,  thus  giving  it  an  un- 
appetizing appearance  when 
canned.  Next  in  size  to  the 
steelhead  is  the  silverside.  Its 
average  weight  is  a1)out  11 
pounds.  It  is  a  fall  fish  and 
does  not  differ  materially  in 
appearance  from  the  steelhead, 
except  in  the  bright  part  of  its 
body,  from  which  it  has  derived 
its  name.  The  blueback  is  a 
spring  fish,  much  smaller  than  the  other  varieties  of  salmon.  Its  average  weight  is 
from  three  to  seven  pounds.  There  are  other  names  given  the  salmon  caught  iti  the 
Northwest,  but  the  varieties  that  are  taken  in  large  numbers  here  properly  belong 
to  the  commercial  classifications  named  above. 

The  salmon  enters  fresh  water  only  when  fully  grown  and  for  the  purpose  of 
spawning.  The  young  salmon  descend  the  streams  to  the  ocean  in  the  spring  freshets, 
and  in  about  four  years  they  reach  their  maturity.  The  fish  then  return  to  the  river 
in  which  they  were  spawned,  and  in  their  turn  deposit  their  eggs  here.  This  wonderful 
instinct,  that  enables  a  fish  to  return  to  the  waters  of  its  birth  after  an  absence  of  from 
three  to  six  years,  is  the  most  remarkable  of  the  many  peculiar  habits  of  the  salmon. 
This  fish  eats  nothing  in  fresh  water.  Thus  it  is  useless  to  attempt  to  catch  it  with 
bait  in  any  of  the  rivers  here.  The  concensus  of  opinion  is  that  few  if  any  of  the 
full-grown  salmon  that  enter  the  rivers  ever  return  to  the  ocean.  This  is  borne  out 
by  the  fact  that  they  are  never  caught  heading  down  stream.  The  salmon  ascend  the 
Columbia  river  for  a  distance  of  over  1,000  miles,  to  the  headwaters  of  this  stream  in 
the  Rocky  Mountains  of  British  Columbia.  Here  they  are  found  cut  and  bruised,  with 
broken  fins  and  tails,  the  marks  of  their  many  desperate  struggles  with  the  rapids  and 
currentr.  of  the  stream  below.     The  salmon  that  escape  the  nets  of  the  fisherman,  it 


Royal  Chinook  Salmon,  Columbia  Riveh. 


fe 


is  belie 
to  the 


ling  of  t 

In  tl 
canning 
fished  wii 
fish  for  n: 
ing  seasoi 
of  the  boi 
have  an  a 
wages  pai 
canneries 
umbia  riv< 
Astoria, 
described  i 
connected 
all  along  t 
canneries 


PMOTO.   BY  A 


Salmon  Canne 

ington  pac 
pack  was  n 


Fishing  Industry  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


{>9 


i 


Fi»H  wheci.  (NO  Trap  roR  Salmon, 
Columbia  River 


is  believed,  die  soon  after  depositing  their  eggs.     If  they  do  not  die,  they  must  return 
to  the  ocean,  for  otherwise  tlicy  would  literally  choke  the  headwaters  of  the  streams 

;y  frequent,  and  would  thus  attract  attention.     They  prolwhly 
:  where  they  spau  n  and  are  eaten  by  birds  and  beasts  of  prey 
or  by  numerous  voracious  varieties  of  small  '''sh   which 
are  found  in  shallow  waters. 

(Oregon  ships  i,50(j,(xxj  pounds  of  fresh  si'.mon,  and 
Washington  5ck),(kx)  pounds  to  points  as  far  e  >st  as  Bos- 
ton. About  one-half  the  canned  salmo'-  from  he  North- 
west is  carried  in  vessels  to  FInglaiid  a:  '  luirope,  aiul  the 
remainder  finds  its  way  into  every  hamlet  and  city  of  the 
T'  ;ion.  Astoria,  Oregon,  situated  near  the  mouth  of  the 
Lolumbia  river,  is  the  greatest  salmon-canning  center 
in  the  world.  A  description  of  the  fi'^hing  methods  in 
vogue  here  will  answer  as  an  illustration  of  the  hand- 
ling of  this  industry  on  other  parts  of  the  coast. 

In  the  season  of  1H93  about  2,178  men  were  directly  engaged  in  the  catching  and 
canning  of  salmon  at  Astoria.  Of  these,  175  men  worked  on  fish  traps,  1,300  men 
fished  with  gill  nets,  and  the  balance  were  employed  in  the  canneries  preparing  the 
fish  for  market.  Six  hundredmnd  fifty  boats  left  this  port  every  day  during  the  fish- 
ing season.  Each  boat  carriea  a  gill  net  and  necessary  gear.  The  average  earnings 
of  the  boats  were  about  $523  ^jach  for  the  season.  The  seven  canneries  at  Astoria 
have  an  aggregate  running  ca^iacity  of  300,000  cases  for  the  season,  and  the  total 
wages  paid  by  these  canneries  to  the  fishermen  and  help  was  $926,500  in  !S93,  The 
canneries  here  annually  use  $165,000  worth  of  tin.  During  the  past  season  the  Col- 
umbia river  pack  amounted  to  424,000  cases,  of  which  260,000  cases  were  put  up  at 
Astoria.  In  connection  with  some  of  the  leading  canning  centers,  which  are  fully 
described  in  "The  Handbook,"  will  be  found  extended  mention  of  the  numerous  details 
connected  with  the  cauningjof  salmon  for  market.  Canneries  are  now  scattered 
all  along  the  coast  from  Yaquina  Bay,  on  the  south,  to  Alaska,  on  the  north.  Large 
canneries  are  established  at   Alsea,  below    Yaquina,    Nestucca,    Tillamook,  Puget 

Sound,  Fraser  river,  and  all  along  the  Alaska 
coast.  These  numerous  canneries  handle  mil- 
lions of  fish  annually,  and  their  product  forms 
one  of  the  staples  of  Northwestern  commerce. 

The  salmon  pack  of  the  Pacific  Northwest, 
for  the  season  of  1893,  was  :ibout  1,721,660 
cases.  This  pack  was  valued  at  $7,513,507.  The 
fall  pack,  included  in  the  above  total,  was 
198,660  cases,  valued  at  $743,975.  The  Alaska 
pack,  for  the  year,  was  610,000  cases,  valued  at 
$2,460,332,  and  the  British  Columbia  pack  was 
548,000  cases,  valued  at  $2,411,200.  01  the 
pack  of  British  Columbia,  460,000  cases  were 
packed  on  the  Fraser  river,  and  88,000  cases 
on  the  Nass  and  Neuse  rivers.  The  Wash- 
ington pack,  outside  of  that  of  the  Columbia  river,  was  valued  at  $456,500.  This 
pack  was  made  up  as  follows  :     Geo.  T.  Myers'  cannery,  Seattle,  3';,ooo  cases  ;  Fraser 


PHOTO.   BY  A.  OrUFE. 


Salmon  Cannery  on  the  Willapa,  SoU'H  O&no,    wash. 


100 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PMOTO.    BY  HEINS. 


river,  Blaine,  57,ooo  cases  ;  Aberdeen,  35,000  cases  ;  making  a  total  of  122,000  cases. 
The  Columbia  river  spring  pack  was  365,000  cases,  valued  at  $1,898,000.     The   fall 

pack  was  30,000  cases,  valued  at  $112,500.  The  Oregon  coast 
pack  was  46.660  cases,  valued  at  $174,975.  This  salmon  was 
canned  at  the  following  places  :  Nehalem  and  Tillamook, 
15,000  cases  ;  Coquille  river,  5,000  cases;  Umpqua  river,  5,000 
cases ;  Siuslaw  river,  10,000  cases ;  Coos  Bay,  3,500  cases  ; 
Rogue  river,  3,160  cases  ;  and  Alsea,  5,000  cases. 

Second  in  importance  only  to  the  canning  of 

salmon  on  the  Columbia  river,  is  the  catching  and 

curing   of  sturgeon.     Of  all   valuable  varieties  of 

food  fish  the  sturgeon  is  the  most  repulsive  looking. 

fciS  It  has  a  long  hog-like  snout,  small  glassy  eyes,  an 

_  _      -^fe    ugly  protruding  mouth,  bony  sides  and  a  sharp  fin 

i  '^  fr      --^  ■•  extending  down  the  whole  length  of  its  back.    The 

Columbia   river  sturgeon   is  a  Iransmonatanus  or 

Salmon  Fishing,  Tillamook  Bay.  Oregon.  whitC  StUrgCOU,   aud  it  is  the  largest  of  the  StUrgCOn 

family.  It  is  one  of  the  oldest  of  the  primitive 
varieties  of  the  fish  family  now  in  existence.  The  average  weight  of  the  sturgeon 
dressed,  caught  in  the  Columbia  river,  is  125  poundsgand  its  maximum  weight  is 
1,000  r.ouiids.  One  of  these  fish  was  caught  near  the  tilouth  of  the  Columbia  river, 
last  October,  that  weighed  755  pounds.  The  head  alone  of  the  monster  fish  scaled 
151  pounds.  Like  the  salmon,  the  sturgeon  is  a  sa'lt  waler  fish.  It  spawns  in  all  the 
rivers  entering  Puget  Sound,  and  in  those  entering  the  oeean  to  the  south.  It  has  no 
gamy  qualities  and  is  hauled  up  from  the  bottom  of  the  river  like  a  log.  In  the 
early  part  of  the  season  sturgeon  are  caught  in  the  gjU  nets  along  the  Columbia 
liver.  After  the  gill  net  season  is  over  the  method  of  catching  these  fish  isa  peculiar 
one.  Doubtless,  sturgeon  is  the  only  fish  caught  with  a  hook  and  line  without  the 
use  of  bait.  They  are  caught  by  lowering  a  line  with  a  jjuimber  of  big  hooks  fastened 
to  ii.  to  the  bottom  of  the  river  by  means  of  sinkers.  The  big,  clumsy  sturgeon, 
swimming  sluggishly  along  the  bottom  of  the  stream,  in  search  of  food,  suddenly 
feels  one  of  the  sharp  barbed  hooks  fastening  itself  in  his  scaly  side.  In  threshing 
about  to  clear  itself  the  fish  gets  afoul  of  more  hooks  and  is  thus  securely  fastened. 

The  sturgeon,  as  an  article  of  commerce,  has 
attained  a  position  of  great  importance  in  the 
Northwest.  Its  flesh  is  wholesome  and  palat- 
able, and  from  its  roe  is  made  that  epicurean 
relish  called  caviar.  Nearly  every  part  of  this 
fish  is  utilized  ;  the  bladder  is  manufactured 
into  isinglass,  the  spinal  cord  is  removed  and 
dried  and  it  is  one  of  the  many  queer  articles  of 
food  highly  prized  by  the  Chinese.  When  boiled, 
it  forms  a  sort  of  gelatinous  substance  which 
the  Celestial  eats  with  great  relish.  Large 
quantities  of  prepared  sturgeon  spinal  cord  arc 
shipped  to  China  from  the  Columbia  river  an- 
nually. On  the  Columbia  river  there  are  200  boats  aud  400  men  engaged  in  the 
sturgeon- fishing  industry. 


Trout  fishing,  Willamette  Valley. 


i 


1 

adopt 

remo\ 

are  th 

are  pi 

their 

in  cas( 

is  thav 

lime  a 

20  cen 

article 

less  re£ 

smokec 

extollc 

North\ 

knowle 

geon,  V 

of  Engl 

of  there 

and  the 

not  l)e  ( 

is  not  i 

engaged 

geon  ca 

firms  sh 

caviar,  a' 

principal 

^  ,  finds  a  re 

Off  ( 
Alaska,  c, 
caught, 
age  depti 
resorted  t 
abundant 
Ihen  beco 
fish.  The 
are  annua 

The  b 
North  Pac 
Ihc  cod  c£ 
are  not  ini 
and  of  ovt 
banks,  the 
fresh,  it  is 
rock  cod  i; 
mouth  of  I 
schooners 
catch  to  S( 


11 


i 


Fishing  Industry  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


101 


The  manner  of  preparing  the  sturgeon  for  market  is  as  peculiar  as  is  the  method 
adopted  for  catching  the  fish.  The  useless  parts  of  the  body  of  the  sturgeon  are  first 
removed  and  it  is  then  cut  into  sections  or  strips  about  24  inches  long.  These  strips 
are  then  placed  in  galvanized  iron  pans  which  hold  about  60  pounds  each.  The  pans 
are  placed  in  a  freezing  mixture  of  packed  ice  and  salt  and  allowed  to  remain  until 
their  contents  are  frozen  solid.  The  fish  thus  frozen  is  wrapped  in  paper  and  packed 
in  cases,  and  thus  shipped  to  Chicago  and  New  York.  On  reaching  its  destination  it 
is  thawed  out,  for  it  remaiiis  frozen  all  the  way  across  the  continent,  it  is  dipped  in 
lime  and  smoked.  When  ready  for  market  in  its  smoked  state  it  retails  at  from  18  to 
20  cents  a  pound,  and  it  is  really  a  highly  palatable 
article  of  food.  Much  of  this  smoked  sturgeon  doubt- 
less reaches  the  markets  of  the  Northwest  as  "prime 
smoked  halibut, ' '  and  its  rich  flavor  has  perhaps  been 
extolled  for  years  among  the  knowing  ones  of  the 
Northwest  who  prided  themselves  on  their  thorough 
knowledge  of  the  merits  of  the  great  flat  fish.  Stur- 
geon, which  for  many  years  was  the  "Royal"  fish 
of  England,  is  entitled,  however,  to  tickle  the  palates 
of  the  residents  of  the  Northwest  as  "  smoked  halibut," 
and  the  deception,  which  applies  to  name  only,  need 
not  be  questioned  when  the  Aerit  of  the  article  itself 
is  not  impaired  in  the  least.  Four  firms  are  now 
engaged  in  the  business  of  frizzing  and  shipping  stur- 
geon caught  in  the  Columbia  river.  In  1893  these 
firms  shipped  2,081  tons  of  sturgeon,  714  kegs  of 
caviar,  averaging  135  pounds  each.      This  caviar  is 

Flamhurcr,  Germs 


lany, 


TnouT I 


principally  shipped  to  Hamhu 
finds  a  ready  sale. 

Off  Cape  Flattery  and  extending  north  along  the  shore  of  British  Columbia  to 
Alaska,  ^I'-e  fishing  banks  where  immense  quantities  of  halibut  and  black  cod  are 
caught.  The  banks  off  the  cape  are  about  15  miles  in  length  and  they  are  at  an  aver- 
age depth  of  from  35  to  75  fathotis  below  the  surface.  These  arc  the  fishing  banks 
resorted  to  by  the  deep-water  fisl.ernien  of  Puget  Sound  and  Portland.  Halibut  are 
abundant  on  the  banks  from  March  until  late  in  the  summer.  The  grounds  here 
then  become  infested  with  dog  fis^h  and  sharks  which  run  off  the  edible  varieties  of 
fish.  The  halibut  varies  in  weight  from  5  to  250  pounds.  Large  quantities  of  this  fish 
are  annually  caught  by  the  Macah  Im.ians,  with  whom  it  is  a  staple  winter  food. 

The  black  cod  is  the  most  delicate  and  exquisitely  flavored  of  all  the  fish  of  the 
North  Pacific  waters.  It  is  taken  in  deep  water,  at  from  30  to  300  fathoms  depth. 
1  he  cod  caught  ofl"  Cape  Flattery  weigh  from  10  to  24  pounds  each,  although  instances 
are  not  infrequent  where  ihis  fish  has  Keen  caught  weighing  as  high  as  50  pounds, 
and  of  over  four  feet  in  length.  Of  the  other  varieties  of  food  fish  caught  on  these 
banks,  the  buffalo  cod  is  tlie  largest.  Its  flesh  is  white  and  well  flavored,  .'<ir'  when 
fresh,  it  is  an  excellent  table  fish.  It  averages  from  10  to  25  pounds  in  weigl;.  Ihe 
rock  cod  is  a  smaller  fish  than  the  black  cod.  It  is  found  in  great  abundance  a^  the 
mouth  of  the  Columbia  river  and  in  the  waters  of  Puget  sou-'d  A  dozen  fishing 
schooners  are  engaged  at  the  banks  near  Cape  Flattery.  These  boats  carry  their 
catch  to  Seattle  and  Tacoma,  where  it  is  shipped  by  rail  south  and  to  Fastern  points. 


1 


'^1' 


ML 


102 


77ie  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


C*TC>  'NG  Crabs   Low  Tide,  Tacoma. 


There  are  28  varieties  of  the  rock  fish  family  found  in  Pacific  Coast  waters. 
These  range  from  ^the  S.  rubra  to  the  S.  niger,  commonly  called  bass.  All  of  the 
family  are  excellent  food  fish  and  they  find  a  ready  market.     The  principal  varieties 

of  the  smaller  food  fishes  caught  in  these 
waters  are  the  herring,  smelt,  sardine  and 
eulachan.  The  latter,  from  its  excess  of  oil, 
is  also  known  as  the  caudle  fish.  This 
fish,  in  its  dried  state,  will  burn  as  clearly 
as  a  candle.  It  is  taken  by  the  natives  in 
,  large  quantities  atNass  river,  British  Colum- 
bia. From  the  fish  the  Indians  extract 
an  oil  which  resembles  soft  lard.  It  is  used 
by  them  as  an  article  of  food.  In  the  early 
spring  imme  ise  numbers  of  herring  are  found  in  Puget  Sound  and  in  the  bays 
along  the  coas*;.  This  fish  is  equal  in  quality  to  the  herring  of  the  Atlantic.  Estab- 
lishmeuts  for  the  curing  of  herring  are  located  on  San  Juan  Islands  and  at  other 
points  on  the  Sound. 

The  Pacific  Coast  sardine  resembles  in  taste,  quality  and  appearance  the  sardine 
of  the  Mediterranean,  This  is  not  the  same  fish  as  is  canned  on  the  Atlantic  coast, 
and  sold  as  sardines  throughout  the  country.  This  small  fish  swarms  at  the  entrance 
of  the  rivers  and  bays  along  the  coast  and  it  affords  alplendid  opening  today  for  the 
establishment  of  a  sardine  cannery  somewhere  in  the  Northwest.  Monster  whales 
are  frequently  seen  off  Cape  Flattery  and  the  Oregon  cbast.  The  species  which  fre- 
quents these  waters  is  known  as  the  California  Gray.  Oil  fish,  dog  fish  and  ground 
fish  also  abound,  and,  like  the  whale,  are  valuable  chiefly  for  their  oil.  About 
$200,000  worth  of  this  oil  is  manufactured  annually  at  Friday  Harbor,  on  San  Juan 
Island. 

The  United  vStates  fish  commissioners,  influenced,  no  doubt,  by  the  fact  that  carp 
is  considered  a  great  delicacy  in  some  parts  of  Europe,  planted  large  quantities  of 
this  ugly,  unpalatable  and  sluggish  fish  in  the  numerous  ponds  of  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington some  years  since.  These  fish,  during  the  freshets,  escaped  from  the  ponds 
into  the  Columbia  and  its  tributaries,  and  these  waters  are  now  alive  with  this  unwel- 
come fish.  The  carp  is  nothing  less  than  a  nuisance,  and  it  is  of  no  practical  value. 
Catfi.sh,  of  the  smaller  variety,  is  another  pest  in  the  waters  of  the  Columbia  and  its 
tributaries.  This  fish  is  also  a  fish  transplanted  from  Eastern  waters.  Some  years 
ago  shad  were  planted  in  the  Sacramento.  This  desirable  table  fish  has  since  worked 
its  way  up  the  coast  to  the  Columbia  where  it  is  now  regularly  caught  in  large 
numbers. 

The  succulent  little  oyster  found  on  the  Pacific  coast  is  much  smaller  than  is  the 
variety  of  the  Atlantic  coast.  This  has  often  led  to  Eastern  tourists  visiting  the  cities 
of  the  Northwest  calling  for  a  half  dozen  raw,  when  H  takes  60  or  70  of  the  Pacific 
coast  oysters  to  cover  a  plate.  What  the  local  oyster  lacks  in  size,  however,  it  makes 
up  in  quality.  The  transplanting  and  propagation  of  Eastern  oysters  here  has  a)'  eady 
met  with  success,  and  active  steps  are  now  being  taken  to  ship  and  transplant  large 
quantities  of  oysters  from  Chesapeake  Hay  to  the  Pacific  coast  waters.  The  oyster- 
beds  here  are  found  at  the  headwaters  of  Puget  Sound,  near  Olympia,  at  Willapa 
Harbor,  on  the  Washington  coast,  and  in  a  few  other  favored  spots.  At  Yacjuina  Bay, 
south  of  the  entrance  to  the  Columbia  river,  is  found  what  is  known  as  the  rock  oys- 


ter. Tl 
imbeddt 
possesse 
dents  n« 
of  an  ar 
and  the 
son.  T 
of  clams 
clam-bec 
in  1893, 

At 
built  up, 
source, 
of  Yaqui 
of  the  CO 
in  its  infi 
perity  of 

The 
of  Tacon 


Grijigs  is  ^ 
by  Georg( 
Whei 
described 
are  found 
corner  of 
silversides 
mallard  ai 
as  fresh  an 
&  Co.  is  tl 

Chloi 
at  the  foot 
fresh,  saltt 


H 


Fishing  Industry  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


103 


ter.  This  is  a  distinct  species  from  the  oyster  of  comtnerce  proper.  It  is  found 
imbedded  in  the  soft  rock  just  outside  the  bay  at  low  tide.  It  has  a  soft  shell,  it  is 
possessed  of  a  delicious  flavor,  and  is  highly  prized  as  an  article  of  food  by  the  resi- 
dents near  Yaquina.  It  is  not  obtainable  in  sufficient  quantities  to  prove  anything 
of  an  article  of  commerce.  The  oyster-beds  of  the  Sound  cover  an  area  of  335  acres, 
and  the  output  of  these  beds  last  year  amounted  to  560  sacks  a  week  during  the  sea- 
son. The  total  output  of  the  year  was  valued  at  about  $43, 000.  Ten  thousand  sacks 
of  clams  are  also  dug  on  the  Souud,  principally  by  the  Indians.  The  Willapa  Harbor 
clam-beds  cover  about  500  acres,  and  the  output  of  oysters  and  clams  from  these  beds, 
in  1893,  was  valued  at  S8o,ooo. 

At  Yaquina  Bay  a  fishing  industry  of  considerable  importance  has  recently  been 
built  up.  A  large  part  of  the  fresh  fish  supply  of  Portland  is  obtained  from  this 
source.  All  the  bays  and  inlets  along  the  coast  are  alive  with  fish.  Under  the  head 
of  Yaquina  Bay  will  be  found  a  detailed  mention  of  the  fishing  interests  of  that  part 
of  the  coast.  Like  the  many  other  industries  of  the  Northwest,  that  of  fishing  is  yet 
in  its  infancy,  and  the  development  of  this  industry  will  add  materially  to  the  pros- 
perity of  a  section  that  is  one  of  the  richest  in  natural  resources  in  the  United  States. 

The  Puget  Sound  Fishing  Company. — The  Puget  Sound  Fishing  Company, 
of  Tacoma,  is  the  largest  concern  of  its  kind  on  Puget  Sound.     Fish  boxes  labeled 

with  the  brand  of  this  company  can  be  seen  at  all  the 
important  railroad  stations  between  Tacoma  and  Chicago. 
The  company  has  unexcelled  cold-storage,  freezing 
and  transportation  facilities,  and  it  is 
thus  enabled  to  give  the  consumer, 
2,000  miles  or  more  away,  salmon,  cod 
and  halibut  as  fresh  as  when  the  fish 
were  first  taken  out  of  the  water. 

The  Puget  Sound  Fishing  Company 
docs  a  large  local  business,  and  it  ships 
thousands  of  pounds  of  fish  to  the 
towns  of  Oregon  and  Washington.  It 
handles  all  kinds  of  fresh  and  salt  fish, 
and  also  makes  extensive  shipments  of 
oysters  and  clams.  The  president  of 
the  company  is  Chester  Thome,  C.  W. 
Grijigs  is  vice-president,  II.  L.  Achilles  is  treasurer.  The  office  of  secretary  is  filled 
by  George  Browne,  while  E.  A.  Chase  is  the  efficient  manager. 

Where  1'ins  and  Feathers  Meet.— The  delicious  natives  of  sea  and  river 
described  in  the  foregoing  article  and  the  four-footed  and  feathered  game  of  Oregon 
are  found  in  their  recurring  seasons  at  Malarkey  &  Co.'s  fish  and  game  stand,  on  the 
corner  of  Fourth  and  Morrison  streets,  Portland.  The  royal  Chinook,  the  glittering 
silversides,  the  speckled  trout,  the  succulent  oyster,  the  timid  quail,  the  v.'eb-footed 
mallard  and  the  Mongolian  pheasant,  daintiest  of  the  feathered  tribe  are  found  here 
as  fresh  and  appetizing  to  epicurean  palates  as  in  their  native  elements  Malarkey 
&  Co.  is  the  only  Portland  firm  dealing  exclusively  in  fish,  game,  poultry  and  oysters. 
Chloimcck  Brothers. — TL.s  well-known  Pacific  coast  firm,  with  headquarters 
at  the  foot  of  Alder  street,  Portland,  are  among  the  leading  packers  and  shippers  of 
fresh,  salted  and  smoked  fish  in  Oregon  and  Washington.     Their  output  includes  all 


Puget  Sound  Fishing  Co.,  tacoma 


104 


The  Orcg-unian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


the  varieties  offish  caught  in  the  Pacific  ocean  and  tributary  rivers,  such  as  salmon, 
sturgeon,  smelt,  herring,  soles  and  flounders.  Fresh  fish  packed  in  ice  are  forwarded 
East  by  this  firm  during  the  season,  and  the  number  of  cases  of  salmon  which  they 
ship  each  year  would  seem  almost  incredible  ifgiven  to  the  readers  of  "The  Handbook." 

Thk  Baltimore  Market. — The  Baltimore  market,  with  Portland  headquarters 
at  290  First  street,  is  conducted  by  Messrs.  G.  Covach  and  John  Bercovich.  This  mar- 
ket is  always  stocked  with  every  variety  offish  found  in  the  waters  of  the  Columbia 
river,  Puget  Sound  and  the  fishing  banks  of  the  Pacific  ocean.  The  best  of  oysters, 
clams,  muscles  and  other  sh^ll  fish  are  also  found  at  this  stand.  Patrons  of  the  Balti- 
more market  arc  supplied  at  all  times  with  fine  poultry,  and  a  special  fine  selection  of 
game  is  always  kept  in  stoc'i  during  the  open  season.  Messrs.  Co^'ach  &  Co.  also  do 
a  wholesale  shipping  business,  at  the  Baltimore  market,  under  the  firm  name  of  the 
Pacific  Coast  Fishing  Company. 

The  Wlliaiiiette  It'^allcy,  Orejjfon.— Of  all  the  fertile  valleys  of  the  Union 
no  one  surpasses  in  richness  or  extent   the  famous  Willamette  valley  of  Oregon. 

This  beautiful  stretch  of  land  xtends  from  the  Columbia 
river  on  the  north  south  to  the  Calipooia  Hills,  a  distance 
of  about  130  miles.  The  valley  for  its  entire  length  is 
inclosed  on  either  side  by  mountain  ranges.  To  the  west 
lies  the  low  Coast  Range,  the  summits  of  which  are  dis- 
tant from  20  to  38  miles  from  the  ocean.  East  of  the  val- 
ley rises  the  great  chain  of  the  Cascade  Mount-'ius,  with 
its  many  peerless  snow-capped  peaks,  the  most  prominent 
of  which  is  Mt.  Hood,  which  rises  to  a  height  of  11,225 
^^f^if^^'r^J^CHjS^HHP  f'sst.  Between  the  slopes  of  these  two  ranges  there  is  an 
5T*3imni   eItIwSMHp  average  width  of  60  miles  of  valley  land.      This  is  the 

garden  spot  of  Oregon  and, -with  its  perennial  green  ver- 
dure, it  is  one  of  the  most  inviting  spots  on  the  coast. 

The  total  area    of    the   Willamette   valley   is   7,800 

Silver  Prunes  Rmsed  in  the  Willamette      sqUarC  milcS,   Or  4,992, OOCT  aCreS,   all     of    wllich     is     highly 

fertile.  From  the  Coast  Range  on  the  west  numerous 
streams  flow  into  the  Willamette  river,  the  great  water-course  of  Western  Oregon.  The 
principal  of  these  streams  arc  the  Tualatin,  Chehalem,  Yamhill,  La  Crcola,  I.ucki- 
amutte,  Mary's  river.  Long  Tom  and  Calipooia  rivers.  The  springs  and  melting 
snows  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  give  birth  to  numberless  small  creeks  which,  uniting, 
form  the  Clackamas,  Molalla,  Pudding,  Santiam  and  McKenzie  rivers,  all  of  which 
flow  westward  and  empty  into  the  Willamette  river. 

The  Willamette  is  one  of  the  principal  tributaries  of  the  Columbia.  It  is  navi- 
gable for  a  distance  of  more  than  125  miles  from  its  mouth.  At  Oregon  City,  the 
oldest  settlement  in  the  valley,  and  now  a  great  manufacturing  center,  the  river  falls 
42  feet,  over  a  solid  rock  dam.  This  is  at  a  point  12  miles  south  of  Portland.  The 
Willamette  falls  at  Oregon  City,  with  possibly  one  exception,  furnish  the  greatest 
available  water  power  at  any  one  place  in  the  United  States.  Boats  pass  the  falls  of 
the  Willamette  through  a  complete  .system  of  locks,  open  all  the  year.  On  the  cast 
side  of  the  river  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  runs  from  Portland  to  San 
Francisco.     This  skirts  the  walers's  edge  at  Oregon  City.     The  west  side  division  of 


this  sam 
ing  at  C 

It  w 
in  Oreg( 
early  pi( 
dispense 
migrant 
its  settle; 
whether 
Althoug 
forms  of 
fresh   as 
the  beaut 
lamettc 
the    Paci 
its  south< 
the   bloss 
kept  farn 
1850,  and 
time,  but 
quality  o\ 
indigeuou 
late  years 
remunerat 
feet,  surp 
France, 
broken  fro 
settlers  in 
ing  good  p 
the  localit 
orchard  in 
thiee  year 
the}'  are  it 

Anoth 
The  yield 
pounds.  ' 
raising  an 


f^ 


Up-river  8tea» 

POR 

wheat  on  t 
farmers  wi 


: 


The  Willamette  Valley,  Oregon. 


10,5 


A  Willamette  River  Scene,  Portland's  Suburbs. 


this  same  road  runs  south  through  the  Willamette  valley  west  of  the  river,  termiuat- 
ing  at  Corvallis,  96  miles  south  of  Portland. 

It  was  the  government  offer  of  360  acres  of  land  to  every  person  who  would  settle 
in  Oregon  that  first  attracted  permanent  settlers  to  the  Willamette  valley.     These 
early  pioneers,  many  of  whom    are    now   living, 
dispensed  hospitality  with  a  lavish  hand.     No  im- 
migrant arriving  in  the  valley  in  the  early  days  of 
its  settlement  ever  suffered  for  want  of  provisions, 
whether  he  had  money  or  whether  he  was  penniless. 
Although  time  has  silvered  the  locks  and  bent  the  I 
forms  of  these  early  settlers,  their  deeds  are  still  as' 
fresh   as  is  the   green  of  the  perennial  verdure  of 
the  beautiful  valley  in  which  they  live.     The  Wil- 
lamette valley  is  today  the  best  seiilcd  portion  of 
the    Pacific  Northwest.  .    From    its    northern    to 
its  southern  limit  it  is  a  succession  of   orchards, 

the  blossoms  of  which  perfume  the  air  as  early  as  March  and  April,  firrely 
kept  farms  and  waving  wheat  fields  Many  of  these  orchards  were  planted  prior  to 
1S50,  and  the  gnarled  trunks  and  limbs  of  their  trees  show  plainly  the  ravages  of 
time,  but  the  ripe  and  juicy  fruit  they  bear  each  season  gives  no  evidence  of  impaired 
quality  over  what  this  same  fruit  was  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago.  All  kinds  of  fruit 
indigenous  to  the  temperate  zone  is  grown  to  perfection  in  the  W^illamette  valley.  Of 
late  years,  fruit  culture  in  the  valley  has  become  one  of  its  most  important  aird 
remunerative  industries.  The  prunes  grown  in  Western  Oregon  are  absolutely  per- 
fect, surpassing  in  quality  and  size  the  same  fruit  grown  in  California,  Italy  and 
France.  In  any  prune  orchard  of  the  Willamette  valley  a  stem  a  foot  long  can  be 
broken  from  a  prune  tree  here  with  50  large  prunes  hanging  to  it.  To  the  prospective 
settlers  in  the  valley  prune  raising  offers  many  inducements.  Land  capable  of  mak- 
ing good  prune  orchards  sells  here  for  from  $15  to  $Ho  an  acre,  the  price  depending  on 
the  locality  and  whether  or  not  it  is  cleared.  The  expense  of  settmg  out  a  prune 
orchard  in  the  valley  Uj  .soout  $18  per  acre  for  a  choice  selection  of  young  trees.  In 
three  years  from  the  time  of  planting  the  trees  begin  to  bear,  and  in  four  or  five  years 
they  are  in  full-bearing  condition. 

Another  important  farming  industry  of  the  Willamette  valley  is  hop  culture. 
The  yield  of  hops  per  acre  on  the  lands  of  Western  Oregon  is  from  1,500  to  2,000 
pounds.  The  average  price  of  hops  is  iS  cents  per  pound.  The  estimated  cost  of 
raising  and  marketing  hops  is  from  8  to  10  cents  a  pound.      The  great  crop  of  the 

Willamette  valley  today,  however,  just  as  it  was  10  years  ago, 
is  wheat.  The  prolific  soil  of  this  section  of  the  state  yields 
millions  of  bushels  of  wheat  annually.  During  harvest  time 
a  traveler  journeying  through  the  valley  sees  a  vast  field  of 
golden  grain,  broken  here  and  there  by  forest-fringed  streams, 
orchards,  hop  yards  and  pastures.  Thirty  successive  crops  of 
wheat  have  been  raised  on  the  same  land  in  the  Willamette 
valley,  and  the  yield  each  season  was  not  less  than  25  bushels 
and  as  high  as  50  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  average  yield  of 
wheat  on  the  valley  lands  is  perhaps  not  as  high  as  25  bushels  to  the  acre,  as  practical 
farmers  will  understand,  but  this  land  is  perfectly  adapted  to  the  growing  of   all 


up-river  steamboats  at  Docks, 
portland. 


.1 


lOG 


The  Orefionian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


^.  S.  Light  House  Tender,  Columbine, 

ON   P«CIF1C  const  W*TERS. 


kinds  of  cereals.  In  addition  to  cereals,  the  lands  of  the  valley  grow  nearly  every- 
thing raised  in  any  part  of  the  United  States  except  tropical  fruits  and  the  peculiar 
ptoducts  of  the  Gulf  States. 

The  elevation  of  the  Willamette  valley  ranges  from  70  feet  at  the  base  of  the  falls 
at  Oregon  City  to  400  feet  at  the  southern  extremity,     Scattered  through  it  are  broad 

prairies,  separated  by  streams  shaded  by  strips 
of  woodland.  The  soil  of  these  ^rairies  con- 
sists of  decomposed  volcanic  rock  and  a  large 
proportion  of  alluvial  deposits  aad  vegetable 
mould.  This  soil  is  unsurpassed  in  fertility,  and. 
it  is  capable  of  producing  successive  crops  with- 
out any  sign  of  diminution  for  generations. 
Above  the  broad  stretches  of  prairie  land  are 
what  are  called  the  foothills,  which  expend  en- 
tirely around  the  prairie  and  merge  into  the 
mountain  slopes.  These  rolling  lands  lie  at 
an  elevation  of  from  500  to  2,000  feet,  and  are  covered  with  brush.  At  present  this 
high  land  is  utilized  only  for  the  raising  of  stock.  When  cleared  of  brush  much  of 
this  upland,  however,  is  as  productive  as  are  any  of  the  best  valley  lands.  Lying  above 
the  foothills,  on  the  slopes  of  both  the  Coast  and  the  Cascade  ranges  of  mountains,  are 
forests  of  fine  merchantable  timber.  The  timber  belt  on  the  slopes  of  the  Cascades 
is  about  20  miles  in  width.  The  proximity  of  this  vast  amount  of  fine  timber  is  of 
the  greatest  economic  importance  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  valley,  and  in  time  it  will 
find  its  way  to  many  of  the  outside  markets. 

At  the  northern  end  of  the  Willamette  valley,  12  miles  south  of  the  confluence  of 
the  Willamette  and  Columbia  rivers,  is  Portland,  the  metropolis  of  the  Pacific  North- 
west. Portland,  with  the  other  leading  centers  of  population  of  Western  Oregon,  is 
fully  described  in  "  The  Handbook."  In  connection  with  the  mention  of  each  of  these 
places  considerable  space  is  devoted  to  the  principal  characteristics  of  the  tributary 
country  from  which  they  derive  their  support.  The  towns  of  Western  Oregon  are 
among  the  oldest  settlements  of  the  North wes<^,  and  they  are  all  prosperous,  depend- 
ing for  their  support  on  the  richness  of  a  tributary  farming  district  that  has  never  yet 
noted  the  failure  of  a  crop. 

Poi'tUiiul,  Oregon. — Near  where  the  Willamette  river  swells  the  volume  of 
the  great  Columbia  is  Portland,  the  metropolis  of  the  Northwest,  and  a  city  of  92,000 
inhabitants.     Unsurpassed  in  the  beauty  of  its  surroundings,  pre-eminent  in  its  wealth 


PORTLAND  IN   1B68. 


per  capita,  containing  a  cultured  and  prosperous  people,  this  fair  city  occupies  a  proud 
position  among  the  leading  commercial  centers  of  America.     To  Portland  flows  the 


steady  stre 
an  area  of  | 

Althoi 
flying  the 
tide-water 
America, 
mense  depl 
years    past! 
mines  whi| 
dollars  in 
are  vast  ard 
passed  in  f| 
the  ocean 
in  the  worl 
commercial 
ucational  c 
baps  a  great 
than  any  c 

The  de 
today  furnij 
built  at  the 
nessed  man 
fitting  introi 
land  was  on 
ficient  impo 
limits,  and  I 
had  its  influi 

Like  a  r 
narratives  ol 
ers  of  Ameri 
the  frontiers 
From  the  tii 
broad  waters 

oregonian  buildin 


POI 


of  Ghent,  w 
during  the  \ 


Portland,  Oregon. 


107 


jjS(«rt*v 


Front  Street,  Portland,  in  1862. 


steady  stream  of  wealth  from  the  valleys,  mountains  and  waters  of  a  region  covering 
an  area  of  1,000  miles  square. 

Although  inland  120  miles  from  the  ocean,  Portland  is  regularly  visited  by  ships 
flying  the  flags  of  all  maritime  nations.  At  its  doors  is  the  greatest  water  power  at 
tide-water  in  the  world.  Immediately  adjacent  to  the  city  are  the  greatest  forests  of 
America.  A  few  miles  distant  from  its  business  center  is  an  im- 
mense deposit  of  iron  ore,  which  has  been  successfully  mined  for 
years  past.  In  its  tributary  country  are 
mines  which  annually  produce  millions  of 
dollars  in  gold  and  silver.  Near  Portland 
are  vast  areas  of  laud  possessing  a  soil  unsur- 
passed in  fertility.  Between  the  city  and 
the  ocean  are  the  finest  fresh-water  fisheries 
in  the  world.  This  remarkable  city  is  the 
commercial,  manufacturing, financial  and  ed- 
ucational center  of  a  country  possessing  per- 
haps a  greater  diversity  of  valuable  resources 
than  any  other  part  of  the  United  States. 

The  development  of  the  frontier  village  of  1846  into  the  magnificent  Portland  of 
today  furnishes  the  text  for  a  most  interesting  story.  Even  before  the  first  cabin  was 
built  at  the  big  bend  of  the  Willamette,  where  Portland  now  stands,  Oregon  had  wit- 
nessed many  stirring  events.  A  brief  sketch  of  the  early  settlement  of  Oregon  is  a 
fitting  introduction  to  an  extended  description  of  its  chief  city.  The  growth  of  Port- 
land was  only  possible  when  the  development  of  the  state  had  reached  a  point  of  suf- 
ficient importance  to  demand  the  establishment  of  a  leading  trade  center  within  its 
limits,  and  Portland  has  taken  no  step  forward  during  the  past  25  years  which  has  not 
had  its  influence  on  the  prosperity  of  all  of  Oregon. 

Like  a  romance  reads  the  early  history  of  Oregon.  Charmingly  portrayed  in  the 
narratives  of  Astoria  and  Bonneville,  by  Washington  Irving,  it  is  familiar  to  all  read- 
ers of  American  literature.  Eloquently  told  in  the  rough  but  impressive  language  of 
the  frontiersman,  it  became  a  part  of  the  household  tales  of  many  a  Western  home. 
From  the  time  that  Lewis  and  Clark  and  their  intrepid  followers  first  looked  upon  the 
broad  waters  of  the  Columbia  river,  men  led  by  a  spirit  of  romance  and  adventure,  or 

a  desire  to  better  their  fortunes,  have  journeyed  across 
the  plains  and  over  the  mountains  to  the  fertile  val- 
leys of  Oregon.  When  the  United  States,  just  recov- 
ering from  the  devastation  wrought  by  the  War  of 
Independence,  was  plunged  into  another  momentous 
struggle  with  England,  there  was  a  settlement  on  the 
Oregon  coast  called  Astoria.  Over  this  fort,  estab- 
lished iu  1811,  by  John  Jacob  Astor,  floated  the  first 
American  flag  swung  to  the  breeze  on  the  Pacific 
coast.  Not  long,  however,  did  this  banner  wave,  for 
one  day  a  Hritish  warship  cast  her  anchor  in  the  river 
opposite  the  fort  and  forced  the  little  garrison  estab- 
lished there  to  surrender.  Then  followed  the  treaty 
of  Ghent,  which  provided  for  the  restoration  of  all  territory  taken  by  either  nation 
during  the  War  of  1812.     Both  Great  Btitain  and  the  United  States  claimed  Oregon 


OREGONIAN    BUILDrNG  tN  CORNER. 


Portland  in  1864. 


I    5 


it 


1 


i 


m 


1  J' 

\m 

1 

1 


108 


The  Oregoniun's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  TOWNE. 


by  right  of  discovery,  or  by  purchase,  an  1  until  1846  the  Oregon  controversy  occupied 
the  attention  of  American  and  English  statesmen. 

Finally  this  dispute  over  the  contested  territory  was  settled  by  the  establishment 
of  thr  international  boundary  line  at  the  49th  degree  of  north  latitude,  thus  ceding 
Oregon  to  the  United  States.  The  territory  of  Oregon  then  eni!)raced  all  of  the  pres- 
ent state  of  Washington,  Idaho  and  Montana  lying  west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
I^eforc  the  treaty  of  1846  was  made,  Oregon  was  occupied  jointly  by  the  Hudson's 
Bay  Company  aiul  a  small  but  determined  band  of  adventurous  Americans.  This 
great  fur  monopoly  was  master  of  the  field  it  occupied  But  ill  fared  the  individual 
or  company  who  iiiterfered  with  its  traffic  or  who  questioned  its  exclusive  right  to 
trade  with  the  Indians  of  Oregon.  In  1829-  Fort  Vancouver,  now  a  United  States 
military  post,  seven  miles  distant  from  Portland,  was  selected  as  the  headquar- 
ters of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  At  this  post  lived  Dr.  John  McLoughlin,  the 
uncrowned  monarch  of  the  vast  domain  lying  between  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  ocean 

and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 
As  chief  factor  of  the 
Hudson's  Bay  Company, 
McLoughlin  had  absolute 
control  over  the  lives  and 
property  of  the  600  em- 
ployes of  the  company. 
Subsequently  he  became 
an  American  citizen. 
Among  the  ferns  and 
flowers  in  the  old  ceme- 
tery at  Oregon  City  there 
is  today  a  plain  marble 
slab  which  marks  the  last 
resting  place  of  a  man 
who,  during  his  life,  was 
the  guiding  spirit  of  Ore- 
gon's destiny;  a  man  who 
settled  many  vexed  ques- 
tions of  the  most  serious 
import  to  the  future  wel- 
fare of  the  great  state,  and  it  is  this  little  grave  which  contains  the  dust  of  Dr. 
McLoughlin,  that  will  ever  remain  a  sacred  spot  in  the  minds  of  the  people  of  the 
great  commonwealth  who  commemorate  a  name  that  was  worthy  only  of  brave  and 
noble  deeds. 

At  the  time  the  treaty  of  1846  was  made  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  had  45  offi- 
cers and  513  articled  men,  all  working  together  to  maintain  its  supremacy  and  power. 
Its  23  forts  were  located  at  points  of  vantage  extending  east  as  far  as  the  Bitter  Root 
valley,  in  Montana.  The  few  Americans  in  Oregon  prior  to  1840,  braved  many  appall- 
ing forms  of  death.  Absolutely  without  protection,  except  that  afTordcd  by  their 
rifles  and  knives,  many  of  these  men  fell  an  easy  prey  to  the  hordes  of  savages  who 
roamed  over  the  country.  Along  the  river,  from  Portland  to  the  sea,  are  today  many 
historic  spots,  the  scenes  of  deeds  of  heroism  performed  by  these  men,  whose  names 
will  always  be  held  in  veneration  by  the  people  of  Oregon. 


Third  and  Morrison  Streets,  Portland. 


Stories! 
soil  and  the! 
States,  caus| 
train  to  crc 
in  1842.     Otl 
the  first  timi 
the  ascendc 
held  under 
Company, 
debatable  gr 
States  refusJ 
Here  were  sj 
out  the  pro! 
out  the  protl 
ernnient,  wh 
on.      Thest 
for    relief   h 
playeJ  the 
In   Congress 
Oregon's  c\i 
senate    chan 
the  bills  whi 
ritory  of  Ore 
ton,  in  glow 
and  the  Oriei 
ton  an  immo 
can  residents 
Government, 
perfected  a  a 


Third  and  y 


and  effectiv 
equipped  bj 
Two  battles  •\ 


Portland,  Orej^on. 


100 


First  Street,  Portland. 


Stories  of  the  beautiful  valley  of  the  Willamette,  the  wonderful  fertility  of  its 
soil  and  the  perennial  greenness  of  its  verdure,  circulated  by  trappers  returning  to  the 
vStates,  caused  the  first  great  immigration  to  Oregon  of  the  40's.  The  first  immigrant 
train  to  cross  the  plains  reached  Oregon 
in  1842.  Other  trains  followed,  until  for 
the  first  time,  American  interests  were  in 
the  ascendency  in  the  territory  so  long 
held  under  the  sway  of  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company.  At  that  time  Oregon  was  a 
debatable  ground,  over  which  the  United 
States  refused  to  extend  its  jurisdiction. 
Here  were  several  thousand  people  with- 
out the  protection  of  the  law,  and  with- 
out the  protecting  arm  of  their  own  gov- 
ernment, which  they  had  the  right  to  loan 
on.  These  people  petitioned  Congress 
for  relief  but  their  prayers  were  auswered  only  by  sarcastic  speeches,  which  ('is- 
playeJ  the  narrow  statesmanship  and  poor  wit  of  the  senators  uttering  them. 
In  Congress,  at  the  time,  however,  were  two  loyal  and  staunch  .supporters  of 
Oregon's  claims.  Both  of  these  men  were  from  the  state  of  Missouri.  Tlit 
senate  chamber  vibrated  with  the  eloquence  of  Louis  F.  IJnn,  who  introduced 
the  bills  which  provided  for  the  donation  of  land  to  all  who  would  settle  in  the  ter- 
ritory of  Oregon.  Pointing  his  prophetic  finger  to  the  West,  Senator  Thomas  Ben- 
ton, in  glowing  language  portrayed  the  possibilities  of  an  American  road  to  India 
and  the  Orient ;  a  vision  that  has  since  been  realized  and  which  has  earned  for  Ben- 
ton an  immortal  name  among  the  galaxy  of  great  American  statesmen.  The  Ameri- 
can residents  of  Oregon,  finding  their  demands  for  protection  ignored  by  the  Federal 
Government,  established  a  temporary  civil  government  of  their  own  in  1843.  They 
perfected  a  code  of  laws  which  would  protect  their  rights  to  home  and  liberty,  and  it 

was  thus  that  the  brave  little  band  of  Oregon 
pioneers  rendered  the  greatest  support  to  the 
United  States  in  holding  the  territory  here  for 
the  republic  at  the  very  time  when  the  govern- 
ment was  laboring  under  the  misguided  senti- 
.ment  that  it  had  no  use  for  Oregon. 

Thus,  though  never  wavering  in  their  alle- 
giance to  the  United  States,  the  Americans  in 
Oregon  became  citizens  of  a  republic  of  their 
own  creation.  The  most  serious  thing  which 
this  early  pioneer  government  of  Oregon  had 
to  contend  with  was  an  outbreak  of  the  Cayuse 
Ii:diaus,  on  November  29,  1847.  The  red  fiends 
murdered  the  brave  missionary.  Dr.  Marcus 
Whitman,  and  his  associates,  at  a  point  near 
the  present  site  of  Walla  Walla,  Washington. 
The  death  of  these  btave  men  was  quickly 
regiment  of  14  companies  was  recruited  and 
government    and    this  force    moved    to  the   front. 


Third  »nd  Washinqton  Streets,  Portuno. 


and  effectively  avenged.  A 
equipped  by  the  provisional 
Two  battles  with  the  red  skins  were  fought,  in  which  the   Indians  were  completely 


-  M 


I 


no 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


T 


-^^^>^^«^E^ 


A  rOUR-MASTEDSNIP  AT   PORTLAND'S  DOCKS. 


routed.  The  savages  were  driven  out  of  their 
country  and  they  were  not  allowed  to  occupy  it 
again  until  they  had  delivered  up  five  of  their 
guilty  ring-leaders,  who  were  tried,  convicted  and 
executed  at  Oregon  City. 

Om  .\ugust  13,  1N4S,  President  Polk  signed  the 
bill  creating  the  territory  of  Oregon,  and  on  the 
third  day  of  March,  1S49.  General  Joseph  Lane, 
the  first  territorial  governor,  issued  his  proclamation 
assuming  the  control  of  the  government  of  Ore- 
gon. Thus  the  pioneers  of  Oregon  were  mak- 
ing history  before  the  greater  portion  of  the 
United  States  was  settled.  Oregon  can  justly  lay  claim  to  one  of  the  older  estab- 
lished settlements  of  the  Union.  It  has  always  been  inhabited  by  a  brave  set  of  men, 
intrepid  to  a  degree  that  allowed  no  enterprise  which  they  ever  undertook  to  record 
a  failure  ;  never  wavering  in  their  allegiance  to  the  United  States  government,  and 
the  prosperity  of  the  country  they  occupied  must  be  taken  as  attesting  the  zeal  of 
the  right  kind  of  manhood,  which  is  worthy  of  a  grateful  remembrance  by  the  peo- 
ple of  a  later  generation  who  occupy  a  fertile  country  which  these  early  pioneers  had 
conquered. 

In  the  early  history  of  Oregon,  before  the  settlement  of  Portland,  Oregon  City, 
at  the  falls  of  the  Willamette,  12  miles  south  of  the  present  great  city,  was  the  cap- 
ital and  the  chief  city  of  the  territory.  It  was  well  understood  by  the  pioneers  of 
Oregon,  that  somewhere  between  the  city  at  the  falls  and  the  confluence  of  the  Col- 
umbia and  Willamette  rivers  must  be  located  the  future  metropolis  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest.  St.  Johns,  Milwaukie,  Linnton,  St.  Helens  and  Milton  were  formidable 
candidates  for  this  honor  before  Portland  was  even  thought  of.  All  these  towns  are 
now  interesting  and  picturesque  settlements,  most  of  them  being  suburbs  of  Portland, 
but  they  have  never  attained  distinction  as  trade  centers,  and  the  village  conditions 
which  governed  their  existence  before  the  first  cabin  in  Portland  was  built  are  the 
conditions  which  surround  them  at  the  present  time. 

A  series  of  fortunate  incidents,  combined  with  the  indominable  pluck  and  the 
untiring  energy  of  its  pioneer  citizens,  made  Portland  the  principal  town  in  Oregon, 
after  it  had  experienced  many  vicissitudes.  Long  before  the  first  white  man  set  foot 
on  the  site  of  the  present  great  city  with  the  intention  of  assuming  the  ownership 
of  its  land,  a  member  of  Lewis  &  Clark's  expedition  had  landed  his  canoe  at  the  big 
bend  of  the  Willamette  river  and  camped  in  the 
lodge  of  an  Indian  chief  who  told  him  wondrous 
stones  of  the  great  tribe  of  the  Calipooias  many 
days  distant  towards  the  mid-day  sun.  In  1843, 
years  after  this,  an  adventurer,  whose  antecedents 
and  subsequent  career  are  unknown,  stepped 
ashore  and  claimed  the  spot  on  which  Portland  is 
now  located.  This  was  William  Overton,  a  man 
whom  it  is  rumored  afterwards  met  his  death  in 
Texas  at  the  end  of  a  rope.  Overton  disposed  of 
one-half  of  his  claim  to  A.  L.  Lovejoy,  and  a  few 
mouths  later  he  sold  the  remaining  portion  of  his 
holdings  here  to  F.  W.  Pettygrove.  ship*  that  v.sit  porti..no. 


In  18. 
cast  her  a 
commerct 
to  1S49  th 
that  of  St 
val  of  a 
could  hap 
the  rude, 
here.     In 
est  in  the 
l5,ooo  woi 
being  cun 
of  gold  in 
new  epoch 
it  was  fror 
really  date 

The  tl 
largely  upi 
Fruit,  vege 
goes  of  tht 
enormous  j 
beautiful  r( 
at  one  dolli 
from  this  ti 
wer.i  laid. 
1862  gold  V 
these  camp 
these  diggii 
of  bullion 
leaving  Poi 
dollars  in  g 
ness  men  c 
supply  and 


A   CHINA  STE 

PORTLAND'S 

The  Oreg 
Scott  beca 


Portland,  Orcffon. 


Ill 


POnTLANO,  RCGULAR  COASTING  STEAMERS  AT  DOCKS. 


In  1845  the  bark  Toulon,  from  Massachusetts,  sailed  up  the  Columbia  river  and 
cast  her  anchor  in  the  Willamette  in  front  of  Portland.  This  was  the  beginning  of  a 
commerce  that  has  made  Portland  one  of  the  great  American  seaports.  From  1 845 
to  1849  the  history  of  Portland  does  not  differ  from 
that  of  struggling  frontier  settlements.  The  arri- 
val of  a  ship  here  was  the  greatest  event  which 
could  happen  to  break  the  monotony  of 
the  rude,  primitive  lives  of  the  settlers 
here.  In  1848  Pettygrove  sold  his  inter- 
est in  the  townsite  to  D.  II.  Lownsdale  for 
l5,ooo  worth  of  leather,  specie  not  then 
being  current  in  Oregon.  The  discovery 
of  gold  in  California,  in  1849,  marked  a 
new  epoch  in  the  history  of  Portland,  and 
it  was  from  that  year  that  the  present  city 
really  dates  its  birth. 

The  thousands  of  people  who  rushed  to  the  California  gold  mines  depetided 
largely  upon  Oregon  to  furnish  them  with  the  supplies  necessary  for  their  existence. 
Fruit,  vegetables,  lumber  and  flour  sold  in  San  Francisco  for  fabulous  prices.  Car- 
goes of  these  products  shipped  from  Portland  to  San  Francisco  netted  the  owners 
enormous  profits.  A  consignment  of  200  pounds  of  apples  was  sold  for  $500.  The 
beautiful  red  and  golden  apples  from  the  Willamette  valley  were  eagerly  purchased 
at  one  dollar  each  by  the  Argonauts  of  California.  It  was  from  the  profits  derived 
from  this  trade  that  the  foundation  of  many  of  the  large  private  fortunes  of  Portland 
wer.i  laid.  In  1852  rich  mineral  discoveries  were  made  in  Southern  Oregon,  and  - 
1862  gold  was  discovered  on  the  Salmon  river  in  Idaho.  A  stampede  was  made  lo 
these  camps,  and  Portland,  by  virtue  of  her  position,  became  the  supply  point  for 
these  diggings.  The  output  of  these  mines,  consisting  of  millions  of  dollars  worth 
of  bullion  and  gold  dust,  was  sent  to  Portland  for  shipment  to  the  mints.  Ships 
leaving  Portland  in  those  days  frequently  carried  consignments  of  half  a  million 
dollars  in  gold.  This  was  a  period  of  great  business  activity  in  which  careful  busi- 
ness men  could  rapidly  accumulate  a  fortune.  Thoroughly  understanding  the  laws  of 
supply  and  demand  and  taking  advantage  of  the  exceptional  opportuuites  for  the 
acquirement  of  wealth,  the  early  merchants  here  accumulated,  or 
were  instrumental  in  brirging  to  the  city,  the  money  that  has 
made  Portland  a  great  financial  center,  and,  in  proportion  to  its 
population,  one  of  the  richest  cities  in  the  world. 

Many  of  these  pioneer  business  men  are  now  multo-million- 
aires,  and  much  of  their  wealth  is  invested  in  the  hundreds  of  im- 
posing buildings  that  adorn  the  streets  of  Portland. 

The  establishment  of  a  newspaper  at  Oregon  City  and  one  at 
Milwaukie  caused  the  people  of  Portland  to  induce  Thos.  J.  Dryer, 
a  journalist,  to  bring  an  outfit  to  Portland  and  establish  a  paper 
here.  On  December  4,  1850,  the  first  issue  of  this  paper  was 
printed.  It  was  called  The  OrHGOnian.  .Thus  was  born  the 
great  metropolitan  daily  of  today,  which  for  44  years  has  mirrored 
the  thoughts  and  protected  the  interests  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 
The  Oregonian  was  purchased  in  1861  by  Henry  L.  Pittock,  and  in  1865  Harvey  W. 
Scott  became  its  editor,  a  position  he  has  held  continuously  with  the  exception  of 


A  CHINA  Steamer  at 

PORTLAND'S  DOCKS. 


?    A 


i      I J  I, 

\i 

ill  f 


1i' 


'^m 


112 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


a  short  interval  extending  from  1872  to  1877.  In  1892,  Messrs.  Pittock  and  Scott,  the 
present  proprietors  of  the  paper,  built  the  palatial  Oregon  I  AN  building,  mention  of 
which  is  found  in   another  part  of  the  present  article. 

In  1851,  Portland  became  an  incorporated  town.  Three  years  later  Multnomah 
county  was  created  and  Portland  was  made  the  seat  of  justice  From  that  time  the 
town  progressed  rapidly,  attracting  to  it  weaith  and  the  best  elements  of  society.  To 
this  inland  seaport  on  the  Willamette  came  the  best  representatives  of  the  best  classes  of 
the  east.  The  dregs  of  Kuropean  society  have  not  yet  reached  the  Pacific  coast  in  any 
considerable  numbers.'  This  turbulent  element,  which  divides  itself  into  clans,  lives 
in  squalid  (juarters  and  antagonizes  American  institutions,  has  no  existence  at  Port- 
land. The  beauty  of  the  city  and  the  purity  of  its  municipal  government  are  not 
marred  by  the  debasing  influence  of  foreign  paupers.  Portland  is  distinctly  an  Ameri- 
can city.  It  is  the  home  of  a  progressive,  intelligent  and  cultured  people.  Society 
is  graded  here  as  it  is  elsewhere,  but  social  differences  are  not  so  apparent  in  Portland 
as  they  are  in  the  East.  The  working  men  of  Portland  are  a  sturdy,  intelligent  and 
thrifty  class  of  men,  imbued  with  that  spirit  of  progress  and  desire  for  advancement 
that  characterizes  every  industrious  man  living  in  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

The  Portland  of  today  owes  none  of  its  greatness  to  forced  growth,  caused  by  real 
estate  booms.  There  has  been  but  little  of  this  kind  of  speculation  in  Oregon.  To 
natural  causes  alone  is  the  advancement  of  the  city  to  be  attributed.  The  causes 
which  conspired  to  make  it  the  metropolis  of  a  region  1,000  miles  square  will  continue 
to  contribute  to  its  growth,  wealth  and  prosperity.  The  steady  growth  of  Portland 
from  a  struegling  village  to  a  magnifinent  city  of  91  ,ocx3  inhabitants  can  be  accurately 
traced.  The  local  census  taken  in  1857  credits  the  town  with  a  population  of  1,280. 
Three  years  later  there  were  2,917  people  here.  In  1862,  Portland  had  4,057  inhabi- 
tants, and  in  1865  the  population  of  the  city  had  increased  to  6,058.  The  United 
States  census  of  1870  gave  the  city  a  population  of  9,565.     In    1875,  the  population 

was  13,470,  and  in  1880  it  was  17,578.  This  growth  was 
taking  place  at  a  time  when  Portlatid  did  not  have  rail  con- 
nection  with   the   rest   of  the    United  States,    and   it    was 


PMOTO.    BY  TOWNE 


Battleship  Monterey. 


QrtLTiK.O^^ 


United  States  warships  that  have  Visited  Portland. 


due  princi 
Pacific  coa 
the  United 


PORTLAkO. 

A  Steam  Coast  Pre 


ful  valley  ii 
remains  grc 
lamette  val 
unsurpassec 
over  30  yea 
this  soil,  an 
is  considcrc 
of  the  Nile  i 
that  the  Wil 
conditions  o 
valley  alone 
tributary  sec 
cade  Mount 
rounded  on 
covers  an  ar 
in  the  world 
flow  the  mi: 
way  of  the  C 
Empire."  ' 
producing  p 
the  markets 
strikes  the  (. 
lows  the  riv 
of  Portland, 
Branch  line! 
famous  Pal( 
other  count 
for  the  fcrt 
abundant  yi 
produce  to  t 
from  these  s 
point  it  is  k 


Portland,  Oreffon. 


113 


Portland. 
A  8TE«M  Co»sT  FneiGMTEn 


due  principally  to  the  city's  position  as  the  natural  commercial  center  of  the  North 

Pacific  coast.     In  1885,  it  is  estimated  that  the  population  of  Portland  was  26,000,  and 

the  United  States  census  of  1890  gave  Portland  a  population  of  46,3H5.     Since  the  last 

government  census  was  taken,  however,  the  old  municipalities  of 

East  Portland,  Albina,  Sellwood  and  the  adjacent  suburbs,  which 

were  always  a  part  of  Portland  proper,  have   been   consolidated 

with  that  part  of  the  city  formerly  known  as  Portland,  and  lying 

on  the  west  bank  of  the  Willamette,      t'onsolidated  Portland,  by 

the  carefully  compiled  directory  of  1893,  contains  90,785  inhabi- 

nf^^^'^S^  tants.     Thus  has  grown  the  commercial  and  manufacturing,  finan- 

rUj'\  i.Z<^v>  cial  and    educational   center  of    the    Pacific    Northwest.        The 

country  of  which  it  is  the  metropolis  is  a  most  magnificent  one, 

in  distances,  resources  and  beauty. 

Stretching  from  the  Columbia  river  to  the  Calipv  aia  hills,  a 
distance  of  130  miles,  is  the  valley  which  was  the  maguet  that 
attracted  the  first  large  immigration  to  Oregon.  This  is  a  land 
of  flowers,  rchards,  gardens,  hop  yards  and  wheat  fields,  a  beauti- 
ful valley  in  which,  beneath  Uie  snow-capped  summits  of  mighty  mountain  peaks  grass 
remains  green  the  year  round.  This  magnificent  sweep  of  land  is  known  as  the  Wil- 
lamette valley.  It  is  the  primary  cause  of  Portland's  greatness.  Possessing  a  soil  of 
unsurpassed  fertility,  this  valley  has  produced  enormous  crops  without  diminution  for 
over  30  years  past.  It  will  undoubtedly  take  centuries  of  constant  tillage  to  wear  out 
this  soil,  and  owing  to  the  peculiar  climatic  conditions  existing  here  a  failure  of  crops 
is  considered  by  the  residents  as  an  impossibility.  At  the  dawn  of  civilization  the  valley 
of  the  Nile  sustained  a  population  of  7,000,000  people.  From  this  it  can  be  adduced 
that  the  Willamette  valley  with  its  7,800  square  miles  of  highly  fertile  land,  under  the 
conditions  of  modern  tillage,  can  alone  support  5,000,000  people.  The  trade  of  this 
valley  alone  is  sufficient  to  support  a  large  city,  yet  the  \  alley  is  but  one  of  the  many 
tributary  sectiotis  from  which  Portland  derives  its  business.  Lying  east  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains  is  a  vast  natural  amphitheatre  of  magnificent  dimensions.  Sur- 
rounded on  all  sides  by  high  mountain  ranges,  this  "Inland  Empire,"  as  it  is  called, 
covers  an  area  of  thousands  of  square  miler  of  the  most  fertile  cereal-producing  land 
in  the  world.  It  is  today  the  great  granary  of  the  West.  Throughout  this  section 
flow  the  mighty  Columbia  river  and  its  tributary,  the  winding  Snake.  The  water- 
way of  the  Columbia  is  the  key  which  unlocks  to  Portland  the  trade  of  the  "Inland 
Empire,"  This  river  is  and  will  always  remain  the  great  highway  between  the  cereal- 
producing  region  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  lying  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  and 
the  markets  of  the  world.  The  transcontinental  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad 
strikes  the  Columbia  at  Umatilla,  in  Eastern  Oregoi.  and  from  this  latter  point  fol- 
lows the  river  to  within   a   few  miles  '. 


of  Portland,    187   miles  further   west. 

Branch  lines  of  this  railroad  tap  the 

famous  Palousc,    Walla    Walla     and 

other  countries,    sections    all   famous 

for  the  fertility  of  their  soil  and  the 

abundant  yields  of  wheat  which  they 

produce  to  the  acre.     The  bulk  of  the  14,000,000  bushels  of  grain  annually  exported 

from  these  sections  is  hauled  by  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  to  Portland.     At  the  latter 

point  it  is  loaded  into  vessels  and  carried  to  England.     The  mere  fact  that  Portland 


'i>Ei."iS4 


PORTLAND  HARBOR- LOOK  rjC    NORTH   FROM  MORRISON-STREET   BRIDGE. 


■*l  > 


H4 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


"-^■^ 


Portland  Hahbop, 
Looking  South  from 
s.  p.  r.  r.  warehouse 


is  the  port  from  which  this  grain  is  shipped,  would  give  it  a  decided  advantage  in 
competing  for  the  trade  of  the  rich  agricultural  country  east  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains. The  jobbers  of  Portland  have  always  been  able  to  undersell  all  competitors  in 
the  field  of  the  "Inland  Empire"  and  it  is  doubtful  if  Portland 
will  ever  be  denied  the  principal  trade  of  thib  section  which  she 
has  so  long  held. 

Near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  a  few  miles  from 
the  ocean,  is  Astoria,  the  first  American  settlement  on  the 
Pacific  coast.  This  old  city,  with  its  quaint 
legends  and  romantic  history,  is  now  the 
base  of  operations  for  fishing  industrit?  whose 
annual  output  is  valued  at  over  13,500,^00. 
Columbia  river  salmon  is  a  staple  article  of 
food  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  world.  It  is 
related  that  a  traveler,  lost  for  days  in  the 
pathless  sand  of  an  Egyptian  desert,  found  imbedded  in  the  sand  a  tin  labeled,  Col- 
umbia River  Salmon.  Over  450,000  cases  of  can  containing  this  delicious  fish 
are  now  exported  annually  from  Astoria  and  neighboring  towns.  There  are  also 
shipped  from  the  Col  imbia  river  to  Eastern  markets  3,000  tons  of  sturgeon  and  i,oc" 
kegs  of  that  epicurean  relish  called  caviar.  Along  the  Oregon  and  Washington  coast 
are  numerous  bays  and  indentations  from  which  enormous  quantities  of  fish  are  reg- 
ularly exported.  The  trade  of  the  principal  part  of  these  fisheries  is  monopolized  by 
Portland.  From  this  source  the  city  derives  several  million  of  dollars  revenue  a 
year. 

Another  industry  that  contributes  its  quota  of  wealth  to  Portland  is  the  raising  of 
sheep.  Oregon  now  ranks  fifth  in  the  list  of  sheep-raising  states  of  the  Union.  The 
state  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  successful  handling  of  this  industry,  the  peculiar 
climate,  soil  and  vegetation  being  such  that  sheep  almost  invariably  improve  after 
being  imported  here,  especiallj'  in  the  quality  ^\  their  wool.  The  sheep-breeders 
have  carefully  selected  the  best  breeds,  and  on  the  bunch-grass-covered  hills  and  in 
the  luxuriant  grass-carpeted  valleys  of  the  state  there  can  be  found  enormous  flocks 
of  the  most  fancy  breeds  of  sheep  in  the  world.  The  wool  clip  of  Eastern  Oregon 
amounts  to  about  17,000,000  pounds  a  year,  nearly  all  of  which  is  marketed  at 
Portland. 

Early  in  the  50's  gold  was  discovered  in  Oregon  and  since  that  time  the  mines 
of  the  state  have  yielded  over  |6o,ooo,ocj.  This  production  is  now  going  on  at  the 
rate  of  about  $1,600,000  a  year,  a  greater  portion  of  which  by  the  laws  of  trade  finds 
its  way  to  Portland.  There  is  yet  lying  dormant  in  the  mountains  of  the  state  untold 
millions  in  mineral  wealth.  All  the  natural  wealth  tribu- 
tary to  Portland,  however,  is  not  hidden  under  the  earth. 
Over  25,000  square  miles  of  the  mountain  and  coast 
lands  of  Oregon  are  covered  by  a  growth  of  valuable  tim- 
ber uncqualcd  in  extent  and  in  the  size  and  uierchant- 
able  value  of  this  timber  in  America.  Many  of  the 
tapering  masts  seen  in  the  merchant  ships  that  sail  the 
ocean  come  from  tae  forests  of  Oregon.  Douglas 
fir,  or  Oregon  pine,  is  famous  the  world  over  as  a  ship  titti.jcr.  At  the  Tou- 
lon dockyardsi  at  the  great  ship  yards  of  England,  and  at  the  ports  of  all  maritim- 


•^^''■'m*^ 


'■aamtn^ig^ 


\i*f>:y :':.:. . 


LooKiNQ  South  from  Steel  bridqe, 
Portland. 


Portland,  Oregon. 


115 


Waiting  for     Draw  to  Open, 
portland. 


nations  its  superiority  over  all  other  wood  for  spars,  masts  and  ship  timbers  is  con- 
ceded. From  an  economic  standpoint  the  proximity  of  this  vast  forest  is  of  the  most 
signal  importance  to  Portland.  It  reduces  the  cost  of  building  to  a  minimum  here 
and  supplies  the  city  with  a  cheap  fuel.  The  manufacture 
of  lumber  is  now  one  of  the  most  important  industries.  In 
addition  to  the  large  timber  preserves  of  Oregon,  that  part 
of  the  state  of  Washington  bordering  on  the  Columbia, 
which  is  heavily  timbered,  is  also  a  part  of  Portland's  tribu- 
tary territory.  A  large  part  of  the  logs  for  runnii'g  Port- 
iaud's  sawmills  are  taken  from  the  shores  of  the  Columbia 
river  within  both  the  limits  of  Oregon  and  Washington.  It 
is  impossible  at  the  present  time  to  foretell  what  the  growth 
of  the  lumbering  industry  of  the  states  of  Oregon  and  Wash- 
ington will  be  in  the  future.  It  is  generally  admitted  by  lumbermen,  however,  that 
it  is  but  a  question  of  a  few  yeara  rt  most  when  the  East,  by  the  rapid  depletion  of  its 
forests,  will  be  compelled  to  look  to  tht  Pacific  Northwest  for  its  «upply  of  lumber, 
the  demand  for  which  is  now  enormous  and  which  is  yearly  increasing. 

The  development  of  the  resources  of  the  country  of  whic  i  Portland  is  today  the 
leading  center  of  population,  did  not  really  begin  until  late  in  the  'So's.  About  that 
time  the  Pacific  Northwest  commenced  to  export  its  products.  As  early  as  1873  the 
foreign  exports  of  Portland  aggregated  $2,000,000  a  year,  and  the  coastwise  ship- 
ments from  this  port  at  that  time  were  about  $3,cx3o,ooo  a  year.  Prior  to  1873,  the 
shipments  annually  from  Portland  to  San  Francisco  frequently  amounted  to  over 
l7,(XX),ooo  in  value,  but  the  bulk  of  these  shipments  was  bullion  taken  from  the 
mines  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  The  commerce  ot  Portland  steadily  increased 
in  nubsequent  years,  keeping  pace  with  the  rapid  settlement  of  the  Pacific  Northwest, 
until  today  Portland  is  the  greatest  shipping  port  of  the  coast  outside  of  San 
Francisco. 

From  the  mountains  of  Southern  Oregon  the  Willamette  river  flov-'s  north 
through  the  beautiful  valley  of  the  same  name  until  it  finally  empties  into  the 
Columbia,  twelve  miles  south  of  Portland.  It  is  at  the  bend  of  the  Willamette  and 
at  the  mouth  of  the'  Willamette  vallej'  that  Portland  is  located.  The  city  is  built 
on  both  sides  of  the  river,  the  main  business  district  being  on  the  west  side.  The 
former  municipalities  of  East  Portland,  Albina  and  Sellwood,  now  a  part  of  Port- 
land, are  located  on  the  east  bank  of  the  river  extending  for  a  distance  of  several 
miles  up  and  clown  che  stream.  These  two  natural  divisions  are  connected  by  four 
bridges  which  span  the  Willamette,  two  of  these  bridges  being  free.  The  most 
important  of  these   bridges,   that  at  Bumside   street,   is  now  Hearing  completion. 

Work  was  commenced  on  this  structure  in  1892.  Its  cost 
will  be  about  1300,000.  It  has  a  total  length  of  162 1  feet 
and  a  width  of  46  feet  in  the  clear.  When  open  for 
traffic  it  will  be  one  of  the  finest  bridges  of  the  West. 
The  other  free  bridge  spanning  the  Willamette  at  Port- 
land is  the  Madison-street,  in  the  southern  part  of  the 
city.  Between  Madison  and  Burnside  streets  is  located 
the  Morrison-street  bridge,  which  is  owned  by  a  private 
corporation.  This  bridge  occupies,  perhaps,  the  most 
valuable  site  for  a  bridge  in  the  city,  it  connecting  th'*  business  center  of  Portland 
with  the  most  thickly  settled  portion  of  the  east  side  districts.     North  of  the  Bum- 


Draw"  Steel  Bridge  Opening. 


"(l 


H 


I 

mi 


'<i 


i)*8 


,  ^v- 


.i.m; 


116 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Stabk-Street  Ferry-Portland, 
steam  yacht  in  foreground. 


f^de  street  bridge  is  the  steel  railroad  bridge.  This  bridge  is  used  by  the  great  lines 
of  railroad  centering  at  Portland.  Above  the  railroad  track  is  a  deck  used  for  teams 
and  foot  passengers.  All  the  bridges  of  Portland  are  substantially  built.  They  are 
all  crossed  by  lines  of  city  and  suburban  cars  except  the  Burnside  street. 

Portland  is  romantically  located  in  the  midst  of  a  di- 
versity of  charming  pastoral,  river  and  mountain  scenery, 
the  whole  forming  a  panorama  of  enchanting  beauty. 
Far  to  the  east,  forming  a  background  to  the  broad  stretch 
of  orchards  and  gardens,  are  the  Cascade  Mountains, 
in  plain  view  of  the  city.  Surmounting  this  range  are 
Mounts  Hood,  St.  Helens  and  Adams,  extinct  volcanoes. 
The  view  of  these  snow-capped  peaks  is  the  most 
entrancing  scene  that  Portland  offers  to  its  visitors. 
Standing  out  distinct  above  all  the  other  mighty  sentinels  of  the  Cascades  in  plain 
view  from  Portland  is  Mt.  Hood.  This  peak  is  about  50  miles  due  east  of  Portland. 
It  rises  to  a  height  of  11,225  feet  above  sea  level.  Its  sides  are  covered  with  per- 
petual snows,  and  the  view  of  this  mountain  presented  to  the  gaze  of  the  people  of 
Portland  is  the  most  entrancing  of  any  view  of  Hood  gained  from  any  other  part  of  the 
state.  Far  to  the  northeast  of  Hood  the  reflection  of  the  morning  sun  can  be  seen 
on  the  glacier-lined  sides  of  Mt.  St.  Helens  and  Mt.  Adams.  When  the  conc^  ions 
of  the  atmosphere  are  favorable,  two  other  peaks  in  addition  to  those  mentioned 
above  can  be  seen  from  Portland.  Though  over  100  miles  distant,  Mt.  Rainier,  the 
monarch  of  the  Cascades  and  the  pride  of  Tacoma  and  Seattle,  is  plainly  visible 
from  the  tower  of  The  Oreoonian  building  or  from  the  eminence  back  of  the  cit}'. 
Mt.  Jefferson  being  necvrer  than  Rainier,  reveals  more  of  its  glory  when  seen  from 
Portland.  This  latter  peak,  however,  is  seen  at  its  best  from  some  of  the  points  in 
the  Willamette  vallej'  south  of  Portland. 

Hxtending  along  the  south  bank  of  the  Columbia  river,  and  along  the  west  bank 
of  the  Willamette  river,  from  the  ocean  to  WillametLe  falls,  are  highlands  ending  in 
the  Scappoose  or  Portland  hills.  From  the  bank  of  the  Willamette,  at  Portland,  a 
gradually  rising  stretch  of  country  extends  back  for  a  distance  of  one  mile,  ending 
abruptly  at  the  base  of  these  hills.  It  is  on  this  level  strip  that  the  original  towusite 
of  Portland  was  laid  out.  The  distance  from  north  to  south  between  the  points  where 
these  hills  approach  the  river  banks  is  two  and  one-half  miles.  Along  this  chain  of 
hills  are  six  prominences  which  attain  an  altitude  of  from  800  to  i  ,000  feet.  These 
are  Willamette  heights,  King'3  heights,  Portland  heights,  Robinson's  hill,  Marquam's 
hill  and  South  Portland  heights.  On  all  of  these  higher  elevations  have  been  built 
costly  residences,  and  these  sites  furnish  some  of  the  more 
attractive  building  spots  in  the  city.  The  hills  back  of 
Portland  finally  culminate  in  Mount  Zion,  of  an  altitude  of 
o,-er  1,000  feet.  West  of  this  eminence  is  Humphrey's 
Mountain,  which  commands  the  prospect  towards  the  Tual- 
atin plains  and  the  Coast  Mountains.  After  the  summit  of 
the  hills  back  of  Portland  is  reached,  a  broad  and  fertile 
plateau,  extends  away  for  miles,  forming  what  is  one  of  the  most  highly  fertile  parts 
of  Portland's  tributary  section. 

Scattered  among  the  Portland  hiils  are  great  ravines  and  narrow  canyons  which, 
with  a  profusion  of  wild  flowers  and  forest  growth,  form  many  bits  of  romantic  seen- 


--'y^'>^ 


\\'^-7\ 


Through  THE     Draw  "   Portland. 


ery  an 
nences 
be  obtj 
seen  fl( 
tains. 
Cascad 
at  the 
of  the 
some 
world, 
dreds  0 
as  they 
arc  of 
which 
during 

resideii 
Extenc 


Portland,  Oregon. 


117 


Loading  Wheat,  Elevator,  Portland, 


ery  and  innumerable  picturesque  nooks.  From  the  highest  points  of  all  the  emi- 
nences of  these  hills  a  magnificent  view  of  mountain  scenery,  rivers  and  plains,  can 
be  obtained.  To  the  northeast  the  Columbia  river  can  be 
seen  flowing  out  of  the  great  gorge  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains. This  great  river,  locked  in  the  embrace  of  the 
Cascades,  forms  the  only  pass  through  this  great  range 
at  the  level  of  tide-water.  From  Portland  to  the  gorge 
of  the  Columbia,  called  the  dalles,  there  is  a  panorama  of 
some  of  the  finest  river  and  mountain  scenery  in  the 
world.  Tumbling  precipitously  from  turreted  cliffs,  hun- 
dreds of  feet  high,  miniature  rivulets  are  dashed  into  spray 
as  they  fall  to  the  rocks  below.  Some  of  chese  waterfalls 
are  of  surpassing  beauty.  Famous  among  these  falls  are  Multnomah  and  Latourelle, 
which  are  the  scenes  of  many  gatherings  from  Portland  and  the  surrounding  towns 
during  the  summer  months. 

Lying  below  the  hills  back  of  Portland  are  the  business  houses  and  fashionable 
residence  districts  of  the  city.  The  business  district  commences  at  the  water's  edge. 
Extending  along  the  water  front  are  three  miles  of  warehouses,  docks  and  shipyards. 
The  river  at  Portland  is  from  30  to  60  feet  deep.  On  its  surface  at  Portland  is  ample 
room  to  float  hundreds  of  the  largest  sea-going  vessels,  and  it  is  at  all  times  the  scene 
of  a  great  traffic  which  reaches  from  Portland  to  all  parts  of  the  Northwest  on  naviga- 
ble water,  and  to  all  coast  ports  and  the  Orient. 

Steamboating  on  the  Willamette  and  Columbia  rivers  dates  from  the  launching 
of  the  Lot  Whitcomb,  at  Milwaukie,  on  Christmas  day,  1850.  The  Whitcomb  was  a 
600-ton  boat.  She  proved  a  bonanza  to  her  owners.  The  fare  by  the  Whitcomb,  from 
Portland  to  Astoria,  a  distance  of  about  100  miles,  was  $15,  and  freight  rates  were  pro- 
portionately high.  In  1862  the  traffic  and  travel  on  the  river  assumed  great  propor- 
tions. Following  the  discovery  of  gold  in  Idaho,  the  boats  plying  on  the  Columbia 
and  Willamette  rivers  did  a  large  and  lucrative  business.  Freight  rates  from  Portland 
to  The  Dalles  were  then  $1$  a  ton,  while  it  cost  $60  to  haul  a  single  ton  of  freight  from 
Portland  to  Lewiston  in  the  early  6o's.  The  great  steamboat  company  of  Oregon 
and  Washington,  in  those  days,  was  the  Oregon  Steam  Navigation  Company.  This 
company  was  organized  December  29,  i860.  For  years  it  operated  a  fleet  of  swift  and 
handsome  steamers  on  the  waters  of  the  Willamette  and  Columbia  rivers.  By  means 
of  two  short  lines  of  portage  railroad  around  the  cascades  and  the  gorge  of  the  Colum- 
bia above  The  Dalles,  this  company  operated 
a  continuous  line  between  Portland  and 
Lewiston,  on  the  Snake  river,  the  principal 
city  of  Northern  Idaho.  In  1879  its  entire 
property  was  turned  over  to  the  Oregon 
Railway  &  Navigation  Company.  The 
amount  involved  in  this  transfer  was  the 
enormous  sum  of  |5, 000,000.  The  successors 
of  the  Oregon  Steam  Navigation  Com- 
pany purchased  a  fleet  of  swift  modern  iron 
steamships  for  the  route  between  Portland 
and  San  Francisco.  The  entire  property 
of  the  Oregon  Railway  &  Navigation  Company,  including  the  river  and  ocean  fleet 
of  boats,  subsequently  passed  under  the  control  of  the  Union  Pacific  Railway  Com- 


j,f:;;Mi!i: 


The  Bonevard"  Portland. 


.  '... 


118 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


|i  I 


'Sitfr.Thf'."^ 


Steamer  T.  J.  potter-Portland. 


pany  by  lease.     In  addition  to  the  fine  fleet  of  fast  passenger  and  freight  steamers 
operated  by  the  Union  Pacific  between  Portland  and  San  Francisco,  the  company  also 

operates  a  line  of  boats  between  Portland  and  Astoria  and 
intermediate  points,  between  Portland  and  the  principal 
towns  of  the  Willamette  valley  located  on  the  river,  and 
from  Portland  to  The  Dalles.  In  addition  to  the  boats 
operated  by  the  Union  Pacific,  there  are  about  13  naviga- 
tion companies  which  make  their  headquarters  at  Port- 
land. These  companies  own  steamboats  with  an  aggre- 
gate registration  of  over  100,000  tons. 
Continuous  navigation  of  the  Columbia  river  from  the  ocean  to  the  grain  fields  of 
Washington  and  Idaho  is  now  prevented  by  obstructions  at  the  cascades  and  above 
The  Dalles.  The  United  States  government  is  now  building  a  ship  canal  around  the 
rapids  at  the  cascades,  at  a  cost  of  13,553,403.  This  work  will  be  completed  by  the  end 
of  the  present  year,  when  boats  will  be  able  to  ascend  the  river  from  Portland  or  the 
sea  to  The  Dalles.  After  the  canal  at  the  cascades  is  completed,  immediate  steps  will 
be  taken  to  overcome  the  rapids  above  The  Dalles,  probably  by  means  of  a  ship  rail- 
way. With  the  completion  of  the  latter 
work  the  Columbia  will  be  navigable,  with- 
out obstructions,  as  far  as  Lewiston,  Idaho. 
The  completion  of  these  improvements  will 
be  of  the  j^reatest  importance  to  the  agricul- 
tural and  commercial  interests  of  the  country 
adjacent  to  the  river.  When  the  Columbia 
and  Snake  are  opened  to  free  navigation  to 
Lewiston,  employment  will  be  found  for  at 
least  100  additional  steamboats  and  barges. 

The  Willamette  river  is  now  navigable  throughout  the  year  from  Portland  to  Cor- 
vallis,  a  distance  of  over  100  miles  and  at  certain  seasons  of  the  year,  boats 
ascend  the  river  as  far  as  Eugene,  130  miles  distant  by  rail  from  Portland.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  Willamette,  its  principal  tributary,  the  Yamhill  river,  is  navigable  at  all 
seasons  to  Dayton,  45  miles  south  of  Portland.  The  only  obstruction  to  uninterrupted 
navigation  in  the  Willamette  river  is  at  Willamette  falls,  12  miles  south  of  Portland. 
An  efficient  system  of  canal  and  locks  has  been  constructed  around  these  falls,  and 
they  are  open  throughout  the  year. 

Portland,  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  is  attractively  and  symmetrically  laid  out. 
The  streets  run  parallel  to  each  other.     Of  the  14S  miles  of  improved  streets  in  Port- 
land, 45  miles  are  macadam,  seven  miles  are   planked,  four 
miles  are  paved  with  stone  and  three  and  one-half  miles  are 
asphalt  or  bituminous  rock.    Two  of  the  finest  paved  streets 
in  the  city  are  Morrison  and  Sixth,  paved  with  asphalt  from 
Trinidad   Lake.      The  cost  of  these  improvements  was,  re- 
.«pectively,  167,697  and  $53,366.04.     All  of  Portland's  streets 
are  thoroughly  lighted  by  electricity,  600  arc  lamps  of  2,000 
candlepower  being  used  for  this  purpose.    In  addition  to  the 
arc   lamps,    Hoo  incandesccnts  of  25  candle-power  each  are 
used  for  street-lighting  purposes.     The  plant  supplying  the 
electric  current  for  these   lights  is  located    at  the  Willamette   falls,    Oregon  City. 
This  power  is  generated  b     he  power  furnished  by  these  falls.     The  extensive  works 


Steamship  Columbia- Portland-San  Francisco  Route. 


Steamer  Victorian -Portland. 


of  this  cj 
describee 
The 
pactly  bi 
ing  bricl 
paved 
blocks  ail 
of  the  ri| 
Front, 
is  the  gi 
The    jol 
|i35,ooo,l 
capital  i[ 
with  ovel 
business 


Portland,  Oregon. 


119 


Steamship  oregon-Portlano-San  Francisco  Route. 


of  this  company,  and  the  extent  of  the  great  water  power  at  Oregon  City,  are  fully 
described  in  the  article  on  Oregon  City,  immediately  following  the  article  on  Portland. 

The  business  district  of  Portland  is  com- 
pactly built  up  with  large,  substantial  and  impos- 
ing brick  buildings.  The  business  streets  are 
paved  with  asphalt,  bituminous  rock,  granite 
blocks  and  vitrified  brick.  The  first  street  back 
of  the  river,  running  parallel  with  the  stream,  is 
Front.  This,  with  lower  First  and  Second  streets, 
is  the  great  wholesale  thoroughfare  of  the  city. 
The  jobbing  trade  of  Portland  aggregates 
I135, 000,000  a  year.  The  commercial  agencies  rate  22  firms  of  Portland  as  having  a 
capital  in  excess  of  |i, 000,000,  four  firms  with  resources  over  $750,000,  seven  firms 
with  over  $500,000  capital,  18  firms  with  assets  in  excess  of  $300,000,  21  firms  doing 
business  with  a  capital  of  over  $125,000,  and  35  firms  rated  above  $75,000.  These 
houses  have  no  serious  competition  outside  of  Portland.  They  have  practically 
driven  San  Francisco  merchants  out  of  this  field,  and  direct  trade  with  the  East  by 
the  merchants  of  the  interior  of  Oregon,  Washington  and  Idaho  has  in  most  cases 
proved  so  unsatisfactory  that  these  merchants  now  buy  the  most  of  their  goods  in 
Portland. 

Front  street  is  lined  with  four,  five  and  six-story  substantial  stone  and  brick 

buildings,  admirably  adapted  to  the  purposes  for  which 

they  are  used.     This  street  is  paved  with  Belgian  blocks, 

as  is  also  First  street.     First  street,  from  Ankeny  south, 

is  lined  with  retail  stores.     This  street  has  long  been 

the  principal  retail  district  of  the  city.     In  recent  years 

the  retail  district,  owing  to  the  encroachments  of  the 

wholesale  trade,   has  moved  back  several  blocks,  and, 

today,  Third  is  perhaps  the  best  retail  street  of  the  city. 

Between   Washington    and    Morrison    streets    there    is 

a  large  amount  of  business  done  on  Fifth  and  Sixth  streets,  and  it  is  the  opinion  of 

many  careful  observers  that  Sixth  street,  a  few  years  hence,  will  be  one  of  the  great 

business  thoroughfares  of  the  city. 

To  the  stranger,  Second  street  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  Portland's  princi- 
pal thoroughfares.  On  this  street,  in  the  center  of  a  large  and  progressive  American 
city,  is  a  colony  of  aliens,  whose  customs,  habits  and  religion  do  not  differ  from  those 
of  their  ancesters  who  lived  over 
2,000  years  ago.  It  is  here  that 
the  Chinese  quarters  of  Portland 
are  established.  The  Chinese 
shops,  v/ith  their  queer  orna- 
ments and  assortments  of  Ori- 
ental wares  an<l  Chinese  delica- 
cies, the  theaters,  restaurants 
and  joss  houses  are  in  striking 
contrast  to  the  aspect  of  the 
business  district  by  which  they 
are  surrounded. 


Steam  yachts  on  the  Willamette  at 
Portland. 


BUILDINO  OCCUPIED   BV  CHINESE,   PORTLAND. 


«     !} 


iu 


Mm  m 


120 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


i 

il 

1 

1 

• 

1 

Seid  Back,  the  distinguished  merchant  of  Portland,  was  born  in  China  in  1852. 

He  passed  his  boyhood  days  working  on  a  farm  for  his  parents  and  immigrated  to  the 

United  States  at  the  age  of  18.  He  reached 
this  country  in  a  penniless  condition.  He  im- 
mediately after  his  arrival  located  at  Portland, 
where  he  found  work  in  the  drudgery  of  house- 
work, which  he  followed  just  long  enough  to 
master  the  more  responsible  duties  of  a  cook, 
which  latter  vocation  he  followed  for  a  number 
of  years  subsequently.  Since  that  time  the  ca- 
reer of  this  man  has  been  one  of  constant  pro- 
gress. He  mastered  the  English  language  until, 
today,  he  talks  this  tongue  as  fluently  as  any 
native-born  American;  he  studied  carefully  the 
customs  and  politics  of  this  country  until  he 
became  as  well  versed  in  our  affairs  as  the  best 
informed  of  business  men;  he  embraced  Chris- 
tianity and  became  an  earnest  though  not  fan- 
atical teacher  of  its  doctrines,  and,  as  a  man  of 
affairs  at  the  present  time,  his  opinion  is  as 
eagerly  sought  in  the  best  informed  business 
circles  as  is  that  of  the  best  known  merchant  of 
the  city.  Seid  Back  is  now  a  wealthy  citizen, 
and  his  life  shows  the  best  traits  of  the  Chinese 
charactei .  He  is  a  living  example  of  the  oppor- 
tunities afforded  in  this  country  for  advance- 
ment, and  it  can  be  taken  as  an  object  lesson 

by  that  class  of  foreigners  who  decry  our  form  of  government,  who  rail  against  the 
icli,  but  who  seem  totally  incapable  of  that  earnest  and  honest  effort  which  alone 

can  lead  to  success. 

In  1S76  Seid  Back  was  married  to  Quay  Tlioy,  a  young  Chinese  maiden,  who  had 

also  come  to  this  country  from  her  native  land.      The 

marriage  took  place  at  the  First  Baptist  churcli  here 

and    was  largely  attended.      Seid   Back  started  into 

business  here  in  a  modest  way,  his  capital  at  the  time 

being  but  |3,ooo,  which  he  had  saved  from  his  earn- 
ings.    The  premises  first  occupied  by  this  merchant 

were  in  the   ■        building  at  the  corner  of  Third  and 

Washington        ^ets,  where  the  stately  Dekum  block 

now  stands.  ^  he  engaged  in  a  general   Chinese 

merchandise  business,  in  connection  with  which  he 

conducted  a  contract  labor  bureau,  and  it  was  in  this 

occupation  that  he  laid  the  foundation  of  his  present 

princely  fortune.      About  10  years  ago  he  removed  to 

his  present  quarters  at  129  Front  street,  an  illustration 

of  which  is  shown   in   connection    with  the  present 

article.     He  now  does  business  here  on  the  ground 

floor,  occupying  the  upper  story  of  the  building  for    ^mammessmasagimipf'smm^ 

family  rooms.     In  addition  to  his  business  on  Front  8,o„e  seid  b*ck,  porthnd. 


Seid  Back    Portland. 
leading  chinese  merchant  and  capitalist. 


PHOTO.    BV  TOWNE. 


Portland,  Oregon. 


121 


street,  he  is  also  the  head  of  the  Wing  Mow  Luug  Company,  which  does  a 
business  of  $200,000  a  year  outside  of  the  revenue  derived  from  sub-letting  a 
number  of  buildings  on  Second  street,  erected  by  the  company  on  ground  held  under 
long-time  ground-rent  leases.  The  company  imports  all  kinds  of  Chinese  merchan- 
dise, such  as  clothing,  teas,  rice,  sugar,  nut  oil,  fire  crackers,  table  delicacies, 
etc.,  and  they  export  American  staple  products,  such  as  flour  and  lumber,  in  large 
quantities. 

Seid  Back,  in  his  individual  right,  now  owns  Portia  id  property  which,  at  a  con- 
servative valuation,  is  worth  about  $200,000.  He  holds  stock  in  a  large  number  of 
American  and  Chinese  enterprises,  including  bank  a'jd  insurance  companies.  He 
has  been  one  of  the  heaviest  contractors  for  Chinese  labor  on  the  coast.  Hp  '■calls 
the  time  when  he  had  700  men  contracted  to  the  Northern  Pacific,  400  to  the  v^regon 
Railway  &  Navigation  Company,  and  500  to  the  Southern  Pacific.  The  contracting 
business  has  largely  fallen  oft  during  the  past  few  years,  but  Seid  Back  even  today 
furnishes  regularly  from  150  to  2t)o  men  a  year,  principally  to  the  salmon  canneries. 
Seid  Back  is  easily  the  representative  of  his  race  in  the  Northwest,  and  in  private 
life  he  can  be  said  to  be  as  prominent  as  any  Chinaman  in  the  United  States.  He 
devotes  a  considerable  part  of  his  time  and  attention  to  aiding  his  fellow  country- 
men, and  has  carried  many  a  native  of  the  Mongolian  race  through  some  temporary 
difficulty.  He  has  a  wife  and  one  child,  a  son.  This  boy,'  Seid  Gain,  although  only 
16  years  of  age,  is  already  a  bright,  alert  young  business  man,  and  he  is  a  great  help 
to  his  father  in  handling  his  large  business  interests  here.  The  boy  is  as  proficient 
in  the  English  and  Chinese  languages  as  is  his  father,  and  it  is  on  the  son  that  the 
father  places  great  hopes  for  the  future.  Seid  Gain  will  conduct  his  father's  busi- 
ness when  the  old  gentleman  reaches  the  time  of  life  where  he  will  want  to  retire 
and  enjoy  the  fruits  of  his  industry  in  travel  and  recreation. 

Only  one  block  above  Second  street  is  Third,  the 
principal  retail  street.  Third  street  is  well  paved  with 
bituminous  rock,  and  it  is  lined  on  both  sides  with 
imposing  buildings.  Among  the  stately  structures 
which  line  this  street  are  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
building,  the  Dekum  and  Hamilton  blocks,  Worcester 
block,  Forbes  &  Breedcn  building,  and  other  fine 
edifices.  The  Chamber  of  Commerce  block  is  a  fine 
building,  finished  in  1893,  at  a  cost  of  $500,000.  The 
Portland  Chaml)er  of  Commerce  is  a  representative 
I'ody  of  progressive  business  men  who  have  done 
much  for  the  welfare  of  their  city.  This  body, 
together  with  the  Oregon  State  Board  of  Immi- 
gration, with  headquarters  at  Portland,  regularly  furnishes  to  the  world  a  large  lot  of 
valuable  information  pertaining  to  Portland  and  the  state,  and  letters  of  inquiry, 
addressed  to  the  secretary  of  either  of  these  organizations  will 
be  promptly  answered. 

Facing  Fourth  street,  between  Salmon  and  Main,  is  the 
county  court  house,  a  plain,  unpretentious  building,  occupying, 
with  its  ground,  an  entire  block.  Across  the  street  from  the 
court  house,  between  Third  and  Fourth,  is  the  public  square 
known  as  the  Plaza.  Immediately  south  of  the  Plaza,  the  new 
city  hall  is  in  course  of  construction.     This  will  be  one  of  the 


CHAWBtR  OF  Commerce  Building-      stund. 


Proposed  New  Court  House, 
Portland. 


' 

'1 

t 

I'T 

M 


■'.<, 


n 


4 


I', 


hi 


122 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  Oreqonian  Buildikg  in  1864. 


finest  public  buildings  in  Portland.  Its  cost  will  be 
about  $500,000,  for  which  purpose  the  city  of  Portland 
has  issued  bonds.  The  building  will  be  completed 
during  the  present  year. 

The  best  constructed  building  in  Portland,  and 
one  of  the  finest  pieces  of  architecture  in  the  West, 
is  the  magnificent  Oregonian  building,  located  at 
the  intersection  of  Sixth  and  Alder  streets.  Work 
on  the  construction  of  this  building  was  com- 
menced early  in  1891,  and  it  was  finished  in  the  spring  of  1893.  This  stately 
structure  is  nine  stories  in  height,  surmounted  by  a  massive  tower,  the  top  of  which, 
is  194  feet  above  the  curbstone  of  the  street  below^.  The  building  is  absolutely  fire- 
proof, being  built  throughout  of  stone,  brick,  terra  cotta  and  steel.  From  the  tower 
of  The  Oregonian  building  is  commanded  the  best  view  of  Portland  and  the  snow- 
capped peaks  of  the  Cascades  obtained  from  any  other  point  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
city.  The  building  is  occupied  by  The  Oregonian,  one  of  the  great  papers  of  the 
West.  The  part  of  the  building  not  used  by  The  Oregonian  is  rented  for  stores 
and  offices.  The  service  in  this  building  is  perfect,  tenants  being  supplied  with 
water,  heat,  lights  and  all  of  the  conveniences  found  in  any  of  the  finest  buildings  of 
the  East.  The  Oregonian  building  is  one  of  the  attractions  which  Portland  has  to 
off"er  for  the  inspection  of  visitors,  and  the  building,  with  its  press  room,  is  open  at 
all  times  for  their  inspection. 


i 


\S^'-§ 


The  Oreqonian  Building,  Portland. 


TOWER,  Oregonian  Building  A9  Seen  from  Roof. 


LOBBr  Business  Office. 

PHOTO.  BY  MOOBE. 


A  Section  of  the  Composing  Room. 


(ET::.: 


Entrance  to  Business  Office. 


t 


'1 


jl*- 

1:! 

IS 

il 

■'■i; 

'm 


''i-S' 


^:; 


Mailing  Room. 


Bi.:,_->N..)^-: 


Main  Entrance. 


Stereotyping  Room. 


Dynamo  Room, 


VIEWS  OF  THE  OREQONIAN  BUILDING. 


■vms 
mm 


124 


m 


The  Oregoniati's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


HOTEL   PORTLAND. 


One  block  above  The  Oregonian  building,  ou  Sixth 
street,  is  the  Hotel  Portland,  a  fine  structure  of  a  novel 
architectural  design.  This  hotel  was  erected  by  a  syndicate 
of  Portland  capitalists,  at  a  cost  of  1750,000,  The  Hotel 
Portland  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  one  of  the  best 
conducted  hotels  in  the  Unifed  States.  Opposite  the  Hotel 
Portland,  and  facing  on  Sixth  and  Morrison  streets,  is  the 

Marquam  Grand  Opera  House.     The  auditorium  in  the  Marquam  is  one  of  the  neatest 

theatres  of  the  West.  ■     The   view  of  the    Marquam , 

published   in  connection  with  the   Portland    article, 

will  show  that  the  building  is  of  a  very  imposing  style 

of  architecture.       Near  the  foot  of  Sixth  street,  the 

massive    and   imposing  union  depot  for   the  united 

railroad  lines  centering  in  Portland,  is  now  nearing 

completion.       The    cost    of   this    structure    will    be 

1400,000.     The  Italian  style  of  architecture  has  been 

closely  followed  in  the  lines  of  this  edifice.     The  main 

station  of  the  depot  is  515  feet  in  length.  It  is  sur- 
mounted by  an  artistic  clock  tower  132  feet  in  height. 

Connected  with  the  depot  is  an  elaborate  system  of 

terminal  grounds  which  cover  about  70  acres. 


MAROU<M  GRAND  OPERA  HOUSE. 


The  Goodnough  Block. — This  building,  corner 

Fifth  and  Yamhill  streets,  was  erected  in  1892.     The 

material  is  brick  and  stone.     The  interior  finish  is  in  stained  woods.     The  building 

is  lighted  throughout  by  electricity  and  gas,  and  the  water  is  .supplied  from   an 

PHOTO.  BY  TowNE.  artcsiau  well  on  the  premises  from  a  depth 

of  160  feet  below  the  street  grade. 


There  are  no  dark  offices  in  the  Goodnough 
block,  the  interior  ofiices  being  lighted  by  a 
large  light-well  in  the  center  of  the  struc- 
ture. This  affords  light  and  ventilation  for 
the  entire  structure.  The  elevator  is  the 
largest  in  Portland,  carrying  20  passentfers. 
The  sanitary  conditions  of  the  building  are 
perfect.  The  toilet  rooms  are  located  in  a 
separate  brick  shaft  outside  of  the  main 
building.  On  the  first  floor  are  five  stores. 
Five  stories  of  the  building  are  used  for 
offices  and  the  sixth  by  the  Portland  Business 
College.  The  building  is  a  credit  to  the  city 
in  which  it  is  located. 


Goodnough  Block,  Portland. 


Among  the  leading  Oregon  houses  is  the  Snell,  Heitshu  &  Woodard  Company, 
of  Portland,  who  conduct  one  of  the  largest  wholesale  drug  houses  on  the  coast. 
The  business  of  the  company  covers  a  very  large  territory,  and  they  carry  one  of 
the  most  complete  lines  of  drugs  and  kindred  goods  handled  by  any  house  in  the 
United  States. 

The  Snell,  Heitshu  &  Woodard  Company  occupy  one  of  the  best-built  and  most 


attractive 
taken  out 


Wholesale  Dru 

creditable  ( 

The  st( 
icines  and 
in  this  line 
rarest  and  : 
personnel  0 
strong.  Th 
in  business 
He  was  fii 
tion  to  his 
this  point 
Mr.  Emil 
interest  in 
with  Mr.  ] 
mauer,  vic< 
and  Mr.  J. 

Henry 
block  boui 
Thirteenth 
horses,  wa 
block  direc 
establishm 
same  on  a 

Thesp 


Portland,  Oregon. 


126 


PHOTO    BY  TOWNE. 


attractive  business  blocks  in  the  city.     It  is  a  five-story  stone  structure,  built  of  stone 
taken  out  of  the  celebrated  Tenino  quarries,  and  is  a  substantial  and  striking  piece 

of  architecture.      It  has  a   frontage  of   130  feet   on 
Sixth  street,  95  feet  on  Burnside  and  42  feet  on  An- 
keny.     One  notable  feature  is  a  lofoot  driveway  ex- 
tending through  the  building  from  Burnside  to  An- 
keny    street,   thus    enabling  teams  to  deliver  mer- 
chandise under  cover  in  all  weather  and  with  great 
rapidity.       Carloads  of    goods,  which    for- 
merly took  three  hours  to  handle,  can  now 
be  easily  disposed  of  in  three-quarters  of  an 
hour.    The  cost  of  the  building  and  the  land 
it  occupies  was  $130,000.  In  the  large  base- 
ment are  placed  the  boilers,    engines   and 
necessary  machinery   connected    with    the 
building.     This  basement  is  also   used   for 
storage   purposes.       The   first  floor  of   the 
building   is  divided  into  offices,    shipping- 
room  and  the  sundries   department,  while 
the  stories  above  are  devoted  to  the  various 
drug  departments  and  to  storage  purposes. 
The     building      is       admirably      arranged 
throughout,  and  it  makes  one  of  the  most 


•I'-lJ 


Wholesale  Drug  House,  Snfll,  heitshu  1  woooaro  Co  , 
portland. 


creditable  drug  establishments  in  the  country. 

The  stock  of  the  Blumauer-Frank  Drug  Company  consists  of  drugs,  patent  med- 
icines and  druggists'  sundries,  embracing  everything 
in  this  line  from  the  smallest  of  toilet  articles  to  the  ^  "'■•  '^" 

rarest  and  most  expensive  drugs  in  the  market.  The 
personnel  of  the  Blumauer-Frank  Drug  Company  is 
strong.  The  senior  member,  Mr.  L.  Blumauer,  started 
in  business  as  a  retail  druggist  about  15  years  ago. 
He  was  finally  enabled  to  devote  his  entire  atten- 
tion to  his  large  jobbing  trade.  When  he  reached 
this  point  he  associated  himself  in  business  with 
Mr.  Emil  Frank.  Subsequently  Mr.  Frank  sold  his 
interest  in  the  company  when  it  was  reorganized, 
with  Mr.  L.  Blumauer  as  president;  Mr.  Sol.  Blu- 
mauer, vice-president ;  Mr.  Phil.  Blumauer,  treasurer, 
and  Mr.  J.  P.  Bronaugh,  secretary. 

Henry  Weinhard's  brewery  is  located  on  the 
block  bounded  by  Burnside,  Couch,  Twelfth  and 
Thirteenth  streets.  The  cooper  shop,  stables  for  32 
horses,  wagon  sheds,  etc.,  are  located  on  the  half 
block  directly  opposite  the  brewery,  while  the  bottling 

establishment    is   located    three    blocks  east  of  the         blumauer-frank  drug  co.,  portlano. 
same  on  a  prominent  corner  occupying  50x100  feet. 

The  spacious  office  is  on  Thirteenth  and  Burnside  streets.     The  malt-house  has  a 


128 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest, 


Brewerv,  Henry  Weinharo,  Portland. 


frontage  on  Twelfth  street  of  96  feet  and  a  depth  of  130  feet  on  Burnside  street.     A 

Jarge  elevator  with  a  capacity  of  750  bushels 
per  hour  takes  the  barley  up  into  the  storage 
bins.  The  engine  room  is  located  on  Couch 
street  adjoining  the  stock  houses.  It  contains 
two  refrigerating  engines  of  35  tons  capacity 
each,  two  brine  pumps,  a  powerful  air  pump, 
boiler  feed  pump,  an  engine  of  50-horse  power, 
also  an  engine  and  a  dynamo  of  the  most  ap- 
proved pattern  for  lighting  the  whole  estab- 
lishment. .  The  necessary  steam  power  is  gen- 
erated in  four  steel  boilers  which  can  either  be 
run  separately  or  combined,  and  which  also 
furnish  the  80-horse  power  engine  in  the  malt- 
house  with  steam. 

There  are  three  artesian  wells  used  by  the  brewery.  One  is  used  exclusively  for 
the  needs  of  the  ice  machinery.  The  other  one  is  for  furnishing  the  water  for  the 
brewery  and  cleaning  purposes,  while  the  third  one  is  only  used  for  the  malt-house. 
Weinhard's  brewery  gives  employment  to  46  men,  including  clerks,  engineers, 
drivers,  etc. 

Taken  altogether,  the  impression  on  leaving  the  brewery,  after  having  seen 
everything,  is  that  it  is  impossible  to  find  a  similar  establishment  more  complete  in 
every  detail,  especially  the  malt-house  with  its  kiln  tower  high  in  the  air,  176  feet 
from  the  ground.     The  tower  makes  a  nice  and  an  imposing  appearance. 

Hahn's  Terminal  Warehouse  occupies 
one-half  block,  200x100  feet  in  size,  on  the 
corner  of  Tenth  and  Johnson  streets.  It  is 
adjacent  to  the  terminal  yards,  where  all 
railroads  entering  Portland  discharge 
freight.  The  building  is  a  solid  brick  struc- 
ture with  a  capacity  of  1,500  carloads. 
Merchandise  and  goods  of  all  descriptions 

stored  are 
subj  ect  to 
the  lowest 
in  s  u  r  a  n  c  e 

rates  written  in  Portland.  Tracks  run  directly  into 
the  warehouse,  as  is  seen  by  the  accompanying  cut, 
and  goods  are  received  in  the  warehouse  during  all 
kinds  of  weather  without  damage.  A  great  advantage 
of  the  track  systems  connected  with  the  warehouse 
is  that  goods  consigned  here  require  but  one  handling 
instead  of  two,  as  in  the  other  warehouses  of  the  city. 
Goods  can  also  be  re-shipped  from  Hahn's  warehouse 
to  outside  local  points  without  extra  cartage. 

The  Maher  &  Terwilliger  block  is  a  handsome 
three-story  pressed  brick  building  with  stone  trim- 
mings, located  at  No.  651  First  street.     It  was  erected 


PHOTO  flV   TOWNE. 


PHOTO  BY  TOWNE. 


HAHN'S  TERMINAL  WAREHOUSE,    POHTLANO. 


Maher  &  Terwilliger  Block,  Portland. 


Portland,  Oregon, 


127 


Smithson  Block,  Albina,  Portland. 


in  1891  by  Messrs.  J.  M.  Terwilliger  and  W.  h.  Maher  who  constitute  the  popular 
firm  of  Maher  &  Terwilliger,  butchers  of  South  Portland. 

The  cost  of  the  building  was  $25,000  and  it  presents  a  fine  and  imposing  appear- 
ance. It  is  wired  for  electric  lighting  and  has  gas  mains  connection.  Of  the  four 
large  stores  on  the  ground  floor,  one  is  occupied  by  Messrs.  Maher  &  Terwilliger 
with  their  well  appointed  meat  market.  The  second  and  third  stories  of  the  build- 
ing contain  63  rooms  which  are  occupied  for  lodging  rooms.  Mr.  J.  M.  Terwilliger, 
the  junior  member  of  the  firm,  is  the  popular  alderman  from  the  sixth  ward. 

Among  the  handsome  structures  of  that 
part  of  consolidated  Portlatid  known  as  Albina, 
the  Smithson  block,  erected  by  A.  J.  Smithson 
in  1892,  merits  special  mention. 

The  material  used  in  the  construction  of 
this  fine  building  was  pressed  brick.  The  in- 
terior finishing  is  in  larch.  The  building  is 
three  stories  high  and  presents  an  attractive 
appearance.  The  ground  floor  is  divided  into 
five  stores.  The  corner  and  adjoining  store 
are  occupied  by  L.  Blumenthal  &  Co. ,  clothiers. 
The  next  two  stores  are  occupied  by  the  Oregon 
Mercantile  Company,  wholesale  and  retail  gro- 
cery and  crockery  dealers,  while  the  fifth  store 
is  taken  by  the  Delmonico  restaurant.  ,    . 

The  upper  stories  contain  54  rooms,  divided  into  suites.  These  rooms  are  hand- 
somely furnished,  lighted  by  electricity  and  supplied  wHh  the  purest  of  water. 
The  location  is  a  convenient  one,  even  for  those  who  have  business  on  the  West  Side, 
as  it  is  reached  by  electric  cars  and  by  free  ferry  which  connects  Albina  with  Port- 
land proper. 

Among  the  leading  business  streets  of 
Portland  are  Morrison  and  Washington, 
two  thoroughfares  running  due  west  from  the 
river.  Both  of  these  streets  are  lined  with 
large,  costly  and  substantial  buildings. 
Near  the  head  of  Washington  street,  and 
about  one  mile  distant  from  the  river,  is 
a  large  building  which  covers  two  full 
blocks.  This  is  the  building  owned  and 
occupied  by  the  North  Pacific  Industrial 
Exposition.  It  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$150,000.  In  this  building  are  held  Portland's 
great  annual  industrial  exhibitions.  The 
center  of  this  mammoth  structure  is  a  music 
hall  with  a  seating  capacity  for  about  6,000  people.  In  addition  to  the  above  there  are 
numerous  other  large  and  imposing  buildings  in  Portland,  many  of  wh.ch  cost  from 
$100,000  to  $300,000  each.  In  that  part  of  Portland  on  the  east  side  of  the  Willam- 
ette river  are  a  number  of  important  retail  business  streets.  The  East  Side, 
however,  is  principally  occupied  for  residence  purposes  and  in  this  part  of  Portland 
are  some  of  the  most  tastily  constructed  residences  on  the  coast.  Along  the  water 
front  of  the  East  Side  are  a  large  number  of  mills,  factories,  docks  and  warehouses. 


iNousTKiAL  Exposition  Building,  Portland. 


;'■'*  I 


[ 


128 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Scattered  through  the  residence  sections  of  Portland  are  a  number  of  beautiful 
parks  which  add  greatly  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  city.  The  largest  of  these  is  the 
City  Park,       .,^^         occupying  a  beautiful  spot  ornamented  '.vith   great   banks   of 

flowers,  rustic 
bridges,  ponds, 
walks  and  drives, 
which  contrast 
strangely  with  the 
rugged  beauty  of 
pyramidal  forest 
collection  of  wild 
cougars,  elk,  wild 
In  Portland 


aggif 


Union  R»:lhoao  Depot,  Poutlano. 


A  Picturesque  Drive,  near  Portland. 


trees  and  deep  fern-lined  canyons.  In  the  park  is  a  large 
animals  and  birds,  among  which  are  mountain  lions,  deer, 
cats,  be.irs,  monkeys,  coons,  seals,  kangaroos,  eagles,  parrots  and  owls 
are  12  other  parks  and  squares,  all  of  which  are  characterized  by  a  profuse  growth 
o^  shade  trees.  The  public  grounds  of  the  city  have  a  combined  area  of  about  700 
acres,  and  the  cost  of  improving  and  caring 
for  these  grounds  has  been  about  $20,000 
a  year  for  a  number  of  years  past.  Equal- 
ly as  attractive  as  the  city  parks,  however, 
are  the  tastily  laid-out  grounds  which  sur- 
round all  the  principal  residences  of  the 
city.  Portland  is  a  city  of  beautiful  homes. 
In  the  yards  around  the  workingman's 
cottage  and  the  pretentious  mansion  of 
the  millionaire  alike,  blossoming  roses 
perfume  the  air  from  March  until  Decem- 
ber. I::  i.he  residence  portion  of  the  city 
trees,  flowers  and  shrubbery  form  continuous  avenues  of  pi  .turesque  verdancy.  I/ying 
in  the  shadows  of  tht  forest-covered  Portland  hills  is  Nob  Hill,  the  fashionable  residence 
district  of  the  city.  Scattered  throtigh  this  attractive  locality  are  handsome  houses 
which  have  cost  from  $20,000  up  to  |ioo,ooo  each.  Many  of  these  fine  homes  occupy 
whole  blocks  which  are  beautifully  decorated  with  trees,  turf  and  flowers. 

Among  the  most  attractive  features  of  Port- 
land are  the  stately  church  edifices  and  quaint 
chapels  found  in  every  part  of  the  city.  The  re- 
peated expansion  of  the  business  district  has  re- 
sulted in  several  of  these  churches  being  sur- 
rounded by  great  business  blocks.  The  first  church 
of  Portland  was  organized  in  1848.  There  are 
now  70  congipgations  of  nearly  every  line  of  the- 
olo^^'  ;al  thought  represented  in  Portland.  The 
first  church  in  Portland  was  the  First  Methodist. 
Its  pastor  was  Rev.  J.  H.  Wilbur.  In  1H50  this  con- 
gregation built  Portland's  first  house  of  worship 
The  building  stood  on  the  corner  of  Third  and  Taylor  streets,  where  the  fine  brick 
church  erected  by  the  same  congregation  some  years  later,  in  1869,  is  located.  The 
Catholic  church  of  Portland  was  established  in  1851.  The  members  of  this  faith  in 
the  city  now  worship  in  six  cathedrals  and  chapels. 


posroFFicE,  Portland. 


dates 
the 


•^f 


Portland,  Oregon. 


12?> 


City  Hall,  Portland. 


The  supremacy  of  Portland  as  the  corimercial  center  of  the  Pacific  Northwest 
dates,  as  before  stated,  from  the  time  that  gc\d  was  first  discovered  in  California.  By 
the  force  of  circumstances  and  geographical  position,  the  city  ha"*  become  the  receiv- 
ing and  distributing  center  for  a  region  i,ooo  miles 
square.  The  tv/o  principal  causes  that  have  conspired  to 
bring  about  this  result  are  the  Columbia  and  Willamette 
rivers.  The  distance  from  Portland  to  the  ocean  is  about 
120  miles.  Of  this  distance  12  miles  lies  over  the  course 
of  the  Willamette  river,  and  the  rest  of  the  way  is  via  the 
Columbia.  At  extreme  low-water  mark  there  is  today  a 
channel  22><  feet  deep  between  Portland  and  the  sea.  All 
ships  that  frequent  the  waters  of  the  Pacific  ocean  can  sail 
up  the  channel  of  the  two  rivers  to  Portland  vithout  difficulty.  The  citizens  of  Portland, 
with  unparalleled  enterprise,  have  organized  themselves  into  a  corporation  called  the 
Port  of  Portland.  Under  the  supervision  of  officers  of  this  corporation  the  sum  of 
1425,000  has  already  been  expended  in  improving  and  deepening  the  channel  from 
Portland  to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river.  This  work  should  proDorly  have  been 
done  at  the  expense  of  the  general  government,  whose  duty  it  is  to  make  all  neces- 
sary imprcv^raents  to  navigable  water-courses.  These  improvements  have  already 
made  Portland  a  seaport  pos.-sessing  many  peculiar 
advantages.  From  its  junction  with  the  Willamette 
to  where  it  widens  as  it  enters  the  ocean,  the  Col- 
umbia river  maintains  an  average  width  of  over  one 
mile.  Its  fresh  waters  free  the  ships  entering  this 
stream  from  the  accumulations  of  barnacles  gath- 
ered while  in  salt  water.  At  Portland  the  waters  of 
the  Willamette  effectively  destroy  thosi  forms  of 
marine  life  which  are  so  destructive  to  docking 
and  wooden  piling  at  salt-water  porta.  There  is 
sufficient  room  in  the  three-niile  stretch  of  harbor  at  Portland  to  float  hundreds  of  the 
largest  sea-going  vc?sels.  There  can  be  seen  riding  at  anchor  in  this  harbor  ships 
hailing  from  all  parts  of  the  world  and  flying  the  flags  of  all  maritime  nations.  Some 
of  these  vessels  draw  as  much  as  27  feet  o*"  water,  and  some  of  them  are  over  2,700 
tons  net  register.  It  is  at  Portland  that  aie  railroads  which  tap  the  grain  districts  of 
Oregon,  Washington  and  Idaho  trp-.sfer  their  loads  of  wheat  to  the  holds  of  ships 
boujd  for  various  ports  of  the  Orient.  The  product'.ons  of  the  interior  are  earned  to 
Portland,  and  from  this  point  shipped  to  the  markets  of  the  world.  The  ships  engaged 
in  this  export  trade  return  to  Portland  with  cargoes  made  up  of  the  products  of  the 
nations  they  visit.  This  city  is  thus  made  the  great  clearing-house  for  the  best  part 
of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

When  the  act  was  passed  by  Congress  for  dredging  the  Willamette  and  Col- 
umbia rivers,  from  Portland  to  the  sea,  it  was  found 
necessary  to  build  a  dredge  of  sufficient  power  to  nccom- 
plish  the  heavy  work  contemplated  by  the  act.  A  con- 
tract was  let  by  the  government  to  John  F.  Steflen,  the 
well-known  ship-builder  of  this  city,  in  1892,  for  the 
building  of  a  hydraulic  dredge.  The  boat  was  com- 
pleted in  1893  at  a  cost  of  $65,000.  It  was  named  after  W. 
L.a^AHv  Buao.Nn,  Portland.  •*"•  ^-add,  Portland's  foremost  citizen,  recently  dece.'^sed. 


The  Armory,  Portland. 


mm 


130 


2'hc  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO  BVTOWNE 


fe^ 


The  Great  Ute«m  Dredge,  W.  S.  Uod. 


The  dredge  W.  S.  Ladd  is 
equal  to  almost  any  dredge  in  the 
United  States  in  capacity  and 
power,  and  is  the  first  dredge  of 
this  class  built  on  the  coast.  Her 
dimensions  are  :  length,  146  feet, 
6  inches  over  all ;  beam,  38  feet, 
4  inches;  hold,  12  feet.  She  is 
single-decked  aft  of  the  forward 
house  and  pilot  house.  The  shaft 
alley  is  located  under  the  main 
deck  and  forward  of  this  in  the 
order  named  are  the  engine  room, 
boiler  room,  coa)  bunkers,  dump- 
ing bins  and  "rew  space.  The 
engines  used  are  the  Neafie  &  Levy  compound,  17-34  twenty-fourths.  The  hold  of 
the  dredge  has  a  capacity  of  500  cubic  yards.  This  hold  is  used  as  a  dump  for 
dredgings  from  the  river  bed.  The  builder,  John  F.  Steffen,  has  just  reason  to  be 
proud  of  his  work  on  the  W.  S.  La  Jd.  This  together  with  the  construction  of  some 
of  the  finest  floating  palaces  on  the  coast  which  are  from  his  yards,  has  entitled  him 
to  a  position  among  the  great  boat-builders  of  the  coast. 

Portland,  with  its  wealth,  its  facilities  for  trans- 
portation, and  the  enterprise  of  its  business  people, 
has  secured  control  of  the  trade  of  the  country,  for 
which  it  acts  as  a  receiving  agent.  Even  before 
through-rail  communication  was  established  between 
Portland  and  the  East,  this  city  contained  a  popu- 
lation in  excess  of  17,000,  and  it  occupied  then  the 
same  relative  .osition  of  commercial  supremacy  to 
the  Northwesleia  field  that  it  does  today.  This 
position  was  due  primarily  to  the  magnificent  sys- 
tem of  waterways  which  connect  this  city  with  Eastern  Oregon  and  Washington  and 
with  all  the  best  parts  of  the  Willamette  valley.  This  is  an  advantage  which  other 
leading  trade  centers  of  the  Northwest  concede  to  Portland,  and  it  is  a  factor  that  will 
exert  a  decided  influence  in  the  contention  which  must  arise  in  the  future  among  the 
different  cities  in  the  competition  for  the  trade  of  this  vast  region.  The  magnitude 
of  Portland's  commerce  at  the  present  time  can  be  determined  from  the  following 
statements  :  The  aggregate  value  of  all  articles  exported  from  Portland,  in  1H92,  was 
$16,114,925.  The  foreign  exports  of  the  city,  for  that  year, 
amounted  to  18,340,655,  and  the  domestic  exports  aggregated 
$7,740,070  in  value.  Prom  the  "Inland  Ivmpire"  and  the  Wil- 
lamette valley  there  came  to  Portland  that  year  the  enormous 
total  of  4,702,050  centals  of  wheat,  of  an  aggregate  value  of 
$6,795,895.  Eighty-nine  vessels  carried  this  wheat  to  th.e  market?^ 
of  Europe.  The  exports  of  flour  for  the  year  amounte.'l 
to  549,236  barrels,  of  a  value  of  $2,182,250.  In  the  same 
year  the  wool  growers  of  Eastern  and  Southern  Oregon 
consigned  to  Portland,  for  shipment,  8,607,840  pounds  of 
wool,  worth  $1,350,050.     This    was    about   oue-lialf   of 


AHi.tNOTON  Club,  Portland. 


?J,c 


;'eV= 


8KI0MOHE  ('OUNTAIN,   PORTLAND. 


Portland,  Oregon. 


131 


ir.  viMnENT's  Hospital.  Portland 


Oregon's  wool  crop  for  the  year.  Of  the  remainder  of 
the  wool  crop,  woolen  goods  to  the  value  of  $400,000 
were  manufactured  at  the  woolen  mills  practically  having 
their  headquarters  at  Portland.  In  1H92  the  canneries  of 
the  Columbia  river,  between  Portland  and  the  ocean, 
turned  out  468,993  cases  of  salmon,  valued  at  |2, 608,020. 
In  addition  to  this  output,  immense  shipments  of  stur- 
geon, caught  in  the  Columi^^ia  ^f^re  also  made  to  the  East 
from  Portland.  Oregon's  hop  crop  for  the  year  was  valued 
at  several  millions  of  dollars.  Considerable  over  one-half 
of  this  crop  was  bought  by  Portland  dealers  and  shipped 
The  value  of  the  lumber  exported  from  the  city   is  now    aijout 


i:^^'*  '''W*»iy>-,», 


~     GOOD  Samaritan  Hospital,  Portland. 


thousands ■ 
ney  Vtwei 
trip. 


The 


1"  •:)   ■•     ;  East. 
^i,ooc»,GOO  a  year. 

The  value  of  the  imports  annually  received  at 
Portland  is  about  $1,600,000.  The  statistics  of  Port- 
land's export  and  import  trade  for  1893  are  not  avail- 
able at  the  present  writing,  but  from  present  indica- 
tions these  figures  will  not  differ  materially  from  those 
quoted  for  1892.  Between  January  i  and  November 
15-  i'^93'  IS  shown  by  the  records  of  the  custom-house 
of  Portland,  96  vessels  entered  from  and  114  vessels 
cleared  for  foreign  ports.  During  the  same  period  166  ves.'^els  arrived  from  and  137 
departed  for  domestic  ports.  These  figures  will  tend  to  show  the  magnitude  of  Port- 
land's commerce.  That  the  completion  of  the  projected  Nicaragua  canal  would  cause 
this  commerce  'o  show  a  rapid  and  unprecedented  increase  hardly  admits  of  a  doubt. 
Ships  from  Portland  for  foreign  ports  th^.t  are  now  compelled  to  make  a  rietour  of 
u  '(^  .round  Cape  Horn  could,  by  utilizing  the  canal,  make  the  jour- 
;  "'\id  and  I/iverpool  in  one-half  the  time  now  consumed  in  this 
co-i  :  f  tio;i  of  the  fjanal  would  at  once  open  up  the  markets  of  the 
Atlantic  coast  for  i;  •  ^  rcducts  of  the  Pacific  Northwest,  products  which  cannot  at  the 
present  be  profitably  marketed  East  by  reason  of  the  high  transj  ortation  rates  on  the 
long  haul  by  rail  or  by  ship  around  Cape  Horn. 

Portland  is  the  tcminus  of  three  great  transconti- 
nental lines  of  railroads.  Tn<.2e  ui&  the  Union  Pacific, 
N'orthern  Pacific  and  Southern  Pacific.  The  Union  Pa- 
cific, which  gains  an  entrance  to  the^state  over  the  tracks 
of  the  Oregon  Short  Line  and  the  Oregon  Railway  & 
Navigation  Company,  both  operated  by  the  Union  Pacific, 
follows  the  course  of  the  Columbia  river  from  Umatilla, 
187  miles  east  of  Portland,  to  a  point  about  20  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  city.  Its  branch  lines  .spread  out  and  tap 
the  great  wheat-producing  sections  of  the  Walla  Walla, 
Palouse  and  other  districts,  as  well  as  Ihose  of 
EdUern  Oregon,  comprising  the  great  wheat  belt  of  the  Northwest.  In  that 
part  of  Portlaii'l  known  locally  as  Albina,  the  Union  Pacific  has  established  large 
machine  and  repair  shops  which  furnish  employment  to  about  400  men.  The 
Southern  Pacific  operates  682  miles  of  road  solely  with  the  view  of  reaching  Portland 
for  a  Northwestern  terminus  for  its  extensive  system.    The  Northern  Pacific  railroad, 


^m^mt- 


Cmildhen'5  Home,  Portland. 


m 


i 

t 

1  ( 


132 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


running  south  from  Tacoma,  crosses  the  Columbia  river  at  Kalama  and  reaches  Port- 
land over  its  own  track.  The  through  passen- 
ger trains  of  this  ling  are  all  made  up  in  Port- 
land, and  this  city  is  practically  the  western 
terminus  of  the  heavy  passenger  traffic  which  regu- 
larly passes  over  this  road.  These  great  systems  of 
railroads,  their  mileage,  branch  lines  and  the 
country  the_  ^-^vc-se  are  all  fully  described  in 
an  article   in    .'.  -sent  publication   under  the 

head  of  "  Railro.         .f  the  Pacific  Northwest." 
Portland   there   is  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  raw 
This,  combined  with  commanding 


Railroad  Steel  Bridge,  Portland. 


Train  Crossing. Steel  Bridge,  Portland 


In  the  region  tributary  to 
material  to  meet  the  demands  of  manufacturers 
location,  cheap  fuel  and  the  advantage  of  the  second  greatest  waterpower  in  America, 
has  already  made  Portland  a  great  manufacturing  center.  Extensive  beds  of  iron  ore  at 
Oswego,  seven  miles  south  of  Portland,  have  been  successfully  worked  since  iS66.  At 
Oswego  are  located  the  $503  000  blast  furnaces  of  the  Oregon  Iron  &  Steel  Company. 
But  12  miles  south  of  Portland  are  the  wonderful  falls  of  the  Willamette  river.  The 
Portland  General  Klectric  Company  arc  now  expending  |2, 500, 000  in  developing  this 
water  power  whicl?.  next  to  Niagara,  is  the  greatest 
available  water  power  in  the  United  States.  At  extreme 
low  water  the  Willamette  falls  furnish  an  available  power 
of  60,000  horse.  About  10,000  horse  power  will  be  gener- 
ated into  electricity  at  the  electric  compan\  's  station  at 
Oregon  City  and  from  that  point  transmitted  to  Portland 
where  it  will  be  used  for  running  all  kinds  of  machinery. 
This  power  is  especially  valuable  from  a  manufacturing 
standpoint,  and  it  is  the  claim  of  the  electric  company 
that  they  can  suppl}'  power  for  running  machinery  in 
Portland  much  cheaper  than  the  same  power  can  be 
generated  for  by  steam.  The  economic  importance  of  this  power  to  Portland  manu- 
facturers cannot  be  overestimated  in  connection  with  the  future  industrial  advance- 
ment of  this  city. 

Around  the  falls  of  the  Willamette  arc  now  clustered  a  number  of  very  large 
manufacturing  plants.  Some  of  these  plants  are  owned  by  Portland  capital.  These 
include  woolen,  flour  and  paper  and  pulp  mills.  The  market  that  Portland  manufac- 
tures for  includes  not  only  the  whole  Paci  ic  coast,  but  also  South  America,  the  vSand- 
wich  Islands,  China  and  Japan.     The  prod  .cts  of  the  mills  and   factories  of  Portland 

are  staple  articles  of  commerce  in  all  these  coun- 
tries mentioned.  Flour  is  shipped  from  Portland 
to  Asia  and  lumber  is  sent  by  this  city  to  the  tree- 
less plains  of  South  America  and  Australia.  To 
the  towns  of  the  Pacific  Northwest  Portland  an- 
nually sends  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  finished 
products.  There  is  probably  no  section  of  the 
United  States  that  offers  today  inducements  for  the 
investment  of  capital  in  manufacturing  enterprises 
that  are  afforded  in  Portland.  With  the  available 
resources  of  timber,  wool,  hides,  wheat,  flax,  iron, 
and  wood  for  making  paper  pulp,  the   city  pos- 


,.t#'- 


-^^•: 


...V-:-  II-  £ 


Free  Bhioge,  ^.A^lSON  Stfieet,  Portland, 


Portland,  Oregon. 


133 


Morrison-Street  Bridge,  Portland. 


sesses  every  advantage  as  a  manufacturing  cen- 
ter. Portland  has  the  available  water  power  to 
manufacture  these  products  into  the  finished 
articles  of  commerce,  and  the  city  has  every 
benefit  of  rail  and  ocean  connection  with  all 
parts  of  the  world.  The  output  of  the  fact<^' '.es 
has  steadily  increased  with  each  successive  year 
since  the  first  shipment  of  lumber  was  made 
from  Oregon  to  the  Golden  Gate  in  1S49.  The 
manufacturing  industries  of  Portland  today 
represcut  an  in- estment  of  lig.ooa.ooo;  they 
employ  12,000  men  and  they  pay  out  annua'ly 
in  wages  about  }6, 300,000.  The  annual  value 
of  the  product  of  these  industries  is  about  132,000,000. 

For  many  years  past  the  city  of  Portland  has  derived  its  water  supply  from  the 
Willamette  river.  The  water  of  this  stream,  while  not  unhealthful,  contains  much 
foreign  matter,  especially  during  the  winter  and  spring  months,  when  the  rains  have 
caused  it  to  rise  above  its  usual  height.  The  waters  of  this  stream  are  frequently  dis- 
colored by  great  quantities  of  mud  washed  into  it.  The  riveV  is  also  liable  to  pollu- 
tion from  the  sewerage  of  the  rapidly  growing  towns  of  the  valley  along  its  banks. 
As   earl)'   as    iScS;  the   citizens   of  Portland  commenced   to   agitate   the  question  of 

changing  the  source  of  the  water  supply  of  the  city.  Finally, 
by  an  act  of  the  legislature  which  auti.orized  the  issue  of 
f  3, 200,000  of  water  bonds,  the  city  wa^j  placed  m  a  position 
to  perfect  the  water  system  so  long  contemplated.  Thirty 
miles  distant  from  Portland  is  the  mouth  of  Bull  Run  creek. 
This  clear  mountain  stream  bubbles  from  the  ground  in  the 
heart  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  about  11  miles  distant  from 
Mount  Hood.  A  careful  analysis  of  the  water  shows  the 
absence  of  deleterious  organic  matter.  Owing  to  the  great 
volume  of  clear  water  which  this  creek  carries,  and  the 
fact  that  the  country  adjacent  to  it  is  not*  open  for  settlement,  thus  avoiding  all  dan- 
ger of  pollution  to  the  siream,  Bull  Run  creek  was  selected  as  tlie  source  of  the  future 
water  supply  of  Portland.  By  the  close  of  1S94  the  cold  spring-fed  waters  of  this 
creek  will  be  flowing  through  the  city  mains  of  Portland.  This  s\stem,  when  com- 
pleted, will  consist  of  the  following  impiovements  : 

From  the  mouth  of  the  creek  a  steel-plate  pipe-line  is  laid,  for  a  distance  of  24 
miles,  to  Mount  Tabor,  on  which  eminence  are  located  two  reservoirs,  with  a  holding 
capacity  respectively  of  10,000,000  and 
15,000,000  gallon"*.  4.  cast-iron  pipe 
connects  the  Mount  Tabor  reservoirs 
with  the  reservoir  at  City  park,  on 
the  hill  back  of  the  business  district 
of  Portland.  The  latter  reservoir  is  at 
an  elevation  of  300  feet  above  the 
city's  base,  and  it  has  a  capacity  of 
22,000,000  gallons.  Water  will  be  dis- 
tributed from  the  City  park  reservoir 
only  to  the  higher  portions  of  the  city,  r,,^,,,  ,,.„,„  p,.^  line,  bull  run  river  to  Portland, 


Bull  Run  Lake, 

PORTLAND'S  WATEH    SUPPLY 


PORTLRNO 


n 


'i 
i,  f 


134 

as  the  pres- 
would  be  too 
of  a  capacity 
The  pipe-Hue 


Centenary  M 

Bull  Ruu 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

!  sure  on  the  mains  from  this  reservoir  in  the  lower  levels  of  the  city 
1  great.  Below  the  City  park  reservoir  80  feet  is  a  secoud  reservoir 
i  of  10,000,000  gallons,  which  is  kept  full  from  the  reservoir  above. 
£  from  the  Mount  Tabor  reservoirs  to  the  City  park  reservoir  is  6}4 
miles  in  length.  It  crosses  the  Willamette  river  at  Clay  street  by 
means  of  a  submerged  pipe. 

It  is  estimated  that  the  volume  of  Bull  Run  creek,  at  its 
mouth,  at  extreme  low  water,  is  70,000,000  gallons  per  day. 
Of  this  great  available  supply,  25,000,000  gallons  will  be  car- 
ried off  in  pipes  to  Portland.  This  is  a  sufficient  quan- 
tity of  water  to  supply  a  city  of  180,000  inhabitants. 
With  the  exception  of  the  water  forced  through  the  pipes 
to  the  heights  in  the  western  part  of  the  city,  this  en- 
tire water-works  system  is  operated  by  gravity.  The  city 
has  in     reserve    pumps    having     a     combined     capac- 

21,000,000  gallons  a  da\-,  which 
used  in  case  of  accident  to  the 
water-works  system  is  com- 
miles  of  water  mains. 


ity    of 

E.   CHURCH.    PORTLAND.  '"'^^     "^ 

line.       iVhen    the    new 
pleted,  the  city  wil'  have  about  83 

As  a  financial  center,  Portland 
cities  of  the  same  size  in  the  world, 
of  corporate  and  individual  wealth 
channels  of  investment.      Unlike 
Portland    !■■    not  compelled  to 
onEasteii^*.   pitalists.  Theprin 
owned  and  controlled  by  its 
of  this  wealth  is  utilized  by 
Portland.      This  represents, 
the  aggregate  wealth  of  the    > 
in  Portland  was  established 
Tilton,  in   1859.      This  was 
til  1866,  when  the  First  Na- 
when  the   Bank    of   British 


'-.T^i-^ 


First  congregational  Church. 


stands   pre-eminent  among  the 
Here  there  is  a  vast  aggregation 
constantly  seeking  for  profitable 
many  other  cities  of  the  West, 
place  her  reliance  for  money 
cipal    wealth   of  Portland  is 
own  citizens.  A  large  amount 
the  great  banking  houses  of 
however,  but  a  small  part  of 
city.  The  first  banking  house 
by  Wm.   S.  Ladd  and  C.  E. 
the  only  bank  in  the  city  un- 
tional    Bank   was    organized,   and 
Columbia    established    a     branch 


here.     From  thai  time  the  capital,  stability   and  number    of  banks 
in  Portland  steadily  increased,  keeping  pace  with  the  demands  of  the 
rapidly  growing  tributary  country.     During  the  distressing  business 
panic  of  1893  several  of  Portland's  banks,  although  perfectly 
solvent,  were  compelled  to  temporarily  suspend  payment,  owing 
altogether  to  the  unreasonable  demands  of  frightened 
depositors.     All  of  these  banks  were  more  than  amply 
able  to  pay  depositors  in  full.    It  is  worthy  of  note  in  this 
connection  that  every  national  bank  that  closed  its  doors 
in  Portland  during  the  panic  has  since  resumed  business, 
and  these  banks  are  today  on  even  a  stronger  footing 
than  they  ever  were  before.    There  are  now  but  two  private 
banks  of  the  city  that  are  in  the  hands  of  rpceivers,  and 
the  affairs  of  these  are  in  such  shape  that  their  doors  will 
be  opened  to  business  in  the  near  future. 

The  seven  national  banks  of  Portland  make  the  fol- 


■^1   'ii'j"- 


lowi 

I500 

Com 

divic 

$500, 

gon 


y  >};. 


..*! 


Grace  Methooist  tPi9C0PAL  Church. 


V  ' 


Portland,  Oregon. 


135 


lowing  gratify- 
ISoOjOco,  sur- 
Commercial  Na- 
divided  profits 
1500,000,  sur- 
gon      National, 


iug    showing :       First  National,    capital 
plus    and    undivided    profits,   $824,130; 
tional,  capital  |:'>5o,coo,  surplus  and  un- 
1166,403 ;     Merchants    National,   capital 
plus  and  undivided  profits  f 55, 2 19  ;    Ore- 
capital   .S20O,cco,  surplus  and  undivided 
profits  141,950  ;  Ainsworth  National,  capi- 
tal $100,000,    surplus    and  undivided 
profits  $ico,coo ;    United   States   Na- 
tional, capital  $250,000,  surplus 
and  undivided  profits   $27,854; 
First  National  of  East  Portland, 
capital  $ioo,coo,  surpltis  and  un- 
divided profits,   $45,456.      The 
total  resources  of   these    seven 

national  banks  are  nearly  $10,000,000.  The  other  banks 
of  Portland  are  as  follows  :  Ladd  &  Tilton,  capital 
$250,000  ;  (the  resources  of  this  bank  are  very  large,  but 
the  amount  of  the  resources  of  the  bank  is  not  obtainable 
for  publication.)  London  and  San  Francisco,  Ld.,  capital 
and  reserve  $2,900,000 ;  Bank  of  British  Columbia,  capital  $3,000,000,  reserve 
$1,300,000,  undivided  profits  |6o,ooo;  Portland  Savings  Bank,  capital  $260,000,  sur- 
plus and  profits  $220,000;  Portland  Trust  Company,  capital  $350,000;  Security 
Savings  and  Trust  Company,  capital  $250,000;  Hibernian  Savings  Bank,  capital 
$100,000;  Northwest  Loan  and  Trust  Company,  capital  $250,000;  Bank  of  Albina, 
capital  $100,000;  Citizens  Bank  of  East  Portland,  capital  $100,000;  City  Savings 
Bank,  capital  $100,000;  Commercial  and  Savings  Bank  of  East  Portland,  capital 
$50,000;  Albina  Savings  Bank,  capital  $50,000. 


Calvary  Presbyterian  Church. 


First  Presbyterian  Church. 


Mi" 


'ii\ 


\\ 


.  ii 


^. 


Calvary  Baptist  Church. 


Trinity  'episcopal^  Church. 


PORTLAND    CHURCHES. 


'M    \i 


*= 


V 


-n 


Church  of  the  Immaculate  heart. 


Taylor-Street  Methodist  Church. 


PORTLAND  CHURCHES. 


i<i* 


Portland,   Oregon. 

The  American  Book  Company.— The  American  Book  Company  of  New 
York,  the  largest  educational  publishing  house  in  the  world,  has  its  branch  house  for 

the  Pacific  Coast  at  289  Yamhill  street.  Here  are 
kept  in  stock  all  the  school  and  college  text  books 
included  in  its  long  list  of  school  publications. 
This  list  embraces  nearly  all  the  school  books  now 
in  use  in  the  state  of  Oregon  and  throughout  the 
Northwest. 

The  Portland  house  was  established  to  serve  as 
a  convenient  base  of  supplies  for  the  trade  of  the 
Pacific  Coast.  Hitherto,  the  great  distance  of  this 
section  of  the  country  from  the  publishing  centers 
of  the  East  has  made  it  difficult  and  expensive  to 
properly  supply  the  school  patrons.  The  American 
Hook  Company  now  proposes,  so  far  as  possible, 
to  obviate  these  difficulties  by  supplying  their 
books  freely  from  the  Portland  house,  allowing 
dealers  a  sufficient  discount  conditional  on  the 
Vjooks  being  retailed  to  consumers  atprices  which 
will  be  satisfactory  to  the  people,  and  as  a  result, 
the  PVlucatior.cii  Public  of  this  region  are  as  prompt- 
ly and  cheaply  supplied  with  the  publications  of 
the  American  Book  Company  as  any  part  of  the 
Ihiitcd  States, 

Tlie  Portland  University.— The  Port- 
land University  was  organized  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Church.     The  Univer- 
AMERicr.  BOOK  COMPANY,  289  y.MH,LL  ST.,  PORTL»^^,    g|,_y  jg  ^j^^^^j.  (jcnom i natloual  control,  as  are  most 

of  the  great  schools  of  the  country,  but  is  not  in  any  sense  sectarian. 

The  site  of  the  University  is  a  high  plateau  between  the  Columbia  and  Willamette 
rivers,  three  miles  northwest  and  overlooking  the  city  of  Portland.  The  beautiful 
island  in  the  river,  the  high  range  of  evergeen  hills  on  the  western  side,  and  to  the 
east  the  lofty  peaks  of  five  snow- 
capped mountains,  steamers 
from  local  points  on  the  river, 
and  ships  from  all  countries 
throughout  the  entire  world, 
passing  every  few  minutes,  with- 
in a  stone's  throw  of  the  Univer- 
sity buildings,  all  combine  to 
lend  a  charm  to  the  scene  almost 
unrivalled. 

The  attendance  has  reached 
the  number  of  500  in  less  than 
three  years.  In  its  Literary  De- 
partment are  the  College,  Pre- 
paratory, Normal  and  Business 
courses.  Schools  of  Theology, 
Music,  and  Fine  .Arts  are  also 
departtncnts    of    the     Portland 

University.  Portland  University, west  Hall. 


1 


'     1 


:)!•' 


!,< 


■. 


The  Oregnnian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  North 


west. 


I 


First  Baptist  Church.  Portland, 


Portland,  Oregon. 


137 


A  Great  Pi.ant.— The  Wolff  &  Zwicker  Iron  Works  and  the  Wolff,  Zwicker  & 
Buehner  Pipe  Works,  at  the  east  approach  to  the  Madison-street  bridge,  occupy  a 
number  of  buildings  which  cover  a  full  block  of  ground  lying  along  the  water  front. 
The  most  important  work  handled  by  the  Wolff,  Zwicker  &  Buehner  Pipe  Works 
during  the  past  year  was  the  completion  of  the  contract  for  manufacturing  the  miles 
of  pipe  for  the  Bull  Run  water  works,  which  will  furnish  Portland's  supply  of  water 
for  domestic  use. 

On  taking  possession  of  their  new  works  in  the  spring  of  1893,  this  company 
immediately  commenced  the  work  of  manufacturing  the  immense  pipes  or  conduits 
for  the  Bull  Run  plant.  These  pipes  are  made  from  heavy  steel  sheets  and  in  mak- 
ing this  pipe  it  was  necessary  for  the  company  to  avail  themselves  of  the  use  of  the 
latest  improved  machinery.  The  pipes  are  35  inches  in  diameter  and  are  made  in 
lengths  of  30  feet  each.  The  successful  manufacture  of  these  pipes  by  a  home  com- 
pany was  in  itself  a  great  triumph  for  the  firm.  In  addition  to  the  pipe  works,  the 
old  established  firm  of  Wolff  &  Zwicker  conduct  a  large  foundry  and  machine  estab- 
lishment in  a  building  adjoiningthe  pipe  works.  In  addition  to  their  East  Side  plant, 
in  which  25  men  are  constantly  employed,  the  firm  also  conduct  their  old  machine 
shop  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  at  the  corner  of  Third  and  Plan ders  streets,  where 
45  men  find  steady  work.  Taken  together,  the  Wolff  &  Zwicker  Foundry  and 
Machine  Shop  and  the  Wolff,  Zwicker  &  Buehner  Pipe  Works  constitute  one  of  the 
largest  plants  of  the  kind  on  the  coast,  and  they  are  deserving  of  the  heartiest  sup- 
port of  the  people  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


!!  V 


Great  Iron  Works,  Wolff  i.  Zwicker.  Portland. 


138 


The  Oregonians  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 


?  ti^i  11 


First  N»tion»l  Bank,  Pc  'l«no. 


No  bank  of  the  North  Pacific  coast  enjoys  a  hij^her  standing  than  does  the  First 
National   of    Portland.     Started  some  years  before  1H69,  the  First  National  really 
dates  its  growth  from  that  year,  when  Messrs.  Henry  Failing  and  H.  W.  Corbett  pur- 
chased the  controlling  influence  in  the  insti- 
tution.    Both  Mr.  Failing   and  Mr.  Corbett 
have,  since  that  time,  attained  great  distinc- 
tion in  the  Northwest  as  able  financiers  and 
successful  business  men,  and  they  have  re- 
peatedly been  honored  by  their  fellow  citi- 
zens with  positionsof  great  trust  and  respon- 
sibility.      Mr.    Failing  served    for    several 
terms  during  the   most   critical   period    of 
Portland's  existence  as  mayor   of  the  city. 
He  has  occupied  leading  positions  in  other 
public  capacities,  and  in  financial  circles  of 
the  Northwest  he  occupies  today  what  may 
well  be  termed  the  position  of  leader.     Mr. 
Corbett  served,  with  distinction,  a  term   as 
United  States  Senator  from  Oregon.     He  has 
long  been  prominent  in  public  affairs  of  the 
state,  and  he  is  now  one  of  the  heaviest  hold- 
ers of  the  best  business  property  in  Portland. 
The  great  personal  success  of  Messrs,  Cor- 
bett and  Failing  has  redounded  directly  to  the  benefit  of  the  First  National  Bank,, 
over  whose  destinies  they  have  so  long  presided. 

Immediately  after  securing  control  of  this  bank  Mr.  Flailing  was  elected  its 
president  and  Mr.  Corbett  was  made  vice-president.  They  have  held  these  offices 
uninterruptedly  since  that  time.  The  capital  stock  of  the  bank  at  the  time  these  gen- 
tlemen secured  control  of  its  affairs  was  |ioo,coo.  This  was  immediately  increased 
to  |250,coo,  and  subscquertly  to  i*50o,ooo.  The  deposits  increased  from  $48,000  in 
1S69,  to  over  |4, 000,000  in  a  period  of  20  years.  The  resources  of  this  bank  today  are 
very  large.  It  is  the  United  States  depository  at  Portland  for  the  handling  of  public 
money,  and  it  is  the  financial  institution  which  cares  for  the  deposits  of  many  of  the 
largest  corporations  of  the  Northwest,  as  well  as  for  hundreds  of  the  leading  busi- 
ness houses  of  Portland. 

In  connection  with  the  mention  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Portland  in  the 
present  instance,  some  reference  to  the  affairs  of  this  institution  during  the  memor- 
able panic  of  1893  will  be  particularly  appropriate.  The  First  National,  as  one  of 
the  oldest  and  best  established  banksi  in  Portland,  has  long  had  a  large  list  of  interior 
correspondents  who  placed  their  dependence  for  support  during  periods  of  financial 
stringency  on  the  FMrst  National  here.  These  banks  were  large  borrowers  of  the 
First  National,  and  their  own  solvency  depended  largely  on  the  solvency  of  the  lead- 
ing bank  of  Portland.  It  is  to  the  credit  of  the  First  National  Bank  of  Portland, 
that  at  no  time  during  the  panic  was  one  of  its  interior  correspondents  pressed  for 
the  payment  of  its  obligations  by  the  Portland  institution,  and  the  fact  that  these 
banks  weathered  the  financial  storm  successfully  is  directly  di^e  to  the  financial  sup- 
port that  was  rendered  them  by  the  First  National  Bank  here.  Tii?  two  great  bank- 
ing houses  of  the  Northwest,  the  Fir  I  National,  and  Ladd  &  Tilton,  of  Portland, 
really  prevented  wide-spread  disaster  to  Oregon  and  Washington  during  the  panic 


■'iVl 


Portland,  Orcf^on. 


18<J 


PMOTO.    BY   TOWNE. 


Interior  View,  First  National  Bank    Portland. 


which  wrecked  some  of  the  oldest  banking  houses  in  the  United  States,  and  it  was 
probably  the  large  resources  of  these  two  banks,  which  has  allowed  Portland  to 
retain  its  position  as  one  of  the  strongest  financial  centers  of  the  coast. 

The  First  National  now  occupies  its 
own  building,  at  the  corner  of  First  and 
Washington  streets,  Portland.  The  bank 
occupies  nearly  the  entire  ground  floor  of 
the  large  structure.  The  quarters  occu- 
pied by  the  bank  are  perfectly  appointed 
and  especially  adapted  to  the  handling  of 
a  large  banking  business.  A  feature  of  the 
management  of  this  bank  is  that  no  one  of 
its  officers  has  ever  been  allowed  to  solicit 
custom  for  the  bank,  and  its  affairs  have 
always  been  conducted  strictly  on  bank- 
ing '  ciples.  It  has  been  conservative 
to  t  int  of  absolute  safety,  but  it  has 

beeu  ...jeral  enough  with  its  patrons  to  in- 
sure a  large  support  from  the  best  business 
people  of  Portland.  It  has  been  this 
liberal  spirit  to  the  point  of  conservatism 

and  safety  that  has  been  the  keynote  to  the  success  of  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Portland  and  the  fact  that  it  came  out  of  the  panic  of  1893  with  its  resources  unim- 
paired, is  ample  evidence  of  the  wisdom  of  the  policy  so  long  pursued  by  the 
management  of  this  strong  financial  institution. 

No  banking  house  of  the  coast,  stands  higher  than  the  bank  of  Ladd  &  Tilton, 
Portland.     This  strong  financial  institution  is  the  result  of  the  lifetime's  work  of  the 

late  W.  S.  Ladd,  one  of  the  pioneer 
citizens  of  Portland,  and  the  prestige 
it  has  gained  in  financial  circles  of  the 
West  is  directly  due  to  the  consciva- 
tive  manner  in  which  its  affairs  have 
always  been  managed. 

Mr  Ladd  was  one  of  the  four 
pioneers  who  reached  Portland  on  the 
8th  day  of  April,  1851.  At  that  time 
he  was  25  years  of  age.  For  a  num- 
ber of  years  previous  to  1855  JNIr, 
Ladd,  in  partnership  with  C.  E.  Tilton, 
did  an  extensive  mercantile  business 
under  the  firm  name  of  Ladd  81  Tilton. 
In  April,  1859,  these  gentlemen 
formed  a  co-partnership  for  the  pur- 
pose of  engaging  in  the  banking  bus- 
iness. The  old  firm  name  of  Ladd  & 
Tilton  was  retained  for  the  new  en- 
terprise. The  bank  at  the  time  it  was  first  started  in  Portland  was  capitalized 
for  150,000.  This  capital  stock  was  afterwards  increased  to  1250,000.  The  resources 
of  this  single  banking  house  today  are  no  less  than  $2,000,000. 


Bank,  Lado  i.  Tilton,  Portland. 


*! 


*tl 


1'   i 


'i  \ 


»    'I 


A : 


1 1 


,li^i 


!       I 


14(» 


The  Oreg-onian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  TOWNE. 


Interior,  bank,  L»do  a  Tiuton,  Portland 


The  partnership  between  Messrs.  Ladd  anrl  Tilton  -"vas  dissolved  in  1880.  From 
that  time  to  the  date  of  Mr.  Ladd's  death  in  1893,  the  Dank  was  conducted  by  Mr. 
Ladd,  assisted  by  hia  eldest  son,  William,  bnt  under  th(  old  firm  name  of  Ladd  i*^ 
Tilton.  Mr.  William  M,  Ladd,  the  immediate  successor  of  his  father  iu  the  manage- 
ment of  the  large  business  of  the  bank,  has 
established  a  reputation  as  an  able  financier 
b3'  successfully  carrying  the  bank  through 
one  of  the  worst  financial  panics  the  country 
has  ever  experienced.  During  the  time  of 
the  panic  not  the  least  distrust  was  felt  by 
the  public  in  the  solvency  of  the  institution 
and  it  was  not  subjected  to  anything  that 
even  bore  the  semblance  of  a  "  run."  Ladd 
&  Tilton,  with  the  First  National  Bank  of 
Ponland,  enjoy  the  distinction  of  having 
been  the  bulwarks  of  the  financial  strength 
of  the  Northwest  during  the  panic  of  1893, 
and  that  this  panic  did  not  cause  wide-spread 
disaster  among  the  banks  of  Oregon  and 
Washington  during  what  will  long  be  re- 
garded as  a  memorable  year,  was  directl}- 
due  to  the  aid  rendered  the  interior  banks  during  that  time  by  Ladd  &  Tilton  and  the 
First  Nptional  Bank  of  Portland. 

Mr.  Williani  M.  Ladd  is  assisted  iu  the  mauagement  of  the  great  banking  house 
his  father  established  in  Poriland,  by  his  brother,  Mr.  (.'has.  U.  Ladd.  These  gentle- 
men are  pursuing  the  same  conservative  policy  in  conducting  the  bank  so  long  fol- 
lowed by  their  father  l)efore  them,  and  at  no  time  in  its  history  has  it  enjoyed  a  greater 
de,t,  "e  of  public  confidence  than  it  does  at  the  present  time. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  property  in  Multnomah  county  is,  in  round  numl)ers, 
$65,000,000.  This  does  not  include  several  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  church  and 
school  property  which  is  exempt  from  taxation. 

The  first  public  school  in  Portland  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1S47  by  Dr.  Ralph 
Wilcox.  It  was  conducted  in  a  low,  rudelj-  constructed  house  at  the 
foot  of  Taylor  street.  Thi--^  school  was  conducted  for  about  three 
months.  In  the  following  February,  Miss  Julia  Carter  opened  a 
school  in  a  log  cabin  at  the  corner  of  .Second  and  SLark  streets. 
Thirty-five  pupils  attended  this  school.  In  the  winter  of 
1848  49,  the  only  public  hall  in  the  village  was  a 
rather  dilapidated  and  shaky  structure  which,  at  a  prior 
time,  had  been  used  as  a  barrel  factory.  This  building 
was  known  as  the  "  cooper  shop."  In  November,  i8.|8, 
Aaron  J.  Hyde,  a  veteran  of  the  Mexican  war,  opened  a 
school  in  this  building.  The  lot  on  which  the  structure ]i 
stood  is  now  on  First  street,  between  Morrison  and  Yam- 
hill. This  lot  was  purchased  by  one  of  the  early  settler^of 
Portland  for  the  consideration  of  "t  vo  bull  pups."  This 
old  house,  used  during  the  yer.rc  1847  48-49,  as  a  Christian  sanctuary  and  school, 
had  ,  by  1857,  degenerated  into  the  ignoble  use  of  a  Chinese  wash-houbc.     To  Rev. 


HlOH    SCHOOL,   PORTLANN. 


T 


Portland,  Oraxoti. 


141 


HARRISON  School,  Portland. 


George  B.  Atkinson  is  due  the  honor  of  having  inaugurated  the  movement  that 
resulted  in  the  establishment  of  free  schools  in  Portland.  Thro<'  ^h  the  efforts  ot  this 
gentleman,  and  upon  the  recommendation  of  Gover- 
nor Joseph  La,ie,  the  first  territorial  legislature  of 
Oregon  passed  a  school  bill  which  became  a  law, 
Septembers,  i&4y.  It  was  not,  however,  until  1851 
that  steps  were  taken  by  the  citizens  of  Portland  to 
organize  a  school  district  here.  In  the  meantime, 
several  private  schools  had  been  opened  in  Portland. 
These  schools  were  opened  by  the  following  gentle- 
men on  the  dates  named:  Horace  layman,  Decem- 
ber, 1849;  Col.  Cyrus  '..  Reed,  April,  1850;  De  Los 
Jefferson,  Augusi,  1850;  Rev.  N.  Doane,  December, 
1850.  In  The  Orbgonian  of  Deceuiber  6,  1851,  a  school  board  consisting  of 
Anthony  L.  Davis,  Alonzo  Leland  and  Reubei-  P.  Boise  advertised  the  opening  of 
a  free  school  here,  with  John  T.  Outhouse  as  its  teachc»r.  This,  the  first  free  school 
of  Portland,  opened  its  doors  with  un  attendance  of  about  •  pupils.  When  not  en- 
gaged in  his  school  work.  Mr.  Outhouse  laid  cross-walks  and  helped  to  unload  vessels. 

In  November,  1852,  the  citizens  of  Portland  voted  ;*',6ooto  support  a  free  school. 

About  that  time  the  public  school  was  moved  to  the 
corner  of  First  and  Taylor  streets.  Owing  to  the  increas- 
ing attendance,  Mr.  Outhouse  was  supplied  with  an 
assistant  teacher  in  the  pt-son  of  Miss  Abigail  M.  Clark. 
The  school  at  once  assumed  the  distinction  of  a  "  graded 
school."  It  was  "  graded  "  because  the  building  which 
it  occupied  was  two  stories  in  height.  In  order  to 
properl}'  acconnnodate  the  scholars  who  crowded  the 
school,  the  stairway  was  utilized  for  seats,  the  chil- 
being  seated  or  "graded"  up  the  stairs  as  far  as  possible.  The  law  regula- 
of  these  pioneer  schools  allowed  pupils  to  deport  themselves  about  as  theii 
incliuations  dictated.  In  addition  to  being  an  accomplished  teacher  Mr.  Outhouse 
soon  learned  that  the  duties  of  his  position  demanded  the  exercise  r^  great  muscular 
power.s.  With  him,  it  was  either  a  question  of  subduing  the  sch  'ol  by  brute  force 
or  of  being  soundh  thrashed  by  the  tender  youths  he  was  endeavoring  to  guide  into 
the  right  channel  of  thougl.t.  Tt  is  reported  that  Mr. 
Outhouse  managed  the  school  successfully,  and  some 
of  the  later  successful  men  of  Portland  enjoyed  the 
distinction  of  having  received  their  first  instruction 
in  the  primitive  school  presided  over  by  this  gentle- 
man. 

Among  the  legendary  lore  and  historical  incidents 
connectedwith  tJie  early  settlement  of  Portland,  the 
following,  bearing  on  the  early  life  of  Oregon's 
present  governor,  will  bear  relating  : 

In  July,  1H55,  the  Portland  school  board  advertised  in  TnK  Orhgonian  for  a 
competent  person  to  take  charge  of  the  public  school  of  district  No.  1.  This  adver- 
tisement was  answered  by  Sylvester  Pennoyer,  a  hesitating  young  man  who  had 
lately  come  from  New  York  io  the  Puget  Sound  country  to  practicti  law.     Becoming 


FAILING  School,  Poiitlano. 


dren 
tion- 


PARK  School   Portland. 


i  f| 


,     1 


■ii  i 


!     II 


I   I 


it  I 


142 


The  Oregoiiiaif  s  Handbook  of  the  PaciHc  Northwest. 


■'  ''r.-^^:**' 


Clinton  Kelly  School,  Portland, 
old  district  no.  2. 


discouraged  with  a  law  practice  that  was  not  as  profitable  as  the  sawmill  business 
subsequently  proved  to  be,  younj.^  Pennoyer  had  sold  his  library  and  was  preparing 

to  start  on  his  return  journey  East  to  seek  relief 
from  homesickness  under  the  parental  roof,  when 
he  noticed  the  advertisement  for  a  school  teacher 
in  Portland.  When  the  young  man  applied  for  the 
position  his  modest  demeanor,  with  his  intellectual 
cast  of  countenance  and  his  vast  fund  of  informa- 
tion on  "How  to  be  a  successful  Populist  of  the 
future,"  attracted  the  favorable  notice  of  the  board. 
He  was  at  once  engaged  to  preside  over  the  village 
school  at  a  salary  of  $125  a  month,  and  he  was  told 
to  report  to  the  county  school  superintendent  foi; 
examination.  With  high  hopes  of  meeting  some 
luminary  in  standing  collar,  polished  cuffs  and 
shining  boots,  Pennoyer  wound  his  hesitating  way  to  the  great  official's  quarters. 
What  was  the  teacher's  surprise  and  dismay  to  find  the  superintendent  industriously 
cleansing  his  own  and  his  family's  soiled  linen  in  awash  tub.  Holding  a  bar  of  soap 
in  one  hand  and  a  book  in  the  other,  the  superintendent  examined  Pennoyer  on  the 
correct  principles  of  teaching,  in  which  the  subject  of  wash- 
ing clothes  was  carefully  avoided.  Pennoyer  passed  the 
examination  successlully,  but  his  experience  with  the 
superintendent  at  the  wash  tub  destroyed  the  great  respect, 
which  he  had  formerly  felt  for  high  official  position,  and 
it  is  reported  at  the  time,  that  Pennoyer  made  a  firm  re- 
solve that  the  only  man  in  the  future  who  should  receive 
gracious  treatment  at  his  hands  was  the  plain  individual 
in  homespun  clothes  whose  vote  he  was  after,  the  president 
of  the  United  States,  vice-president  Stevenson  or  secretary 
Greshani  not  excepted,  and,  further,  that  he  would  return 
thanks  to  God  in  his  own  way,  and  on  the  day  of  his  own  choice,  free  from  presiden- 
tial interference. 

The  first  school  building  owned  by  the  city  of  Portland  was  that  occupied  by  the 
Central  school,  which  was  opened  May  17,  1858.  From  this  humble  beginning  has 
grown  the  present  admirable  public  school  .system  of  Portland.  The  old  log  cabin 
school-house  and  the  dingy  cooper  shop  withstood  the  ravages  of  time  for  a  short 

period  only  after  they  were  utilized  for  educational 
purposes,  and  they  were  finally  torn  down  and  sub- 
stantial buildings  cf  brick  and  stone  were  erected  in 
their  place.  Scattered  over  the  city  of  Portland 
there  are  now  32  public  schools,  many  of  which  are 
monuments  of  architectural  art.  From  the  stately 
High  school,  with  its  21  commodious  class  rooms  and 
large  assembly  hall,  seating  1.200,  down  to  the  MUpre- 
tentious  four-room  school  of  the  outlying  suburb,  the 
.schools  of  Portland  are  under  the  supervision  of  ac- 
complished teacliers,  carefully  selected  for  their  pro- 
ficiency in  educational  work.  Through  the  conscientious  efforts  of  thepe  teachers  and 
the  liberal  support  given  by  the  citizens  of  the  city  the  public  schools  of  Portland  have 


STEPHEN'S  School,  Portland. 


NORTH  Central  School,  Portland. 


Portland,  Oregon. 


143 


Williams  avenue  Sch  jol,  Portland. 


attained  a  high  standard  of  excellence.  There  were  8,478  pupils  in  actual  attendance 
at  the  public  schools  in  Portland  in  November,  1893.  These  pupils  were  taught,  by  220 
teachers,  among  whom  are  special  teachers  of  penmanship  and  drawing.  The  num- 
ber of  pupils  in  attendance  at  these  schools  in  November  of 
last  year  was  as  follows:  High  school,  475;  Harrison,  812; 
Atkinson,  633;  Park,  551;  Couch,  710;  Ainsworth,  55;  Fail- 
ing, 6,So;  Stephens,  437;  "Willamette  29;  Holladay,  420;  Wil- 
liams Avenue,  446;  Fulton,  47;  Fulton  i^ark,  40;  Central, 
38^.;  North  Central,  404;  Sunnysidc,  271;  Brooklyn,  213; 
Albina  Central,  216;  Chapman,  167;  Multnomah,  180; 
Woodlawn,  177  ;  Peninsula,  64  ;  St.  Johns,  53;  Portsmouth, 
114;  Albina  Homestead,  14.5;  Clinton  Kelly,  158^  Sellwood, 
169;  High  school  (night  school),  75;  Albina  night  school, 
50;  Midway,  17;  Marquam,  14;  Fernwood,  iS;  Lownsdale,  225. 

The  estimated  value  of  the  school  property  owned  by  the  city  of  Portland,  with 
the  realty  and  improvements  segregated,  is  as  follows :  High  school  grounds, 
$100,000,  building,  $148,000;  Harrison,  grounds,  145,000,  building,  $47,000;  Failing, 
grounds,  $30,000,  building,  $47,000;  Atkinson,  grounds,  $50,000,  building,  $54,000; 
Park,  grounds,  $50,000,  building,  $32,000;  Couch,  grounds,  $35,000,  build  mg,  $47,000; 
Chapman,  giounds,  $13,000,   building,  $10,000 ;  Watson,  grounds,  $3,(100,  building, 

$to,03o;  Ainsworth,  grounds,  $14,001  (building  des- 
troyed by  fire);  Fulton,  grounds,  $4, t  'Miilding,  $1,000; 
Williams  Avenue,  grounds,  $32,ocx),  building,  $20,000; 
Central  Albina,  grounds,  |3,oc>o,  building,  $3,onri  Mult- 
nomah, grounds,  $5,cx)o,  building,  |6,ooo;  Albina  Home- 
stead, grounds,  $6,000,  building,  $6,500;  Hollaiiay, 
grounds,  $16,000,  building,  $12,000;  West  Central, 
grounds,  $2o,oco,  building,  $17,000;  Central,  grounds, 
$50,000,  building,  $20,000 ;  Stephens,  grounds,  $25,000, 
building,  $20,000;  Clinton  Kelly,  grounds,  $5,000,  build- 
ing, $16,000;  Sellwood,  grounds,  $1,000,  building, 
$5, OCX);  Midway,  grounds,  $i,cx)o,  building,  $i,ocx);  Marquam,  grounds,  $r,ooo, 
building,  $i,oo(j;  Brooklyn,  grounds,  $6, 000,  building,  $12,000;  Sunnyside,  grounds, 
$4,800,  building,  $12, <XK) ;  Peninsula,  grounds,  $i,cxx),  building,  $4,000 ;  Woodlawn, 
grounds,  $1,200,  building,  $3,000. 

In  addition  to  the  above  property,  which  is  occupied,  the  city  owns  a  tract  of 
land  in  Stephens'  Addition  valued  at  $25,o(X),  and  a  lot  and  building  in  Tibbett's 
Addition,  known  as  ].ee  chupel,  worth  about  $i,4cxj.  The  total  value  of  all  this 
school  property,  including  furniture  worth  $50,000,  is  $1,157,900.  This  sum  is  made 
up  as  follows:  realty,  $553,400;  improvements  (the  first  cost  in  excess  of  this), 
$554,500.  The  cost  of  conducting  the  schools  of  Portland,  for  the  fiscal  year  1892-93, 
was  $251,110.  The  e.stimated  cost  of  conducting  these  schools  for  the  fiscal  year 
of  1893-94,  is  $335, 8(x).     The  cost  per  pupil,  in  1893,  was  $26.98. 

In  addition  to  the  excellent  public  schools,  Portland  is  the  seat  of  many  well- 
conducted  private  seats  of  learning.  Among  these  are  the  law  and  medical  schools 
of  the  University  of  Oregon,  the  medical  department  and  college  of  pharmacy  of  the 
Willamette  University,  the  Portland  University,  St.  Helen's  Hall,  a  school  fot  girls, 
IMshop  Scott  Academy,  a  school  for  boys,  two  '.ine  Catholic  schools,  and  a  num- 
ber of  boarding  schools  and  academies.     As  educational  factors,  the  six  lib  raries  of 


■:i;-MifJ»iJ«!W? 


CENTRAL  School,  Portland. 


J      IH 


i-n 


1^ , 

r' 

I  > 


1 

m 

'* 

1 

ll 

1! 

h' 

1 

! 

1 

1 

i 

SB 

1 
i 

ll 


144 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


St.  Helens  H»i.l,  Portland. 


the  city  are  closely  allied  to  the  schools.  The  Portland  Library  Association  has  a 
collection  of  19,000  carefully  selected  books.  This  library  occupies  a  massive  build- 
ing erected  for  its  exclusive  use,  in  1893,  at  a  cost  of  $100,000. 

St.  Helen's  Hall,  <^^?  popular,  well-known  school  is  located  on  Park  avenue 
and  St.  Clair  streets.  It  is  a  boarding  and  day  school  for  girls.  The  school  was 
founded  in  1869,  by  Right  Rev.  B.  Wistar  Morris,  D.  D.  From  the  first  the  school  has 
stood  on  its  own  merits,  and  it  has  always  enjoyed  a  wide  reputation  for  the  thor- 
oughness of  its  instruction  and  for  its  refining  influence.  Its 
curriculum  is  most  liberal.  Teachers  of  skill  and  experience 
fill  the  various  departments.  The  musical  instruction  is  of 
the  highest  order,  and  the  art  depart- 
ment also  offers  great  advantages. 
Special  attention  is  given  to  morals, 
manners,  and  the  use  of  good  English. 

The  building  occupied  by  the 
school  is  a  noble  one.  It  is  built  of 
brick  and  stone.  It  is  heated,  drained 
and  ventilated  after  scientific  meth- 
ods, and  occupying  an  elevated  site, 
it  commands  a  view  of  unsurpassed 
beauty.  The  Misses  Rodney  have 
had  the  management  of  the  school 
from  its  beginning,  .•\pplications  for 
information  regarding  vSt.  Tlelen's  Hall  may  be  addressed  to  them. 

Portland  is  well  protected  from  fire  by  a  splendidly  equipped  fire  department. 
No  great  conflagration  has  devastated  the  city  for  20  years  past.  The  annual  losses 
by  fire  here  are  small  when  compared  with  those  of  other  cities  of  the  same  size. 
In  the  early  days  of  Portland's  history  well  trained  volunteer  firr  companies  vied 
with  each  other  in  putting  out  fires  and  in  making  social  conquests  These  compa- 
nies and  the  dates  of  their  organization,  are  as  follows:  \Villameti«  Ivngine  Com- 
pany, 1853  ;  Multnomah  Engine  Company,  1S56  ;  Columbia  Engine  Company,  1859; 
Protective  Engine  Company,  1862  ;  Vigilance  Hook  &  Ladder  Company.  As  the 
city  grew  larger  the  necessity  of  a  regular  paid  department  was  felt.  This  was 
accomplished  in  1882.  With  improved  apparatus  and  enforced  discipline,  the  depart- 
ment has  attanied  its  present  high  standard  of  efficiency.  There  are  now  178  men 
connected  with  the  fire  department  of  Portland.  These  men  are  under  the  super- 
vision of  a  chief  and  three  assistants.  The  apparatus  consists  of  eight  steam  engines, 
five  hook  and  ladders,  four  hose  wagons  and  two  chemical  engines.  The  dep  irt- 
ment,  with  its  engines  and  apparatus,  occupies  15  houses.  The  cost  of  maintaining 
the  department,  in  1893,  was,  approximately,  $152,628. 

Owing  to  its  peculiar  position  as  the  terminus  of  three  transcontinental  lines  of 
railroad,  and  as  a  port  at  which  numerous  vessels  arrive  daily,  Portland,  at  all  limes, 
has  a  large  floating  population.  Among  the  people  who  arrive  in  the  city  are  repre- 
sentatives of  the  tnost  vicious  elements  of  society,  who  prey  on  the  unsophisticated, 
as  they  do  in  all  large  cities.  To  protect  the  man  not  accustomed  to  city  ways  from 
the  wiles  of  the  confidence  man  and  to  rid  the  city  of  all  objectionable  or  suspicious 
characters,  requires  the  services  of  a  well  disciplined  police  force.  The  first  regular 
police  department  was  inaugurated  in  Portland  in  1872.     At  first  consisting  of  a  mar- 


high 


Portland,   Oregon. 


146 


IM' 


Atkinson  School,  Portland. 


shal  and  but  few  patrolmen.  It  grew  in  subsequent  years  to  its  present  importance. 
It  was  during  the  past  year,  however,  th£,t  the  department  was  brought  t->  its  present 
high  standard  of  efficiency.  Under  the  skillful  supervision  of  a  chief  experienced 
in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  management  of  a  police  department,  many  reforms 
have  recently  been  made  in  the  management  of  the  department.     By  the  adoption  of 

horse  patrols,  police  protection  is  now  afforded  a  large  part 
of  the  outskirts  of  the  city  that  were  formerly  without 
police  officers.  In  the  summer  months  crime  in  Portland 
is  reduced  to  a  minimum,  and  but  little  trouble  is  experi- 
^flf  l?f  llH^l  i  i  enced  by  the  police  in  keeping  themselves  informed  of  the 
(jjlllll  HHIi.  ■  I  movements  of  the  vicious  cliisses  here.  In  the  winter,  how- 
ever, men  flock  he-e  from  all  sections  of  the  ountry,  audit 
requires  the  utmost  vigilance  on  the  part  of  the  police  to 
prevent  depredations  on  property.  It  has  been  found  neces- 
sary to  reduce  the  force  and  husband  the  police  appropriation 
during  the  summer  monchs  in  order  to  give  the  city  the  required  police  protection 
during  the  winter.  The  police  force  of  the  city,  as  it  is  now  organized,  consists  of 
a  chief,  four  captains,  two  clerks,  one  captain  as  tax  collector,  two  patrol  drivers,  one 
guard,  and  74  patrolmen.  The  police  appropriation,  for  1893,  was  $118,000,  which, 
by  economical  administration,  was  just  sufficient  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the  depart- 
ment during  the  year. 

Even  if  a  city  is  favored  by  nature  with  climatic  conditions  favorable  to  the  pro- 
longation of  life  and  the  maintenance  of  health  of  its  population,  it  will  yet  be  an 
undesirable  and  uuhealthful  place  of  residence  unless  stringent  sanitary  measures  are 
adopted,  covering  sewerage,  disposal  of  garbage,  and  stree'.  cleaning.  Combined  with 
its  exceptional  climate,  Portland  now  has  a  complete  and  costly  system  of  sewers. 
The  sewerage  system  of  the  city  includes  62  miles  of  sewer  mains  and  canals.  The 
largest  sewer  in  the  city — tht  largest  even  on  the  Pacific  coas'. — was  completed  here 
in  November  of  last  year  at  a  cost  of  |i  17,000.  This  sewer  i .  ^'4  miles  in  length, 
and  has  a  diameter  varying  from  34  inches  up  to  the  enormous  «...  3  of  7  feet  in  the 
clear.     This  sewerage  system  covers  both  sides  of  the  river. 

Portland's  pride  is  the  excellent  rapid-transit  system  covering  all  parts  of  the 

city  and  the  adjacent  suburbs.  A  network  of  elec- 
tric lines  converging  in  the  business  center,  spreads 
out  through  the  city  and  reaches  points  as  far 
distant  as  15  miles.  The  equal  distribution  of 
these  lines  could  not  have  been  better  planned,  for 
there  is  not  today  a  suburb  or  part  of  Portland 
that  is  without  street-car  connection  with  the 
city's  business  center.  There  are  now  98  miles 
of  street  railwa}  in  Portland  and  its  suburbs. 
This  system  i  •  operated  by  seven  companies. 

The  most  important  inter-municipal  railway  system  of  Portland  is  that  operated 
by  the  City  &  Suburban  Railway  Company.  This  company  has  a  capital  sU^^^k  of 
|i, 000,000.  It  operates  53  miles  of  electric  road.  Starting  from  the  corner  of  Third 
and  Yamhill  streets,  in  the  center  of  the  city,  ir  diffeic  ■!.  points  can  be  reached 
by  the  cars  of  this  system.  Woodstock,  Wavcrly,  Richmond,  Mt.  Tabor,  Mt.  Tabor 
Villa  and  intermediate  points,  are  reached  by  the  lines  of  this  company  crossing  the 


il 


An  Electric  Street  Car,  Portland. 


it.i 


'i.'fe,. 


i     ?  '. ', 


'    S 


i    qilT 


W  «. 


('St 


146 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Willamette  river  via  the  Morrison-street  bridge.  Upper  and  Lower  Albina,  Irvington, 
Holladay's  Addition,  and  St.  Johns  are  reached  by  i'le  lines  of  the  company  crossing 
the  Willamette  river  over  the  steel  railroad  bridge.  ni  the  west  side  of  the  river  the 
lines  of  the  City  &  Suburban  Railway  Company  reach  to  all  parts  of  the  city.  The 
lines  of  this  company  are  operated  principally  by  electricity,  with  connections  for 
Mt.  Tabor  and  St.  Johns  by  steam  motor. 

The  East  Side  Railway  Company  operates  22  mile"  of  railway  on  the  east  side  of 
the  Willamette  river,  getting  into  Portland  over  the  Madison  street  bridge.  Through 
arrangement  with  the  electric  line  on  Second  street,  this  company  now  runs  its  cars 
into  the  central  part  of  Portland.  The  company  was  incorporated  in  1892,  with  a 
capital  of  1250,000.  It  runs  19  electric-motor  cars,  four  trailers  and  one  steam-motor 
and  coach.  The  Oregon  City  line  of  this  company  is  15  miles  in  length.  It  com- 
mences at  the  west  end  of  the  Madison -street  bridge  and  ends  at  Oregon  City,  within  a 
few  feet  of  the  picturesque  falls  of  the  Willamette  river.     Along  this  line  are  many 

charming  bits  of  scenery.  The  road  winds 
in  and  out  of  great  prune  and  apple  orchards, 
and  it  runs  through  the  suburban  points  of 
Brooklyn,  Sellwood,  Milwaukie  and  Glad- 
stone. From  Gladstone  a  branch,  one-half 
mile  in  length,  runs  to  the  beautiful  tract 
of  land  called  Gladstone  Park. 

Another  line  operated  by  the  East  .Side 
Railway  Company,  extends  to  Mt.  Tabor, 
a  solitary  and  picturescjne  butte  3^4  miles 
cast  of  the  river.  The  summit  of  this  butte 
attains  an  elevation  of  about  700  feet.  Clus- 
tered around  this  hill  are  numerous  gar- 
dens, cottages  and  elegant  residences.  At 
Mt.  Tabor  the  electric  line  connects  with  a 
steam-motor  line,  3)^  miles  in  length,  run- 
ning to  Mt.  Scott. 


Entrance,  Riverview  Cemetery,  Portl»nd. 


The  Portland  Consolidated  Railway  Company  has  a  capital  of  $r, 000,000.  It 
operates  32  miles  of  electric  railway  and  owns  79  finely  finished  cars.  The  Second- 
street  line,  operated  by  this  company,  is  6 '2  miles  in  length.  It  runs  to  the  southern 
suburb  of  the  city,  terminating  at  Riverview  cemetery,  one  of  the  finest  burying 
grounds  in  the  United  States.  The  Washington-street  line  of  this  company  passes 
the  City  park,  from  which  it  runs  due  north,  finally  climbing  Willamette  Heights, 
from  which  a  beautiful  view  of  the  city  and  its  surroundings  is  obtained.  Branch 
lines  leave  tlic  Washington -street  line  at  Thirteenth  and  .Sixteenth  streets.  On  the 
cast  side  of  the  river  this  company  operates  a  line  to  Vancouver,  seven  miles  in 
length.  This  road  was  formerly  operated  as  a  steam-motor  line,  but  it  was  electrified 
on  June  23d  iast.  The  road  reaches  to  the  south  bank  of  the  Columbia  river,  opposite 
Vancouver.  Here  connection  is  made  for  Vancouver  by  a  steam  ferry.  In  Van- 
couver, which  is  really  a  suburb  of  Portland,  the  company  operates  lines  of  road 
running  to  Fort  Vancouver  and  to  the  driving  park  on  Vancouver  Heights.  Before 
the  Columbia  river  is  reached  the  electric  line  passes  through  several  of  Portland's 
most  attractive  suburbs.     The  principal  of  these  suburbs  are   Highland,  Cloverdale, 


Portland,  Oregon. 


147 


Piedmont  and  Woodlawn.  From  Cloverdale  a  track  branches  off  from  the  main  line 
running  through  Highland  and  Irviugton  Park. 

The  Karnes  Heights  and  Cornell  Mountain  Railway  is  three  miles  in  length  It 
is  an  electric  line,  and  runs  from  the  head  of  Washingto!i  street  to  Mountain  Park, 
a  suburb  located  on  the  high  lands  back  of  the  citj-.  It  io  the  intention  of  the 
owners  of  thi^  ruad  to  extend  it  to  Hillsboro,  iS  miles  distant  from  Portland,  in  the 
near  future. 

The  City  &  West  Portland  Park  Motor  Company  was  incorporeted  in  April,  1889, 
with  a  capital  of  5 100.000.  This  company  operates  a  motor  Tne  seven  miles  in 
length,  running  from  Hamilton  street,  in  South  Portland,  through  the  attractive 
additions  of  Bertha,  Hillsdale  and  South  Portland  Park,  to  the  beautiful  tract  of 
land  known  as  West  Portland  Park.  This  lies  on  the  uplands  back  of  Oswe^^o.  This 
line  is  equipped  with  two  steam-motors,  two  coaches  and  1 1  freight  cars.  The  total 
cost  of  construction  and  equipping  this  road  was  $150,000. 

The  Portland  Cable  Railway  Company  operates  seven  miles  of  cable  road.  The 
main  line  extends  from  the  Union  passenger  depot,  at  the  foot  of  ."ifth  street,  to  a 
high  elevation  in  the  southern  part  of  the  city  known  os  Portland  Heights.  From 
Fourteenth  street  a  track  branches  off  running  to  the  City  park  and  the  baseball 
grounds.  A  short  spur  also  runs  down  Alder  street  to  Front,  connecting  with  the 
main  line  at  Fifth. 

Holladay'.s  Addition. — Perhaps  the  most  favored  location  by  nature  for  t'le 
erection  of  fine  residences  in  Portland  is  in  what  is  kncvvn  as  HoUaday's  Addition. 
The  tract  of  land  thus  designated  embraces  about  400  acres,  which  lies  on  the  east 


PHOTO   Br  TOWNE, 


.,  |»"""SiP'"--'l 


■  •  ^si^'^'i''-^:^;f&^^?^mimm^^^iy?i-'^--,-^^--i 


-.ir35;;,Mai- -   ~:.<i^-::iu-fm' 


r'^f^s^i^.y^'^mc^^-iS^V^^:^^^^^^^    ""  '""^'^■'' 


..  ■   tigy^^lf'!!"'-:-' 


*,**.-'<--■;-, 


HOLLADAY'S  AOOITrON,    PORTLAND,    LOOKING  SOUTHWEST    FROM  WATER   TOWER. 

side  of  the  Willamette  river,  opposite  the  best  business  part  of  the  city.  Iv  is  within 
easy  reach  of  all  parts  of  Portland  by  means  of  the  principal  lines  of  electric  rail- 
ways, and  direct  access  to  the  west  side  of  the  river  is  had  jver  the  Railroad,  Bum- 
side,  Morrison  and  Madison-street  bridges.  The  property  is  all  high  and  sightly, 
the  slope  back  from  the  river  being  a  gradual  and  easy  rise,  and  all  parts  of  the  Addi- 


I       Mi 


. 


.. 


148 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO   BY  TOWNE. 


tion  command  the  best  views  of  Portland  and  the  surrounding  country  of  any  dis- 
trict in  the  city.  That  portion  of  this  desirable  property  which  lies  nearest  to  the 
water  front  will  become  valuable  for  business  purposes. 

The  owners  of  this  property  have  inaugurated  a  system  of  improvements  which, 
with  a  wise  policy  in  handling  the  property,  has  made  this  the  most  desirable  resi- 
dence portion  of  the  city.  These  improvements  consist  of  street  work,  including 
grading,  sewerage  and  paving, the  laying  of  sidewalks,  and  supplying  lights  and  wate/. 
The  residents  of  this  part  of  Portland  enjoy  all  the  conveniences  afforded  any  of 
the  best  residence  centers  of  the  large  cities  of  the  continent,  and  many  of  the  best 
known  people  of  Portland  have  homes  here. 

HoUaday's  Addition,  under  the  management  of  its  owners,  has  not  been  allowed 
to  become  the  site  of  cheap  or  unattractive  private  dwellings.  All  deeds  to  prop- 
erty in  a  special  part  of  the  Addition  reserved  for  residences  contain  a  building 
clause  which  prevents  the  erection  of  any  building  except  private  dwellings.  The 
company  which  owns  and  controls  that  portion  of  the  property  which  is  still  unsold 
offers  speciil  inducements  to  purchasers  who  wish  to  build  homes.     In  the  reserve 

district  referred  to  above,  in  or- 
der to  insure  the  erection  of 
the  finest  class  of  residences, 
the  company  offers  a  rebate  on 
the  purchase  price  to  those  who 
will  build  good  houses.  The 
result  has  been  to  make  Holla- 
day's  Addition  the  site  of  hand- 
some residences,  some  of  them 
palatial  in  size  and  appoint- 
ments, and  all  of  these  houses 
are  surrounded  by  well-kept 
lawns  and  flower  beds.  This 
part  of  Portland  may  be  truly 
said  to  be  the  home  of  the 
wealthy,  the  cultivated,  and  the 
better  classes  of  Portland's  peo- 
ple. While  the  prices  of  prop- 
erty in  the  Addition,  consid- 
ering the  advantages  of  proximity  to  the  business  district,  means  of  rapid  transit, 
location,  etc.,  are  not  high,  the  figures  which  the  owners  early  placed  on  the  lots 
were  large  enough  to  insure  the  building  of  homes  here  only  of  the  better  classes. 
The  erection  of  the  many  fine  homes  which  the  Addition  now  contains  has  resulted 
in  a  regular  appreciation  of  values  here,  and  there  is  an  absolute  assurance  that  prop- 
erty will  make  the  same  rapid  rise  in  value  in  the  future  that  it  has  in  the  past. 

As  before  stated,  HoUaday's  Addition  affords  every  advantage  to  those  who  desire 
a  good  home  among  attractive  surroundings  and  in  a  good  neighborhood.  The  Addi- 
tion is  well  lighted  by  gas  and  electricity  ;  imder  the  city  water  system  an  ample 
supply  of  pure  water  is  supplied  for  domestic  and  other  purposes,  and  an  efficient 
system  of  sewerage  has  been  constructed.  The  location  of  HoUaday's  Addition 
alone  is  sufficient  to  cause  the  property  to  rise  steadily  in  value  in  the  future.  With 
the  solid  business  district  of  the  city  just  across  the  river,  barely  half  a  mile  distant 
to  the  west,  with  the  great  railroad  shops  and  thickly  settled  part  of  Portland  known 


P*RT  OF   H01-l.AD*y'9  ADDITION,    LOOKING  SOUTHEAST   FROM  WATER   TOWER 


Portland,  Oregon. 


149 


as  Albina  touching  the  addition  on  the  north,  and  with  the  old-established  business 
and  residence  sections  included  in  the  former  municipal  limits  of  East  Portland  on 
the  south,  it  is  patent  that  this  property  must  partake  of  all  the  advancement  which 
is  made  in  Portland  as  a  whole. 

Holladay's  Addition  property  is  sold  by  the  owners,  the  Oregon  Real  Estate  Com- 
pany, which  has  offices  at  No.  203  Morrison  street,  Portland.  The  company's  offices 
are  open  at  all  times  for  the  reception  of  the  general  public.  Those  desiring  infor- 
mation about  the  Addition,  and  in  regard  to  terms,  prices,  etc.,  can,  by  inquiry 
by  mail  or  otherwise  of  the  Oregon  Real  Estate  Company,  No.  203  Morrison  street, 
Portland,  Oregon,  receive  a  prompt  answer,  and  a  fine  birdseye  view  of  Holladay's 
Addition  and  the  city  of  Portland. 

The  Hotel  Perkins.— The  Hotel  Perkins  occupies  a  Ifel. 
central  position,  on  the  corner  of  Fifth  and  Washington 
streets.  The  Washington -street  electric  line  and  the  cable 
line  pass  the  door.  These  lines  afford 
easy  means  of  reaching  any  part  of 
Portland,  and  the  cable  line  connects 
direct  with  the  Union  depot.  The 
Hotel  Perkins  is  now  under  the  pro- 
prietorship of  R.  S.  Perkins.  Large, 
well  lighted  and  perfectly  heated  and 
ventilated  rooms  have  established  an 
enviable  reputation  for  the  Perkins 
with  the  traveling  public.  The  Per- 
kins receives  extensive  patronage 
from  the  stockmen,  and  the  names 
of  the  leading  stockraisers  of  Oregon, 
Washington  and  Idaho,  who  visit 
Portland,  are  usually  found  on  the  ho- 
tel register.  A  well  conducted  restau- 
rant and  a  bar  stocked  with  the  finest  liquors  are  features  of  this  well  conducted  house. 

The  Perkins  Restaurant. — The  veteran  Portland  restaurateur,  Mr.  D.  H. 
Simmons,  whose  skill  as  a  caterer  is  appreciated  by  epicures,  conducts  the  Perkins 
restaurant.     He  numbers  among  his  patrons  many  Portland  business  men  who  have 

dined  with  him  for  years.     Meals  are  serve'l  at  all 
hours  at  the  Perkins  restaurant,  for  from  25  cents  up. 

The  HolTon  House. — The  popular  Portland 
hostelry  so  long  known  as  The  Holton  House  is 
located  on  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Alder  streets, 
and  is  the  point  of  departure  and  arrival  of  trains 
on  the  West  Side  Division  of  the  Southern  Pacific. 
The  present  proprietors  of  this  well  conducted 
house  are  Messrs.  J.  R.  Marklej',  R.  R.  Hays  and 
M.  D.  Roche,  the  latter  gentleman  being  the  act- 
ing manager.  All  of  these  gentlemen  are  well 
known  to  the  traveling  public  of  the  coast,  and 
they  have  hosts  of  friends  among  the  large  num- 
ber of  people  they  have  so  long  helped  to  entertain. 


Hotel  Perkins,  Portland. 


The  holton  House,  Portland. 


'     1 


'W 


,4*   > 


!  !.l 


r-f 


150 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.   BY  TOWNE 


New  Qr«nd  Central  Hotel,  Pohtland. 


The  Holton  House  occupies  a  substantial  brick  structure  and  contains  75  rooms, 
all  of  which  have  recently  been  newly  and  handsomely  furnished.  All  modem 
improvements  are  found  here  for  the  comfort  of  guests.  Traveling  men  have  always 
received  special  attention  at  the  Holton,  and  the  large  patronage  they  have  always 
accorded  the  house  attests  their  hearty  appreciation  of  its  merits.  During  the  politi- 
cal campaigns,  the  Holton  is  the  headquarters  for  the  leading  politicians  of  all 
parties.  An  elegant  bar  and  billiard  room,  as  well  as  a  perfectly  arranged  barber 
shop,  are  connected  with  the  house  for  the  accommodation  of  guests. 

The  New   Grand  Central. — This    hotel  occupies  the 
tS     i^  handsome  five-story  pressed-brick  and  stone  building  located 

on  the  corner  of  Third  and  Flanders  streets.  It  was  erected  by 
Henry  Weiuhard  in  1892,  at  a  cost  of  $105,000.  The  furnish- 
ings of  the  house  cost  an  additional  $20,000, 
It  is  convenient  to  the  Union  depot  and  all 
the  steamboat  docks  of  the  city  and  is  on  the 
direct  line  of  the  City  &  Suburban  electric 
railways. 

The  New  Grand  Central  contains  142  hand- 
somely furnished  rooms,  a  well  furnished  office, 
an  attractive  dining  room,  bar  and  barber  shop, 
electric  lights  and  elevator.  Artesian  water 
and  steam  heat  are  supplied  throughout  the 
house.  Under  the  management  of  those  popu- 
lar and  well-known  caterers,  Messrs,  Edwards, 
Weiner  &  Clark,  formerly  of  the  Quimby  House, 
the  New  Grand  Central  is  enjoying  a  large  local  patronage,  and  it  is  justly  popular 
with  the  traveling  public  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  It  is  the  only  first-class  house 
west  of  Chicago  conducted  at  popular  rates  of  from  $1  to  $2  a  day. 

"  The  Curtis." — No  private  boarding  house  in  Portland  occupies  a  higher  place 
in  public  esteem  than  "  The  Curtis,"  located  on  the  corner  of  Twelfth  and  Morrison 
streets.  "  The  Curtis  "  has  all  the  external  appearance  of  a  handsome  private  resi- 
dence, but  its  facilities  for  the  accommodation  of  guests  are  equal  to  any  of  the 
leading  hotels.  So  great  a  popularity  does  "The 
Curtis  "  enjoy  that  during  1893  it  was  found  neces- 
sary to  add  an  extensive 
wing  to  the  main  build- 
ing to  accommodate  the 
patrons  of  the  house.  No 
expense  is  spared  by  Mrs. 
Curtis  in  engaging  skill- 
ful cooks  and  trained 
house  servants.  The  table 
of"  The  Curtis"  is  noted 
for  its  menus  and  the  ser- 
vice of  the  entire  house 
is  unsurpassed.  All  the 
comforts  of  home  can  be 

found    in    the     handsome  the  Curtis,"  Portland. 

suites  of  this  well  conducted  family  house. 


photo,  by  towne. 


^..':?'*ia.~£ 


if 


•>f4 


iBii'.h 


Portland,  Oregon. 

"  The  CoivONiAL." — This  handsome   private  boarding  house   is  located 
Tenth  street,  between  Morrison  and    Yamhill.      The   building  occupied   by 
Colonial  "  was  erected  by  Hon.  H. 
W.    Corbett  for  Mrs.  Wisner,   the  ™°™- '"  '°*~'; 

present  proprietress.  Under  her 
management  the  house  has  at- 
tained a  reputation  as  a  home  for 
families  desirous  of  escaping  the 
worries  of  housekeeping,  and  who 
want  more  privacy  than  is  afforded 
in  hotel  life. 

"The  Colonial"  is  centrally 
located  in  the  most  attractive  part 
of  Portland.  Its  handsome  apart- 
ments, both  single  and  en  suite, 
contain  all  modern  appointments, 
and  the  house  is  elegantly  fur- 
nished throughout.  Mrs.  Wisner 
takes  a  special  pride  in  her  table. 
She  employs  the  best  cooks  and 
keeps  her  table  service  up  to  the 
highest  standard  of  excellence.  A  few  apartments  are  reserved  at  "  The  Col 
for  the  accommodation  of  tourists  visiting  Portland,  who  will  find  here  one 
best  conducted  family  houses  on  the  coast. 


at  165 
"The 


« ."-1 


The  Colonial,"  Portland. 


onial  " 
of  the 


r 


»«T 


l!f     I     ! 


:  .'X 


-m 


The  Cosmopolitan. — Well   appointed    restaurants  where  choice   viands   are 

served,  play  an  important  part  in  metro- 
politan existence.  The  Cosmopolitan  res- 
taurant at  270^^  and  272  Stark  street,  op- 
posite the  Chamber  of  Commerce  build- 
ing, stands  high  n.mong  the  restaurants 
of  Portland.  All  the  delicacies  of  the 
market  are  included  in  the  menu  of  t.'ie 
Cosmopolitan.  These  are  rendered  ap- 
petizing by  the  exercise  of  the  highest 
culinarv  skill  and  served  to  nacrons  on 
short  notice,  A  fine  merchant's  lunch  is 
served  at  the  Cosmopolitan  during  the 
noon  hours  for  25  cents,  and  a  choice 
French  dinner  with  wine  and  cognac  is 
served  daily,  between  4  and  8  p.  M.,  for 
50  cents.  Monsieur  George  E.  Combe, 
a  distinguished  chef  de  cuisine,  presides, 
over  the  kitchen  and  attends  to  the  ca- 
tering department,  while  Monsieur  J.  M.. 
Gorlier  looks  after  the  dining  rooms  and 
sees  that  the  patrons  receive  prompt 
and  careful  attention. 


\"<\ 


COSMOPOLITAN   RESTAURANT,   PORTLAND. 


152 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PMOTO.    BY  TOWNE. 


^» 


The  Hesperian, '■  Portland. 


PHOTO   BY  TOWNE. 


'  'The  Hesperian." — '  'The  Hesperian,"  located  at  No.  533  Morrison  street.corner 

of  Seventeenth,  conducted  by  Mrs.  L.  E.  Slat- 
ten,  is  classed  among  the  "exclusive"  boarding 
houses  of  the  city.  It  occupies  an  eminence 
overlc  oking  the  city  within  easy  communicat- 
ing distance  of  all  parts  of  Portland  which  are 
reached  by  the  electric  and  cable-car  lines. 
"The  Hesperian"  affords  a  healthful  and  con- 
veniently located  home  for  its  guests.  Patrons 
of  this  house  are  loud  in  their  praises  of  Mrs. 
Slatten,  who  spares  no  effort  to  cater  to  their 
every  want.  The  culinary  department  of  "The 
Hesperian"  is  carefully  looked  after  and  the 
table  is  supplied  with  all  the  delicacies  of  the  changing  seasons.  A  comfortable 
and  elegant  home  without  housekeeping  worries,  is  what  the  guests  of  ' '  The  Hes- 
perian "  enjoy  at  all  times. 

HoTEiv  ZuR  Pheinpfai,z. — This  popu- 
lar four-story  brick  family  hotel  is  under 
the  management  of  John  Matthicsen.  It 
is  located  at  the  corner  of  Front  and  Madi- 
son streets.  The  hotel  contains  115  rooms,  well 
furnished  for  family  or  transient  trade.  While 
the  service  at  this  populai  house  is  good,  the 
rates  are  on  a  most  reasonable  basis.  Perma- 
nent guests  are  charged  but  ^4.503  week,  while 
the  transient  rates  are  80  cents  a  day.  Mr. 
Matthiesen  is  very  popular  with  the  German 
population  and  his  house  is  considered  the  lead- 
ing Deutches  Gasthaus  of  the  city  and  receives 
the  patronage  of  most  of  the  Germans  who  visit 
Portland. 

The  Zur  Rheinpfalz  is  the  headquarters  of 'he  Bakers'  Union,  an  important  trade 
organization.  Clean  rooms  and  an  excellent  family  table  are  the  features  of  the  Zur 
Rheinpfalz. 

The  Portland  Clay  Com- 
pany.— The  Portland  Clay 
Company  was  incorporated  in 
1892,  with  E.  B.  McFarland  as 
president ;  F.  L.  Litherland, 
vice-president  and  manager ; 
O.  F'.  Paxton,  secretary  and  J. 
L.  Hartman,  treasurer.  The 
yard  and  plant  of  the  company 
are  located  at  Fulton  Park,  a 
suburb  of  Portland.  The  ex- 
cellent quality  of  clay  found 
here  furnishes  the  best  material 
for  making  paving  brick  and 
fi  r  e  -  proofing     manufactured. 


HOTEL  Zur  Rheinpfalz,  Portland. 


Portland  Clay  Co'S  works,  Fulton  Park 


T«^ 


Portland,  Oregon. 


168 


H 


Multnomah  Box  Factory,  Portland. 


The  paving  bricks  of  this  company  have  a  resisting  strength  of  140,000  pounds  to 
the  brick.  They  were  ordered  by  the  Oregon  City  council  for  paving  the  streets  of 
that  city.  The  fire-brick  and  fire-proofing  made  by  the  Portland  Clay  Compan  r 
were  used  in  constructing  the  Chamber  of  Commerce,  the  Wells-Steinbach  and  the 
Dekum  buildings,  of  Portland.  The  resisting  power  of  the  hollow  tile  fire-proofing 
used  in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  building,  and  made  by  this  company,  is  Sou 
pounds  to  the  square  foot,  in  seven  inch  tiics  with  seven  feet  span. 

The  MLvrNOMAH  Box  Com- 
pany.— The  Multnomah  Box  Com- 
pany was  established  in  Portland  by 
S.  E.  VVrenn  in  1885,  and  incorpor- 
ated as  a  stock  company  in  1890,  with 
S.  E.  Wrenn  as  president  and  man- 
ager. The  conipaiiy's  factory  is  loca- 
ted at  the  foot  of  Harrison  street. 
This  company  manufactures  a  high 
grade  of  trurtks  raid  all  varieties  of 
packing  boxt^,,  1"  o.n  the  lightest  fruit 
box  to  the  heaviest  dry  goods  case. 
These  are  made  principally  from  Ore- 
gon spruce  lumber.  Shipments  are 
made  by  the  company  to  all  parts 
of  the  coast,  including  California, 
Alaska  and  points  east  of  the  Cascades  in  Oregon,  Washington  and  Idaho.  The 
output  of  the  company  is  constantly  increasing.  This  is  due  to  the  high  reputation 
which  the  output  of  the  company  justly  enjoys  with  the  trade  and  the  liberal 
methods  which  the  management  has  always  pursued  in  pushing  its  business. 

Sellvvood  Brewery. — The  vSellwood 
Brewery  was  built  by  the  present  proprietor, 
John  G.  Wilhclm,  in  18H9.  Although  small, 
the  brewing  plant  is  a  complete  one,  and  is 
supplied  with  the  most  modern  machinery. 
The  ice  plant  used  was  manufactured  by 
the  Oakland  Iron  Works,  of  California.  Mr. 
Wilhelm  manufactures  sufficient  ice  here 
not  only  to  meet  his  own  demands,  but 
J  also  to  supply  the  saloons  of  Sellwood  and 
a  considerable  family  trade.  The  capacity 
of  the  brewing  plant  is  eight  barrels  of  beer 
and  porter  a  day.  The  water  used  in  the  brewery  is  taken  from  an  artesian  well  on 
the  premises.  This  well  is  200  feet  deep,  and  the  water  is  drawn  from  it  by  one 
of  the  celebrated  Cook  deep-well  pumps.  The  cellar  under  the  brewery  is  25  x  50 
feet  in  size,  and  is  well  supplied  with  storage  vats. 

The  popularity  of  the  "  Half-and-Half "  made  here  has  reached  Portland,  and 
this  product  has  attained  such  a  reputation  that  Mr.  Wilhelm  has  opened  a  Portland 
depot  at  the  ivladison-street  Exchange,  No.  252  First  street,  where  orders  are  taken. 
A  large  wagon  is  now  regularly  employed  by  Mr.  Wilhelm  in  delivering  his  beer  to 
all  parts  of  consolidated  Portland. 


WiLHELM's  Brewery,  Sellwood. 


m 


liH 


1" 


VmM 

^Sh 

fifi 

i 

H    ': 

IF' 

N 

lo-t 


T/?e  Oreii'oninn's  Ha  idbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO    BY  TOWNE 


Fui/roN  Tannery. — The  Fulton  Tannery  conducted  bj-  Weber  Brothers  is  loca- 
ted on  the  bank  of  the  Willamette  river  in  that  part  of  consolidated  Portland  known 
as  I'ulton  Park.  The  capital  invested  in  the  plant  amounts  to  $20,000.  Hides  are 
shipped  to  the  Weber  Brothers  to  the  extent  of  125  a  week  from  all  parts  of  Oregon 
and  Washington,  and  the  calf  skins  and  kip  skins  received  at  the  tannery  average 
200  a  month.  These  are  tanned  and  turned  into  the  finest  harness  and  saddle  leather 
as  fast  as  they  are  received,  and  shipped  to  points  as  far  east  as  St.  Paul,  Minnesota, 
and  Bozeman,  Montana.  The  oak  and  hemlock  bark  used  in  tanning  cost  the  tan- 
nery $4,ajo  a  year.  The  machinery  of  the  plant  is  of  the  best  makes.  The  average 
annual  business  of  the  tannery  amounts  to  $25,000. 

RisSiNGER  &  Co. — The  repre- 
-sentalive  Pacific  coast  hide  and 
wool  establishment  of  Messrs.  Bis- 
singer  &  Co.,  of  Portland,  is  the 
outgrowth  of  the  pioneer  house  of 
Lewis,  SI  OSS  &  Co.,  which  was  es- 
tablished in  this  city '  186,5.  This 
latter  house  also  had  ii  '■ee  interests 
in  the  Alaska  Commercial  Com- 
pany in  addition  to  their  heavy 
businessi  at  r  ortland.  Lewis,  Sloss 
&  Co.  retired  from  the  hide  branch 
of  their  business  in  18S1,  and  the 
present  house  of  Bissinger  &  Co. 
was  established  by  two  of  the  em- 
ployes of  the  old  firm,  Mes.srs.  A. 
Bissinger  and  Max  Heilbrunncr.  The  latter  gentleman  slill  holds  the  important 
position  of  secretary  of  the  Alaska  Commercial  Company. 

Bissinger  &  Co.  make  their  present  headquarters  in  San  Francisco,  with  an 
important  agency  at  Portland.  The  firm  conducts  other  branch  houses  at  The 
Dalles.  Spokane,  Seattle,  Victoria,  B.  C,  and  Salt  Lake  City.  Their  Portland  branch 
is  located  at  the  Pacilic  dock  on  Front  street.  Hides,  wool,  furs  and  leathers  are  the 
products  handled  by  the  firm.  They  operate  a  .sheep-skin  tannery  at  Portland  and 
an  upper-leather  tannery  at  San  Francisco.  They  handle,  at  the  present  time,  two- 
thirds  of  all  the  hides  and  pelta  produced  by  the  two  states  of  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton, and  they  sliip  these  prodiicts  to  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  firm  is  largel\'  intcr- 
v.sted  in  the  Union  Meat  Company,  of  PortlanrI,  and  the  Pacific  Meat  Company,  of 
Tacoma  and  Seattle.  The  present  firm  of  Bissinger  &  Co.  i  i  composed  of  A.  Bissin- 
ger, .Max  Heilbrunncr,  I.  Bissinger,  S.  Bissinger  and  J.  Heilbrunncr. 

Walter  a.  Wood  HarvicsTSR  Co.  This  company  is  the  outcome  of  the  old 
Minneapolis  Harvester  Works,  with  a  complete  new  manufacturing  plant,  with 
greaily  increased  facilities,  and  named  after  one  of  the  most  distinguished  of  Ameri- 
ca's inventors.  The  Walter  A.  Wood  Harvester  Co.  is  now  in  a  position  to  fill  its 
innnensc  orders  for  harvesting  implements  from  all  parts  of  America.  The  new 
company  niauufactuie  all  the  ma  hines  us  made  by  the  (original  Hoosick  Falls  Co»m- 
pauy,  and  in  addition  the  celebrated  Minneapolis  binder.  The  "  Minnie  "  has  been 
taken  up  on  account,  of  its  special  suitability  as  a  binder  for  Western  n.se.  While 
certain  manufacturers  have  been  making  their  binders  smaller  each  successive  season. 


HCAOQUARTERi,    B|?5ING«H   A  CO.,    PORII.ANO. 


Portland,   Oregon. 


156 


The     Minnie"  HARVEsreR. 


The  Pacific  coast  office 


and 
the 


until  the  machines  have  been  brought  into  too  contracted  a  condition  for  the  broad- 
gauge  style  of  Western  farming,  the  generous  proportions  of  the  "Minnie"  have 
been  kept  intact.  It  retains  the  big  wheels, 
big  reel,  big  rollers,  big  gear,  big  elevator, 
trussed  main  frame  and  strong  self-relieving 
packers.  Farmers,  especially  tinoughout 
Oregon,  Washington,  California  and  Idaho, 
appreciate  the  merits  of  the  "  Minnie," 
and  recognize  its  special  adaptability  for  this 
farming  section,  and  will  be  pleased  to 
know  that  "Minnie"  is  now  made  by  the 
Walter  A.  Wood  Harvester  Co.,  with  the 
same  care  and  fidelity  always  bestowed  on 
machines  bearing  the  mark  of  "  Walter  A.  Wood." 

warehouse  is  located  at  No.  290  East  Water  street,    Portland,  Oregon,    near 
eastern  approach  to  the  Madison -street  bridge. 

Thiei/S  Detective  Service. — This  well-known  agency,  with  its  general  offices 
at  St.  Ivoais,  Missouri,  and  branch'..'S  at  New  York,  Chicago,  St.  Paul,  Kansas  City, 
Denver  and  Portland,  is  one  of  the  strongest  associations  in  the  United  States  for 
the  detection  of  crime  Portland  has  cause  for  congratulation  that  such  an  efficient 
service  is  placed  aL  the  disposal  of  her  citizens.  Bankers,  merchants,  professional 
men,  insm-ance  companies,  all  unite  in  saying  that  for  the  prevention  of  frauds  and 
the  detection  and  arrest  of  criminals,  even  where  they  have  escaped  beyond  the 
limits  of  the  state,  Portland  is  indebted  to  Thiel's  detective  service.  The  general 
offices  for  the  Northwest  are  located  on  the  third  floor,  in  the  Chamber  of  Commerce 
building,  in  this  city.  The  entire  .system  of  the  agency  here  is  managed  by  W.  St. 
M.  Barnes,  who  unites  with  a  suavity  of  manner,  a  shrewdness  and  keen  insight 
into  the  probable  action  of  fugitives  from  justice,  which  has  led  to  many  remarka- 
ble captures. 

Portland  Ensor  In.stitute  and  Hcspital. — The  world  frowns  today  on 
tuose  who  are  guilty  of  exces.ses  in  the  use  of  liquor  or  othe-  stimulants,  where  these 

habits  might  have  been  smiled  at  a  genera- 
tioii  ago. 

vSeveral  remedies  were  early  discovered 
for  the  cure  of  drunkenness,  but  these  were 
mineral  in  their  nature  and  their  use  was 
fraught  with  the  objection  which  is  open 
to  the  introduction  of  any  mineral  into  the 
human  system.  It  remained  for  Dr.  T. 
H,  I<;nsor  to  discover  a  remedy  for  the  cure 
of  drunkenness  and  the  morphine  habit 
which  is  purely  vegetable,  a.id  which  ac- 
complishes all,  if  not  more  than  was  ever 
claimed  for  the  mineral  cures. 

Having  fully  .satisfied  themselves  of  the 
efficacy  of  the  cure,  a  syndicate  of    repu- 
table citizens  of  Portland,  last  year,  established  tne  Ensor  Institute  and  Hu.>5pital  in 
this  city.     The  institute  is  located  on  the  corner  of  Twelfth  and  Main  streets,  in  the 


PHOTO.    BV  TOWNt 


ENSon  Institute,  Portland 


i  u 


^^i 


''%m 


nni 


W^SSB 


i 


I 
i 


I       ! 


S  ' 


156 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  oi  the  Pacific  Northwest, 


large  and  well  arranged  buildings  so  long  occupied  by  St.  Helen's  Hall.  This  build- 
ing was  put  in  condition  for  -he  treatment  of  patients  at  a  great  expense,  A  good 
home  is  thus  furnished  for  th  jse  who  take  treatment  at  this  institution.  Dr.  W.  F. 
Kremer,  a  well-known  physician,  is  in  charge  of  the  institute.  The  Ensor  Institute 
guarantees  to  cure  liquor  cases  without  causing  the  least  interruption  with  the  usual 
business  of  the  patient,  and  the  morphine  habit  is  permanently  cured  without  pain 
to  the  victim.  Those  sufFerin  ^j  from  an  insatiable  appetite  for  either  alcohol,  mor- 
phine or  tobacco  should  correspond  with  the  Ensor  Institute  of  Portland,  and  receive 
satisfactory  assurances  that  their  disease  is  susceptible  of  an  easy  and  permanent 
cure. 

The  IrfOUVRE. — Among  Portland's  places  of  amusement  there  is  no  resort  which 
enjoys  so  high  a  reputation  in  its  line  as  the  Louvre,  located  on  Fourth   street, 

between  Washington  and  Alder.  To  all 
intents  and  purposes  The  Louvre  takes 
the  place  of  a  well  equipped  club,  with 
advantages  not  possessed  by  the  latter 
institution.  Fine  meals  are  served  here 
during  the  day,  at  a  reasonable  price,  and 
the  best  of  spirituous  and  malt  liquors 
and  cigars  are  dispensed  to  patrons  at 
the  bar,  or  at  private  tables.  Leading 
magazines  and  periodicals  are  kept  on 
file  at  the  Louvre  for  the  accommodation 
of  guests. 

In  the  evening,  at  this  popular  resort, 
first-class  concerts  are  given,  free  of 
charge,  for  the  benefit  of  patrons  who 
may  be  desirous  of  passing  a  few  hours  of  pleasant  relaxation.  These  concerts  are 
varied  occasionally  by  entertainments  of  a  high  order.  The  Louvre  is  conducted 
as  a  pleasure  resort,  which  enjoys  a  high  reputation,  and  it  is  well  worthy  of  the 
large  patronage  it  receives. 

Two  Representative  Portland  Markets. — The  Franklin  Market,  Nos.  105 
and  107  Third  street,  between  Washington  and  Stark  (telephone  No.  1017),  and  the 
Oregon  Market,  corner  First  and  Madison  streets  (telephone  No.  296),  enjoy  an  envi- 
able reputation.  The  Burckhardt  Brothers,  proprietors,  are  experts  in  selecting 
high-grade  meats  and  in  perfecting  them  by  their  cold-storage  process  of  handling 
meats.  The  choice.st  cuts  of  beef,  veal,  pork  and  mutton  are  found  at  these  markets. 
The  sausage  factory  conducted  by  the  firm  is  the  best  equipped  in  the  Northwest. 
The  Burckhardt  Brothers  supply  meats  to  hotels,  restaurants,  and  make  a  specialty 
of  family  trade.  No  order  is  received  by  this  firm  that  is  too  small  for  the  most  care- 
ful attention. 

A  Great  Boon  to  Supperers. — While  the  climate  of  Portland  will  stand  com- 
parison with  that  of  any  American  city,  it  is  indisputal)le  that  the  moisture-laden 
clouds  and  the  continued  rain  which  prevail  here  during  the  winter  months  are  con- 
ducive to  rheumatism,  kidney  troubles  and  cognate  aflflictions.  Against  these  the 
famous  Oeneva  mineral  water  is  an  unfailing  specific ,  and  it  is  cordially  recommende<l 
by  the  Portland  medical  faculty.  Among  many  citizens  who  cheerfully  testify  to  its 
curative  powers  may  lie  mentioned  C.  H.  Lewis,  Hon.  Cyrusi  Dolph,  Sheriff  Kelly, 


The  Louvre.  Portland. 


^ r_ 


n:ts. 
,CSt. 
ialty 
:are- 

om- 
adeu 
coii- 
thc 
iideil 
o  its 
elly, 


Oregon  City,  Oregon. 


157 


W.  S.  Newbury,  ex-mayor  of  Portland,  and  C.  K.  Harbaugh.  The  Portland  depot 
for  Geneva  mineral  water  is  at  207  Morrison  street,  where  all  are  invited  to  call  and 
test  the  water  free  of  charge.  The  Seattle  oflSce  of  the  company  is  at  the  comer  of 
Second  and  Madison  streets. 

RoHSE's  Park. — This  well-known  summer  plf;asure  resort  is  located  on  the 
White  House  road,  Portland's  great  pleasure  drive.  The  park  covers  an  area  of 
about  four  acres  and  has  been  arranged  for  the  comfort  and  amusement  of  patrons. 
A  large  dancing  pavilion  and  band  stand  occupy  the  center  of  the  grounds,  and  chairs, 
tables  and  vine-covered  grottoes  are  scattered  throughout  the  park  for  those  who  find 
their  pleasure  in  sipping  their  beer  while  listening  to  the  music  and  watching  the 
merry  dance.  Part  of  the  grounds  have  been  laid  out  for  games  and  are  used  by  the 
Turners'  society  for  their  exercises.  Frequent  dances  are  given  at  Rohse's  park  dur- 
ing the  summer,  at  which  only  leading  orchestras  are  engaged.  Imported  wines, 
liquors  and  cigars  and  light  refreshmeuts  are  served  here. 

Oregfon  City,  Oregon. —  Oregon  City,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Clackamas 
county,  and  one  of  the  most  important  manufacturing  centers  west  of  the  Rockv 
Mountains,  is  situated  12  miles  south  of  Port- 
land, in  the  beautiful  and  fertile  valley  of  the 
Willamette  river.  The  historical  traditions 
and  legendary  lore  concerning  Oregon  City, 
and  its  picturesque  location  at  the  mighty  falls 
'  ."  the  Willamette,  make  it  one  of  the  most  in- 
teresting spots  in  the  Pacific  Northwest.  It  is 
visited  annually  by  thousands  of  tourists,  and 
it  is  one  of  the  most  promising  fields  for  the 
profitable  investment  of  capital  in  the  North- 
west. 


;^£-!i 


f"  -.itii.. 


l-^sM^^ 


Fails  Of  Willamette  River,  Oregon  City. 


I<ong  before  the  first  intrepidpioneers  journeyed  across  the  plains  to  seek  homes 
in  Oregon  a  little  settlement  had  sprung  up  at  the  Willamette  falls.  In  1829,  Dr. 
John  McLoughlin,  the  chief  factor  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  appropriated  a  tract  of  land  where  Oregon  City  now  stands.  He  pos- 
sessed absolute  power  over  a  vast  domain,  but  his  inherent  sense  of  ju.stice  and 

sterling  integrity  won  for  him  the  friendship  of 
the  early  pioneers.  The  first  American  immi- 
gration to  the  Willamette  valley  arrived  in 
Oregon  City  in  1842.  One  of  the  number, 
S.  W.  Moss,  was  engaged  by  Dr.  Mcl^oughlin 
to  plat  the  townsite.  This  work  was  accom- 
plished with  the  aid  of  a  rope  and  a  pocket 
compass.  For  some  years  Oregon  City  was  the 
capital  of  the  territory.  The  territorial  legisla- 
ture met  in  a  primitive  state  house  of  split  logs, 
with  slab  seats  for  the  members. 

Invents  were  constantly  occurring  that  kept 

the  village  here   in   a  ferment  of  excitement. 

At  short   intervals    the    Indians    of  the  territory   commenced   hostilities    against 

the  invading  whites.       The   armies  that  were  sent  to  chastise  the  savages  were 


A  NEAR  View,  Willamette  Falls,  Oreqon  City. 


I 


''$%-■ 


Ji 


\i  :h: 


f  I 


)  .   t. 


168 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


raised  at  Oregon  City.       It  was  in   this    city 


Under  Willamette  Falls,  Oheoon  Citv. 


that  the  first  Protestant  church 
on  the  Pacific  slope  of  either 
of  the  Americas  was  built,  in  1843. 
This  quaint  old  Methodist  church 
and  its  parsonage  are  still  vStand- 
ing  in  the  business  center  of  the 
city,  their  moss-covered  and 
weather-worn  roofs  being  shad- 
owed by  the  first  apple  tree  planted 
in  Oregon. 

The  present  importance  and 
prosperity  of  Oregon  City,  and  its 
future  development,  depend  largely 
upon  the  utilization  of  one  of  the 
greatest  water  powers  in  the  United 
States. 


Willamette  River  Suspension  Bridge,  Oregon  City. 


It  is  at  this  point  that  the  navigable  Willamette  river  after  flowing  through  a 
beautiful  valley  famous  for  the  fertility  of  its  soil  and  its  great  naiural  resources, 
pours  its  great  volume  of  water  over  a  ledge  of  basaltic  rock,  making  a  vertical 
drop  of  42  feet.  This  is  the  greatest  water  power  in  the  world  at  tide  water,  and  the 
greatest  constant  and  entirely  available  one  in  the  United  States.  It  is  estimated 
by  hydraulic  engineers  that 
at  the  lowest  stage  of  the 
water  in  the  dry  season,  the 
power  of  the  Willamette  river 
at  the  falls  is  from  60,000  to 
80,000  horse  power.  It  is 
now  impossible  to  accurately 
measure  the  power  exerted. 
It  is  believed,  however,  that 

when  the  improvements  now  being  made  are  completed  the  falls  will  have  an 
available  force  of  ick),ock)  horse  power  at  extreme  low  water.  The  magnitude  ol 
the  falls  can  be  appreciated  when  it  is  knov/n  that  the  whole  body  of  a  great  navi- 
gable river  flows  over  a  solid  rock  dam  here  having  a  natural  spillwav  of  3,000  feet. 
Nearly  all    this   immense    force    can   be   utilized.        On  both    sides  of  the   river 

below  the  falls  art- 
solid  rock  forma- 
tions suitable  in 
every  respect  as 
.sites  for  large  and 
substantial  manu- 
facturing plants. 
There  is  am])lr 
room  here  for  mills 
and  stations  to  us< 
the  entire  available 
force. 

Factories  at  OncooN  City. 


factunn 

At 
is   now 
station, 
in    the 
nii.ssion 
This   st£ 
capacity 
short  Iv 


Oregon  City,  Oregon. 


159 


THt  BASIN,  Oregon  City. 


PHOTO  8V  TOWNE 


On  the  east  side  of  the 
river  are  the  extensive 
plants  of  The  Imperial 
Flouring  Mills,  the  Ore- 
gon City  Manufacturing 
Co.,  Smith  &  Lovett's  ice 
plant  and  the  station  of 
the  Portland  General 
Electric  Company.  Ex- 
tending below  the  falls 
on  this  side  is  a  oasin  600 
feet  in  length,  its  entire 
length  furnishing  admir- 
able sites  for  mills  and  factories.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  stream,  at  the  end  of  the 
circular  rock  dam,  are  the  works  of  the  Willamette  Paper  and  Pulp  Company,  the 
Crown  Paper  Company  and  the  new  12,000  horse-power  station  of  the  Portland  Gen- 
eral Electric  Company.  These  plants  face  on  the 
canal  leading  to  the  locks  through  which  tlie  falls 
are  overcome  to  navigation.  The  Portland  General 
Electric  Company  own  the  entire  water  power  and 
a  large  tract  of  land  adjacent,  and  have  planned 
improvements  to  cost  |2,ooo,ooo.  One-half 
of  this  sum  is  now  being  expended.  The  Com- 
pany also  own  the  locks  and  canal  and  oharge  a 
small  toll  for  freight  and  passengers  carried 
through  by  boats.  An  important  improvement 
made  by  this  company  was  the  widening  of  the 
canal  from  40  to  120  feet,  and  the  replacing  of 
the  old  woodeti  wall  of  the  canal  by  a  solid 
wall  of  masonry  four  feet  wide  at  the  top  with 
a  batter  of  one  to  five,  and  34  feet  high  in  places. 
This  greatly  increases  the  volume  of  water  carried 
in  the  canal,  facilitating  both  navigation  and  manu- 
facturing, and  allowing  the  largest  river  craft  to  pass  each  other  in  opposite  directions. 

At  the  edge  of  this  canal  the  company 
is  now  1)uilding  a  monster  electric-power 
station,  which  will  be  the  greatest  station 
in  the  world  for  the  generation  and  trans- 
mission of  electricity  by  water  power. 
This  station  will  start  with  a  maximum 
capacity  of  6,000  horse  power,  which  will  be 
shortly  afterward  increased  to  1 2 ,000.  Nearly 
all  of  this  power  will  be  transmitted  to  Port- 
land, where  it  will  be  utilized  for  almost 
every  purpose  re(|uiring  motive  force.  The.; 
cost  per  horse  power  of  electric  power  is 
much  less  than  that  of  steam,  and  its  cheap- 
ness is  a  most  important  factor  in  the  eco- 
nomical running  of  all  kinds  of  machinery. 


Court  Hou.e,  Oregon  Citv. 


PHOTO  BY   TOWNE. 


'  f 


Public  School,  Oregon  City. 


'!'!'     i 


160 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO 

By  TOWNE. 

,  ••■',•  ^&f. 

/^:.,.::..'^*.gjs|ii 

?^■..•^^;■ 

wSi^   J 

BMl 

H8 

w^ 

hkSW 

IT--:     .  . 

f'tL" 

%\  ■ 

m^''^- 

\ 

v^ 

c<rfflH| 

-7-h 

W^;m; 

iSfl 

'11^59 

m 

ivW*. 

ihrnfmU'-'r 

HJ^^Ii 

,^ 

"  ■  ^. ';' 

7^ 

*^\ 

^^W 

'^ 

S^^f* 

Oregon  City  Woolen  Mills. 


As  Portland  grow^  and  develops,  so 
will  Oregon  City.  Tb  nr  interests  are 
identical.  Portland  is  the  great  distrib- 
uting and  jobbing  center  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest.  The  output  of  the  mills  and 
factories  of  Oregon  City  is  carried  to 
Portia  d  and  from  there  it  is  shipped  to 
the  retailers  and  jobbers  throughout  the 
country.  This  trade  and  output  will  in 
the  future  show  the  same  ratio  of  in- 
crease as  the  population  of  the  Pacific 
Northwest.  There  are  today  a  great 
many  articles  consumed  in  this  sec- 
tion which  come  from  the  East.  It  is  but 
a  question  of  a  year  or  two  when  much  of 
this  stuff  will  be  manufactured  at  Oregon  City,  at  a  cost  less  than  it  can  be  produced 
for  in  the  East.  An  advantage  the  power  here  has  over  theirs  is  that  the  river  is 
navigable  directly  up  to  the  spillway  of  the  falls,  thus  allowing  steamboats  and 
barges  to  deliver  and  receive  material  and  products  directly  from  the  factories  and 
mills. 

Since  the  first  crude  attempt  to  utilize 
motive  power  in  manufacturing,  water 
power  has  remained  the  cheapest  and 
most  serviceable  force  employed.  When 
a  water  power  of  great  volume  is  situated 
in  close  proximitj'  to  a  metropolitan  cen- 
ter of  population,  and  in  the  midst  of  a 
country  rich  in  raw  materials,  it  is  but 
a  question  of  time  when  its  entire  avail- 
able force  will  be  utilized   for  manufac- 


PHOTO   BV  TOWNE. 


^^-•fP-^-'iiiiiiifBi 


The  Gre«t  Pulp  Mills  at  Oregon  Citv. 


PHOTO   BY  TOWNE. 


Residence,  p    f.  Mohey,  Oheoon  City. 


turing  purposes.  This  is  illustrated  at  St. 
Anthony  falls,  Minneapolis,  where  the  en- 
tire available  force  of  2(i,cx3o  horse  power  is 
used  in  the  operation  of  flouring  and  saw 
mills.  There  are  at  the  Willamette  falls  no 
rapids  or  dangerous  currents,  and  no  con- 
ditions that  ever  interfere  with  the  steady 
application  of  the  power.  In  the  winter 
there  is  no  floating  ice,  freezing  or  anchor 
ice.  Since  the  fir.st  utilization  of  the  power 
in  1865,  nothing  has  occurred  to  stop  the 
running  of  the  woolen  mills  established  in 
that  year. 

Oregon  City,  its  factories  and  mills, 
have  unexcelled  rail  and  water  transporta- 
tion facilities.  The  city  is  a  station  on 
the  Southern  Pacific  railroad.  A  line  of 
steamboats  is  operated  from  this  point  to 
Portland  and  down  the  Willamette  valley 


a  distan 

gives  it 

advanta 

and  the 

between 

oceans. 

car  faci 

Railway 

Main  sti 

land.     C 

owned  1: 

most  atti 

turesque 

about  a 

It  covers 

Mrs.  S.  I 

lies  on  tl 

The 
an   elect] 
bridge,    i 
town  of 
Tualatin 
site  of  ty 
project  is 
residence 
will   ever 
control,  t 
Oreg< 
free  suspe 
river,  had 
summit  01 
the  resid{ 
streets,  li^ 
arranged 
mer  moutl 
On  th( 
of  the  elec 
landscape 
North 
orchards  a 

PHOTO    BY  TOWI 


M^ 


M'V.?' 


Oregon  City,  Oregon. 


161 


PHOTO  8V  TOWNE. 


Charman  Block,  Oregon  City. 


a  distance  of  loo  miles.  The  close  proximity  of  Oregon  City  to  Portland  practically 
gives  it  all  the  transportation  facilities  possessed  by  that  city.  Thus  it  has  the 
advantages  accruing  from  three  transcontinental  railroads 
and  the  large  fleet  of  steamers  and  sailing  craft  that  ply 
between  Portland  and  the  ports  of  the  Pacific  and  Atlantic 
oceans.  Doubtless  no  other  city  of  this  size  has  the  street- 
car facilities  possessed  by  Oregon  City.  The  East  Side 
Railway  Company  operate  a  line  from  the  south  end  of 
Main  street,  the  principal  business  thoroughfare,  to  Port- 
land. Cars  run  on  this  line  every  hour.  A  branch  line 
owned  by  the  company  runs  to  Gladstone,  Oregon  City's 
most  attractive  suburb.  This  beautiful  tract  of  land  is  pic- 
turesquely situated  on  the  banks  of  the  Clackamas  river, 
about  a  mile  distant  from  the  business  center  of  the  city. 
It  covers  an  area  of  60  acres  and  was  platted  by  its  owner, 
Mrs.  S.  M.  McCown.  It  is  dotted  with  neat  cottages,  and 
lies  on  the  west  side  of  the  electric  line. 

The  Willamette  Railway  Company  have  recently  built 
an  electric  line  from  the  west  end  of  the  suspension 
bridge,  at  Oregon  City,  south  to  the  new  manufacturing 
town  of  Willamette  Falls,  situated  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Tualatin  and  Willamette  rivers,  a  distance  of  three  miles  from  Oregon  City.  The 
site  of  this  new  suburb  is  an  admirable  one,  both  for  factories  and  residences.  A 
project  is  now  under  way  to  build  a  belt  line  from  Main  street  to  the  highlands  and 
residence  district.  It  is  also  believed  that  the  Portland  General  Electric  Company 
will  eventually  extend  the  line  of  the  Willamette  Railway  Company,  which  they 
control,  to  Portland. 

Oregon  City  is  built  on  both  sides  of  the  Willamette  river  and  is  connected  by  a 
free  suspension  bridge.  The  business  district  of  the  city  lies  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
river,  back  of  which  is  a  moss-covered  perpendicular  bluff  of  basaltic  rock,  from  the 
summit  of  which  a  broad  plateau  stretches  back  inland.  It  is  on  this  plateau  that 
the  residence  district  is  locatod.  In  this  part  of  the  city  are  broad  macadamized 
streets,  lighted  by  electricit}-,  and  many  elegant  residences,  surrounded  by  tastily 
arranged  lawns.  Nearly  every  house  is  surrounded  by  fruit  trees,  and  in  the  sum- 
mer months  by  a  bewildering  profusion  of  flowers. 

On  the  brow  of  the  bluff  is  the  imposing  mansion  of  P.  F.  Moray,  the  president 
of  the  electric  company.  From  this  bluff  there  is  a  beautiful  view  of  diversified 
landscape  scenery. 

North  of  the  city,  the  Clackamas  river  is  seen,  tortuously  winding  in  and  out  of 
orchards  and  grain  meadows  until  it  is  finally  lost  in  the  mighty  Willamette.  Imme- 
diately below  is  the  business 
district  throbbing  with  life  and 
activity.  Beyond  it  the  river 
falls  42  feet  into  a  basin  160 
feet  deep  and  sends  its  rainbow- 
tinted  spray  100  feet  into  the  air. 
Below  the  falls,  on  both  sides  of 
the  river,  are  great  mills  turn- 
ing   out    millions    of    dollars 


PHOTO   BY  TOWNE. 


:ifSP^  ^vS'"  ■ 


1;  m 


\\     1 : 


■:,il"      ('• 


A  Glimpse  of  Gladstone  near  Oregon  City. 


162 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


worth  of  prodt  cts  annually.  These  mammoth  concerns  and  the  other  indus- 
trial plants,  including  an  excelsior  factory,  a  brick  yard,  two  sash  and  door  factories 
and  iron  works,  are  industries,  which  with  its  exceptional  natural  advantages,  and 
its  favorable  location,  have  resulted  in  Oregon  City  attracting  a  population  of  5,300. 
Unlike  the  citizens  of  many  other  cities,  the  people  of  Oregon  City  act  as  a  unit  in 
everything  tending  to  promote  its  welfare.  This  public  spirit  is  evidenced  by  the 
many  substantial  improvements  that  have  been  made  in  the  city.  In  the  past  year 
Main  street  was  improved  with  vitrified  brick  at  a  cost  of  |4o,ooo.  Along  this  street 
are  many  substantial  blocks,  including  the  building  occupied  by  the  Commercial 
Bank  and  the  Bank  of  Oregon  City.  'The  Commercial  Bank  is  conducted  by  Messrs. 
C.  D.  and  D.  C.  Latourette.  The  Bank  of  Oregon  City  is  successfully  run  l)y  Messrs. 
Chas.  and  Ed.  Caufield.  Both  of  these  financial  institutions  are  conservatively  man- 
aged and  they  are  on  the  strongest  of  financial  footings. 

Occupying  a  command- 
ing site,  near  the  head  of 
the  street,  is  the  Clackamas 
County  court  house,  a  sub- 
stantial stone  edifice,  situ- 
ated in  the  center  of  a  grassy 
square.  The  city  has  an  ad- 
mirable public  school  system. 
The  High  School,  costing 
$14,000,  is  a  handson- » frame 
structure,  as  is  l  so  the 
Seventh-street  school  which 
cost  1 10, 000.  Within  a  ra- 
dius of  one  mile  from  the 
court  house  there  are  seven 
schools,  four  of   which  are 


PHOTO.    BY   TOWNE. 


8UNSET  Addition,  Across  Willamette  River  from  Oregon  City. 


within  the  city  limits.  There 
are  27  teachers  employed  in 
these,  and  the  total  valuation  of  the  school  property  is  about  $65,000.  There  are 
also  here  a  Catholic  parochial  school  and  a  free  kindergarten.  Of  churches,  Oregon 
City  has  12.  The  city  is  thoroughly  lighted  by  electricity  generated  in  the  3,000 
horse-power  plant  of  the  Portland  General  Electric  Company.  This  electricity  is 
also  used  in  operating  the  East  Side  railway,  as  far  as  Milwaukie,  and  in  lighting 
the  city  of  Portland.  Among  the  other  features  of  Oregon  City  is  a  splendid  water- 
works system,  the  pumping  station  of  which  is  the  largest  in  the  state  outside  of  Port- 
land. In  the  business  section  is  a  sewerage  system  costing  $11,600,  and  in  the 
residence  district  a  separate  system  is  now  being  built  which  will  cost  about  $10,000. 
The  city  has  a  two-story  brick  jail,  built  on  hygienic  and  humanitarian  principles,  at. 
a  cost  of  $7,000.  The  fire  department,  an  excellent  and  well-disciplined  organiza- 
tion, has  three  hose  carriages  and  one  hook  and  ladder  truck. 

All  business  of  quasi-public  nature  relating  to  Oregon  City  is  transacted  through 
the  Board  of  Trade.  Much  of  the  prosperity  and  the  improvements  of  the  city  are  dui 
to  this  organization.  It  includes  in  its  membership  nearly  all  the  representative  men 
of  the  city.  Any  information  about  Oregon  City  and  vicinity  will  be  cheerfully  fur 
nished  upon  application  to  any  officer  or  member  of  the  Board.     The  officers  aro 


Oregon  City,  Oregon. 


163 


irougli 
redur 
e  men 
ly  fur 
rs  arc 


George  C.  Brownell,  president;  F.  E.  Donaldson,  secretary;  F.  T.  L.  Chamian, 
treasurer.  Mr.  Brownell,  the  president  of  the  board,  is  one  of  the  prominent  mem- 
bers of  the  Oregon  bar.  He  was  born,  in  1858,  in  Essex  county.  New  York.  He 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  his  native  state,  and  subsequent!}-  practiced  law  in  Kan- 
sas. In  1890  he  removed  to  Oregon  City,  where  he  at  once  became  prominently 
identified  with  every  public  movement. 

The  pioneer  manufacturing  enterprise  of  the  falls  is  the  woolen  mill  of  the 
Oregon  City  Manufacturing  Company.  The  mill  was  established  in  1865,  and  it  is 
now  a  14-set  mill,  and  the  largest  west  of  Ohio.  It  consumes  annually  over  1,000,000 
pounds  of  wool,  and  pays  to  its  operators  $100,000  a  year.  The  output  of  the  mill 
consists  of  blankets,  cashmeres,  flannels,  tweeds,  woolen  underwear  and  hose,  which 
is  largely  .-'hipped  to  the  East.  The  company  also  operates  a  soap  factory  which 
turns  out  100,000  pounds  per  month.  On  the  edge  of  the  canal  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  river  from  the  woolen  mills,  is  the  extensive  plant  of  the  Willamette  Pulp  & 
Paper  Company,  a  corpora- 
tion with  a  capital  of  $600,- 
000.  This  concern  leases  2,600 
horse  power,  and  has  a  daily 
capacity  of  20  tons  of  pulp 
in  one  mill  by  mechanical 
process  and  10  tons  in  a  sul- 
phite mill  by  chemical  pro- 
cess. In  addition  to  this  is  a 
mammoth  paper  mill  ca- 
pable of  turning  out  20  tons 
of  all  kinds  of  paper.  The 
requirements  of  this  com- 
pany alone,  for  the  making 
of  pulp  and  paper,  outside  of 
its  water  power,  are  some 
60,000,000  gallons  of  water 
per  day.or  fully  five  times  the 
quantity  consumed  by  the  city  of  Portland.  Adjoining  this  plant  is  the  Crown  Paper 
Company's  mill,  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $200,000.  They  have  a  daily  capacity  of 
seven  tons  of  wrapping  paper  of  the  various  grades,  and  iti  addition  a  large  output 
of  straw  and  binders'  board.  Among  the  other  industrial  plants  here  are  the  two 
large  mills  and  niamtnoth  elevator  of  the  Portland  Flouring  Company.  The  mills 
have  a  daily  capacity  of  900  bushels,  and  in  the  elevator  a  storage  capacity  of  200,000 
bushels.  The  output  of  these  mills  is  a  staple  article  of  commerce  to  the  Orient  and 
at  Liverpool. 

Another  enterprise  here  of  considerable  magnitude  is  the  large  artificial  ice  plant 
owned  by  Messrs.  Smith  &  Lovett.  This  is  one  of  the  most  perfectly  equipped  ice 
plants  in  the  country,  and  owing  to  the  cheapness  of  motive  power  it  can  manufac- 
ture ice  at  almost  what  the  fuel  costs  when  steam  is  used.  The  plant  cost  over 
$50,000,  and  has  a  daily  capacity  of  50  tons.  The  ice  is  made  in  cakes  10  feet  long, 
3  feet  wide  and  10  inches  thick,  which  weigh  from  1,300  to  1,800  pounds,  and  which 
are  nearly  transparent.  This  ice  is  consumed  in  Portland,  where  it  is  in  great 
demand. 


Oheoon's  Mammoth  world's  Fair  Salmon  (fro2en  and  Shipped  from  Smith  a  Lovett's 
Ice  Works,  Oregon  City.) 


I    !■ 


ii'i 

.  11 


% 


»t 


164 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


' 


I' 


Erected  1889. 
3000-HORSE  Power. 


Station  A,  Portland  general  Electric  Co.,  Oregon  City. 


The  Portland  Generai,  Electric  Company  was  organized  August  5th, 
1892,  with  a  capitalization  of  14,250,000,  this  corporation  being  a  consolidation  of  the 
Willamette  Falls  Electric  Company  and  the  Willamette  Transportation  &  Locks 
Company.     At  the  time  of  organization  it  acquired  all  the  property  formerly  owned 

by  the  two  last-named  com- 
panies. This  property  con- 
sisted of  all  the  electric  light- 
ing plants  in  Portland  and 
Oregon  City,  the  entire  water 
power  of  the  Willamette 
river  at  Oregon  City,  the 
locks  of  the  Willamette  river, 
which  were  built  it  a  cost  of 
about  $600,000;  _  JO  acres  of 
land ,  having  a  water  frontage 
of  four  miles,  above  and  be- 
low the  falls,  at  Oregon  City, 
and  covering  all  available 
building  sites  for  manufac- 
turing institutions,  and  many 
other  valuable  assets. 
The  officers  of  the  company  are  :  P.  F.  Morey,  president;  H.  M.  Byllesby,  first 
vice-president;  F.  V.  Holman,  second  vice-president ;  Bank  of  British  Columbia, 
treasurer;  Charles  H.  Caufield,  secretary;  H.  C.  Levis,  assistant  secretary;  H.  W. 
Goode,  general  manager.  Board  of  Directors:  P.  F.  Morey,  president;  H.  Failing, 
president  First  National  Bank,  Portland;  F.  Dekum,  president  Commercial  National 
and  Portland  Savings  Banks,  Portland;  T.  Woodward,  president  United  States 
National  Bank,  Portland;  C.  A.  Coffin,  president  General  Electric  Co.;  H.  M. 
Byllesby,  president  Northwest  General  Electric  Co.;  F.  V.  Holman,  counselor-at- 
law;  S.  Farrell,  commission  merchant;  W.  K.  Smith,  capitalist;  H.  W.  Goode, 
general  manager;  C.  H.  Caufield,  manager  Bank  of  Oregon  City. 

The  company  is  making  large  improvements  on  its  property  both  at  Oregon  City 
and  Portland,  the  principal  feature  of  which  is  the  construction  of  a  new  12,000 
horse-power  electric  station  on  the  west  bank  of  the  river  at  the  falls.  The  head- 
works  and  ground  work  of  station  walls,  and  flumes  for  12,000  horse-power,  will  be 
installed  at  once,  with  water  wheels  for  6,oco  horse-power,  and  3,000  horse-power  of 
electrical  machinery.  The  balance  of  the  water  wheels  and  electrical  machinery  can 
be  added  from  time  to  time,  as  additional  capacity  is  required.  The  building  will 
be  constructed  of  concrete 
and  iron,  and  be  absolutely 
fire  proof.  It  is  expected  that 
this  new  plant  will  be  in  oper- 
ation early  in  the  year  1894. 
The  wheels  in  this  station 
will  be  Victor  turbines,  of  a 
vertical  type,  of  600  horse- 
power capacity  each,  and  on 
top  of  each  shaft  will  be  coupled  direct  the  armature  of  a  600  horse-power  electric 
generator.     As  soon  as  the  new  plant  is  completed,  it  is  the  intention  of  the  com- 


Front  View,  Headworks  Station  b,  Portland  General  Electric  Co.,  Oregon  City. 


Woodburn,  Oregon. 


166 


Rear  View,  heaoworks   for  Station   S,  12,000 

Horse  Po*er,  Portland  Gen.  Electric 

Company,  Oregon  City. 


pftny  to  extend  its  lighting  business,  and  to  also  furnish  electric  power  for  stationary 
and  railway  purposes. 

The  present  plant  of  the 
company,  located  on  the  east 
bank  of  the  river  at  the 
falls,  has  been  in  operation 
since  the  year  1890.  This 
plant,  called  Station  A,  has  a 
capacity  of  3,000  horse  power 
in  wucer  wheels  and  electri- 
cal machinery,  and  its  entire 
capacity  is  taken  up  in  com- 
mercial and  city  lighting  at 
Portland  and  Oregon  City. 

To  transmit  the  electric- 
ity between  stations  at  the 
falls  and  Portland ,  a  distance 
of  13  miles,  overhead  conduc- 
tors are  used  and  high-ten- 
sion currents.  The  loss  in 
transmission  on  the  arc  cir- 
cuits is  about  10  per  cent,  and 
on  the  incandescent  circuits 
about  20  per  cent.  It  is  ex- 
pected, however,  that  from  the  new  station  the  loss  on  incandescent  circuits  will 
not  exceed  10  per  cent  between  Oregon  City  and  Portland. 

The  company  at  present  leases  about  4,000  horse-power  of  direct  water  power  to 
mills  and  factories,  located  on  both  banks  of  the  river,  at  Oregon  City,  and  is  pre- 
pared to  offer  strong  inducements  to  any  first-class  manufacturing  concern  desiring 
a  location. 

Woodlmrn,  Ort'gou. — Woodburn,  Marion  county,  Oregon,  is  an  incorporated 
town  of  about  1,000  population.  Most  of  this  population  has  been  gained  during  the 
past  five  years.  The  town  enjoys  the  best  of  railroad  communication,  being  located 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  35  miles  south  of  Portland,  and  it  is  also 
the  northern  terminus  of  the  Wood  burn-Springfield  branch  of  the  same  road,  a  line 
that  taps  the  best  part  of  Western  Oregon. 

The  principal  support  of  the  town  is  the  rich  sur- 
rounding farming  section.  A  single  flouring  mill,  with  a 
daily  capacity  of  140  barrels,  is  the  only  manufacturing 
industry  supported  here.  The  raising  of  trees  at  this  point 
has  developed  into  a  business  of  considerable  magnitude, 
and  Woodburn  is  frequently  referred  to  as  a  "nursery  town. ' ' 
Nineteen  tree-growing  farms  in  the  vicinity  of  Woodburn 
now  ship  more  than  2,000,000  trees  annually  to  various 
points  on  the  coast.  The  largest  of  these  nurseries  contains 
more  than  200  acres,  nearly  all  of  which  is  devoted  entirely 
to  fruit-tree  culture.  The  establishment  of  the  nurseries  in  the  vicinity  of  Woodburn 
has  tended  to  a  gradual  appreciation  in  the  prices  of  the  rich  farming  lands  adjacent, 


Public  School,  woodburn. 


1G6 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 


and  the  valuations  of  good  lands  near  the  town  are  perhaps  a  little  higher  than  as 
good  lands  can  be  bought  for  in  other  parts  of  the  valley. 

Woodburn  has  a  modern  school  building  which  was  recently  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$10,000.  It  contains  eight  rooms,  well  lighted  and  ventilated.  Only  five  of  these 
rooms  are  occupied  at  the  present  writing.  Five  teachers  are  employed  in  the  public 
school  here,  and  the  average  daily  number  of  pupils  enrolled  is  about  250.  Wood- 
bum  supports  five  church  organizations,  two  Presbyterian,  one  Methodist,  a  United 
Brethren  and  an  order  of  the  Seventh  Day  Adventists. 

A  bank  on  a  strong  financial  footing  is  located  at  Woodburn,  and  all  the  different 
lines  of  business  are  well  represented  here.  T/ie  Independent,  a  weekly  paper, 
furnishes  the  people  of  the  town  with  news  of  a  local  interest.  Two  hotels  and  two 
livery  stables  are  located  at  this  point.  Woodburn,  owing  to  its  exceptional  facilities 
for  shipping  afforded  by  the  railroads  passing  this  point,  will  always  be  an  important 
town  of  the  Willamette  valley,  and  its  growth  in  the  future  will,  doubtless,  be  as 
marked  as  has  been  noted  here  during  the  past  few  years. 

Gei'vals,  Oregon. — Gervais  is  a  small  town  of  about  400  population,  located 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  38  miles  south  of  Portland  and  14 
miles  north  of  Salem.  The  place  enjoys  considerable  trade  with  the  rich  tributary 
farming  district.  A  roller  flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  50  barrels  is  located 
here.  The  town  supports  one  weekly  newspaper,  The  Star.  A  city  hall  is  main- 
tained with  a  seating  capacity  of  400;  two  hotels  furnish  fair  accommodations  to  the 
traveling  public,  and  one  livery  stable  and  a  number  of  well  stocked  stores  comprise 
the  mercantile  interests  of  the  place. 

Gervais,  in  common  with  the  other  prosperous  towns  of  the  Willamette  valley, 
enjoys  the  benefits  of  good  schools.  Two  schools  are  maintained  here,  the  public 
and  the  parochial.  The  average  daily  attendance  at  the  public  school  is  about  60, 
while  at  the  parochial  school  the  enrollment  for  the  past  year  was  75  scholars  daily. 
The  latter  school  is  in  charge  of  the  Benedictine  Sisters.  This  school  is  conducted 
in  a  large  lo-room  building  originally  intended  for  use  as  a  convent,  whose  erection 
involved  an  outlay  of  $5,000.  Five  teachers  are  employed  in  the  parochial  school, 
while  the  public  school  is  taught  by  two  teachers.  Three  church  organizations  are 
maintained  at  Gervais,  the  Presbyterian,  Baptist  and  Catholic,  and  each  of  these 
organizations  is  on  a  prosperous  financial  footing. 

Salein,  Oregon. — Salem,  the  second  city  of  Oregon  in  population  and  com- 
mercial importance,  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  populated  centers  of  the  Pacific 
coast.     It  is  the  state  capital  which  insures  its  social  status.     It  is  the  judicial  seat 

of  Marion  county,  one  of  the  richest  counties  of 
Western  Oregon,  which  makes  it  the  principal 
point  of  interest  to  the  people  of  a  very  prosper- 
ous section,  and  its  location  in  the  center  of  a  val- 
ley which,  owing  to  its  fertility  and  beautiful  sur- 
roundings, attracted  the  attention  of  the  earliest 
settlers  within  the  borders  of  the  present  state  of 
Oregon,  has  held  for  Salem  a  trade  that  has  made 
the  city  one  of  the  most  important  inland  com- 
mercial centers  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

Salem    was    incorporated    in    1857.       In  the 
pioneer    history    of   the    state    the    city   played 


State  C*pitol,  Salem. 


Salem,  Oregon. 


107 


PHOTO.   Br  CHERRINGTON  A   BRO. 


Commercial  Street,  salem. 


a    most  important  part.      Its   selection  as  the   state    capital    was     but    a    fitting 
acknowledgement  of  the  many   claims  the   city  was  enabled  to  advance  for  the 

honor,  and  the  erection  of  the  elegant  edifice 
of  the  state  capitol  has  sustained  the  wisdom 
of  the  selection  of  this  city  as  the  capital  by 
the  early  legislators  of  the  present  rich  and 
prosperous  state  of  Oregon. 

Salem  is  located  on  the  east  bank  of  the 
Willamette  river,  which  is  navigable  practic- 
ally the  entire  year  between  this  point  and 
Portland.  It  is  also  on  the  main  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific,  52  miles  south  of  Oregon's 
metropolis.  The  corporate  limits  of  the  city 
extend  for  a  distance  of  two  miles  along  the 
bank  of  the  Willamette  river  and  for  an  equal 
distance  east  of  the  water  front.  The  townsite 
occupies  a  gently  sloping,  level  stretch  of  prairie,  the  fall  from  the  higher  parts  of 
the  city  to  the  level  of  the  river  being  sufficient  to  afford  a  natural  system  of  drainage. 
The  surrounding  country  is  all  rich  and  highly  productive,  and  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Salem  are  found  some  of  the  finest  farms  of  the  state. 

The  present  population  of  Salem  is  about  12,000.  In  the  immediate  suburbs, 
however,  are  the  homes  of  some  3,000  additional  people,  a  population  that  should 
be  rightly  credited  to  Salem  proper.  The  appearance  of  the  city  is  decidedly  metro- 
politan. A  generous  impulse  with  a  true  appreciation  of  future  municipal  importance 
must  have  been  a  guiding  factor  in  laying  out  the  original  townsite  by  the  early  pro- 
jectors of  a  town  at  this  point.  The  main  streets  are  all  100  feet  wide  and  all  the 
streets  are  lined  with  tall  and  graceful  elm  and  maple  trees,  which  add  greatly  to 
the  general  beauty  of  the  surroundings.  With  but  few  exceptions,  the  main  business 
portion  of  the  city  is  solidly  built  up  with  brick  and  stone  structures.  Many  of 
these  buildings  are  three  and  four  stories  in  height  and  some  of  them  are  as  attrac- 
tive in  architectural  design  and  finish  as  are  any  of  the  best  business  blocks  of 
Portland. 

Salem,  like  Portland,  is  an  exceptionally  wealthy  city.  An  air  of  prosperity 
pervades  the  business  community.     Attractive  displays  of  ;^oods  are  made  in  the 

plate-glass  fronts  of  the  lead- 
ing stores,  and  some  of  the 
largest  houses  here  carry 
stocks  of  goods  ranging  in 
value  from  $25,000  to  $75,000. 
In  addition  to  the  trade 
which  a  city  of  12,000  popu- 
lation naturally  creates  for 
itself,  Salem  also  does  a 
large  amount  of  business  with 
numerous  towns  of  Marion 
and  Polk  counties  and  also 
Statistics  show  that  Salem  is  the 
While  the  soil  of  the 


Photo  by  cherrington  a  bro. 


BRIDGE  Across  Wiljvmette  River,  Salem. 


with  the  farming  districts  of  this  part  of  the  state, 
seat  of  the  most  productive  agricultural  county  of  Oregon, 
and  of  other  parts  of  the  Willamette  valley  may  be  equally  as  fertile  as  is  that  of  the 


i!.| 


-I" 


'\     ' 


!l 


IMWHI 


i8 


168 


The  Orc^oninn'ti  Handbook  uf  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


li 


« 1 


iU 


ii 


81 


PI 


s?  "< 


|i; 


PMOTC    U»   CKER..IM(iTCN  Jl    BRf . 


land  of  Marion  covuity,  llie  latter  count}'  is  one  of  the  older  settled  portions  of  the 
state,  and  for  this  reason  more  of  its  land  has  been  pat  into  cultivation  than  in  other 
counties  of  the  valley.  The  present  population  of  Mai  ion  county  is  about  23,000. 
Salem  is  the  trading  center  of  all  of  Marion  county  and,  as  before  stated,  of  aconsider- 
able  part  of  Polk  county  on  the  other  side  of  the  river,  the  section  that  has  been 
made  tributary  to  the  ci*y  by  the  construction  of  the  fine  free  steel  wagon  and  pas- 
senger bridge  which  ^pans  the  river  at  this  point.  Salem  is  the  principal  supply 
point  for  about  14  smaller  towns  in  the  tributary  district,  a  trade  sufficient  in  impor- 
tance to  have  already  justified  the  establishment  of  considerable  jobbing  business  at 
this  point  in  connection  with  the  large  retail  trade  of  the  city. 

Salem,  as  the  capital  of  the  state,  is  naturally  the  home  of  the  principal  state 
institutions.  Located  here  are  the  penitentiary,  state  asylum  for  the  insane,  the 
state  school  for  the  blind,  the  deaf  and  the  dumb,  the  state  reform  school,  as  well  as 
being  the  place  of  location  of  the  ftate  capitol,  one  of  the  finest  public  buildings  on 
the  coast.  Tlie  location  of  these-  public  institutions  at  Salem  has  done  much  to 
advance  the  interests  of  the  city  as  a  business  center,  and  the  money  regularly  dis- 
bursed here  by  the  state  is  a  considerable  source  of  revenue  to  the  business  commu- 
nity of  Salem. 

Salem  as  a  manuiacluring  point  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  state.  Two 
large  flouring  mills,  a  woolen  mill,  a  fruit  cannery  and 
evaporator  combined,  one  sawmill,  t  .vo  sa.sh  and  door  fac- 
tories, iron  works,  carriage  factory,  a  brewery  and  ice  fac- 
tory, and  several  .smaller  industrial  plants  comprise  the 
factories  located  at  the  state  capital.  The  flouring  mills 
are  both  equipped  with  the  full  roller  process  and  the  com- 
Ijined  capacity  of  the  two  mills  is  i,2uo  barrels  a  clay. 
The  wheat  for  running  these  mills  is  raised  princi- 
pally in  Marion  and  Polk  counties,  and  the  output 
of  the  mills  is  shi])ped  principally  to  Liverpool.  The  mills 
manufacture  the  finest  grade  of  flour  and  the  brand, 
"Salem  Fancy  Palcnt  >  oiler  Four,"  manufactured 
here  is  well  known  throughout  the  entire  state.  A^out  30  men  are  employed  legu- 
larly  in  these  two  industrial  plants.  The  \.oolen  mills  are  in  constant  operation  and 
furnish  employment  to  about  50  men  and  women.  The  canacity  of  the  latter  mills 
is  about  three-set.  About  4oo,ock)  pounds  of  wool  are  consumed  in  these  mill 
annually.  The  prodi.ct  is  a  very  fine  grade  of  woolen  goods,  which  finds  a  ready 
sale  in  the  P^astern  and  California  markets.  The  sawmill  here  employs  about  40 
men  and  has  a  capacity  of  4C),(.hjo  feet  of  I'lmber  per  day.  The  other  factories  of  the 
city  give  employment  to  from  5  to  15  men  each. 

Salem  already  enjoys  the  benefit  of  a  considerable  water  power,  which  is  devel- 
oped rit  this  point  by  a  stream  of  water  of  considerable  magnitude.  This  available 
power,  however,  can  be  greatly  incr-eased  by  cutting  a  canal  to  connect  with  the 
Santiam  river,  10  miles  south,  and  this  work  can  be  dor?  at  a  comparatively  small 
expense  Thi,''.  canal  would  develop,  for  manufacturing  purposes  at  Salem,  an  avail- 
able power  of  5,000  horse,  and  it  ■ ;  highly  probable  that  this  important  work  will  be 
carried  to  a  successful  termination  in  the  near  future. 

Salem  already  boasts  of  a  good  system  of  waler  works.  Twenty-five  mile;  of 
cast-iron  mains,  ranging  from   i    to  21    inches  in  diameter,  are  now  laid  througt   the 


CnunT  House,  0»i.tM. 


WHJ 


Salem,   Orej^on. 


UW 


cay. 


(level- 
I  liable 
1  the 
small 
avail- 
nil  be 

U    ot 
tiic 


PHOTO   Br  CHERr.iNOTON. 


Electric  Cars.  Salem. 


city.  The  reservoir,  with  a  capacity  of  2,ooo,ock)  gallons,  is  at  ati  elevation  of  175 
feet  above  the  business  portion  of  the  city,  an  elevation  that  insures  ample  pressure 
in  the  city  mains  to  throw  a  stream  over  any  of  the  highest  buildings  of  the  city. 
At  the  pumping  station  are  three  powerful  pumps  with  a  combined  pumping  capacity 
of  8,000,000  gallons  of  water  per  day,  a  supply  that  will  '  c  more  than  ample  for  the 
requirements  of  Salem  for  water  for  many  years  in  the  fuUire. 

Two  fine  lines  of  electric  cars  are  in 
operation  at  vSalem.  The  two  lines  of  street 
railway  cover  the  business  portion  of  the 
city  and  run  out  as  far  as  the  state  fair 
grounds,  connecting  with  the  Southern  Pa- 
cific railroad  depot,  the  penitentiar}',  insane 
asylum,  and  reaching  as  lar  out  as  the 
southern  limits  of  the  city.  Cars  run  regularly 
at  intervals  of  20  minutes  each.  About  10 
miles  of  well  equipped  electric  road  are  in 
successful  operation  here.  Salem  is  thor- 
ouj^hly  lighted  by  electricity,  both  the  arc 
and  incandescent  systems  of  lighting  being 
used.  An  efficient  police  and  fire  depart- 
ment is  maintained  here.  Salem  has  sin- 
gularly escaped  disastrous  conflagrations  in 

the  past,  and  the  precaution  taken  here  against  fire  practically  removes  all  danger 
of  a  serious  holocaust  in  the  future. 

Marion  and  Polk  counties  are  united  at  Salem  by  a  steel  bridge  wliich  spans  the 
Willamette  at  this  point.  This  bridge  was  completed  two  years  ago  at  a  cost  of 
$65,000,  and  is  free  to  both  foot  tiavel  and  teams. 

As  an  educational  center  Salem  is  one  of  the  most  important  cities  of  the  state. 
Five  ccjmmodious  public  school  buildings  are  located  in  different  parts  of  the  city. 
Three  of  these  are  models  of  architectural  design  and  are  excellently  arranged  for 
school  purpo.ses.  A  thorough  and  rigid  system  of  training  is  adopted,  and  the 
courses  of  study  range  from  the  kindergarten  and  primary  to  the  high  school.     A  staff 

of  30  teachers  is  employed  in  the  public  schools 
^^  heiC,  and  the  average  number  of  scholars  in  daily 
attendance  is  about  1,600.  In  addition  to  the  fine 
public  schools  Salem  has  the  advantages  for  higher 
learning  afforded  by  the  Willamette  Universitv, 
which  was  founded  here  by  the  Methodist  Mission 
in  1843.  This  school  now  ranks  first  among  the 
great  schools  of  the  state.  It  offers  a  full  colle- 
giate course,  in  addition  to  which  departments  of 
law,  medicine,  music  and  art  are  maintained.  The 
average  number  of  students  in  attendance  at  the 
Wdlamette  University  in  all  departments  dunng 
the  past  year  was  about  3ckj.  The  Sisters' 
Academy,  a  Catholic  institution,  the  Friends  Polytechnic  Institute,  and  the  Capital 
City  Busijiess  College  are  the  other  seats  of  learning  maintained  at  the  capital  city. 

Salem  may  be  appropriately  denominated  a  city  of  state  mstitutions,  fine  resi- 
dences, schools  and  churches.     There  are  no  less  than  14  church  organisations  main- 


PHOTO.    Br  CHERRINOTON 
A  BRO. 


•■««r  ■■ 

EAST  Salem  School,  Salem 


:'5t*^*e^ 


i'^ 


170 


The  Orc^onian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


5*' 
f     ^ 


PHOTO  3¥  CHERHIN&TON  A    BHO. 


LINCOLN  SCHOOL,   SALEM. 


taiiied  here,  some  of  which  worship  in  very  fine  church  buildings.     The  denoniina- 
tioiis   represented   are  the  Presbyterian,  Cumberland  Pr  *.erian,   Conj^regational, 

Kvangelical,  Kvangelical    Mission,   Baptist,   Free   Methc  u-i,     'riends,  M.  l\.  South, 
Methodist  Episcopal,  Catholic,  Episcopal,  Church  of  God,  a:  ^  ^    ited  Brethren. 

The  StaTK  Institutions. — The  Oregon  Institute  for  the  Blind  now  has  a  daily 
attendance  of  about  zo  scholars.     The  literary  faculty  of  the  school  is  composed  of 

four  teachers.  The  pupils  employ  their  leisure  time  in 
makinjf  hammocks,  about  200  of  which  are  turned  out 
every  year.  These  are  sold  principally  at  wholesale. 
The  State  Reform  School  is  located  about  4 '2  miles 
south  of  Salem.  The  building  is  a  handsome  four-story 
brick,  which  was  recently  c."ected  at  a  cost  of  ^30,000. 
This  institution  is  under  the  best  of  management,  and 
the  incorrigible  youth  who  are  sent  here  soon  yield  to 
the  rigid  discipline  enforced.  The  largest  number  of 
boys  in  attendance  at  this  school,  at  any  one  time 
during  the  past  year,  was  80.  A  farm  of  317  acres 
adjoins  the  school  building.  All  the  boys  in  attendance 
are  compelled  to  do  light  farm  and  garden  work,  and 
also  to  assist  in  work  about  the  building.  The  Oregon 
school  for  the  education  of  deaf  mutes  had  39  pupils  enrolled  during  the  past  year. 
Both  girls  and  boys  are  admitted  to  this  school.  Two  of  the  teachers  and  most  of 
the  employes  of  the  school  are  deaf  mutes  themselves.  A  printing  otTice  and  broom 
shop  have  been  provided  for  this  school  to  give  needed  employment  to  the  pupils  in 
attendance. 

The  Oregon  state  penitentiary  is  located  two  miles  east  of  the  business  portion 
of  the  city.  The  principal  employment  for  the  convicts  is  furnished  by  the  North- 
western foundry,  which  is  located  on  the  penitentiary  grounds.  This  fomnlry  turns 
out  from  25,cxK)  to  3o,ocx)  sto\'es  a  year.  It  pays  the  state  40  cents  a  day  for  each 
convict  employed.  Connected  with  the  penitentiary  are  160  acres  of  fine  land.  The 
prisoners  have  the  benefit  of  a  $r,ooo  library,  and  they  are  well  cared  for,  while  a 
most  rigid  system  of  discipline  is  maintained. 

One  mile  east  of  Salem,  on  a  commanding  eminence,  is  located  Oregon's  state 
asylum  for  the  care  of  the  insane.  Connected  with  the  asylum  is  a  farm  of  1,000 
acres.  The  farming  of  this  land  is  conducted  on  an  ex- 
tensive scale,  many  of  the  convalescent  and  tractable 
patients  being  used  for  this  purpose.  Large  buildings 
for  the  storing  of  grain,  housing  of  stock,  and  for  other 
purposes,  have  been  built  here.  A  good  water-works  plant 
and  fire  department,  <  quipped  with  electric-alarm  signals, 
are  maintained  on  the  asylum  grounds.  The  patients  have 
the  benefit  of  a  large  and  well  equipped  bath  house,  and 
every  needed  improvement  for  the  proper  care  of  the 
insane  has  been  provided  here  by  the  state.  The  Oregon 
state  asylum  is  conceded  to  be  one  of  the  best  ecjuipped 
and  best  managed  institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  United 
patients  are  now  under  treatment  here,  and  this  number 
increased  with  the  growth  of  population  of  the  state. 


PHOTO.    BY  CHERRINGTON   t    BRO. 


YEW  Park  School,  ball*. 

States.      About   800 
is  constantly   being 


Salem,  Oregon, 


171 


PHOTO.    BV  CHEHRINGTON  A   BHO. 


The  state  capitol  and  the  Marion  county  court  house,  located  at  Salem,  are 
models  of  architectural  skill.  They  occupy  prominent  positions  in  the  center  of  the 
city,  and  are  the  first  buildings  seen  as  the  train  rolls  into  the  city  from  either  direc- 
tion in  entering  the  corporate  limits. 

vSaltm's  history  in  the  past  has  been  one  of  constant  progress.  The  country 
immediately  tributary  is  so  varied  in  its  powers  of  production,  and  the  location  of 
the  city  is  so  favorable  for  holding  the 
vast  trade  of  this  section  that  retrogres- 
sion in  Salem's  prosperity  will  be  an  un- 
known factor  in  the  future  history  of  the 
city.  Within  the  piist  three  years  hundreds 
of  small  farms  have  been  sold  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  of  Salem,  and  most  of 
these  smal'  .  s  of  land  are  being  plant- 
ed in  fruit  v.v-  - ,  All  kinds  of  farming  is 
done  in  this  district,  with  the  principal  at- 
tention being  paid  to  the  raising  of  wheat.  The  farmers  of  this  part  of  the  state  have 
recently  been  paying  considerable  attention  to  the  raising  of  fine  stock,  both  honses 
and  cattle,  and  this  industry  has  proved  a  great  source  of  profit  to  those  who  have  en- 
gaged in  it.  Land  in  this  part  of  the  state  is  still  held  at  reasonable  prices,  and  with 
the  possibilities  here  for  diversified  farming  and  fruit  culture,  the  country  no.v  tribu- 
tary to  Salem  will  continue  to  fill  up  for  many  years  in  the  future  vt^ith  a  thrifty  class 
of  people,  a  c'i.ss  that  has  already  made  this  one  of  the  most  inviting  farming  sec- 
tions of  the  coast. 

The  Salem  merchants  have  the  benefit  of  several  lines  of  steamboats  which  ope- 
erate  on  the  Willamette  river,  both  north  and  south  of  the  city.  Regular  connec- 
tion  is   made    from   this   point  by   water    with   Portland   and    the    points   on    the 

liver  north,  and  also   with   the   Oregon 


State  Insane  Asylum,  Salem. 


PHOTO.    BY  CHERRINQTON  i   BRO. 


'^ts^^^l*n^0^^mmh- 


8TATE  Penitentiary,  Salem. 


Pacific  railroad  at  Albany  and  Corvallis 
south,  thus  giving  the  merchants  of 
Salem  the  full  benefit  of  the  competitive 
rates  of  freight  afforded  by  the  rival 
lines  of  railroads  and  steamships  which 
reach  the  state  from  outside  commercial 
centers. 
Salem  has  a  good  morning  paper  in  T/ie  Statesman,  which  also  publishes  a 

weekly  edition.     The  paper  is  publishetl   by  The  Statesman  Publishing  Company, 

which  is  a  company  of  ample  capital,  a7id  which  is  also  ably 

managed.     The  controlling  force  in  the  company  is  M.-.  R.  J. 

Hendricks,  who  is  also  editor  of  The  Statesman.   Mr.  Hendricks 

is  recognized  as  one  of  the  brightest  voung  newspaper  men  of 

the  state,  and  the  work  he  has  done    m    The  Statesman   has 

entitled    him    to    an    honorable     position    among     Oregon's 

lonamalists. 

In  a<d('"tion  to  The  Statesman,  there  is  also  published  at 

Salem     T//e   Capital  /ournu.',    which   fills   the   evening   field. 

There    are  also   published    liere   the   usual  number  of  weekly 

papers  always  found  in  a  city  of  the  size  of  Salem.  ^^^  „„„„„  aeMooL.  balem. 


PHOTO.    BY  CHEBRINOTON  t    BHO. 


1 


PW.W?«BMBWl!W 


mm 


mm 


'■im 


f  {|«i  i 

!« 


11 


17li 


TIic  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Ladd  &  Brsn. — The  oldest  and  largest  banking  institution  between  Portland 
and  Sacramento  is  the  bank  of  Ladd  &  Bush,  at  Salem.  This  bank  was  founded  in 
1868,  and  it  now  does  an  enormous  business.  It  has  connections  with  other  banks 
throughout  Oregon,  Washington,  Idaho,  Montana,  and  throughout  the  coast  and  in 


PHOTO    BY  CMERRINGTON  d    DRO, 


Photo  ev  cherrington  a  bho. 


BANK,  LADD  i  Bush,  Salem. 


INTERIOR,  Bank,  Uaoo  A  Bush,  Salem. 


the  East.     It  buys  and  sells  exchange  on  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  makes  collec- 
tions throughout  the  United  States,  British  America  and  Mexico. 

In  addition  to  the  bank  of  Ladd  &  Bush,  there  are  three  other  large  banking 
houses  at  Salem,  all  on  a  strong  financial  footing.  The  finances  of  the  city  are  good, 
and  everything  in  Salem,  from  bank  stock  to  the  business  of  the  individual  mer- 
chants, ranks  high  in  the  most  reliable  commercial  reports  made  on  the  state. 

Marlon  County,  Orej^on. — The  Willamette  river  and  Butte  creek  mark  the 
boundary  line  between  Marion  and  Clackamas  counties  on  the  north  ;  Marion 
county  is  separated  fiom  Wasco  on  the  east  by  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  range  of 
mountains  ;  on  the  south  the  Santiam  and  North  fork  of  the  Santiam  rivers  sepa- 
rate Marion  from  Linn,  and  the  Willamette  river  is  the  boundary  line  of  the  county 
on  the  we.^t. 

The  area  of  good  land  found  in  Marion  county  is  about  36  tinles  north  and  south 
and   15  miles  east  and   west  in   extent.     Contained  in  this  farming  belt  are  rboul 
9oo,(X)o  acres  of  land  highly  fertile  and  ea.sily  cultivated.     The  ;-ounty  contains  abor. 
14  townships  that  are  still  unsurveyed,  but  the  greater  portiora  of  this  unsurve^j** 
section  is  mountainous  and  not  adapted  to  a  higher  state  of  cultivation.     T>^  <hs 
tinctively  mountainous    sections  of  the  county,   however,   are  principally  o>>»'»>fei 
with  a  dense  growth  of  timber,  and  lumbering  in  those  forest  districts  is  CfiFT?*«d  or; 
to  a  considerable  extent.     About  one-half  of  the  total  area  of  Marion  coiasiity  ma} 
be  classed  as  agricultural  land.     This  arable  district  is  principally  level,  althougb 
it  contains  u  great  diversity  of  soil.     Diversity  of  soil  means  diversity  of  crops,  anii 
it  has  hieen  proved  that  diversified  farming  is  the  most  profitable  in  any  section  ot 
country. 

The  climate  and  soil  of  the  entire  Willamette  valley  do  not  vary  materially  i\> 
different  locations.  Marion  county,  from  being  located  near  the  principal  city  of  t)u 
valley  and   from   being  longer  settled,  is,  however,  richer  than  are  the  other  valU  " 


Marion  County,  Oregon. 


173 


counties.  In  the  low,  level  portions  of  the  county,  especially  in  lands  bordering  on 
the  Willamette  river,  the  soil  is  of  a  heavy  black  loam,  the  yields  on  which  are  always 
heavy.  In  addition  to  the  Willamette  river  numerous  other  watercourses  lead  through 
the  county.  Prominent  among  these  streams  are  the  Santiam  river,  Butte  creek. 
Pudding  river,  Spring  and  Mill  creeks.  The  valley  of  the  latter  stream  varies  in 
width  from  one-half  to  three  miles,  and  it  is  highls  fertile.  In  the  undulating  and 
more  hilly  portions  of  the  coimty  are  patches  of  white  oak,  fir  and  cedar,  but  these 
small  forest  growths  are  being  gradually  cleared  off  and  the  cleared  land  is  found  to 
be  easily  cultivated  and  very  productive. 

On  the  west  side  of  Marion  county  flows  the  Willamette  river,  which  affords  a 
means  of  cheap  transportation  to  the  farmers  here  during  all  seasons  of  the  year. 
The  Santiam  river,  on  the  south,  is  navigable  for  light-draft  steamers  for  a  distance 
of  ID  miles  above  the  point  where  it  joins  the  waters  of  the  W'llaniette  river. 

French,  Howell,  vSantiani,  Salem  and  North  and  South  prairies  arc  local  names 
applied  to  certain  portions  of  the  prairie  lands  of  the  county.  These  difTerent  prairies 
embrace  thousands  of  acres  of  highly  productive  lands,  lands  that  are  now  princi- 
pally occupied.  Wheat,  hops,  peaches,  prunes,  pears,  cherries  and  root  crops  are 
chief  productions  of  the  soil  of  this  part  of  the  state.  Considerable  attention  is  now 
being  paid  by  the  farmers  of  Marion  county  to  dairying  and  stockraising,  with  the 
best  of  results. 

The  annual  report  of  Marion  county's  schools,  for  1892,  showed  tl  ^t  during  that 
year  the  total  number  of  pupils  enrolled  was  5,374.  The  estimated  value  of  all  school 
property  in  the  county  was  ^,210,280.  Employed  in  teaching  these  schools  were  150 
teachers,  whose  monthly  salaries  averaged  about  I45  each.  The  total  assessed  valu- 
ation of  all  property  in  Marion  county,  for  1892,  was  a  little  less  than  |i6,ooo,ooo. 

Turner,  Orejjfon. — Turner  is  a  small  incorporated  town  with  a  population  of 
about  250,  located  on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  60  miles  south  of 
Portland.  It  supports  one  flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  200  barrels,  which 
is  operated  by  water  power  obtained  through  a  race  from  Mill  creek,  on  which  the 
town  is  situated.  Mill  creek  is  an  arm  of  the  Santiam  river,  which  is  distant  about 
10  miles  from  Turner,  A  large  grain  warehouse  with  a  capacity  of  60,000  bushels  of 
wheat  is  also  located  at  this  point. 

The  public  school  system  of  Turner  is  well  organized  and  the  daily  attendance  at 
public  school  here  is  about  60  pupils.  Two  teachers  are  in  charge  of  the  school. 
The  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Methodist  and  Christian  denominations  have  churches  at 
his  town.  The  last  named  order  worships  in  a  large  tabernacle,  100  x  150  feel  in  size, 
which  wao  recently  erected  at  a  cost  of  $10,000  by  George  Turner,  after  whose  father 
the  towK  was  named.  Turner  supports  one  hotel  and  one  liver}'  stable,  and  the  dif- 
ferent lines  of  business  are  well  represented  here.  The  principal  shipment  from  this 
point  is  flour,  and  the  town  is  mainly  supported  by  the  prosperous  farming  com- 
munity adjacent. 

.letforson,  Orejjfon. — The  first  .settlement  at  the  present  site  of  Jefferson  was 
made  in  'Ssv  The  town  was  incorporated  in  1870,  and  the  population  at  the  present 
writing  is  about  300. 

.letferson  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  70  miles  south  of 
i\>rtland.  iq  miles  south  of  Salem  and  10  miles  north  of  Albany.  Three  passenger 
traifi  p>i^>  this  point  each  way  daily.     The  Santiam  river  flow8  by  the  townsite  and 


''  '•; 

■  t 
',"1 

i  II 


t-^IJ 


174 


The  Orefionian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Xorthwest. 


m 


f  m 


'■'  ^  I 


Ih 


u. 


this  stream  furnishes  an  available  aud  large  water  power  at  this  point.  This  power  is 
now  used  to  run  the  flouring  mill  located  here  which  has  a  daily  capacity  of  125 
barrels.  A  small  lumber  mill  with  a  daily  cutting  capacity  of  10,000  feet,  at  Jeffer- 
son, is  also  run  by  this  same  power.  Owin,<<  to  its  most  favorable  location  in  a  rich 
farming  section,  Jefferson  is  a  favorable  trading  point  for  a  very  large  district.  The 
stores  of  the  town  are  well  stocked,  and  some  of  the  business  houses  here  enjoy  a 
very  large  trade.  The  general  merchandise  store  of  Anton  and  Alois  Tanzler,  which 
is  conducted  under  the  firm  name  of  A.  Tan  Jer  &  Co.,  furnishes  a  notable  example 
of  the  extent  to  which  this  line  of  business  is  carried  on  at  Jefferson.  This  firm 
carries  a  stock  of  goods  valued  at  from  |7,ooo  to  fio,ouo,  and  in  addition  to  their 
large  local  trade  they  enjoy  a  country  patronage  reaching  out  into  the  rich  farming 
district  lying  within  a  radius  of  seven  miles  of  Jefferson, 

The  public  schools  of  Jefferson  have  a  daily  average  attendance  of  75  scholars. 
Three  teachers  are  regularly  employed  in  these  schools.  Three  church  organizations 
own  their  own  buildings  at  this  point.  These  are  the  Evangelical  and  two  organizations 
of  the  Methodists.  The  handsome  church  building  of  the  Evangelical  denomination 
has  only  been  recently  constructed.  Jefferson  supports  one  weekly  paper,  T/ic 
Reviciv,  The  people  of  Jefferson  enjoy  the  benefits  of  a  free  library.  The  town  has 
a  public  hall  with  a  seating  capacity  of  300,  and  two  hotels  and  one  livery  stable  fur- 
nish amp'?"  aroommodations  to  the  traveling  public  that  frequents  this  point. 

A  ft  (  '/fidgc,  constructed  at  a  cost  of  |i  2,600,  spans  the  Santiam  river  at  Jeffer- 
son Other  public  improvement;:,  of  a  substantial  nature  are  also  noted  here.  The 
assessed  valuation  of  town  property  is  |ii<K),oou,  and  the  place  has  no  bonded  indebt- 
edness. The  principal  shipments  from  Jefferson  are  grain,  flour  and  farm  produce. 
In  the  farming  district  tributary  to  Jefferson,  hop-raising  and  fruit-culture  are  now 
rece'ving  considerable  attention,  and  as  the  soil  of  thissectio  1  is  especially  adapted  to 
these  crops,  the  raising  of  fruit  and  hops  will  probably  claim  more  of  the  attention 
of  the  farmers  of  this  part  of  the  state  in  the  future. 

Albany,  Oreyoii. — Albany,  the  judicial  seat  of  I, inn  county,  is  .situated  on 
the  east  bank  of  the  Willamette  river,  in  nearly  the  center  of  the  rich  Willamette 

valley.    It  is  the  place  of  junction  of  the  two  important  lines  of 
railroad  of  the  Southern  Pacific  aud  Oregon  Pacific  systems,  the 
former  of  which  runs  north   and    south   through  the  state, 
while  the  latter  road  crosses  the  valley  from  east  to  west.     By 
the  Southern  Pacific   Mne  Albany  is  79  miles  south  of  Port- 
land, and  it  is  80  miles  from   Albany  to  Yaquina  Bay  by  the 
line  of  the  Oregon  Pacific.     The  latter  road,    in   addition   to 
affording  connection  between  Albany  and  Yaquina  Bay,  is  also 
extended  eastwards  to  the  foothill   districts   of  the 
Cascade  Mountains,  thus  opening  up  the  rich  part  of 
the  Willamette  valley  east  of  Albany  to  the  merchants 
of  this  city.       In   addition  to  the  two  main  lines  of 
road  mentiotied  above,  Albany   is   also  the  place  of 
junction  of  the  through  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
and  the  Lebanon  branch   of  the   aatne    road.      The 
Leljtuioii  liranch  extendH   wi!st  from   Albany    to   Le- 
banon,   a    distance  of  13  miles,   and   this   line  also 
MAIN  Strut,  ALMHr.  luakcs  conuection   at  Lebanon  Junction,  nine  miles 


PHOTO     BY  CnAWFORO  d   PAXTON, 


l|i» 


Albany,  Oregon. 


1 


(•) 


By 

ort- 
thc 
to 
also 
thf 
t  ot 
ants 
s  of 
oi 

ific 
The 

Le- 
also 
liles 


east  of  Albany,  with  the  Woodbum-Springfield  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific, 
which  runs  north  and  south  through  the  rich  part  of  the  Willamette  vallej'  west  of 
Albany.  The  Oregon  Pacific  connects  this  point  with  the  West  Si<le  division  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  at  Corvallis,  ii  miles  west  of  Albany.  No  point  in  the  valley 
enjoys  the  advantages  for  cheap  freight  transportation  which  the  business  men  of 
Albany  are  able  to  avail  themselves  of.  They  liave  the  benefit  of  the  main  line  of 
the  Southern  Pacific,  extending  north  and  south  through  the  entire  state  ;  they  can 
reach  the  rich  country  east  by  the  rival  lines  of  road  of  the  Oregon  Pacific  or  the 
Southern  Pacific  systems ;  they  can  reach  the  San  Prancisco  market  either  by  way 
of  the  Oregon  Pacific  road  to  Yatiuina  Bay,  where  connection  is  made  by  steamships 
for  all  points  on  the  coast  south,  or  by  the  Southern  Pacific  to  Portland,  where  close 
connection  is  made  with  a  number  of  steamer  lines,  or  with  freight  vessels  plying 
up  and  down  the  coast ;  and  in  addition  to  the  railroads,  the  Willamette  river  is  nav- 
igable at  nearly  all  seasons  of  the  year  between  Albany  and  Portland,  and  during 
the  higher  stages  of  water  in  the  river,  steamboats  ascend  the  river  above  Albany  for 
a  considerable  distance. 

Within  a  radius  of  20  miles  of  Albany  is  a  rich  agricultural  section  of  country 
that  now  forms  one  of  the  best  parts  of  the  Pacific  Northwest.  E)ast  of  the  Willa- 
mette river  this  magnificent  farming  belt  is  drained  by  the  North  and  South  Santiam 
and  Calipooia  rivers,  streams  that  have  their  sources  in  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and 
which  carry  a  large  volume  of  water  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  West  of  the  Willa- 
mette river  the  district  is  drained  by  Mary's  and  Luckiamute  rivers  and  Soap  creek, 
which  rise  in  the  Coast  range  of  mountains.  Nearly  the  entire  course  of  all  of  these 
streams  lies  through  fertile  valleys  perfectly  adapted  to  diversified  farming,  inchid- 
ing  grain-raising,  fruit-culture  and  stock-raising.  Some  of  the  finest  farms  on  the 
coast  are  found  in  this  part  of  the  state,  and  the  country  of  which  Albany  is  the  lead- 
ing trade  center  has  long  been  recognized  as  one  of  the  richest  sections  of  the  North- 
west. 

The  present  population  of  Albany  is  about  5,000.  The  city  has  a  decidedly  metro- 
politan appearance.  A  steam-motor  line  connects  the  union  depot,  where  all  pas- 
sengers alight  from  the  incoming  trains,  with  the  business  part  of  the  city.  The 
main  business  street,  for  a  distance  of  three  or  more  blocks,  is  solidly  built  up  with 
fine-appearing  brick  and  stone  structures.  This  street  is  well  macadamized,  and  the 
sidewalks  fronting  the  principal  business  houses  are  paved  with  stone.  The  large 
plate-glass  show  windows  of  the  largest  .stores  are  filled  with  a  high  class  of  goods, 
and  some  of  these  stores  are  as  well  stocked  as  are  any  of  the  largest  retail  estab- 
lishments of  Portland. 

The  people  of  Albany  are  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  modern  spirit  of  enter- 
prise. The  united  and  earnest  efforts  of  the  people  have  done  much  during  the  past 
five  years  to  advanc^.  the  best  interests  of  their  city.  During  this  time  a  number  of 
large  manufacturing  plants  have  appreciated  the  advantages  of  Albany  as  an  indus- 
trial center,  and  have  located  at  this  point.  Among  these  large  plants  can  be  men- 
tioned the  Albany  iron  works,  which  manufactures  farm  and  mill  machinery  on  a 
large  scale.  Most  of  the  product  of  this  factory  finds  a  ready  sale  in  the  country 
tributary  to  Albany,  and  large  shipments  of  machinery  are  regularly  made  to  Port- 
lum;.  The  Red  Crown  flouring  mill,  located  here,  is  one  of  the  leading  plants  of 
the  kiud  in  the  valley.  This  mill  has  a  daily  capacity  of  150  barrels,  and  the  brand 
of  flour  manufactured  is  among  the  highest  in  the  market.  The  Albany  woolen  mills 
consume  350,000  pounds  of  wool  annually,  and  they  furnish  steady  employment  to 


■4 


;■  '^ 


t 


i  ) 


I  5: 


17*) 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


50  men  and  women.  The  larger  part  of  the  output  of  these  mills  is  shipped  direct 
to  New  York,  where  it  is  readily  sold  in  direct  competition  with  the  products  of  the 
largest  Kastern  mills.  Albany  has  also  a  large  planing  mill,  a  brewery,  the  latter  of 
which  has  a  daily  capacity  of  30  barrels,  a  furniture  factor}',  an  ice  plant,  a  foundry 
and  granite  works  of  considerable  magnitude. 

Albany  is  practically  the  clearing-house  and  trading  center  for  all  the  smaller 
towns  of  Linn  county.  The  city  contains  four  large  banking  houses,  all  of  which 
are  on  the  strongest  of  financial  footings,  and  each  of  these  banks  occupies  an  ele- 
gant building  of  its  own.  The  average  deposits  carried  by  each  of  these  banks  is 
1300,000,  which  can  be  taken  as  an  evidence  of  the  healthy  condition  of  the  place. 

The  First  National  Bank  is  the  oldest  bank  in  Albany,  having  been  incorpo- 
rated in  1883.  Its  capital  stock  is  fSo,ooo,  and  its  surplus  and  undivided  profits  now 
amount  to  |4o,o(xj.  The  officers  of  the  First  National  are  :  L.  Flinn,  president ; 
S.  K.  Young,  vice-president;  E.  W.  Langdon,  cashier,  and  E.  M.  Horton,  assistant 
cashier. 

Albany  has  already  attained  some  prominence  as  a  seat  of  learning.  During 
1888  an  imposing  public  school  building  was  erected  here  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.     This 

building  and  grounds  occupy  a  block  in  the  central 
part  of  the  city.  The  building  contains  10  rooms 
and  a  basement,  and  is  finished  throughout  in 
modern  style.  A  graded  system,  including  high 
school  course,  is  adopted  and  the  school  is  con- 
ducted at  the  expense  of  the  state  and  county 
school  fund.  The  Albany  College,  an  institution 
of  higher  learning,  was  founded  under  the  auspices 
of  the  Presbyterian  church  in  1867.  This  college 
maintains  a  higher  course  of  mental  and  moral 
training,  and  it  now  numbers  among  its  alumni 
some  of  the  most  prominent  men  of  the  state. 
The  average  number  of  scholars  in  attendance  at  the  college  during  the  past 
year  was  200.  A  Catholic  school  is  also  supported  here.  This  latter  school  provides 
for  an  academic  course,  and  it  is  well  patronized.  The  school  building  is  large  and 
well  arranged  and  the  surrounding  grounds  are  v.ell  kept.  The  total  number  of 
children  of  school  age  in  Albany  district  now  exceeds  1,000. 

Ten  neat  church  edifices  are  claimed  by  Albany.  These  belong  to  the  denomina- 
tions of  the  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  two  Methodist,  Congregational,  Christian,  Epis- 
copal, Evangelical  and  Catholic  faiths. 

Albany  is  fully  abreast  of  the  times  in  the  matter  of  public  improvements.  A 
free  steel  passenger  and  wagon  bridge  spans  the  Willamette  river  at  this  point,  thus 
making  directly  tributary  to  the  city  an  immense  fertile  district  to  the  west.  This 
bridge  was  constructed  at  a  cost  of  1 100,000.  A  well-equipped  fire  department,  with 
three  volunteer  fire  companies,  is  maintained  here,  as  well  as  an  efficient  police  force. 
The  city  has  an  excellent  arc  and  incandescent  electric  light  plant.  The  city's  health 
is  protected  by  a  perfect  system  of  sewerage,  and  it  has  a  good  system  of  water 
works.  One  of  the  most  prominent  features  of  the  town  is  the  immense  water 
power  developed  at  this  point.  Twelve  miles  southeast  of  the  city  a  canal  taps  the 
Santiam  river,  and  this  canal  reaches  Albany  by  an  almost  direct  course.  Near  the 
city  the  canal  is  divided  into  two  branches,  one  of  which  empties  into  the  Calipooia 


Steel  Bridge  across  the  WrLLAMertE  River,  Albany 


Alhiitiy,  ()rc^i>n. 


V 


A 

thus 
This 
with 
orce. 

alth 
vater 
,'ater 
s  the 
the 

ooia 


PHOTO   BY  CRAWFOBO  i   PAXTON. 


river,  the  other  cniptyiiig  into  the  Willamette.  On  the  former  canal  a  fall  of  32 
feet  is  afforded  here  for  manufacturing  purposes,  and  where  the  other  canal  pours  its 
waters  into  the  Willamette  river,  a  fall  of  36  feet  is  atiorded.  These  two  main 
branches  are  subdivided  and  are  led  through  the  manufacturing  districts  of  the  city. 
Although  the  large  number  of  factories  now  located  here  avail  theni.selves  of  the 
use  of  this  power  sufficient  reserve  power  is  afforded  by  this  canal  to  run  many  addi- 
tional manufacturing  plants. 

Albany  supports  two  daily  newspapers,  The  Democrat  a.\\A  The  Herald,  a.\\(S.  also 
one  weekly  paper.  The  Telescope.  The  city  contains  a  handsome  brick  opera  house 
with  a  seating  capacity  of  i,(k)o.  A  free  reading  room  is  alst)  nuiintained  here.  The 
city  has  three  large  hotels  and  four  well-stocked  livery  stables.  During  the  pant  five 
years  Albanj'  has  made  a  very  satisfactory  growth  and  if  the  earnestness  and  con- 
tinued effort  of  the  people  here  is  as  important  a  factor  in  the  future  growth  of  the 
city  as  it  has  been  in  the  past,  the  city  will  always  be  able  to  lay  claim  to  being  one 
of  the  largest  and  most  prominent  points  of  Western  Oregon. 

Samuel  E.  Young. — The  city  of  Albany 
boasts  of  having  not  onl}-  the  largest  mer- 
cantile establishment  in  Linn  county,  but 
also  one  of  the  largest  in  the  Willamette 
valley  outside  of  Portland.  The  h('Use  re- 
ferred to  is  that  of  Samuel  H.  Young, 
which  consists  of  four  large  departments, 
viz  :  boot  and  shoe,  dry  goods,  grocery  and 
carpet.  The  building  shown  by  the  ac- 
companying illustration  is  a  two-stor}-  brick 
with  Vjasement,  having  a  frontage  of  48  by 
100  feet,  and  situated  on  the  most  prom- 
inent corner  of  Albany's  business  street. 
The  store  was  first  established  in  1866 
under  the  firm  name  of  J.  liarrows  &  Co., 
but  in  1876  Mr.  Young  became  the  sole  proprietor. 

Mr.  Young  is  an  Oregon  pioneer,  having  crossed  the  plains  in  1852,  and  soon 
after  that  time  he  settled  in  Albany,  where  he  has  since  been  actively  er gaged  iu 
mercantile  business.  He  has  been  prominently  identified  with  all  interests  that  have 
conduced  to  make  Albany'  the  shipping  and  commercial  center  that  it  is  today.     Mr. 

Young  has  ever  proved  himself  to  be 
one  of  Albany's  most  valuable  citizens. 
In  addition  to  his  connection  with 
many  local  interests,  he  is  also  a 
director  and  vice-president  of  the  First 
National  Bank  of  Albany. 

The  Revere  House,  of  which 
Mr.  Chas.  Pfeiffer  is  proprietor,  is  in- 
variably spoken  of  by  commercial 
traveling  men,  who  are  accepted 
judges,  as  the  best  ho.stelry  in  Albany 
and  this  portion  of  the  Willamette 
valley.  Mr.  Pfeiffer  erected  the  Revere 
House  in  1877,  and  he,  being  an  expe- 


Store,  Samuel  e  young  Albany. 


PHOTO    BY  CRAWFORD   *   r>AXTON. 


Revere  House,  Albany. 


Ml 


ITS 


The  Orcgoniun's  Ilundbook  uf  the  I'neihc  Northwest. 


i  \ 
I 

I 
I 

j 


i 


ii  f:  i  i 


rieiiced  hotel  man,  he  omitted  none  of  the  conveniences  that  are  now  found  in  every 
thoroughly  modern  hotel.  The  ta])le  service  and  cuisine  are  unexcelled  anywhere 
at  any  price,  in  the  state.  Mr.  Pfeiffer  lends  his  personal  supervision  to  everything 
connected  with  the  dining  room.  The  sleeping  apartments  of  the  hotel  are  neat, 
cle;!ti  and  comfortably  furnished.  Free  sample  rooms  fronting  on  the  street  are  at 
the  disposal  of  commercial  men.  A  free  'bus  meets  all  north  and  south-bound 
trains.  The  Revere  House,  shown  by  the  accompanying  illustration,  is  centrally 
located,  and  is  best  known  ])y  its  genial  and  courteous  proprietor,  who  spares  no 
efforts  to  provide  for  the  comfort  of  his  guests. 


PHOTO.    BY    CRAWFORD  A   PAXTON. 


■  li- 


Thk  Farmers  &  Mkrch.\nts  Inslkanck  Co.,  of  Al- 
bany, have  offices  in  a  handsome  brick  structure,  as  shown 
by  the  accompanying  illustration.  This  company  was  organ- 
ized in  iSSy,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000,  but  their  busi- 
ness has  since  increased  to  such  pro- 
portions, because  of  the  well  merited 
confidence  of  a  growing  patronage, 
that  it  has  been  necessary  to  in- 
crease the  capital  stock  to  $300,000. 
Aside  from  the  solid  financial  stand- 
ing of  this  popular  company  through- 
out the  state,  the  character  and  re- 
sponsibility of  the  gentlemen  at  the 
head  of  the  company  is  a  weighty  ar- 
gument for  those  seeking  the  strongest 
protection. 

The  officers  of  the  Farmers  & 
Merchants  Insurance  Company  are  : 
W.  F.  Read,  president;  Geo.  F.  Simp- 
son, vice-president;  J.  O.  Writsman, 
secretary;  J.  L.  Cowan,  treasurer,  and 

Farmers  a  merchants  Insurance  Co.'s  Offices,  Alb'n".  i^-   A,    iVlliner,  CUSnicr. 

Tjhlli  County,  Oroja-on. — I.inn  county,  of  which  i\.lbanyis  the  judicial  seat, 
is  distinctively  an  agricultural  section,  although  some  timber  is  found  in  the  count} 
along  the  eastern  border  of  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains.  The  residents  of  this 
county  are  especially  favored  in  the  matter  of  transportation  facilities  enjoyed.  Tht' 
Oregon  Pacific  railroad  crosses  the  county  from  east  to  west,  while  the  Southern 
Pacific  Company's  main  line  of  road  connecting  San  Francisco  with  Portland  runs 
north  and  south  through  the  county.  A  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific  system  also 
runs  from  Albany  to  Lebanon,  a  distance  of  13  miles  and  theWoodburn-Springfield 
branch  of  the  same  system  runs  north  and  south  through  the  valley  at  a  point  some- 
little  distance  east  of  the  main  line  of  road.  In  addition  to  the  advantages  of  rail 
comnnniication  Linn  county  has  the  benefit  of  the  steamboat  lines  operating  on 
the  Willamette  river  south  from  Portland  through  the  Willamette  valley. 

Linn  county  is  today  the  third  county  in  the  state  in  population,  and  it  is  one  o 
the  richest  counties  of  Western  Oregon.  The  population  of  the  county  is  now  about 
17,000.     The  county  contains  about  1,500,000  acres  of  land,  or  2,400  square  miles. 


I  I 


Lebanon,  Oregon. 


17!) 


seat, 

(MUltN 

this 
Tlie 
them 
runs 
n  also 
gfield 
some 
f  mil 
ug  on 


The  eastern  part  of  the  county  is  formed  by  the  Cascade  ran^je  of  mountains,  a  dis- 
trict chiefly  valuable  for  grazing  and  for  the  timber  which  covers  these  hilly  sections. 
The  timber  here  consists  of  fir,  ash,  cedar,  maple,  alder  and  oak.  The  western  por- 
tion of  the  county  supports  about  four-fifths  of  the  entire  population  of  the  county. 
The  land  of  the  county  fit  for  occupancy  has  now  all  been  taken  up,  but  much  of  it 
can  yet  be  purchased  at  prices  ranging  frotn  fi2  to  $50  an  acre,  and  the  lands  that 
are  offered  at  these  prices  are  wt-ll  adapted  for  agricultural  purposes. 

Wheat  is  the  staple  product  of  Linn  county.  Sufiicient  attention  has  been 
paid  to  fruit  culture,  the  growing  of  vegetables,  hops,  etc.,  and  to  sheep  and  cattle 
raising  as  well  as  dairying,  to  prove  that  the.se  pursuits  in  this  part  of  the  state  yield 
larger  returns  than  the  growing  of  the  single  crop,  wheat.  The  farmers  of  Linn 
county  who  are  turning  their  attention  solely  to  fruit  and  vegetable  raising  arc  reap- 
ing small  fortunes.  The  soil  of  the  best  lands  of  the  county  is  of  a  mellow  loam  and 
if  properly  cultivated  the  return  from  a  single  acre  of  this  land  in  a  season  is  as  high 
as  |iQo  to  |3fJ<).  Linn  county  is  one  of  the  choicest  spots  of  Western  Oregon  and  im- 
migrants will  find  here  one  of  the  most  attractive  sections  of  the  coast. 

IjObanoii,  ()rej4:oii. — Located  in  Linn  county,  near  the  foothills  of  the  Cas- 
cade mountains  and  13  miles  southeast  of  Albany,  is  situated  the  town  of  Lel)a- 
non.  The  site  of  the  town  is  an  attractive  one,  and  the  surrounding  country  is 
highl}'  fertile.  Lebanon  is  connected  with  Albany  by  a  branch  from  the  Southern 
Pacific  Company's  main  line.  This  branch  intersects  the  Springfield  branch  of  the 
same  company  at  Lebanon  Junction,  four  miles  west  of  Lebanon,  and  the  latter  town 
is  the  terminus  of  the  line.  Excellent  connection  is  made  from  Lebanon  with  points 
north  and  south  in  the  Willamette  valley  by  means  of  the  Lebanon  branch  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  with  the  trains  of  the  through  line,  or  by  the  same  branch  through 
connections  at  Lebanon  Junction  with  the  trains  of  the  Woodburn-Springfield  line. 

Lebanon  is  located  near  the  center  of  Linn  county,  and  is  the  trading  point  of  a 
rich  tributary  farming  belt.  Wheat,  oats,  liops,  fruit,  fine  stock  and  sheep  are  the 
principal  productions  of  this  section.  Owing  to  the  many  fine  streams  of  running 
water  found  in  this  district,  fruit  raising  and  dairying  are  followed  with  most  success- 
ful results,  and  the  entire  country  within  a  radius  of  several  miles  of  this  promising 
young  town  is  an  ideal  farming  belt. 

Lebanon  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1891.  Its  present  population  is  about 
1,000.  Manufacturing  is  now  carried  on  here  to  a  considerable  extent  and  the  manu- 
facturing industries  of  the  town  art:con^f.  ntly  increasing.  Three  years  ago,  through 
the  inducements  of  a  liberal  bonut  proj.  :sed  by  the  people  here,  a  paper  mill  was 
established  at  this  point.  This  mili  is  n^w  running  both  day  and  night.  It  employs 
constantly  about  25  men,  and  it  is  c.i^-  u  '  the  leading  industrial  institutions  of  the 
Willamette  valley.  The  abundance  and  cheapness  of  straw  on  which  the  mill  is  run 
and  the  cheapness  of  reaching  a  market  with  the  product  of  the  mill,  have  been  the 
important  factors  in  the  success  of  the  plant.  The  present  capacity  of  the  mill  is 
five  tons  of  pa])er  per  day.  The  entire  machinery  of  the  plant  is  of  the  latest  and  most 
improved  pattern.  This  industry  is  a  source  of  profit  to  the  company  operating  the 
plant,  and  it  is  the  most  important  industry  in  furthering  the  growth  of  the  town  in 
which  it  is  located.  In  addition  to  the  paper  mill,  Lebanon  also  claims  a  modern 
llouringmill  with  a  daily  capacit}-  of  100  barrels,  two  planing  mills  and  a  foundry. 

The  location  of  Lebanon  on  the  South  Santiam  river  has  proved  of  great  commercial 
value  to  the  town.     A  stock  company  composed  of  local  men  have  completed  during 


wmr 


IMAGE  FVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


It  1^ 


2.0 


IIIW 

lA.  111.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14S80 

(716)  872-4.'»03 


r^'^' 


■O' 


:\ 


•c^^^ 


\ 


oS: 


£V 


\ 


#> 


^^'.-^K? 


4j 


f 


oS: 


6^ 


180 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest, 


IM   ' 


the  past  two  years  a  canal  four  miles  in  length  which  runs  directly  through  the  town. 
The  water  for  this  canal  is  taken  from  the  Santiam  river  four  miles  distant  from 
Lebanon,  and  a  fall  of  from  19  to  25  feet  is  obtained  for  manufacturing  purposes  at  the 
town.  Sufficient  power  is  obtained  from  this  source  to  run  all  of  the  factories  at 
Lebanon.  The  efficient  arc  and  incandescent  lighting  plant  of  the  town  is  run  from 
power  furnished  by  this  canal,  and  the  water  used  in  Lebanon  is  also  taken  from 
this  source. 

Gootl  wagon  roads  lead  out  from  Lebanon  in  all  directions.  Sweet  Home,  an 
important  trading  point  20  miles  distant,  is  reached  by  easy  drivt  s  from  Lebanon,  as 
is  also  Sodaville,  at  which  latter  point  are  located  the  justly  celebrated  mineral 
springs  which  contain  medicinal  properties  of  great  value.  The  trade  of  these  out- 
lying towns  naturally  comes  to  Lebanon,  and  the  development  of  this  latter  place  for 
the  past  few  years  has  been  rapid  and  of  a  most  sulistantial  chaiacter. 

Santiam  Academy,  one  of  the  oldest  institutions  of  learning  in  the  state,  is 
located  at  Lebanon.  The  average  attendance  of  this  school  is  about  60  sludenls. 
The  courses  of  study  at  the  Santiam  Academy  are  well  outlined,  and  if  diligiMitly 
followed  will  fit  the  student  for  entrance  to  the  freshman  class  of  any  of  the  l)cst 
literary  colleges  of  the  United  States.  The  public  school  building  of  the  town  was 
recently  erected  at  a  cost  of  |6,(kkj,  and,  as  shown  by  the  illustration  published  in  con- 
nection with  the  present  article,  it  is  a  l.andsome  and  commodious  structure  for 
school  purposes.  Four  tcachtrs  are  employed  in  the  public  schools  here,  and  the 
average  daily  attendance  of  scholars  is  about  225. 

The  moral  and  religious  sentiment  of  the  people  of  Lebanon  is  hi^'h,  if  six  well- 
organized  churches  located  here  exert  the  influence  that  would  naturally  be  exj)ected 
of  religious  organizations,  strong  in  numbers  and  ably  led.  The  denominations 
represented  at  Lebanon  are  the  Presbyterian,  two  Methodist,  Haptist  and  the  Chris- 
tian. All  of  these  bodies,  except  that  of  the  Christian  denomination,  worship  in 
buildings  of  their  own.  Lebanon  supi)orts  two  well  edited  weekly  papers,  T/ir 
Express  and  The  Adiance.  The  traveling  public  finds  accomnuxlation  in  a  gootl 
hotel  here,  and  every  facility  for  riding  or  driving  is  afforded  in  the  two  livery  stables 
of  the  place.  '•' 

Lebanon  is  a  wide-awake  business  place.  The  handsome  buildings  which  line 
the  business  street,  the  well-stocked  stories,  and  the  generftl  activity  of  the  citizens, 

attest  the  prosperity  0/  the  town  at  the  present 
writing.  The  conditions  at  Lebanon  are  favorable 
for  the  same  future  substantial  advancement  in  the 
prosperity  of  the  town  which  has  been  noted  dur- 
ing the  past  tw  years,  and  the  air  of  confidence 
which  the  people  show  in  the  future  of  Lebanon 
will  tend  to  strengthen  this  growth. 

The  prices  of  farm  lands  in  the  immediate 
vicinity  of  Lel)anon  are  moderate,  when  the  ad- 
vantages of  location  are  considered.  Information 
on  this  subject  can  l)e  obtained  from  Mr.  Walter  C. 
Peterson,  whose  residence  has  been  in  Linn  county 
and  Lebanon  since  boyhood,  and  whose  father  was 
one  of  Oregon's  pioneers.  Mr.  Peterson,  whose 
w.  c.  piTMtoN,  LiB«NON.  portrait  is  published  in  connection  with  this  article, 


Scio,  Oregon. 


181 


quotes  values  of  land  located  within  one  mile  of  the  corporate  limits  of  Lebanon  at 
from  I25  to  $75  per  acre.  Fine  stock  farms  can  be  purchased  within  a  distance  of 
three  miles  of  Lebanon  at  $12.50  per  acre.  Mr.  Peterson's  prominence  in  the  com- 
munity in  which  he  has  so  long  resided,  entitles  him  to  the  confidence  of  those 
who  may  desire  information  of  Lebanon,  or  of  the  section  of  which  the  town  is 
the  principal  tradinj^  center. 

One  of  the  prominent  men  of  Lebanon  is  Samuel  M.  Garland,  the  present 
efficient  city  attorney.  Mr.  Garland  is  thoroughly  familiar  with  prices  of  town 
property  at  Lebanon,  and  he  has  also  watched  carefully  for  u  number  of  years  past 
land  values  in  the  farming  district  tributary. 

StM.vtoil,  OreHfoii. — Stayton  is  in  Marion  county,  about  60  nnles  south  of 
Portland.  It  is  four  iriles  east  of  West  Stayton,  the  nearest  station  on  the  Wood- 
burn-.Spriugficld  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad.  Stpges  make  connections 
with  all  trains  over  this  road  at  West  Stayton  for  Stayton  direct,  and  daily  stages  run 
from  the  latter  place  to  Aumsville,  a  point  also  located  on  the  railroad  line  six  miles 
distant.  The  line  of  the  Oregon  Pacific  Railroad  Company  also  passes  within  i}^ 
nules  of  Stayton,  the  nearest  point  on  the  latter  road  to  the  town  being  the  station 
of  Kings. 

The  present  population  of  Stayton  is  about  500.  It  is  situated  on  the  banks  of 
the  Santiam  river.  Many  years  ago  a  canal  three-fourths  of  a  mile  in  length,  con- 
necting the  two  branches  of  the  Santiam  river  at  this  point,  was  dug.  This  canal 
passes  directly  through  the  present  town  of  Stayton.  It  furnishes  power  for  running 
the  factory  wheels  of  the  fown  tc  day,  and  it  has  sufficient  reserve  power  for  running 
a  large  number  of  additional  wheels.  Stayton 's  manufacturing  industries  at  the 
present  writing  consist  of  a  roller  flouring  mill  with  a  capacity  of  75  barrels  a  day,  a 
sawmill  and  furniture  factory  combined,  and  a  lawhide  chair  factory.  The  mercan- 
tile interests  of  the  town  are  represented  by  a  number  of  stores  which  carry  large 
stocks  of  goods,  and  the  place  is  generally  prosperous. 

The  pul)lic  schools  of  Stayton  are  conducted  in  a  building  recently  erected.  Th« 
structure  used  for  school  purposes  contains  four  rooms.  About  125  pupils  are  regu- 
larly in  attendance  at  these  schools,  aud  the  public  school  system  is  in  charge  of  four 
teachers.  The  Methodist,  Haptist  and  Christian  denominations  hold  regular  meet- 
ings in  Stayton,  the  Baptists  and  ChrisHans  owning  buildings  of  their  own.  T/te 
Times,  a  weekly  paper,  is  published  at  this  point.  Two  hotels  and  one  livery  stable 
furnish  ample  accommodations  for  the  traveling  public.  The  country  immediately 
around  Stayton  is  especially  adapted  to  the  cultivation  of  fruit.  Much  attention  has 
been  paid  here  of  late  years  to  growing  strawucrries — a  crop  that  yields  abundantly  in 
this  section — aud  the  fruit  raised  is  of  the  finest  quality.  In  addition  to  fruit  culture, 
the  country  tributary  to  Stayton  has  all  the  diversified  wealth  of  forest  and  soU,  and 
it  is  a  section  capable  of  being  developed  into  one  of  the  richest  farming  distric 
of  the  state. 

8cl<>,  Orcjiroii. — Situated  between  the  forks  of  the  Santiam  river,  18  miles 
ca.st  of  Albany  and  72  miles  south  of  Portland  is  the  town  of  Scio.  Thomas  creek, 
which  furnishes  an  excellent  water  power  at  this  point,  divides  the  town  and  finds  an 
outlet  in  the  Santiam  river.  A  short  line  of  railway,  two  and  one-half  miles  in 
length,  connects  vScio  with  the  Woodburn-Springfield  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
at  West  Scio.     Scio  is  but  a  short  distance  north  of  the  Oregon  Pacific  railroad  and 


'   1  p  ] 

;;   1 


182 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


on  the  completion  of  the  latter  road  to  an  eastern  connection  the  town  will  be  practi- 
cally on  the  direct  line  of  a  system  of  competing  roads  connecting  with  all  points 
in  the  United  States,  east,  west,  north  and  south. 

Scio  is  an  incorporated  town  and  has  a  population  of  about  550.  It  is  supported 
by  a  rich  agricultural  district  which  produces  in  many  instances  50  bushels  of  wheat 
to  the  acre,  while  oats,  flax,  barley  and  all  the  grasses  yield  as  large  crops  here  as  are 
produced  anywhere  in  the  valley.  The  area  of  the  county  lying  between  the  forks 
of  the  Santiam  river  is  greater  than  that  of  some  of  the  smaller  Eastern  States,  and 
Scio  is  the  commercial  center  for  all  of  this  vast  expanse  of  territory.  The  water  sup- 
ply of  this  section  is  unlimited,  as  the  three  rivers  and  all  their  tributaries  wh'ch 
flow  through  this  part  of  the  state  find  their  sources  in  the  foothills  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains  where  they  arc  fed  by  perennial  snows.  An  excellent  water  power 
obtained  from  an  artificial  arm  of  Thomas  creek  runs  the  Scio  Roller  Mills,  the  plan- 
ing mill  and  the  efficient  electric  light  plant  of  the  town.  Tlie  roller  mill  at  this 
point  is  one  of  the  best  flouring  mills  in  the  county.     Its  capacity  is  125  barrels 

of  flour  a  day.  A  large  warehouse  capable  of  storing  So.ooo 
bushels  of  wheat  is  connected  with  this  mill.  The  flour 
manufactured  by  the  Scio  Roller  Mills  finds  a  large  sale  in 
Scio  and  the  tributary  country,  and  large  quantities  are  reg- 
ularly shipped  to  Portland.  The 
people  of  Scio  take  something  of  a 
pardonable  pride  in  their  perfect  sys- 
tem of  water  works.  Hjdrauts  have 
been  placed  at  every  street  crossing 
of  the  town,  with  fire  hose  connec- 
tion. This,  with  the  efficient  volun- 
teer fire  department,  insures  absolute 
protection  to  Scio  against  a  conflagra- 
tion. The  streets,  business  houses  and 
dwellings  of  the  town  are  lighted  by 
electricity.  Both  the  arc  and  incan- 
descent systems  of  lighting  arc  used. 
The  water  works  and  electric  light 
plants  at  Scio  are  owned  and  operated 
by  private  individuals. 

A  local  brickyard  has  already  supplied  the  brick  used  in  the  erection  of  four 
brick  blocks  on  Scio'smain  thoroughfare.  A  number  of  business  houses  at  Scio  carry 
very  large  stocks  and  do  a  bi<  trade  in  the  tributary  section.  The  general  merchan- 
dise stores  of  Hibler,  Shore  aid  Holdredge  carry  a  stock  of  goods  valued  at  ^15,000, 
and  in  addition  to  their  big  city  trade  they  enjoj'  a  large  country  patronage.  S.  M. 
Daniel  also  carries  a  large  stock  of  merchandise,  the  value  of  his  stock  approximat- 
ing |5io,ooo.  Mr.  Daniel  enjoys  a  large  trade  both  from  city  and  country  customers. 
The  large  furniture  and  carpet  store  of  W.  H.  Ramsey  does  a  paying  business — a 
business  that  is  constantly  increasing  in  volume,  owing  to  the  rapid  growth  of  popu- 
lation both  in  the  town  and  in  the  country  immediately  tributary. 

The  Bank  of  Scio,  the  financial  institution  of  the  town,  has  a  capital  stock  of 
123,500.  Its  oflScers  are,  I.J.  Munkers,  president;  J.  W.  Gaines,  vice-president,  and 
A.J.Johnson,  cashier.     This  bank  is  on  the  strongest  of  financial   footings  audit 


*-^-&a6.*,.*'->- 


Public  School,  Scio. 


i 


lirowiisville,  Oregon. 


188 


enjoys  the  complete  confidence  of  the  people  of  the  community  in  which  it  is  located. 

Scio  is  abreast  of  other  towns  of  etjual  population  in  educational  advantages 
afforded  its  youth.  An  eight-room  brick  school  building  was  completed  in  the  town 
during  the  past,  year  at  a  cost  of  $i2,fxK).  It  is  an  attractive  piece  of  architecture  and 
is  perfectly  adapted  to  school  purposes.  Four  teachers  are  emjiloyed  in  the  public 
schools  here,  and  the  average  number  of  scholars  in  attendance  is  130.  The  religious 
organizations  at  Scio  are  represented  by  the  Haptist,  Presbyterian,  Christian  and 
Methodist  denominations.  The  Christian  and  Methodist  organizations  own  church 
buildings  of  their  own.  A  city  hall,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  150  people,  affords 
good  accommodations  for  gatherings  of  a  public  nature.  The  Press,  a  weekly  news- 
paper, handles  the  town  and  country  news  at  Scio  in  a  creditable  manner.  The  town 
supports  one  hotel  and  has  two  livery  stables. 

Land  in  the  vicinity  of  Scio  is  relatively  cheap.  Improved  farms  within  one-half 
mile  of  the  town  limits  sell  at  about  ^40  an  acre,  and  a  few  miles  out  of  town  good 
farms  can  be  purchased  at  as  low  a  figure  as  $10  an  acre.  Fuller  information  of  the 
rich  lands  in  the  district  tributary  to  JScio  can  be  obtained  from  Mr.  R.  Sheltoji  of  this 
town,  who  is  thoroughly  posted  on  farm  values  in  this  section.  .Ml  letters  addressed 
to  R.  Sheltou,  Scio,  Oregon,  will  receive  promi)t  attention. 

UroAvnsvlllo,  Orcjifoii.— .\t  the  western  extremity  of  one  of  the  arms  of  the 
Willamette  valley,  which  merges  into  the  foothills  of  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains, 
is  located  the  prosperous  little  city  of  lirownsville.  The  place  is  within  the  limits  of 
Linn  county,  and  the  site  which  the  town  occupies  is  one  of  the  most  picturesque 
points  of  Western  Oregon.  Two  buttes  are  conspicuous  features  of  interest  to  the 
north  and  south  of  the  town  limits  of  Brownsville,  while  on  the  east  rise  the  rugged 
outlines  of  the  lofty  Cascade  range  of  mountains.  The  Calipooia  river,  a  mountain 
stream,  which  at  all  seasons  carries  a  good  volume  of  water,  flows  by  the  town,  and 
the  banks  of  this  stream  are  the  scene  of  considerable  industrial  activity. 

Brownsville  was  first  laid  out  as  a  town  in  1S50.  It  is  today  one  of  the  most 
important  manufacturing  points  in  the  Willamette  valley.  Its  present  population  is 
about  1,000.  All-rail  communication  is  afforded  with  Portland,  95  miles  north  of 
Brownsville,  by  means  of  the  Woodburn-Springfield  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
and  the  main  line  of  the  same  company  through  connection  with  Woodburn,  60  miles 
north  of  Brownsville,  and  with  all  points  south  in  the  valley,  through  connection 
with  the  Lebanon  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific  at  Labanon  Junctior.,  13  miles 
south,  the  latter  line  forming  a  junction  with  the  main  line  of  the  same  en.,  panj-  at 
Albany. 

Brownsville  is  located  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  and  timber  district.     It  occu- 
pies a  site  perfectly  adapted  for  the  establishment  of  manufacturing  industries  on  a 
large  scale,  and  it  contains  an  enterprising   population.      The   Eagle  woolen  mill" 
among  the  few  great  woolen  mills  of  the  coast,  is  locatecl  at  Brownsville.     .\  lengt' 
description  of  this  most  important  industry  is  published  in  connection  with  the  pre 
ent  article.     In  addition  to  the  woolen  mills,  Brownsville  is  also  the  seat  of  a  pa** 
roller  flouring  mill,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  50  barrels  and  a  saw  and  planing  mill,  *,  ..ji 
equipments  for  turning  out  sash  and  doors,  and  a  tannery.     An  immense  water  power 
at  this  point,  which  is  also  mentioned  at  length  elsewhere  in  the  present  article,  runs  all 
of  the  factories  mentioned  above,  and  there  is  sufficient  reserve  power  in  these  falls  to 
run  all  the  factories  of  the  Willamette  valley. 


. 


^I 


ll 
II 

l! 


184 


The  Orcffunian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


wr^' 


Oen'l  Meucmandise  Store,  R.  n.  Thompson.  Brownsville 


While  the  country  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Brownsville  is  perhaps  more  undu- 
lating and  hilly  than  are  other  parts  of  the  Willamette  valley,  it  is  no  less  fertile  than 
are  any  of  the  best  sections  of  this  great  agricultural  and  f»uit  belt.  In  aiUlilion  to 
its  special  adaptability  to  the  growing  of  cereals  of  all  kinds,  fruits  and  vegetables, 
this  hilly  land  is  especially  adapted  to  the  raising  of  fine  horses,  cattle  and  sheep. 
Wool-growers  in  this  section  find  exceptional  opportunities  for  disposing  of  their  wool 
crop  in  the  large  woolen  mills  located  at  Brownsville,  and  wool  here  always  bring 
good  prices. 

The  general  merchandise  store  of  R.  N.  Thomp- 
son, which  was  established  in  18.S0,  will  serve  to 
give  an  idea  of  the  volume  of  business  transacted 
here.  Mr.  Thompson's  store,  as  shown  by  the 
accompanying  illustration,  has  a  double  front, 
and  occupies  a  prominent  corner,  44x90  feet  in 
dimensions.  The  value  of  the  stock  carried  is  be- 
tween $15, ax)  and  $2o,oco.  Hesides  an  immense 
local  trade,  Mr.  Thompson  enjoys  a  large  patron- 
age from  the  farmers,  a  trade  that  reaches  a  sec- 
tion of  rich  country  within  a  radius  of  20  miles  distance  of  Brownsville, 

In  Brownsville,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Calipooia  river  from  which  the  large 
business  establishment  mentioned  above  is  located,  is  the  mammoth  general  mer- 
chandise store  of  G.  C.  Cooley  &  Co.,  of  which  Messrs.  G.  C.  Cooley,  W.  C.  Cooley 
and  J,  D.  Irvine  are  proprietors.  This  firm  carries  a  stock  valued  at  from  $15,000  to 
$20,000,  and  enjoys  an  immense  local  and  country  trade.  The  Hank  of  Brownsville 
is  a  strong  financial  institution  of  the  city.  The  officers  of  the  bank  are  :  J.  M. 
Moyer,  president;  W.  R.  Kirk,  vice-president,  and  I<.  L.  Say,  cashier.  The  capital 
stock  of  the  bank  is  $30,ocx). 

Brownsville  is  not  behind  an)'  other  point  of  the  valley  in  an  efficient  system  of 
public  instruction.  A  handsome  new  four-room  school  building  has  recently  been 
erected  at  this  point  at  a  cost  of  about  $7,500.  An  older  building,  with  two  rooms,  is 
still  occupied  here  for  school  purposes.  The  number  of  teachers  employed  in  the 
public  schools  here  is  five,  and  the  average  daily  attendance  of  scholars  is  250. 
The  schools  are  graded,  and  correct  rules  of  discipline  are  enforced.  The  city  sup- 
ports one  weekly  newspaper,  T/w  Times,  and  a  good  public  library  is  maintained. 
Six  church  organizations  are  supported  at  Brownsville,  and  some  of  these  occupy 
very  handsome  church  edifices.  The  denominations  include  two  Presbyterian,  two 
Methodist,  one  Baptist,  and  the  Christian.  A  good  opera  house,  with  a  seating  capac- 
ity of  500,  is  located  at  this  point.  The  town  has  two  hotels,  and  good  liverj'  accom- 
modations are  afforded  in  one  stable.  With  every  advantage  of  an  unexcelled  water- 
power,  with  an  abundance  of  the  finest  timber  near  at  hand,  with  the  richest  of  farm- 
ing districts  tributary,  Brownsville  enjoys  every  facility  for  making  steady  and  solid 
advancement  in  the  future.  It  might  be  assumed  that  good  farming  lands  in  the 
vicinity  of  as  rich  a  town  as  Brownsville,  and  exceptionally  located,  would  command 
very  high  prices.  On  the  contrary,  choice  acre  property  can  be  bought  here,  accord- 
ing to  a  statement  by  Mr.  O.  P.  Coshow,  whose  long  residence  in  Brownsville,  and 
whose  familiarity  with  land  values  are  well  known,  for  from  $10  to  $50  and  $100 
per  acre,  the  value  of  this  land  varying  acco.  Jing  to  improvements  made  on  it  and 
proximity  to  town. 


Silve~ton,  Oregon. 


185 


The  Eagle  Woolen  Mills.— The  F^agle  Woolen  Mills,  at  Browusville,  have 
been  in  operation  for  more  than  25  years.  Since  the  present  company  acquired  own- 
ership, five  years  ago,  the  sound  of  looms  and  spinning  machines  has  been  uninter- 
rupted, except  on  Sundays,  for  the  mills  run  steadily,  both  day  and  night.  New 
machinery  has  been  added  as  required,  from  time  to  time,  since  the  building  of  the 
mills,  so  that  the  present  equipment  is  almost  all  modern  and  in  first-class  condition. 
A  dynamo,  with  generating  power  sufficient  to  furnish  electric  lights  for  thi  entire 
woolen  mill  plant,  has  recently  been  added. 

The  mills  may  be  designated  as  two-set,  but  with  four-set  capacity,  which  is 
explained  by  the  statement  that  in  operating  the  spinning  and  carding  department 
both  day  and  night,  and  the  other  machinery  having  double  their  capacity,  a  four-set 
mill  is  the  result. 

An  immense  water  power  is  derived  from  the  Calipooia  river,  across  which,  four 
miles  distant,  a  dam  has  been  built  which  turns  almost  the  entire  river  into  a  race 
conducting  the  water  to  the  mills  in  an  inexhaustible  supply.  This  water  also 
furnishes  the  power  for  the  Brownsville  Flouring  Mill,  which  is  also  owned  by  the 
woolen  mill  company.  The  grinding  capacity  of  this  mill  is  50  barrels  per  day.  It 
has  the  new  roller  process  and  manufactures  three  grades  of  flour,  which  have  attained 
a  reputation  for  excellence. 

The  Eagle  Woolen  mills  manufacture  into  the  finest  fabrics  300,000  pounds  of 
wool  every  year.  All  of  this  wool  is  grown  in  the  state  of  Oregon.  I.inn  county,  in 
which  the  mills  are  located,  is  especially  adapted  for  wool  growing,  and  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  supply  comes  from  this  source.  Thousands  of  cords  of  wood  are  also 
required  for  the  engines  in  generating  heat  and  steam  for  the  cleansing,  bleaching 
dyeing  and  drying  departments.  It  is  thus  seen  that,  outside  of  the  mills  proper, 
employment  is  afforded  to  a  number  of  men.  The  mills  furnish  direct  employment 
to  more  than  60  men,  women  and  boys,  and  the  monthly  pay  roll  of  the  company 
amounts  to  J2,2oo.  The  operatives  all  have  their  homes  in  Brownsville  and,  in  most 
instances,  in  near  proximity  to  the  mill.  The  gene-al  air  of  neatness  and  healthful- 
ness  pervading  this  section  of  the  city  is  apparent  at  all  times. 

The  Eagle  Woolen  Mills  Company  have  a  large  wholesale  and  retail  store  in 
Portland,  at  164  and  166  Second  street,  to  which  the  entire  product  of  the  mill  is 
shipped  as  soon  as  manufactured.  Froiti  two  to  four  shipments  are  made  every  week. 
In  connection  with  the  Portland  store  is  an  order,  cutting  and  fitting  department.  A 
stock  of  $150,000  value,  consisting  of  the  fincjst  grades  of  blankets,  flannels,  cassimeres 
and  tweeds  is  constantly  kept  on  hand,  from  which  to  make  selections.  The  latest 
designs  in  oattern  are  closely  followed,  and  it  is  the  boast  of  the  manufacturers  that 
every  piece  of  cloth  bearing  the  stamp,  "The  IDagle  Woolen  Mills,"  is  guaranteed  all 
wool. 

The  officers  of  the  Eagle  Woolen  Mills  Company  are  :  W.  R.  Kirk,  president; 
I.  D.  Boyer,  secretary,  and  J.  M.  Jaeger,  superintendent,  all  of  whom  reside  in  Browns- 
ville. Mr.  Jaeger  has  had  30  years'  practical  experience  as  a  woolen  manufacturer. 
The  directors  of  the  company  are  W.  R.  Kirk,  J.  M.  Jaeger,  J.  J.  White,  John  Brown 
and  Hugh  Fields. 

Sllvertoii,  OiH'jfoii.  -Six  years  ago  the  present  prosperous  town  of  Silvei- 
ton  was  a  mere  hamlet,  enjoying  but  little  trade,  and  classed  among  the  insignificant 
points  of  the  state.  Today  the  population  of  the  town  is  no  less  than  900,  it  has  the 
air  and  bustle  of  a  trading  and  banking  center  of  prominence,  and  Silverton  is  now 
ranked  among  the  mo  it  progressive  towns  of  Western  Oregon. 


i1 


■i\ 


186 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


8THEEr   SCENe,  8ILVERTON. 


Silvcrton  was  incorporated  in  1885.  Soon  after  the  act  of  incorporation  was 
passed,  the  spirit  of  progress  and  enterprise  pervaded  the  community,  and  this  pro- 
gressive spirit  on  the  part  of  the  inhabitants  has  resulted  in  building  up  at  this  point 
a  wide-awake  little  city  that  is  a  model  of  cleanliness  and  beauty.  During  the  past 
few  years  Silverton  has  continued  to  make  substantial  and  steady  growth,  nor  has 
this  increase  in  population  and  wealth  yet  subsided.  On  the  sides  of  the  gently  slop- 
ing hills  which  have  the  appearance  of  surrounding  the  city,  are  situated  many  hand- 
some residences,  some  of  which  are  almost  palatial  in  the  handsome  appearance  of 

their  superstructure,  while  the  majority 
of  the  private  dwellings  of  the  residence 
district  are  good.  New  buildings  are  be- 
ing erected  in  different  parts  of  the  city, 
and  the  vacant  lots  within  the  corporate 
limits  are  rapidly  being  occupied  by  a 
good  class  of  houses.  The  main  business 
thoroughfare  of  Silverton,  during  the 
working  lUiys  of  the  week,  has  a  decided 
metropolitan  appearance.  Imposing 
blocks,  constructed  of  brick  manufactured 
from  clay  found  in  inexhaustible  (juan- 
tities  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the 
city,  stand  on  the  prominent  corners  of 
the  business  street.  A  number  of  very  fine  business  blocks  ha\c  been  erected  here 
during  the  year,  and  other  equally  as  substantial  structures  are  already  planned  and 
will  be  built  during  1S94. 

Silverton  occupies  a  site  in  one  of  the  most  productive  portions  of  Marion  county. 
It  is  45  miles  south  of  Portland  and  14  miles  east  of  the  state  capital  at  Salem.  It  is 
reached  by  the  Woodburn-Springfield  branch  of  the  vSouthern  Pacific  system,  the 
branch  connecting  with  the  main  line  at  Woodburn.  io  miles  distant.  An  ctricient 
train  service  has  been  established  by  the  Southern  Pacific  company,  which  f;ives 
Silvcrton  the  advantage  of  two  trains  each  way  daily  between  this  point  and  Portland. 
One  of  these  trains  runs  north  and  south  between  the  junction  with  the  main  line 
at  Woodburn  (through  Silvcrton)  and  Natron,  93  miles  south  of  Woodbarn,  and  the 
other  train  makes  a  daily  round-trip  between  Woodburn  and  Silverton,  making  close 
connection  at  the  former  place  with  the  trains  on  the  main  line.  Silvcrton  thus  enjoys 
the  best  of  advantages  for  reaching  all  parts  of  the  Willamette  valley,  and  this  effi- 
cient train  service,  both  north  and  south,  has  done  much  to  encourage  the  growth  of 
the  city.  In  addition  to  the  advantages  of  rail  connection,  Silverton  also  supports  a 
stage  line  which  makes  daily  connection  with  Salem. 

It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  railroad  company  to  extend  every  advantage  to  the  mer- 
chants of  Silverton  in  the  way  of  transportation  facilities.  A  side-track  extends  from 
the  main  line  of  the  railroad  at  this  point  along  the  principal  street  to  the  flouring 
mills  of  the  Oregon  Milling  Company.  These  milU  are  among  the  largest  in  the 
state.  The  capacity  of  the  ;plant  is  300  barrels  of  flour  a  day.  The  total  output  of 
these  mills,  for  1892,  which  was  considered  a  short  season,  was  42,000  barrels.  The 
celebrated  brands  of  flour,  "  Royal  "  and  "  Pioneer,"  manufactured  by  this  company, 
arc  among  the  best-known  brands  of  the  coast,  and  great  quantities  of  this  flour  are 
now  regularly  shipped  to  all  parts  of  the  world. 


Silverton,  Orcf^on. 


187 


PMOTO.    B»  W,    L.  JONtS. 


Silverton  boasts  of  an  excellent  water  power,  obtained  by  means  of  a  short  canal 
from  Silver  creek,  which  flows  by  the  edge  of  the  town.  This  power  is  more  than 
sufficient  for  operating  the  large  flouring  mills  here,  and  it  also  runs  the  local  sawmill, 
sash  and  door  factory,  and  an  efficient  arc  and  incandescent  electric  light  plant.  Dur- 
ing the  past  year  a  most  complete  system  of  water  works  has  been  completed  at  Sil- 
verton. The  water  for  domestic  use  in  the  city  is  pumped  from  the  river  direct  into 
a  large  reservoir  which  is  sufficiently  elevatetl  to  alTord  ample  pressure.  Water 
mains  are  now  laid  along  all  the  principal  streets.     The  pressure  in  the  city's  mains, 

together  with  an  efficient  volunteer  fire  department 
which  is  maintaircd  here,  aflbrds  perfect  protection 
against  disastrous  holocausts,  and  there  is  no  dan- 
ger of  the  jjlace  succumbing  to  the  ravages  of  the 
fiery  element.  Both  the  electric  light  and  the 
water-works  plants  are  owned  by  private  individ- 
uals. In  addition  to  the  manufacturing  plants  of 
Silverton  enumerated  al)ove,are  two  very  important 
brick-makitig  plants.  .\11  the  brick  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  fine  business  blocks  of  the 
city  were  manufactured  in  the  local  yards,  and  in 
addition  to  the  heavy  local  demand,  these  yards 
regularly  ship  large  quantities  of  their  product 
to  neighboring  points  in  the  valley. 


Public  Schooi.,  SiLVZRroN. 


The  finest  brick  block  in  Silverton,  at  the  present  writing,  is  that  of  Messrs. 
Adolf  Wolf  &  Son,  an  illustration  of  which  is  published  in  connection  with  the 
present  article.  This  building  was  erected  two 
years  ago,  at  a  cost  of  $io,coo.  The  first  floor  is 
used  as  a  general  merchandise  store,  while  the 
scccjnd  floor  is  devoted  to  ofllcc  purposes.  The 
basement  has  a  cement  floor,  and  is  used  principally 
for  storage  purposes.  In  the  basement  is  located 
the  furnace  which  supplies  the  heat  for  the  entire 
building.  Mr.  Adolf  Wolf  and  his  son,  Mr.  J. 
C.  Wolf,  have  now  been  in  business  in  Silverton 
for  lo  years  past.  This  firm  conducts,  at  Silverton, 
one  of  the  best-appointed  general  merchandise 
stores  in  the  state,  and  they  carry  constantly  a 
stock  valued  at  from  |25,ooo  to  130,000. 

The  banking  house  of  Messrs.  Coolidge  & 
McClaine,  as  shown  by  the  accompanying 
illustration,  is  a  handsome  brick  struc- 
ture, which  was  erected  during  the  past 
summer.  The  bank  ftself  is  one  of  the 
solid  financial  institutions  of  the  Willamette 
valley.  It  has  a  capital  stock  of  125,000, 
and  a  surplus  of  equal  amount.  Its  officers 
are  Alfred  Coolidge,  president ;  Fielding 
McClaine,  vice-president,  and  M.  J.  Adams, 

Bank,  Coolidoe  A  McCLAiie,  Silveiitom.  jaSUier. 


Adolf  Wolf  A  Sons  Qenl  Merchandise  Store,  Silverton 


!   !' 


'■  5 


1 


I  i 


1 

i 

... ..; 

■  - 

'■■■'.* 

i 

-  Ut^-f'lij 

Kl 

1. 

m 

188 


The  Oregonian's  Hundbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  firm  of  Cusiler  &  Davenport  also  does  a  larj^e  general  merchandise  business 

at  Silverton.  Mr.  George  Cusitcr,  whose  por- 
trait is  published  in  connection  with  the  present 
article,  furnishes  a  typical  example  of  the  pos- 
sibilities that  await  the  young  man  of  push  and 
enterprise  in  the  Western  country.  Mr.  Cusitcr 
is  but  31  years  of  age,  but  he  is  now  ranked 
among  the  most  successful  business  men  of  the 
Willamette  valley,  and  he  has  attained  the 
highest  gift  within  the  reach  of  the  people  of 
his  adopted  city,  that  of  mayor  of  Silverton. 
Mr.  Cusiter  makes  a  very  cfficievit  executive 
officer  and  he  enjoys  the  confidence  of  the  en- 
tire community. 


OCO.  CuSITfR,   SlLVEflTON. 


All  the  various  business  pursuits  and  profes- 
sions are  well   represented   at    Silverton,    and 
the  volume  of  business  annually  transacted  here  is  large  and  is  constantly  increasing. 

Silverton  ranks  high  in  the  matter  of  educational  advantages  afiforded  its  youth. 
The  fine  city  public  school  is  a  pretentious  and  handsome  piece  of  architecture,  as 
shown  by  the  illustration  accompanying  this  article.  It  contains  six  rooms  and  its 
erection  involved  an  outlay  of  |7,cx)o.  The  building  occupies  a  full  block  of  ground 
in  the  central  part  of  the  city  and  is  perfect  in  all  its  appointments.  The  grades  of 
the  public  schools  arc  well  defined  and  the  public  school  system  is  ably  managed. 
Five  experienced  teachers  are  employed  in  the  public  schools  here  and  the  daily 
enrollment  of  scholars  in  attendance  during  the  past  year  reached  225. 

lUit  three  church  organizations  are  maintained  in  Silverton.  These  include  the 
Presbyterian,  Methodist  and  Christian  denominations.  Each  of  these  organizations 
owns  its  own  church  building,  and  each  is  strong  in  membership.  TAe  Tribune,  a 
weekly  paper,  is  published  at  Silverton,  audit  is  well  supported.  A  good  hall  with  a 
seating  capacity  of  300,  affords  a  convenient  place  here  for  public  entertainments. 
Good  accommodations  are  afforded  the  traveling  public  in  three  well  conducted 
hotels.  The  Silverton  livery  stable,  of  which  J.  H.  Moser  is  proprietor,  is  well 
equipped  with  horses  and  vehicles.  Mr.  Moser  pays  special  attention  to  meeting 
the  demands  of  the  traveling  public  for  riding  and  driving,  and  he  has  some  of  the 
best  stock  in  the  country.  In  addition  to  the  establishment  presided  over  by  Mr. 
Moser,  Silverton  also  supports  another  stable. 

Silverton's  main  source  of  support  is  the  exceptionally  fertile  and  highly  pro- 
ductive farming  section  immediately  tributary.  While  the  soil  of  this  land  is  especi- 
ally adapted  to  the  raising  of  fruit,  including  prunes  and  strawljcrries  particularly, 
hop  culture  and  the  raising  of  grain  claim  a  large  part  of  the  attention  of  the  farm- 
ers of  this  part  of  the  state.  Dairying  and  stock  raising  here  have  also  proved  most 
remunerative  callings.  Considering  the  proximity  of  Silverton  to  Portland,  and  the 
exceptional  facilities  for  shipping  enjoyed  by  the  farmers  here,  land  in  the  vicinity  of 
Silverton  is  not  held  at  high  valuations.  From  Mr.  G.  A.  Webb,  a  reliable  real  estate 
agent,  who  has  resided  at  Silverton  for  eight  years  past,  it  is  learned  that  the  prices 
of  improved  land  three  to  six  miles  distant  from  the  city,  today  vary  from  $20 
to  I50  an  acre.     Within  one  mile  of  the  corporate  limits  of  the  city  choice  lands 


Mt.  Angelt  Orcfjotu 


189 


can  be  bought  for  from  I40  to  I65  an  acre.     Mr.  Webb  is  ready  at  al!  times  to  furnish 
reliable  information,  either  of  Silverton  or  of  the  rich  section  of  country  tributary. 

Silverton  is  a  thri,  iuj^  place,  marie  up  of  an  enterprising  populatioit.  The  people 
here  are  at  all  times  alive  to  the  advantages  of  location  which  the  city  enjoys,  and 
they  are  disposed  to  make  the  best  of  the  opportunities  afforded  them  here  for 
advancement.  The  people  of  Silverton  have  strong  hopes  of  making  their  town  one 
of  the  principal  commercial  centers  of  the  Willamette  valley,  and  the  advancement 
the  place  has  made  during  the  past  few  years  augurs  much  for  a  continued  growth  in 
population  and  wealth  in  the  future. 

Mt.  Anjirel,  Oroffon. — The  town  of  Mt.  Angel  was  incorporated  by  an  act  of 
the  last  legislature.  It  now  has  a  population  of  about  250,  and  is  the  seat  of  two  of 
the  leading  Catholic  institutions  of  learning  on  the  coast,  the  Mt.  Angel  Seminary 
and  College  and  the  Queen  of  Angels  riCadcmy.  The  parochial  schools  here  have  a 
daily  attendance  of  about  60  pupils,  who  are  instructed  by  the  Benedictine  Sisters  of  the 
Queen  of  Angels  Academy.  The  public  school  system  of  the  town  is  good,  the  aver- 
age number  of  scholars  in  attendance  at  the  public  schools  being  about  30. 

Mt.  Angel  is  40  miles  south  of  Portland  on  the  line  of  the  Woodburn-Springfield 
branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  six  miles  from  the  main  line  at  Woodburn,  and  is  14 
miles  southeast  of  Salem.  Four  passenger  trains  pass  this  point  daily.  The  town  is 
making  steady  and  constant  advancement,  both  by  reason  of  the  exceptional  educa- 
tional advantages  afforded  here  and  also  by  its  location  in  a  rich  and  highly  produc- 
tive country.  A  large  grain  warehouse  with  a  storage  capacity  of  75,000  bushels,  is 
located  at  Mt.  ."Vngel,  and  the  town  also  boasts  of  a  keg  factory,  the  output  of  which 
finds  a  sale  principally  among  the  large  breweries  of  Salem,  Albany  and  Portland. 
There  is  but  one  church  building  in  the  town  at  the  present  time,  that  of  the 
Catholics  which  is  a  recently  erected  structure. 

The  Mt.  Angel  hotel,  of  which  Mr.  B.  Oswald 
is  owner  and  manager,  is  a  handsome  structure, 
as  is  shown  by  the  accompanying  illustration. 
The  hotel  building  contains  11  neatly  furnished 
rooms,  and  the  rates  charged  are  from  $1  to 
$1.50  per  day.  Mr.  Oswald  has  made  the  Mt. 
Angel  hotel  a  popular  hostelry  with  the  travel- 
ing public,  and  he  enjoys  a  constantly  increas- 
ing patronage.  Mt.  Angel  supports  a  single 
livery  stable,  which  furnishes  ample  accommo- 
dation to  the  people  who  visit  this  point. 

From  the  top  of  Mt.  Angel,  legated  but  a  short  distance  from  the  town  of  the 
same  name,  is  obtained  a  magnificent  view  of  a  wide  stretch  of  the  best  part  of  the 
Willamette  valley,  and  also  of  the  snow-capped  peaks  of  the  lofty  Cascades,  in  both 
Oregon  and  Washington.  The  rugged  chain  of  the  Coast  Range  of  mountains  on  the 
west  are  also  seen  to  excellent  advantage  from  this  point,  as  are  the  Waldo  Hills  and 
the  historic  Mary's  Peak  on  the  south.  Mt.  Angel  is  not  a  town  of  a  large  popula- 
tion, but  it  is  a  prosperous  settlement  located  in  a  highly  attractive  and  rich  section 
of  country,  and  as  a  place  of  residence  it  is  one  of  the  most  charming  points  of  the 
Willamette  valley. 


Mt.  Angel  Motel,  mt.  Ansel. 


190 


The  Orcffuttian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Mt.  Angel  Skminary  and  Collkge. — Situated  at  the  foot  of  Mt.  Angel,  a 
gently  sloping  hill  cuiitaining  an  area  of  about  8oj  acres,  is  Mt.  Angel  Setniuary  and 
College,  an  educational  institution  conducted  by  the  Hcncdictine  fathers.  The  eleva- 
tion known  as  Mt.  Angel,  rises  to  a  height  of  295  feet,  and  from  the  summit  of 
this  elevation  a  commanding  view  is  obtained  of  the  surrounding  country  for  miles 
distant. 

The  monastery  grounds  comprise  an   area  of  800  acres,  and  are  crossed  by  the 


Wood  bur  n- 
this  railroad 


Mt.  Angel  Seminary  and  cc'-Lt;aE,  mt.  Angel. 


Springfield  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific.  The  station  of 
line  is  located  within  one  mile  of  the  monastery.  The  col- 
lege building,  shown  by  the  accompanying  illustration, 
is  a  three-siory  structure,  designed  and  ar- 
ranged according  to  the  most  modern  plans 
for  such  an  institution.  The  monastery,  sem- 
inary, church  and  other  smaller  buildings  were 
destroyed  by  fire  in  May,  1892.  It  is  expected 
that  these  buildings  will  be  replaced  with  bet- 
ter structures  during  the  coming  year. 

The  institution  is  divided  into  three  de- 
partments. These  are  for  students  of  phi- 
losophy and  theology,  for  those  who  desire  to  study  for  the  Catholic  priesthood  and 
for  those  who  may  wish  to  prepare  themselves  for  any  other  profession.  The  relig- 
ion of  the  institution  is  Roman  Catholic,  but  students  of  other  beliefs  are  admitted, 
the  only  recjuirement  of  scholars  being  that  they  be  present  at  the  common  religious 
exercises.  The  rules  and  regulations  of  the  school  have  been  carefully  drafted,  and 
are  rigidly  enforced.  The  faculty  is  composed  of  an  able  body  of  men  who  are  highly 
efficient  as  instructors. 

The  number  of  students  in  attendance  at  this  school  during  the  past  year  was  90, 
most  of  whom  came  from  within  the  state  of  Oregon.  The  charges  for  tuition  and 
board  here  are  within  the  reach  of  all.  Mt.  Angel  Seminary  and  College,  although 
established  but  nine  years,  has  already  commanded  widespread  attention  as  an  insti- 
tution from  which  may  be  received  a  thoroughly  correct  training  and  a  broad  and  lib- 
eral education. 

Queen  of  Angels  Academy. — The  academy  is  situated  in  a  healthful  and  most 
picturesque  part  of  Oregon,  and  is  one  mile  wi-st  of  Mt.  Angel  college.  The  build- 
ing occupied  by  the  school,  as  seen  by  the  illustration  published  on  this  pa^e,  is  a 
handsome  structure  of  brick  and  stone,  spaci- 
ous, well  lighted  .and  ventilated,  and  enjoying 
all  modern  improvements.  Elxtcnsivc  grounds, 
groves  and  orchards  adjoining  the  Imilding, 
afford  ample  advantages  for  healthful  recrea- 
tion. The  Woodburn-Springfield  branch  of  the- 
Southern  Pacific  railroad  passes  by  the  convent 
grounds,  and  the  railroad  station  at  Mt.  Angel 
is  but  one-fourth  of  a  mile  distant. 

The  academy  is  incorporated  under  the  laws 
of  the  stat:;  ol  Oregon,  which  empowers  the 
school  to  confer  academic  honors.  It  is  con- 
ducted by  the  Benedictine  vSisters,  and  while 
the  rules  of  discipline  are  well  defined,  they  arc  enforced   in   a   rigid  but   not  harsh 


Queen  of  Angels  Academy,  Mt.  Angel. 


Halsey,  Oregon. 


lltl 


•iit 


larsli 


manner.  Members  of  any  religious  tlenomiuation  are  received  at  the  academy, 
but  pupils  must  lie  willinj,;  to  conform  to  the  rules  of  the  school,  and  for  sake  of 
uniformity,  be  present  at  the  ordinary  rcliyious  exercises.  There  are  three  distinct 
courses  of  study  laid  down  in  the  institution.  These  are  the  normal,  classical  and 
commercial.  There  are  also  special  courses  in  shorthand  and  typewriting,  Iclej^raphy, 
drawing  and  painting,  music  and  needle-work. 

The  expenses  for  board  and  tuition  are  exceedingly  mmlerate.  The  number  of 
boarders  enrolled  at  the  school  during  the  pi -J  year  was  34.  The  surroundings  of  the 
yueen  of  Angels  Academy  are  most  inviting,  l  ♦  training  received  is  thorough,  and 
the  associations  with  the  Benedictine  sisters,  wl'o  are  solicitous  for  the  welfare  of  each 
of  the  pupils,  are  most  plcasani. 

Halsey,  Orejlfoii. —  One  of  the  aiost  prosperous  towns  of  the  east  sidt*  of 
the  Willamette  valley  is  Halsey,  located  in  Marion  county.  Halsey  is  situated 
oii  the  main  line  of  the  vSouthern  Pacifi-  railroad,  97  miles  south  of  Portland 
and  18  miles  south  of  Albany,  the  latter  plice  Ijcing  the  point  where  the  Oregon 
Pacific  crosses  the  tracks  of  the  Southern  Pacific.  Halsey  is  incorporated  and  now 
claims  a  population  of  about  400.  A  rich  tributary  section  of  country,  typical  of  the 
highly  fertile  farming  belt  included  within  what  is  known  as  tue  Willamette  valley, 
surrounds  the  town,  and  this,  with  the  enterprising  population  of  the  place,  has 
resulted  in  building  up  at  this  point  a  trade  center  of  some  little  promintncc. 

The  leading  manufacturing  industry  at  llalscy  at 
the  present  time  is  a  dram  tile  plant,  which  is  owned  and 
operated  by  D.  Nash  &  Co. ,  who  are  thoroughly  practical 
tile  manufacturers.  An  inexhaustible  supply  of  blue  clay 
is  found  within  the  corporate  limits  of  the  town,  and  this 
clay  is  pronounced  by  experts  to  be  of  a  quality  especially 
adapted  to  the  highest  grades  of  drain  tile.  The  tile  fac- 
tory at  Halsey  has  a  capacity  of  i  ,500,000  feet  of  tile  an- 
nually. This  output  is  shipped  to  various  parts  of  the 
Willamette  valley,  most  of  the  land  of  which,  while  very 
rich,  is  greatly  improved  by  sub-drainage.  Halsey  is  also 
an  imporiant  wheat  storage  and  shipping  point.     Three 

large  warehouses  are  located  here,  with  a  combined  storage  capacity  of  225,000  bushels 
of  wheat.  The  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  has  built  a  side  track  to  these 
warehouses  at' J  ;>very  facility  is  afibrded  by  the  railroad  company  for  handling  freight 
from  this  place  in  ihe  most  expeditious  and  most  economical  manner  possible. 

Three  large  general  merchandise  stores  are  located  at  Halsey,  as  well  as  a  num- 
ber of  smaller  mercantile  establishments.  The  aggregate  stock  carried  by  the  three 
largest  houses  is  an  evidence  of  the  richn'^ss  of  the  section  of  which  Halsey  is  the 
business  center.  The  Stafford,  Garrett  Co.  carry  a  stock  of  general  merchandise 
valued  at  from  $12,000  to  |i4,ooo.  Koontz  &  Power,  also  dealers  in  general  mer- 
chandise, value  their  stock  at  from  $17,000  to  $20, (xx).  Both  of  these  leading  houses 
command  a  trade  that  is  not  by  any  means  confined  to  the  town  proper,  but  that 
reaches  out  from  Halsey  in  all  directions  for  a  distance  of  from  5  to  10  miles.  Another 
large  house  of  Halsey  is  the  Oriental  Tea  Company,  which  enjoys  a  large  trade  in 
staple  and  fancy  groceries. 

The  efficiency  of  the  public  school  system  of  Halsey  is  in  advance  of  the  popu- 
lation of  the  place.     A  fine  new  school  building,  an  illustration  of  which  is  published 


Public  Schooi.,  HALSer, 


'11 
'If 


^^i 


1 


T^ 


192 


The  Oregon'an's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Ill 


Hi 
t-' 


in  connection  with  the  preaent  at  tide,  was  recently  erected  at  this  point,  at  a  cost  of 
|5,oao.  It  contains  four  well  lijijhted  and  perfectly  ventilated  rooms.  Four  efficient 
teachers  are  employed  in  the  public  schools  here,  and  the  average  daily  attendance  of 
scholars,  exclusive  of  those  residing  outside  the  city  limits,  is  about  loo.  Advanced 
courses  of  study  have  been  provided  for  at  these  schools  in  addition  to  the  common- 
school  branches  taught  here.  Church  buildings  are  owned  at  Halsey  by  the  United 
Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Christian  and  Baptist  denominations.  The  town  supports 
one  weekly  newspaper,  7'Ae  Netos.  It  has  a  public  hall  with  a  seating  capacity  of 
300,  and  one  good  hotel,  occupying  a  large  and  well  arranged  building,  and  one  livery 
stable,  afford  ample  accomniodatious  to  the  traveling  public, 

Wheat  is  the  staple  product  of  the  dislricl  tributary  'J  Halsey,  ^id  the  shipments 
of  grain  from  this  point  are  ve-y  heavy.  While  the  so'  of  this  secijn  is  equally  as 
well  adapted  to  fruit  growing  and  hop  culture  as  is  th'~  ■  oil  of  other  parts  of  the  val- 
ley, the  raising  of  wheat  still  claims  the  principal  attention  of  the  farmers  here.  The 
assessed  valuation  of  the  properly  at  Halsey  is  1150,000,  and  the  town  is  unincumbered 
with  any  bonded  indebtedness.  Fvvery  effort  is  now  being  made  by  the  enterprising 
citizens  of  Halsey  to  advance  the  interests  of  their  town  and,  with  the  many  natural 
advantages  in  favor  of  the  place  as  a  natural  trading  point,  these  efforts  will  doubtless 
not  prove  unavaili:jg. 

Ilari'isbiiriar,  Orcji:<>ii. — Harrisburg  is  one  of  the  old  settled  towns  of 
♦he  Willamette  valley.  It  is  i(J5  miles  south  of  Portland  on  the  main  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  and  has  a  present  population  of  about  500.  Harrisburg  is  also 
located  on  the  Willamette  river,  which  at  favorable  stages  is  nrv'^^able  from  this 
point  to  the  mouth  of  the  river,  thus  affording  Harrisburg  the  benefits  of  an  all- 
water  route  connecting  direct  with  Portland. 

One  flouring  mill  with  a  capacity  of  30  barrels,  and  a  sawmill  with  a  cutting  capa- 
city of  10,000  feet  of  lumber,  per  day,  are  located  at  this  point.  The  output  of  both 
of  these  manufacturing  plants  finds  ready  sale  in  ^  -risburg  and  in  the  rich  sec- 
tions of  country  adjacent.  Work  on  the  construction  of  a  canal  which  will  tap  the 
Willamette  river  at  a  point  three  miles  distant  from  Harrisburg  is  now  being 
prosecuted,  and  it  is  expected  to  have  the  canal  completed  during  the  present  year. 
The  canal  will  furnish  suflicient  water  power  at  Harrisburg  for  running  several  fac- 
tories, an  electric  light  plant  and  city  water  works. 

The  soil  of  the  land  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Harrisburg  is  especial!} 
adapted  to  wheat  and  hop  growing,  and  large  quantities  of  wheat  and  hops  are  now 
annually  shipped  from  this  point.  This  is  an  old  settled  portion  of  the  state  and 
many  large  and  highly  improved  farms  are  found  in  this  section.  Harrisburg  sup- 
ports a  number  of  large  stores  and  the  different  branches  of  business  are  well  rep- 
resented here.  A  spacious  building  containing  four  rooms  is  used  for  public  school 
purposes.  Four  teachers  are  employed  in  these  schools  and  the  average  daily 
attendance  is  about  125  scholars.  The  Christians  and  two  denominations  of  Metho- 
dists have  organizations  here  and  are  well  supjjorted.  Harrisburg  has  one  bank  an<l 
supports  one  w;ekly  newspaper.  The  Courier.  A  new  city  hall,  also  used  for  public 
gatherings,  v;as  completed  in  1892.  This  hall  has  a  seating  capacity  of  400  people. 
The  travelling  public  will  find  one  good  hotel  at  Harrisburg,  and  one  livery  stable. 
The  assessed  valuation  of  the  district  in  which  Harrisburg  is  located — the  section 
properly  tributary  to  the  town — is  $200,000,  and  the  town  itself  is  entirely  free  from 
bonded  indebtedness. 


Jill 

owing  t 

sions  of 

of  the  V 

The  Eas 

vSan  Frai 

of  Portli 

minus  at 

tension  c 

tion  City 

cles  to  cl 

extensioi 

division 

are  chan 

pany  anc 

especialb 

The' 

tion  City 

time   the 

creased  t< 

fire  wipec 

town,  bu 

new  bricl( 

wooden   i 

business  t 

accompat 

sentation 

house  rec 

opened  th 

2  r  years  a 

<lence  in  t 

and  he  hi 

most  valu 

tion   with 

gene  -al    b 

and  he  ha 

patronage 

O'liere 

success  fu 

lion,  but  t 

serving  of 

neces.sH.il;\ 

country  vvl 

in  order  to 

trading  cei 

liave  estab 

of  their  st( 

store  comi: 

into  the  s 


Junction  City,  Oregon. 


193 


.■iallN 
now 
and 


i^ 


Junction  City,  Oregon.— Junction  City,  Linn  county,  was  so  named 
owing  to  this  point  being  the  prospective  junction  of  the  East  and  West  Side  divi- 
sions of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  which  now  runs  north  and  south  on  both  sides 
of  the  Willamette  river  through  the  highly  fertile  section  of  the  Willamette  valley. 
The  East  Side  division  of  this  road  is  now  the  through  line  between  Portland  and 
San  Francisco,  and  it  is  on  the  main  line  that  Junction  City  is  located,  no  miles  south 
of  Portland.  The  West  Side  division  of  the  same  road  has  its  temporary  southern  ter- 
minus atCorvallis,  about  28  miles  southwest  of  Junction  City.  The  route  for  the  ex- 
tension of  the  West  Side  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  between  Corvallis  and  Junc- 
tion City  lies  through  one  of  the  most  fertile  sections  of  the  valley.  It  offers  no  obsta- 
cles to  cheap  and  easy  railroad  construction  and  it  is  absolutely  certain  that  this 
extension  will  be  built  in  the  near  future.  Junction  is  now  the  end  of  the  Roseburg 
division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  and  it  is  here  that  the  locomotive  and  train  crews 
are  changed.  Large  disbursements  are  regularly  made  here  by  the  railroad  com- 
pany and  this,  with  the  wealth  of  the  tributary  farming  district,  makes  this  an 
especially  prosperous  town. 

The  official  census  of  1890  gave  Junc- 
tion City  a  population  of  560.  Since  that 
time  the  population  of  the  place  has  in- 
creased to  700.  Two  years  ago  a  destructive 
fire  wiped  out  the  main  business  part  of  the 
town,  but  since  the  holocaust  several  fine, 
new  brick  blocks  have  taken  the  place  of  the 
wooden  structures  which  lined  the  main 
business  thoroughfare  Ijefore  the  fire.  The 
accompanying  illustration  is  a  correct  repre- 
sentation of  the  drug  store  and  banking 
house  recently  erected  by  W.  S.  Lee,  who 
opened  the  first  drug  store  in  Junction  City 
2r  years  ago.  Mr.  Lee  has  unlimited  confi- 
dence in  the  future  growth  of  Junction  City 
and  he  has  accumulated  here  some  of  the 
most  valuable  city  property.  In  conjunc- 
tion with  the  drug  store  Mr.  Lee  does  a 
general  banking  and  insurance  business, 
and  \ie  has  built  up  a  large  city  and  country 
patronage  in  each  of  these  departments. 

There  are  numerous  other  large  and 
successfu  business  establishments  in  Junc- 
tion, but  that  of  G.  M.  Jackson  &  Co.  is  de- 
serving of  especial  mention  as  showing  the 
necessH.ily  highly  productive  section  of 
country  vvhichmustbe  tributary  to  the  town 

in  order  to  support  as  large  a  house  as  this  b.<.  •=?.  Junction  City  is  the  principal 
trading  center  for  a  large  part  of  Tane  county,  The  firm  of  G.  M.  Ja.  k.son  &  Co. 
liave  established  at  this  point  an  imuicnse  general  merchandise  business.  The  value 
of  their  stock  during  certain  seasons  of  the  year  reaches  as  high  as  $25,000.  This 
store  commands  the  best  trade  of  the  surrounding  community  and  this  trade  extends 
into  the  surrounding  country  for  miles  distant. 


^m'- 


w.  8.  LEE'S  Block,  Junction  City, 


I 


r 


194 


The  Orejionian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Xorthwest. 


Junction  City  boasts  of  one  roller  flouring  mill  which  manufactures  daily  75  bar- 
rels of  flour  of  an  excellent  grade.  Three  large  grain  elevators  are  also  located 
here,  and  these  elevators  have  a  combined  storage  capacity  of  375,ck)o  bushels.  The 
adjoining  country  is  a  great  wheat  and  oat-producing  section,  and  most  of  the  grain 
product  of  this  section  is  stored  in  large  elevators  at  Junction  City,  from  which  point 
it  is  shipped  to  Portland  and  San  Franci.sco.  During  1892  the  shipments  of  wheat 
from  Junction  City  aggregated  125,000  bushels.  Hops  and  barley  are  also  raised  to 
some  extent  in  this  part  of  the  state.  During  1892  a  new  and  hand.some  school  house 
was  completed  at  Junction  City  at  a  cost  of  $6,000.  This  building  contains  four  large 
rooms,  one  teacher  being  assigned  to  each  room.  The  average  daily  attendance  of 
scholars  during  the  past  year  was  about  150.  The  Presbyterian,  Methodist  an<l 
Christian  denominations  have  handsome'  church  edifices  at  Junction  City  and  each 
organization  contains  a  large  membership  The  city  has  a  good  water-works  system, 
the  supply  of  water  for  city  use  being  tal-en  from  two  large  reservoirs  having  a 
combined  capacity  of  i5,ooo  gallons.  The  lower  floor  of  the  city  hall  is  used  for 
holding  the  fire  apparatus.  A  good  volunteer  fire  department  is  tiiaintained  here 
and  the  city  is  amply  protected  against  fire. 

Situated  on  the  main  street  of  the  city  is  an  imposing  brick  block  which  is  used 
for  hotel  and  opera-house  purposes  combined.  The  hotel  is  well  arranged  and  well 
conducted,  and  the  opera-1  use,  which  has  a  seating  capacity  of  ycxj,  is  one  of  the 
neatest  little  public  auditoriums  in  the  valley.  The  erection  of  this  block  involved 
an  outlay  of  $24,000.  One  hotel  in  addition  to  the  above  is  maintained  at  Junction 
City.  The  town  supports  one  weekly  newspaper,  The  Times.  Three  livery  stables 
furnish  ample  accommodations  to  the  traveling  public. 

Cue  of  the  richest  portions  of  the  entire  Willamette  valley  is  directly  tributary  to 
Junction  City.  Farming  lands  in  this  locality  can  be  purchased  at  very  reasona!)le 
prices.  Mr.  G.  M.  Jackson,  a  prominent  citizen  of  Junction  City,  quotes  prices  on 
desirable  wheat  and  hop  land  at  from  I35  to  $40  per  acre,  land  lying  within  one  milt 
of  the  corporate  limits  of  the  town.  The  same  lands,  from,  three  to  four  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  town,  can  be  bought  for  from  $10  to  $20  per  acre.  Mr.  Jackson  is 
acquainted  with  all  land  values  in  this  vicinity,  and  he  is  a  thoroughly  reliable  person 
from  whom  to  receive  information  on  this  subject. 

Junction  City  is  made  up  of  a  live  and  wide-awake  people,  who  seem  to  appreci- 
ate their  favorable  location,  and  who  will  doubtless  exert  every  effort  in  advancing 
the  town's  prosperity  in  the  future  as  they  have  steadily  done  in  the  past. 

Kujjfoiie,  Oretf^on. — The  most  distinguishing  feature  of  Eugene  is  its  natural 
beauty  of  location.  The  district  in  which  the  city  is  located  is  one  of  the  most  pic- 
turesque parts  of  the  state.  This  might  truly  be  termed  the  gateway  to  the  Wil- 
lamette valley  from  the  south.  It  is  the  dividing  line  between  the  low,  level  stretches 
of  the  valley  proper  and  the  undulating  but  highly  fertile  lands  to  the  south.  All  of 
the  section  tributary  to  Ivugene  is  perfectly  watered,  the  soil  is  both  warm  and  rich, 
and  the  country  supports  one  of  the  most  prosperous  farming  communities  in  the 
state. 

Eugene  has  a  population  of  about  4,000,  aid  it  is  the  highest  point  on  the  Will- 
amette river  that  steamboats  from  Portland  ever  ascend.  This  stream  flows  by  the 
city  on  the  east.  To  the  west  is  a  range  of  hills  covered  with  forests.  l-Vom  the 
highest  eminences  of  these  hills  is  commanded  one  of  the  widest  views  of  the  Will- 
amette valley  obtained  from  any  elevation.  Eugene  is  essentially  a  city  of  homes. 
The  city  has  the  appearance  of  some  well  laid-out  park,  shade  trees  lining  all  the 


•"! 


Eugene,  Oregon. 


195 


le  Will- 
by  the 
\o\\\  ilic 
lie  Will- 
homes. 
hU  the 


Willamette  Street,  Eugene. 


principal  streets.  Around  all  the  fine  private  residences  of  the  city  are  well-kept 
lawns  and  flower  gardens,  and  these  private  grounds  attest  in  a  most  striking  manner 
the  inclinations  of  the  people  who  have  made  their  homes  in 
Eugene.     It  is  the  boast  of  the  people  here  that  Eugene  is  a  city 

of  homes,  and  the  effort  made  to 
add  to  the  home  comforts  of 
Eugene's  population  has  done 
much  to  advance  the  city's  inter- 
c-ts  in  a  material  way. 

Eugene  is  the  seat  of  Lane 
county,  and  it  is  also  the  seat  of 
the  Oregon  State  University,  a 
higher  institution  of  learning,  that 
has  attained  threat  prominence 
among  the  g.-eat  schools  of  the 
coast.  Eugen?  is  123  miles  south 
of  Portland  by  the  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  railroad,  and  650 
miles  north  of  San  Francisco  by  the 
same  route.  It  is  the  natural  trading  and  jobbing  center  of  Lane  county,  and  the  de- 
velopment of  this  county  during  the  last  five  years  has  resulted  in  largely  increasing 
Ivugene's  population  and  wealth.  The  staple  product  of  the  farms  of  this  section,  as 
of  the  other  parts  of  the  valley,  is  wheat.  In  addition  the  farmers  here  pay  large  atten- 
tion to  fruit  and  hop  growing,  while  the  production  of  wool  and  stock  raising  are  fol- 
lowed with  profit  in  the  foothill  districts  of  the  county.  This  is  an  ideal  fruit-growing 
country.  The  nights  here  during  the  summer  and  fall  months  are  warm,  the  soil  is 
rich  and  of  that  peculiar  light  quality  especially  adapted  to  fruit  growing,  and  fruit 
raising  on  the  most  extensive  scale  will  some  day  be  the  most  profitable  industry  of 
Lane  county. 

The  main  business  street  of  Eugene  has  the  stamp  of  metropolitan  importance. 
It  is  wide  and  well  kept,  and  it  is  lined,  for  a  distance  of  four  blocks  in  the  center  of 
the  city,  with  fine  two  and  three-story  brick  buildings.  The  display  windows  of  the 
main  business  houses  make  a  very  attractive  appearance.  Every  line  of  business  is 
well  represented  here,  and  a  number  of  the  largest  stores  carry  stocks  of  goods  valued 
at  from  $25,000  to  $40,000. 

Owing  to  the  many  advantages  of  location  a  number  of  important  manufacturing 
institutions  have  been  established  at  Eugene  during  the  past  few  years,  and  these 
industries  are  all  on  a  paying  basis.  The  local  supply  of  raw  material  is  large  and  is 
easily  obtained,  and  the  excellent  shipping  facilities  enjoyed  by  the  city  assure  a  r  ady 
market  for  the  product  of  the  factories  here.  Located  here  is  a  large  roller  flouring 
mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  100  barrels.  This  mill  manufacture's  a  high  grade  of 
flour,  and  this  flour  is  shipped  as  far  north  as  Puget  Sound.  The  company  operating 
these  mills  has  an  elevator  capacity  of  100,000  bushels,  and  the  entire  milling  plant  is 
complete  in  every  respect. 

'^.  e  Willamette  Tannery,  shown  by  the  accompanying  illustration,  was  estab- 
lished in  Eugene  12  years  ago,  and  since  that  time  it  has  been  turning  out  leather 
at  the  rate  of  7,000  sides  a  year.     The  proprietors  of  the  tannery  are  W.  W.  Haines 


A 


'a 

■ill 


n  n  r 


196 


The  Oregoaian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO  BY  HICKS   PHOTO  CO. 


i 

r 


Willamette  Tannery,  W,  w.  Haines  4  Co.,  Proprietors,  Euoene. 


&  Co.,  who  are  thoroughly  expe- 
rienced manufacturers  in  their 
line.  The  tannery  employs  eight 
men  and  consumes  250  cords  of 
hemlock  bark  per  year.  Almost 
the  entire  output  of  the  plant  is 
shipped  to  San  Francisco,  via  the 
Oregon  Pacific  railroad  to  Yaquina 
Bay  and  by  steamer  plying  regu- 
larly between  the  latter  port  and 
San  Francisco.  Messrs.  Haines 
&  Co.  state  that  the  demand   for 

the  grade  of  leather  manufactured  by  them  is  far  in  excess  of  the  capacity  of  their 

plant. 

Among  the  other  factories  located  at  Eugene  is  a  sawmill  with  a  cutting  capacity 
of  25,000  feet  of  lumber  per  day.  This  mill  gives  employment  to  25  men.  Logs  are 
floated  to  the  mill  down  tlv  Willamette  river.  The  cannery  and  fruit-evaporating 
plant  combined,  located  at  this  point,  represent  an  outlay  of  $15,000.  The  cannery 
has  a  daily  capacity  of  50  tons  of  fruit  while  the  evaporator  can  turn  out  5,000  pounds 
of  fruit  a  day.  During  the  busy  season,  this  plant  gives  employment  to  about  200 
men,  women  and  children,  and  it  is  the  means  of  disbursing  large  sums  of  money 
here  regularly.  Eugene  claims  two  planing  and  one  shingle  mill.  The  latter  has  a 
capacity  of  20,000  shingles  a  day.  Among  the  other  manufacturing  plants  here  are  an 
ice  factory  and  cold-storage  house,  foundr;  and  machine  shops,  and  a  furniture  and 
cutlery  manufactory. 

Eugene  enjoys  the  benefit  of  a  great  water  power.  This  has  only  been  partially 
developed  as  yet.  The  flouring  mill,  two  or  three  of  the  smaller  factories  and  tiit- 
city  electric  plant  are  now  being  operated  by  this  water  power.  The  water  is  brought 
to  the  city  through  a  race  which  taps  the  Willamette  river  a  short  distance  abovo 
Eugene.  Eugene  has  a  good  system  of  waterworks,  water  for  city  use  being  taken 
from  a  reservoir  located  on  a  butte  one-half  mile  distant.  This  reservoir  is  at  an  elf 
vation  of  175  feet  above  the  city,  and  it  has  a  holding  capacity  of  300,000  gallons. 
The  water  is  pumped  into  the  reservoir  direct  from  a  deep  well  whose  supply  i.s 
inexhaustible.  Mains  are  laid  through  all  the  principal  streets,  and  hydrants  are 
located  at  the  street  crossings.  Fire  engines  are  unnecessary  as  a  protection  against 
a  conflagration,  as  sufficient  pressure  is  maintained  at  all  times  in  the  hydrants, 
which  are  easily  tapped,  to  throw  a  stream  over  the  highest  building  of  any  of  tho 
streets.  Four  well-drilled  volunteer  hose  companies  are  maintained  here,  and  tin.- 
city  has  every  facility  for  successfully  fighting  fire. 

Over  $20,000  has  already  been  expended  by  Eugene  in  an  excellent  system  of 
sewers  covering  the  main  streets  of  the  city. 

As  a  seat  of  learning,  Eugene  occupies  a  proud  position  among  the  most  favortil 
educational  centers  of  the  coast.  In  addition  to  the  University  of  Oregon  located  heie 
an  excellent  public  ^chool  sy.stem  is  maintained.  Two  large  modern  school  buildings, 
containing  eight  rooms  each,  furnish  ample  quarters  for  public  school  purposes. 
Sixteen  teachers  are  employed  in  these  schools.  The  schools  are  graded,  ami 
scholars,  upon  the  completion  of  their  studies  at  Eugene's  public  schools,  are  pr  - 
pared  to  enter  the  freshman  class  in  any  of  the  best  colleges. 


I 


Eugene,  Oregon. 


197 


PHOTO.    B»  MICKS 
PHOTO. CO. 


■stem    I'f 

fa  von 'I 
ted  heie 

urpost-i. 
ed,  ami 
are  pr  - 


Eug«ne  is  the  banking  center  of  Lane 
county.  Three  strong  financial  institu- 
tions are  located  here,  and  they  all  do  a 
large  business.  The  two  leading  banks  of 
Eugene  are  the  Lane  County  Bank  and  the 
First  National.  The  oldest  banking  house 
in  Eugene  and  Lane  county  is  that  of  Messrs. 
Hovey,  Humphrey  &  Co.,  known  as  the 
Lane  County  Bank.  It  was  estabhshed  in 
1882,  and  occupies  one  of  the  finest  brick 
corners,  shown  by  the  accompanying  iHus- 
tration,  in  Eugene.  The  president  of  the 
Lane  County  Bank  is  Hon.  A.  G.  Hovey,  ex- 
member  of  the  state  senate  and  ex-mayor 
of  the  city  of  Eugene.  Mr.  Hovey  is  re- 
garded as  one  of  the  leading  and  prominent 
citizens  of  Eugene  and  of  the  state,  and  he 
enjoys  the  ccmfidence  of  all  who  know 
him.  H.  C.  Humphrey,  a  son  of  one  of 
Oregon's  pioneers,  the  late  Hon.  Geo. 
Humphrey,  is  the  cashier  of  the  bank,  J.  M. 
Abrams  is  the  assistant  cashier,  and  A.  G.  Hovey,  Jr.,  is  the  teller. 

The  Lane  County  Bank  continues  to  do  an  increasing  business  with  all  classes 
and  interests  of  the  people  of  Lane  county  with  each  successive  year. 

The  First  National  Bank  of  Eugene,  shown  by  the  accompanying  illustration,  is 
one  of  the  most  solid  financial  institutions  in  the  Willamette  valley.     It  was  first 

established  as  a  private  bank  in  1884  by  the  promi- 
nent firm  of  Hendricks  &  Eakin,  and  was  incor- 
porated as  a  national  bank  in  1886.  The  First  Na- 
tional Bank  was  first  capitalized  with  $50,000,  and 
the  surplus  now  amounts  to  $50,000  more.  The 
total  amount  of  business  transacted  by  this  bank, 
in  1892,  was  $7,000,000.  The  Hon.  T.  G.  Hendricks, 
a  resident  of  the  state  of  Oregon  since  1848,  and 
one  of  the  prominent  citizens  of  Eugene,  is  presi- 
dent of  the  First  National  Bank  ;  Hon.  S.  B.  Eakin 
is  cashier,  and  P.  E.  Snodgrass  is  the  assistant 
cashier. 


L»NE  COUNTY  Dank,  Eugene. 


First  National  bank,  Euqenc. 


Eugene  has  the  benefit  of  the  strongest  of  religious  influences.  Eight  strong 
church  organizations  are  maintained  here,  all  of  which  own  handsome  church  edi- 
fices. These  are  denominations  of  the  Presbyterian,  Cumberland  Presbyterian,  Meth- 
odist, F'piscopal,  Catholic,  Congregational,  Christian  and  Baptist.  Three  well  con- 
ducted newspapers,  The  Daily  Guard,  The  Semi-  IVcekly  Register  and  7^he  Weekly 
Oregon  State  Journal,  render  effective  aid  in  advancing  the  city's  interests.  A  hand- 
some opera  house,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  1,000,  has  recently  been  completed  at 
Eugene.  Eugene's  finances  are  in  a  most  satisfactory  condition.  The  assessed 
valuation  of  city  property,  in  1892,  was  $1,600,000,  and  the  total  bonded  indebted- 
ness of  the  city  today  does  not  exceed  $20,000.     Excellent  accommodations  are  pro- 


^11 


m 


t ,  iA 


!  t  I 


11  I   U! 


lit! 


i 


198 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacihc  Northwest. 


•  ' 


vided  for  tourists  here,  Eugene  supporting  three  good  hotels  and  four  well  stocked 
livery  stables. 

An  active  board  of  trade  has  doue  much  to  crowd  Eugene  to  the  front.  Through 
the  agency  of  the  board  of  trade  here  liberal  inducements,  in  the  way  of  proffers  of 
land  and  money,  have  been  offered  manufacturers  to  locate  at  this  point,  and  this 
liberal  policy  has  resulted  in  much  practical  benefit  to  the  city.  Eugene's  corporate 
limits  now  extend  two  miles  east  and  west  and  one  mile  north  and  south.  The  main 
street  leading  from  the  depot  out  to  the  university,  is  traversed  by  a  street-car  line, 
over  which  cars  are  run  at  frequent  and  regular  intervals.  Eugene  has  always  been 
a  prosperous  point,  and  the  energy  of  its  citizens  during  the  past  few  years,  together 
with  its  many  advantages  of  location,  has  resulted  in  making  Eugene  one  of  the  lead- 
ing centers  of  population  in  Western  Oregon. 

The  Univei*slt.y  of  Ovofj^on. — The  University  of  Oregon,  established  at 
Eugene,  in  1872,  by  act  of  the  state  legislature,  and  opened  for  reception  of  students 
in  1876,  has  passed  the  crucial  period  of  the  struggles  of  all  new  institutions.  The 
able  management  and  liberal  support  by  the  state  have  caused  the  institution  to  take 
high  rank  among  colleges  of  this  country.  Its  location  at  Eugene  cannot  be  sur- 
passed for  health,  convenience  of  access  and  beauty  of  scenery.  The  control  and 
management  of  the  university  was  entrusted  to  a  board  of  regents  consisting  of  nine 
members  appointed  by  the  governor.  The  present  board  is  composed  of  the  follow- 
ing members:  Hotn  R.  S.  Bean,  Salem;  Hon.  L.  L.  McArthur,  Portland ;  Hon. 
Henry  Failing,  Portland;  Hon.  A.  Bush,  Salem;  Hon.  S.  Hamilton,  Roseburg; 
Hon.  A.  G.  Hovey,  Eugene;  Hon.  T.  G  Hendricks,  Eugene;  Hon.  C.  C.  Beekman, 
Jacksonville;  Hon.  Joshua  J.  Walton,  Eugene.  The  late  Hon.  Matthew  P.  Deady, 
I/.  L.  D.,  was  the  honored  president  of  the  board  of  regents  for  the  last  20  years. 

The  university  has  the  following  endowment :  $100,000  realized  from  the  sale  of 
lands  granted  by  the  United  States  ;  $50,000  generously  donated  by  Mr.  Henry  Vil- 
lard.  The  interest  on  said  sums  is  used  for  the  support  of  the  school,  in  addition  to 
the  sum  of  $30,000  annually  appropriated  by  the  state. 

The  university  campus  contains  18  acres,  situated  at  the  head  of  the  great  Wil 
lamette  valley,  on  a  gradually  ascending  elevation,  from  which  can  be  obtained  ;i 
splendid  view  of  the  surrounding  country.  The  main  buildings,  as  seen  by  the  illus- 
tration on  the  opposite  page,  consists  of  three  brick  structures,  the  two  larger  ones 
being  used  for  school  purposes,  while  the  smaller  one  is  used  for  a  gymnasium.  Tht- 
two  other  buildings  arc  used  for  rlormitories.  The  observatory  occupies  a  sightly 
location  on  the  top  of  Skinner's  Butte,  which  overlooks  the  city  of  Eugene  and  sur 
rounding  country,  and  is  convenient  to  the  other  buildings. 

The  library  of  the  university  contains  5,000  volumes  of  carefully  selected  books, 
which  is  being  increased  each  year  from  the  Henry  Villard  library  fund.  The  regents 
have  expended  $6,000  in  the  purchase  of  apparatus  for  the  departments  of  chemistr;. 
and  physics,  and  mathemati>.al  and  astronomical  instruments  for  the  school. 

There  are  four  courses  of  study  in  the  university,  the  classical,  scientific,  liter- 
ary and  English.  Tuition  is  free,  but  each  student  is  required  to  pay  an  incidental 
fee  of  $10  per  year.  Students  can  obtain  board  and  rooms  in  private  families  at  rea- 
sonable rates,  and  have  use  of  dormitories  at  the  cost  of  maintenance. 

The  school  of  law  of  the  university  is  conducted  at  Portland,  where  access  ■  i 
more  easily  had  to  excellent  libraries  and  a  greater  variety  of  courts.  The  ablest 
lecturers  are  employed  to  preside  over  this  department.     The  course  of  law  studii  s 


I 


■( 

i 

p 

li 

1 

V 


r  "IT 


200 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


( 


consists  of  two  sessions  of  20  weeks  each,  and  the  tuition  is  |6o  per  session. 
Application  for  admission  to  the  school  of  law  should  be  addressed  to  Prof.  Richard 
H.  Thornton,  Portland,  Oregon. 

The  school  of  medicine  is  also  cc  aducted  at  Portland.  The  faculty  is  composed 
of  the  best  physicians  of  the  state,  most  of  whom  are  connected  with  hospitals  of 
the  city,  which  offer  advantages  for  clinical  and  didactic  instruction  unsurpassed  in  the 
state.  For  full  particulars  as  10  course  of  study,  fees  and  other  information  of  medi- 
cal department,  address  C.  C.  Strong,  M.  D.,  secretary,  Portland,  Oregon. 

The  conservatory  of  music  of  the  university  is  conducted  by  Miss  Mary  E. 
M'Cornack,  graduate  of  the  New  England  conservatory,  assisted  by  talented  teach- 
ers. Instruction  is  given  on  the  piano  forte,  organ,  violin,  and  in  voice  culture  ;  also 
in  harmony  and  theory  of  music. 

The  University  of  Oregon  has  justly  earned  a  reputation  for  higher  education  of 
which  the  entire  state  niciy  feel  proud.  Some  of  the  ablest  men  and  women  of  Ore- 
gon and  neighboring  states  belong  to  the  alumni  of  this  inntitutiou.  From  its 
inception  the  aim  of  the  regents  and  facult}'  has  been  to  make  thorough  scholars 
rather  than  rush  through  to  graduation  a  large  number  of  students. 

The  curriculum  of  the  university  has  always  maintained  a  comparntive  standard 
with  prominent  Eastern  colleges,  and  has  long  attracted  attention  as  on;  of  the  best- 
conducted  institutions  of  learning  in  the  west,  Aoplication  for  catalogues  can  be 
made  to  Joshua  J.  Walton,  secretary  of  board,  Eugene,  Oregon. 

Lane  County,  Oregon. — Lane  county  occupies  a  position  at  the  head  of 
the  Willamette  valley,  the  garden  spot  of  Western  Oregon.  It  is  one  of  the  largest 
counties  of  the  valley.  It  extends  for  a  distance  of  150  miles  from  the  crest  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains  west  to  the  Pacific  ocean,  F'rom  Linn  county,  by  which  it  is 
bounded  on  the  north,  it  reaches  for  a  distance  of  50  miles  south  to  the  northern 
boundary  of  Douglas  county.  The  county  contains  about  3,7cx3,ocx)  acres,  about  500,- 
000  of  which  are  now  under  cultivation.  A  large  part  of  the  surface  of  the  county  is 
mountainous,  elevations  that  are  covered  with  a  dense  forest  growth  of  timber,  as  are 
the  higher  portions  of  all  Western  Oregon.  Some  300  square  miles  of  the  Willamette 
valley  in  Lane  county,  or  that  part  of  the  county  lying  between  its  northern  bound- 
ary line  and  Eugene,  the  county  seat,  and  even  for  some  distance  beyond  this  latter 
point  cannot  be  excelled  for  agricultural  and  grazing  purposes.  To  the  east  and  v/est 
of  this  very  rich  strip  along  the  foothills  of  the  Cascade  and  Coast  range  of  mount- 
ains respectively,  are  numerous  small  valleys  which  are  rapidly  being  filled  with  a 
class  of  industrious  settlers.  The  lands  of  these  small  valleys  are  valuable  for  fruit 
and  hop  raising,  and  they  are  equally  as  fertile  as  the  lands  of  the  Willamette  valley 
proper.  Prominent  among  the  large  water  courses  of  Lane  county  are  the  Willam- 
ette, McKenzie,  Siuslaw,  Coast  Fork  and  Mohawk  rivers.  These  streams  drain  large 
areas  of  country,  and  the  valleys  along  their  courses  are  all  easily  accessible  and 
especially  adapted  to  a  high  state  of  cultivation. 

Located  on  a  branch  of  the  Coast  Fork  of  the  Willamette  river  in  the  eastern 
part  of  the  county  are  the  rich  Bohemian  gold  and  silver  mines.  The  mining  devel- 
opment of  Lane  county  is  not  as  pronounced  as  the  mining  interests  of  the  part  of 
the  state  further  to  the  south,  but  sufficient  prospecting  has  already  been  done  in  the 
mountains  of  the  county  to  show  that  valuable  deposits  of  precious  metal  exist 
here,  and  earnest  efforts  are  now  being  made  to  develop  the  mines  here  into  paying 
properties. 


Lane  County,  Oregon. 


201 


Fruit  and  wheat  growing  are  the  principal  industries  of  the  farming  districts  of 
Lane  county.  The  present  annual  yield  of  wheat  in  the  county  is  about  5oo,cxx) 
bushels.  In  addition  to  wheat,  about  5,000  bales  of  hops  are  annually  shipped  from 
the  county,  and  the  product  of  wool  of  the  county  reaches  about  200,000  pounds. 
The  Willamette  river,  which  is  navigable  during  the  winter  months  from  Portland  to 
Eugene,  was  formerly  the  principal  freight  route  for  the  products  of  Lane  county  to 
reach  a  market  at  Oregon's  chief  city.  Most  of  the  shipments  of  this  part  of  the 
state  now,  however,  are  made  over  the  lines  of  the  Southern  Pacific  and  Oregon 
Pacific  railroads,  the  former  road  extending  north  and  south  through  die  valley, 
while  the  Oregon  Pacific  runs  east  and  west,  crossing  the  Southern  Pacific  at  Albany 
and  terminating  on  the  west  at  Yaquina  City  on  Yaquina  Bay. 

Thousands  of  acres  of  government  land  are  still  unoccupied  in  Lane  county. 
Most  of  this  land  is  well  back  from  the  old  established  towns  of  the  county,  but 
along  the  McKenzic  river  are  large  tracts  of  good  land  still  unoccupied.  There  is 
much  very  fine  land  in  the  county  offered  for  sale  at  from  $5  to  $10  an  acre,  and  this 
land  is  easily  cleared  and  is  highly  fertile  when  put  into  cultivation 

The  present  population  of  Lane  county  is  ribout  16,000.  It  is  one  of  the  old 
established  populated  parts  of  Western  Oregon,  and  it  is  the  home  of  many  well-to-do 
farmers,  and  the  people  who  reside  here  are  principally  prosperous  and  contented. 

East  Cottasre  Grove. — East  Cottage  Grove  is  located  in  Lane  county,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Coast  Pork  of  the  Willamette  river.  It  is  145  miles  south  of  Port- 
land by  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  on  the  main  line  of  which  it  is  located.  On 
the  west  bank  of  the  river  at  this  point  is  located  the  old  and  original  town  of  Cot- 
tage Grove,  which  was  first  established  in  1862.  The  town  was  incorporated  in  1889, 
and  it  has  a  present  population  of  about  150. 

Old  Cottage  Grove  is  a  place  of  but  little  importance.  A  flouring  mill  with  a 
daily  capacity  of  40  barrels  is  located  here.  It  contains  one  large  general  merchan- 
dise store  as  well  as  several  smaller  business  houses,  and  these,  with  one  hotel,  are 
the  noteworthy  features  of  the  old  town.  Four  years  ago  new  life  was  infused  into 
this  old  established  place,  and  in  spreading  out,  the  principal  business  interests  of  the 
town  were  soon  transferred  to  the  oast  bank  of  the  river  at  this  point.  The  town  on 
the  east  bank  was  incorporated  by  act  of  the  last  legislature  under  the  corpora "^e 
name  of  East  Cottage  Grove.  This  latter  town  is  now  a  bustling  place  of  about  450 
population  and  the  new  town  is  making  very  rapid  strides  in  substantial  develop- 
ment. It  now  boasts  of  a  fine  roller  flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  60  barrels. 
A  bank  is  located  here  with  a  capital  stock  of  130,000,  and  the  town  supports  a 
weekly  newspaper,  The  Echo-Leader.  A  dozen  or  more  business  houses,  as  well  as 
two  hotels  and  a  livery  stable,  are  well  patronized  in  the  town.  Three  substantial 
brick  buildings  have  been  erected  on  the  main  street  and  the  construction  of  other 
buildings  of  a  similar  character  is  already  contemplated.  The  public  school  of  the 
town  K-  conducted  in  a  neat  two-story  building.  About  100  scholars  are  in  daily 
attendance  at  the  school  here,  which  is  in  charge  of  three  teachers.  Five  religious 
organizations  are  supported  here.  These  are  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian,  Christian, 
Methodist,  Baptist  and  Catholic.  The  first  two  denominations  worship  in  church 
edifices  of  their  own. 

The  resources  of  the  section  tributary  to  East  Cottage  Grove  are  lumber,  wool 
and  fruit,  which  constitute  the  principal  shipments  from  this  point.     In  addition  the 


I     I 


'I 


;t;:i 


.(■i 


^m- 


■w 

m 

m 


»  i 

\  i 


202 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


V  ' 


\n 


town  is  also  the  only  supply  point  for  the  rich  Bohemian  gold  rnd  silver  mines  situ- 
ated 40  miles  east,  and  which  are  now  being  developed. 

I>rilin,  Orej^oii. — In  Douglas  county,  at  the  junction  of  Pass  and  Elk  creeks, 
is  located  the  flourishing  little  town  of  Drain.  It  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  railroad,  161  miles  south  of  Portland,  and  it  contains  a  population  of  about 
300.  The  town  enjoys  a  considerable  degree  of  prominence  in  being  the  seat  of  the 
State  Normal  School,  which  receives  considerable  mention  in  an  article  published  in 
connection  with  the  present  article  on  Drain. 

A  small  sawmill  and  a  gristmill  constitute  Drain's  manufacturing  enterprises.  In 
the  vicinity  of  Drain  are  forests  of  fine  timber.  This  timber  is  now  being  extensively 
cut,  and  the  rafting  of  logs  down  the  streams  of  this  section  to  the  mills  at  Drain 
and  other  points,  is  one  of  the  leading  pursuits  of  the  people  of  this  part  of  the  state. 

The  superior  educational  advantages  of  Draiti  have  always  attracted  many  fami- 
lies to  this  point.  One  of  the  strongest  factors  which  led  to  the  selection  of  Drain  for 
the  scat  of  the  State  Normal  School  was  the  general  healthfulness  of  this  part  of  the 
state.  In  addition  to  the  normal  school.  Drain  has  ihe  benefit  of  a  good  system  of 
public  instruction,  which  is  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  State  Normal  School. 
The  average  daily  attendance  at  the  public  school  is  about  80.  Two  church  organiza- 
tion 5  are  maintained  at  Drain,  the  Methv.  ?ist  and  the  Christian,  both  of  which  have 
largf  memberships.  One  hotel  and  one  livery  stable  take  care  of  the  interests  of  the 
traveling  public  visiting  this  point. 

All  overland  trains  of  the  Southern  Pacific  stop  at  Drain,  where  connection  is 
made  by  stage  for  Coos  Bay  points.  Coos  Bay  is  Ho  miles  west  of  this  place.  The 
principal  shipments  from  Drain  are  lumber,  live  stock  and  poultry,  and  the  country 
immediately  tributary  is  rich  and  capable  of  supporting  a  nmch  laiger  population 
than  now  finds  homes  here. 

Tlie  State  Normal  School. — The  State  Normal  School,  at  Drain,  Oregon, 

so  designated  by  act  of  the  Oregon  legisla- 
ture in  1HS5,  is  fast  taking  its  place  among 
the  prominent  institutions  of  learning  in  the 
Pacific  Northwest.  The  main  building 
of  the  State  Normal  School,  shown  by  the 
accompanying  illustration,  was  erected 
during  the  past  year  at  a  cost  of  |io,ooo. 
The  most  approved  style  of  architecture 
has  been  adopted  in  the  design  of  the  build- 
ing, which  is  heated  throughout  by  hot 
air  and  which  is  provided  with  a  perfect  sys- 
tem of  ventilation.  A  new  dormitory  for  ladies 
and  a  boarding  hall  for  both  ladies  and  gen- 
tlemen have  been  added  daring  the  past  year. 

The  courses  of  study  adopted  in  the  school  are  normal,  business,  academic  and 
post-graduate,  all  of  which  departments  are  presided  over  by  a  thoroughly  competent 
and  efficient  corps  of  instructors.  State  diplomas  are  given  studentr  who  complete 
the  normal  course,  and  diplomas  from  the  school  are  awarded  those  finishing  the 
academy,  business  or  post-graduate  courses.  Graduates  from  the  academy  are  pre- 
pared to  enter  the  freshman  class  of  any  college  in  the  state. 


State  Normal  School,  Drain. 


Oakland,  Oreffon. 


ami 


The  necessary  expenses  of  scholars  in  attendance  at  the  State  Normal  School 
have  been  reduced  to  a  mininmm.  Good  board  and  room,  principally  furnished,  can 
be  secured  at  the  boarding  hall  for  ;ft2.25  per  week,  while  the  tuition  fee  is  but  $6.50 
per  term  of  10  weeks.  It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  in  connection  with  the  institution,  that 
families  residing  in  Drain,  or  in  the  school  district  here,  are  entitled  to  free  tuition 
for  their  children  both  at  the  public  and  State  Normal  School.  The  average  attend- 
ance of  scholars  at  the  Normal  School  during  the  past  year  was  250.  With  the  recent 
enlargement  of  school-room  facilities  and  with  the  increase  of  the  membership  of 
the  faculty  to  10,  it  is  expected  that  the  attendance  during  the  present  year  will  reach 
400.  W.  T.  Van  Scoy,  A.  B.,  the  president  of  the  Normal  School,  is  well  qualified 
for  such  a  position,  he  having  received  a  classical  education  at  the  Northwestern 
University  of  Illinois,  and  also  having  received  the  degree  of  A.  B.  from  the  Uni- 
versity of  Portland. 

Drain  is  considered  one  of  the  most  healthful  locations  on  the  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  railroad.  It  is  situated  in  a  beautiful  valley  commanding  a  superb 
view  of  the  Calipooia  Mountains,  while  two  rippling  .streams  of  water  course 
through  the  town.  This  is  an  ideal  site  in  every  respect  for  the  establishment  of  an 
educational  institution  of  a  high  order,  and  the  location  of  the  State  Normal  School 
at  this  point  was  a  wise  act  on  the  part  of  the  Oregon  legislature. 

Oakland,  Oregon. —  Oakland,  Douglas  county,  Oregon,  is  very  picturesquely 
located  in  the  very  heart  of  the  rich  Umpqua  valley.  It  is  on  the  main  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  railroad,  181  miles  south  of  Portland.  The  Calipooia  river,  a  branch 
of  the  Umpqua  on  the  north  side  of  the  town,  and  Camas  Swale  creek  on  the  south, 
afford  an  excellent  natural  system  of  drainage  for  both  Oakland  and  the  country 
surrounding  the  town.  Oakland  is,  today,  the  f"''ond  largest  town  in  Douglas 
county.  It  contains  a  population  of  about  500,  and  is  a  very  prosperous  trading 
point. 

The  citizens  of  Oakland  now  contemplate  providing  the  town  with  a  good  system 
of  water  works  by  establishing  a  pumping  station  on  the  Calipooia  river,  one  mile 
distant  from  the  town.  The  water  will  be  forced  from  this 
station  to  a  reservoir  located  on  an  eminence  near  the  town. 
It  is  the  intention  to  complete  this  water-works  plant  during 
the  present  year.  Oakland  is  distinguished  from  other  towns 
of  equal  population  in  Western  Oregon  by  its  large  shipments 
of  fruit,  poultry  and  eggs.  The  soil  of  the  Umpqua  valley  is 
well  suited  to  fruit  culture.  At  Chenoweth  Park,  three  miles 
from  Oakland,  is  a  tract  of  3,000  acres  of  land  which  is  being 
cultivated  for  orchards  and  vineyards,  by  an  incorporated  com- 
pany having  a  capital  stock  of  $72,000.  Already  500  acres  of 
this  land  are  planted  in  prune  and  peach  trees.  Prune  crops,  in  this  section,  are 
considered  the  most  profitable  to  growers,  the  average  net  profit  per  acre  from  a 
carefully  attended  prune  orchard,  being  about  $200.  Oakland  annually  ships  more 
poultry  (raised  in  the  vicinity  of  this  town)  than  any  other  town  of  the  same  size  in 
the  .state.  During  1892  there  were  shipped  from  this  point  6,950  dozens  of  geese, 
chickens  and  ducks,  15,000  turkeys,  and  70,000  dozens  of  eggs.  The  total  receipts 
here  for  all  shipments  made  by  the  town,  in  1892,  amounted  to  $279,000. 

Four  brick  business  blocks  occupy  prominent  corners  in  Oakland,  and  as  many 
more  brick  buildings  will  be  completed  here  during  the  present  year.     The  stone  for 


^SSrf 


Public  School,  Oakland. 


204 


The  Orcffoniari's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


! 


the  foundations  and  trimmings  of  Oakland's  best  buildings  is  blue  sandstone 
obtained  from  a  quarry  situated  within  a  short  distance  of  the  town.  The  brick 
used  here  is  of  an  excellent  quality,  and  is  made  by  a  local  company.  In  the  north- 
ern part  of  Douglas  county,  six  miles  distant  from  Oakland,  are  rich  quicksilver 
mines,  which  have  already  attracted  considerable  attention,  and  these  mines  will 
doubtless,  in  time,  be  worked  on  a  large  scale.  In  the  line  of  manufacturing  Oak- 
land has  a  large  roller  flouring  mill,  which  has  a  capacity  of  80  barrels  of  flour  per 
day.  The  flour  made  here  is  of  a  superior  quality,  and  it  enjoys  a  wide  sale.  Four 
large  stores  are  located  in  Oakland,  and  these  business  houses  carry  stocks  of  goods 
valued  at  from  $10,000  to  $25,000  each.  The  town  also  contains  one  bank  and  the 
usual  number  of  small  business  establishments  found  in  a  place  of  this  size. 

Oakland's  .schools  are  conducted  in  a  good  building,  and  they  are  in  charge  of 
one  principal  and  one  assistant  teacher.  The  present  school  building  is  hardly  large 
enough  to  meet  the  demands  for  school  room  here,  and  it  is  the  intention  of  the 
school  board  to  erect  an  addition  to  this  building  during  the  present  year.  The  aver- 
age daily  attendance  at  the  public  schools  here  is  125.  Oakland  supports  six  church 
organizations,  four  of  which  worship  in  their  own  buildings.  The  denominations 
represented  here  are  the  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  two  Methodist,  Kpiscopal  and  Christ- 
ian. Two  hotels  and  a  single  livery  stable  meet  the  requirements  of  the  traveling 
public  which  visit  this  town. 

Fruit  culture,  wool  growing,  and  poultry  and  stock  raising  have  together  com- 
bined to  make  Oakland  a  very  prosperous  trading  and  shipping  point.  The  country 
that  is  directly  tributary  to  Oakland  extends  as  far  from  the  town,  in  certain  direc- 
tions, as  40  miles,  and  most  of  this  tributary  section  is  rich  and  easily  put  in  a  con- 
dition for  cultivation.  The  business  men  of  Oakland  are  generally  alive  to  their 
opportunities,  and  they  are  making  earnest  eff"orts  to  advance  their  town's  interests. 

J.  H.  Ray,  a  wide-awake,  reliable  and  old  established  real  estate  agent,  of  Oak- 
land quotes  prices  on  improved  lands  suitable  for  fruit  culture,  lying  within  one  mile 
of  the  town,  at  $15  per  acre.  The  same  character  of  lands,  five  miles  distant  from 
the  town,  can  be  bought  at  from  $7  to  $10  per  acre.  The  people  of  Oakland,  at  the 
present  time,  are  able  to  boast  that  their  town  is  entirely  free  from  debt,  and  that 
thej-  have  a  surplus  in  the  town  treasury,  a  somewhat  exceptional  condition  of  things 
with  the  growing  towns  of  the  state.  Everything  at  Oakland,  however,  is  in  a  heal- 
thy condition,  and  a  flourishing  center  of  trade  will  always  be  maintained  here. 


Rosebiirg,  Oregon. — Roseburg,  the  judi- 
cial seat  of  Douglas  county,  is  located  in  the 
Umpqua  valley,  at  the  junction  of  the  South 
Umpqua  river  and  Deer  creek.  It  nestles  in  a  fer- 
tile little  valley,  almost  entirely  surrounded  by  a 
range  of  rugged  hills,  which  serve  as  a  most  effec- 
tive barrier  against  all  violent  wind  storms.  The 
surface  of  the  townsite  is  gently  undulating,  thus 
affording  a  perfect  natural  drainage.  Roseburg 
is  an  attractive  town  ;  it  is  the  center  of  a  country 
which  furnishes  excellent  sport  in  fishing  or 
hunting,  and  the  location  is  a  decidedly  health- 
ful one. 


New  Citv  hall,  RosEeuHC. 


»'..' ' 


Roseburg,  Oregon. 


205 


Roseburg  is  a  division  station  on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific.  It  is 
197  miles  south  of  Portland.  It  claims  today  a  population  of  about  2,500,  and  is  the 
largest  town  in  Douglas  county.  The  principal  manufacturing  industi  ies  of  the  place 
are  two  roller  flouring  mills,  which  have  a  daily  capacity  of  100  barrels,  a  brewery 
which  supplies  the  local  market,  a  sash  and  door  factory,  and  a  planing  mill. 
Smaller  factories  located  here  are  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  brooms  and  cigars, 
respectively,  and  a  fruit  cannery  and  brickyard  are  also  in  successful  operation  at 
this  point. 

Roseburg,  in  the  main,  is  well  and  substantially  built.  Many  fine  brick  blocks 
line  the  principal  street,  and  the  sidewalks  in  front  of  the  principal  business  hou::es 
are  paved  with  stone.  The  merchants  of  Roseburg  are  prosperous,  many  of  the 
leading  business  men  having  resided  there  since  the  place  was  first  established. 
Roseburg  has  two  banks,  one  of  these,  the  Douglas  County  Bank,  being  the  oldest 
in  the  county.     This  latter  bank  was  established  in  18S3.     Its  capital  stock  is  $30,000, 

and  its  fina.  ::al  responsiViility,  at  the  present  writing,  is 
$100,000.  The  officers  of  the  Douglas  County  Rank  are  : 
O.  F.  Godfrey,  president ;  S.  C.  Flint,  vice-president, 
and  Peter  Hume,  cashier. 

Roseburg's  educational  facilities  have  kept  pace  with 
the  growth  of  the  town.  A  new  eight-room  school  build- 
ing has  recently  been  completed  here  at  a  cost  of  $15, -.xx). 
A  principal  and  eight  assistant  teachers  are  employed,  in 
the  public  schools,  and  the  courses  of  study  provided  for, 
to  which  has  recently  been  added  a  high  school  grade, 
compare  favorably  with  that  of  the  best  public  schools 
of  the  state.  Eight  church  organizations  own  build- 
ings of  their  own  at  Roseburg.  These  are  the  Presby- 
terian, two  Methodist,  Baptist,  Episcopal,  Christian, 
United  Brethren  and  Catholic. 


County  court  House,  Roseburg. 


Roseburg  boasts  of  a  handsome  new  brick  opera  house,  and  it  supports  two  live 
papers,  The  Semi-  Weekly  Review  and  The  Weekly  Plaindealer.  Three  large  hotels 
are  mainti.ined  here,  as  well  as  the  same  number  of  smaller  ones,  and  four  livery 
stables  are  well  stocked  wi*h  horses  and  carriages.  The  Umpqua  river,  at  this  point, 
furnishes  a  valuable  water  power.  This  power  is  now  being  utilized  by  the  factories 
already  located  here.  Roseburg  has  a  good  system  of  electric  lights,  good  water 
works,  and  a  good  system  of  sewerage  has  been  established.  Two  Isrge  reservoirs, 
with  a  combined  capacity  of  600,000  gallons,  are  located  on  a  high  eminence,  and 
these  reservoirs  affcrd  an  ample  pressure  in  the  city  mains  to  throw  a  stream  of  water 
over  any  of  the  hi^  est  buildings.  Five  miles  of  water  pipes  have  been  laid  over 
the  city,  at  a  cost  of  ibout  $30,000.  Four  volunteer  fire  companies  are  maintained 
in  Roseburg,  and  ail  of  these  companies  are  well  drilled. 

The  sewerage  system  of  the  city  covers  the  principal  street,  and  drainage  of  the 
buildings  bordering  on  the  all^iys  is  provided  by  lateral  lines  of  pipe  tapping  the 
main  sewers.  The  sewerage  system  and  the  city  hall  together  involved  an  outlay  of 
$25,000.  This  money  was  raided  by  bonds  guaranteed  by  the  city.  The  fine  electric 
light  plant  of  Roseburg  was  established  in  189 1  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  This  is  con- 
sidered one  of  the  most  efficient  plants  for  lighting  purposes  on  the  coast. 


v\\ 


,! 


m 


•J. 


206 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


; 


School  Buiuoihg,  Roseburg. 


The  soil  iu  the  vicinitj'  of  Roseburg  is  especially  adapted  to  the  raising  of  fruit. 
Prunes  and  pears  do  particularly  well  here.  Cereals  are  raised  in  the  Umpqua  valley 
to  a  considerable  extent,  although  not  quite  so  heavily  as  in  portions  of  the  Willam- 
ette valley  further  to  the  south.  The  stock  and  wool-growing  interests  of  Douglas 
county  are  very  large  and  have  proved  of  great  benefit  to  Roseburg,  which  is  the 
principal  tiaUing  and  shipping  point  of  the  valley.  The  mining  interests  of  the 
county,  while  but  slightly  developed  at  the  present  writing,  have  contributed  largely 
to  the  solid  growth  of  Roseburg. 

The  valuation  of  taxable  property  in  Roseburg,  as  shown  by  the  assessment  rolls 
of  1892,  was  $446,589,  and  the  total  bonded  indebtedness  of  the  city  today  is  |25,ooo. 

The  si^^^e  which  Roseburg  occupies  is  an  enviable 
location  for  the  establishment  of  a  city,  both  by 
reason  of  the  exceptional  healthfuhiess  of  the 
place,  and  also  for  the  reason  Lliat  the  town  is 
located  in  one  of  the  richest  parts  of  Southern 
Oregon.  The  people  of  Roseburg  are  now  placing 
great  hopes  on  the  early  completion  of  the  Rose- 
burg &  Coos  Bay  railroad.  The  distance  from 
Roseburg  to  Coos  Bay  is  but  90  miles,  and  already 
25  miles  of  the  Coob  Ray  end  of  the  line  have 
been  completed.  The  opening  of  this  line  con- 
necting Roseburg  with  the  coast,  would  open  a 
new  market  at  Sau  Francisco  for  the  pruducts  of 
Southern  Oregon,  and  Roseburg,  as  the  t'-rminus 
of  the  road,  at  a  point  where  connection  will  be  made  with  the  through  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific,  would  be  the  principal  shipping  point  of  all  freight  from  Southern 
Oregon  which  would  pass  over  the  new  road  to  reach  tidewater. 

Aaron  Rose,  the  Founder  ov  Roserurg. — The  story  of  the  life  of  Aaron  Rose, 
after  whom  the  p'-'^'^perous  and  promising  town  of  Roseburg  was  named,  and  to 
whom  the  place  owes  everything  for  its  present  prosperous  condition,  presents  an 
interesting  narrative  in  connection  with  the  early  history  and  development  of 
Douglas  county.  Mr.  Rose,  whose  portrait  is  published  with  this  sketch,  is  a  pioneer 
in  the  true  sense,  he  having  crossed  the  plains  from  Michigan  in  1851.  He  found  his 
way  to  the  valley  of  Umpqua,  inhabited  at  that  time  by  a  tribe  'f  Indians  of  the 
name  the  valley  now  bears,  and  here  he  settled  ou  a  donation  claim  of  320  acres  from 
the  government,  the  site  which  Roseburg  now  occupies.  Mr.  Rose,  although  now 
in  his  Soth  year,  is  etill  comparatively  strong  in  body  and  mind,  and  he  delights  to 
tell  of  the  struggles  and  hardships  of  the  pioneer  days  in  Oregon,  and  then  contrast 
that  period  with  the  present  in  which  life  is  a  dream  in  comparison  with  that  of  the 
early  settlers  of  the  state.  In  the  early  days,  however,  Mr.  Rose  states,  that  money 
was  more  plentiful  than  provisions.  Eggs  and  apples  sold  readily  at  $1  apiece,  and 
flour  at  $1  a  pound.  Gold  dust  was  the  principal  form  of  exchange,  for  even  thus 
early  gold  discoveries  were  being  made  here  on  every  hand. 

The  site  of  Roseburg  is  a  most  natural  one,  being  almost  surrounded  by  a  row  of 
hills  which  afford  perfect  shelter.  Unlike  many  of  the  early  pioneers  of  Oregon  who 
acquired  vast  areas  of  land,  and  who,  in  many  instances,  are  adding  to  rather  than 
disposing  of  any  part  of  their  lande"*  possessions,  Mr.  Rose  has  ever  held  out  the 
most  liberal  inducements  for  people  to  locate  in  Roseburg  and  join  him  in  building 


Douglas  County,  Oregon. 


207 


PHOTO    BY     GR*VES. 


iose, 
to 
ts  an 
of 
oneer 
Ihis 
the 
from 
now 
its  to 
itrast 
the 
oney 
and 
thus 

ow  of 
who 
than 
the 
Iding 


up  a  flourishing  city  at  this 
point.  Every  manufactur- 
ing enter^jrise,  and  many  of 
the  leading  mercantile  houses 
in  Pvoseburg  today,  were 
given  free  sites  and  free  lots. 
When  the  Southern  Pacific 
railroad  was  being  built 
through  Oregon,  Mr.  Rose 
gave  the  company  a  laud  sub- 
sidy valued  at  $30,000  to  run 
through  Roseburg,  which  is 
now  the  end  of  one  of  the 
divisions  of  the  road.  To  the 
Roseburg  &  Coos  Bay  rail- 
road, now  in  course  of  con- 
struction, Mr.  Rose  gave  five 
acres  of  land  for  depot  facdi- 
ties.  Every  church  in  Rose- 
burg, of  which  there  are 
eight,  was  given  a  lot  free 
and  money  in  addition  to  aid 
in  the  construction  of  the 
buildings.  Mr.  Rose,  besides 
being  Roseburg's  chiefc^t 
benefactor,  has  also  done 
much  lor  charity.  The  poor 
and  needy  have  never  ap- 
pealed to  him  in  vain  for  de- 
served assistance. 

Prior  to  1S60  Mr.  Rose  gave  most  of  Lis  time  to  farming,  but  since  then  he  has 
devoted  himself  to  the  building  up  of  Roseburg,  having  become  interested  in  the 
various  city  enterprises,  both  as  a  shareholder  and  in  encouraging  such  institutions 
Hs  city  water  works,  electric  lights,  etc.,  by  giving  liberal  bonuses.  Mr.  Rose  owns 
the  New  Era  flouring  mills  which  have  a  daily  capacity  of  "5  barrels,  and  a  ware- 
house capacity  of  25,000  bushels. 

The  father  and  founder  of  Roseburg,  although  having  passed  the  noontime  of 
life,  is  today  just  as  ambitious  for  the  welfare  of  the  town  as  he  has  always  been, 
and  his  hope  that  Roseburg  shall  be  the  foremost  city  in  Southern  Oregon  seems 
likely  to  be  fulfilled,  even  during  the  life  of  its  earliest  promoter. 

J)oiiglns  County,  Orejjfon. — The  northern  boundary  line  of  Douglas  county, 
the  Calipooia  range  of  mountains,  makes  one  of  the  most  important  divisions  of 
Western  Oregon.  To  the  south  of  the  Calipooia  Mountains  lie  the  rich  but  rolling 
lands  contained  in  Douglas  county,  while  extending  for  more  than  100  miles  north  of 
this  range  is  the  flat  and  highly  fertile  section  of  the  Willamette  valley.  The  south- 
ern boundary  of  Douglas  county  is  the  summit  of  the  Canyon  range  of  mountains, 
immediately  south  of  which  lies  the  famous  Rogue  River  valley.  The  county  extends 
east  as  far  as  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  while  it  is  bounded  on  the  west  by 


Aaron  Rose,  founder  of  Roseburg, 


•f 


!.^       ill 


208 


The  Oregonian^ s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


the  Pacific  ocean.  The  total  area  of  Douglas  county  is  about  4,900  square  miles. 
One  of  the  most  fertile  parts  of  the  county  is  the  Umpqua  valley,  through  which  the 
river  of  the  same  name  flows.  Numerous  othersmaller  valleys  are  found  in  the  county, 
and  it  is  crossed  in  all  directions  by  many  small  streams  of  the  clearest  mountaia 
water. 

The  lands  of  Douglas  county  are  more  hilly  in  their  nature  than  is  the  surface 
of  the  lands  of  the  Willamette  valley  to  the  north.  The  mountainous  sections  of  the 
county  are  covered  with  forests  of  the  finest  timber,  while  the  foothill  districts  are 
covered  with  a  finfe  growth  of  grasses  which  furnish  excellent  pasturage  for  all  kinds 
of  stock.  The  soil  of  the  valley  lauds  is  of  a  mellow,  fertile  nature,  and  this  soil 
gives  large  yields  of  cereals  and  vegetables,  and  it  is  well  adapted  to  the  cultivation 
of  fruit.  The  climate  of  the  Umpqua  valley  is  even  more  equable  than  is  the  mild 
climate  of  the  Willamette  valley.  The  average  annual  rainfall  in  the  Umpqua  valley, 
as  shown  by  records  carefully  kept  for  the  past  ten  years,  is  but  34.32  inches,  and 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are  practically  unknown  here. 

The  resources  of  Douglas  county  are  varied,  and  comprise  agricultural  products, 
minerals  and  timber,  wool  growing,  fruit  culture  and  .stock  and  grain  raising.  Spec- 
ial attention  has  been  paid  in  the  county  to  the  raising  of  prunes,  peaches  and 
poultry,  and  these  three  industries  will  outrank  in  magnitude  those  of  any  other 
county  of  the  state.  The  special  adaptability  of  th"s  land  for  prune  raising  is  shown 
by  the  statement  that  during  1892  the  product  of  j  acres  of  prune  orchard  in  the 
county  sold  for  $2 ,000.  It  is  estimated  that  from  one-half  to  seven-tenths  of  the  crop 
is  the  net  profit  from  prune  raising. 

The  minerals  found  in  Douglas  county  comprise  gold,  silver,  quicksilver,  iron, 
nickel,  and  in  addition  extensive  deposits  of  coal,  cement,  limestone  and  marble  are 
found  in  different  parts  of  the  county.  Valuable  gold  mines  in  the  county  have 
already  been  opened  up  on  Coffee,  Starve-out,  Cow,  Myrtle,  Mitchell,  Calipooia  and 
Jordan  creeks.  Renewed  interest  has  been  shown  in  the  gold  mines  of  this  county 
during  the  past  few  yea*-s,  and  recent  discoveries  of  the  yellow  metal  in  this  section 
have  convinced  the  people  of  the  county  that  most  valuable  deposits  of  gold  exist  in 
this  part  of  the  state. 

Perhaps  about  one-half  of  the  lands  of  Douglas  county  is  susceptible  of  culti- 
vation. The  title  to  much  of  this  land  still  vests  in  the  government  and  is  open  to 
entry  by  settlers.  Douglas  county  today  contains  not  to  exceed  12,000  population, 
while  the  latent  resources  of  this  county  alone  are  sufficient  to  support  a  population 
ten  times  as  large.  This  is  one  of  the  most  inviting  parts  of  Western  Oregon,  and  it 
is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  people  who  contemplate  settling  in  the  West. 

(« runt's  Puss,  ()roj<on. — Grant's  Pass,  the  judicial 
seat  of  Josephine  county,  has  a  population  of  about  2,000. 
It  is  located  in  the  heart  of  the  valley  of  the 
Rogue  river  which  has  its  source  in  Jackson 
county,  flows  through  Josephine  and  Curry 
counties  and  empties  its  waters  into  the  Pacific 
ocean.  Grt.nt's  Pass  is  the  largest  town  in  the 
Rogue  river  valley.  It  is  supported  by  the 
rich  mineral,  timber  and  agricultural  resources 

Public  School,  Grants  Pass.  of  the  COUntry  adjacent.        It  iS  loCatcd     On    the 


Josephine  County^  Oregon. 


2m 


cial 
ooo. 
the 
Lson 
irry 
;:ific 
the 
the 
rces 
the 


main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  296  miles  south  of  Portland  and  476  miles  north  of 
San  Francisco.  The  merchants  here  have  the  benefit  afiForded  by  the  competition  of 
the  Portland  and  San  Francisco  wholesalers  to  sell  goods  in  this  field.  The  town  is  the 
end  of  an  important  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  and  a  round  house  and  railroad 
repair  shops  are  located  at  this  point.  The  principn.l  industry  of  Grant's  Pass  is  the 
manufacture  of  sash,  doors,  blinds,  .  aouldings  and  boxes.  A  company  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $125,000  is  engaged  in  this  business  here  and  about  100  men  are  employed  in 
the  factory.  Other  smaller  factories  at  Grant's  Pass  are  a  brick-making  plant,  planing 
mill  and  broom  factory.  Several  fine  brick  blocks  have  been  ere^.ed  on  the  main 
business  street  of  the  town  and  one  bank  looks  after  the  financial  affairs  of  the  busi- 
ness community.  A  large  ten-room  brick  school  building  occupies  a  prominent  site 
in  the  city  a  jd  eight  teachers  are  employed  in  the  public  schools  here.  The  number 
of  scholars  in  attendance  is  about  350.  There  are  seven  churches  located  here,  four  of 
which — the  Methodist,  Presbyterian,  South  Methodist  and  Baptist— own  their  own 
buildings.  A  circulating  li1)rary,  free  reading  room  and  a  new  brick  opera  house, 
with  a  seating  capacity  of  i,ouo,  are  located  at  this  point. 

The  Rogue  River  Courier  and  Oregon  Observer,  two  weekly  papers  are  pub- 
lished at  Grant's  Pass.  Grant's  Pass  annually  ships  a  large  amount  of  fruit,  lumber 
and  brick,  and  about  |ioo,ooo  in  gold  annually  reaches  this  point  from  the  rich  placer 
deposits  of  the  valleys  adjacent. 

Josephine  County,  Oreg^on.— Josephine  county  lies  to  the  east  of  Curry, 
south  of  Douglas,  west  of  Jackson  and  extends  to  the  California  line  on  the  south. 

Its  area  is  about  1,800  square  miles  and  its 
present  population  is  about  8,000.  Until 
the  completion  of  the  Southern  Pacific  rail- 
road through  the  southern  part  of  the  state 
comparatively  little  was  known  of  this  rich 
part  of  Oregon.  During  the  past  ten  years,, 
however,  wonderful  strides  have  been  made 
here,  and  this  is  now  classed  among  the 
most  prosperous  portions  of  the  Northwest. 

The  soil  of  the  lands  of  Josephine 
county  is  of  remarkable  fertility  and  will 
produce  almost  anything  grown  in  the 
temperate  zone.  Cereals  and  fruits  of  all 
kinds  grow  in  profusion  here.  Snow  sel- 
dom falls  in  the  valleys  of  the  county,  but 
on  the  higher  elevations,  which  are  covered  with  valuable  forests  of  fir,  cedar,  oak, 
pine  and  other  timber,  the  snowfall  is  sometimes  heavy.  The  valleys  of  Josephine 
county  are  now  practically  one  vast  fruit  garden.  P^>aches  grow  here  in  size  and 
flavor  equal  to  the  most  luscious  of  the  New  Jersey  peach  crop,  and  the  tons  of 
melons  raised  here  which  are  annually  shipped  to  the  Portland  and  other  markets 
to  the  north  are  not  excelled  in  quality  by  the  melons  raised  in  the  most  favored 
parts  of  the  United  States.  All  varieties  of  fruit  do  well  on  these  lands  and  the  vine- 
yards and  orchards  of  Josephine  county  will  some  day  rival  those  of  the  famous 
California  fruit  belt. 

The  entire  area  of  Josephine   county  is  well  watered,  numerous  creeks  of  the 


PHOTO.    BV  €.    F.    EVEHITT. 


Hop  Picking,  ne*b  Qrhnt's  Pass. 


'\. 


t 


'«;... 


ill 


i 


fl 


I'  < 


210 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Photo,  qv  e.  f.  everitt. 


Watermelon  Patch,  near  Grant'9  Pass. 


clearest  water  flowing  down  the  mountain 
sides  and  traversing  the  land  in  all  direc- 
tions. These  streams  also  furnish  fine 
water  power  at  convenient  points.  The 
mountainous  districts  of  the  county  contain 
rich  deposits  of  gold  quartz,  silver,  copper 
and  other  metals.  Widespread  attention  is 
just  at  the  present  time  being  attracted  to 
the  mineral  wealth  of  this  county  and  the 
mines  here  some  day  will  rival  those  of 
Eastern  Oregon  or  of  the  Coeur  d'Alenes  in 
Northern  Idaho. 

Medford,  Orej^oii. — Medford  is  one  of  the  comparatively  new  towns  of  the 
southern  part  of  the  state.  It  is  located  in  the  Rogue  River  valley,  on  the  line  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  and  is  328  miles  south  of  Portlend  and  444  north  of 
San  Francisco.  It  was  established  about  10  years  ago,  and  now  has  a  population  of 
some  1,800.  Medford  is  four  miles  east  of  Jacksonville,  the  judicial  seat  of  Jackson 
county,  the  two  towns  being  connected  by  a  steam-motor  line. 

The  countr}'  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Medford  is  devoted  almost  entirely  to 
the  raising  of  corn,  wheat,  rye,  barley,  fruits  and  vegetables.  Almonds,  grapes,  figs 
and  fruits  of  a  semi-tropical  nature,  are  raised  here  to  perfection.  The  melons  and 
peaches  of  the  Rogue  River  valley  are  renowned  for  their  size  and  quality,  and  the 
fruit  industry  here  is  conducted  on  a  scale  that  has  made  this  one  of  the  best  known 
fruit-producing  belts  on  the  coast. 

Medford  supports  a  number  of  manufacturing  industries,  among  which  is  a  dis- 
tillery, with  a  daily  capacity  of  25  barrels,  two  pork-packing  establishments,  a 
sash,  door  and  planing  mill,  a  flouring  mill,  with  a  capacity  of  100  barrels  a  day,  and 
a  brewery  and  an  ice  plant.  The  distillery  has  been  in  successful  operation  here  for 
more  than  two  years  past.  The  inducements  offered  for  the  location  of  this  plant  at 
Medford  were  a  liberal  bonus  by  the'people  of  the  place  and  the  special  adaptability 
of  the  soil  of  the  tributary  section  to  the  raising  of  the  finest  quality  of  corn.  The 
farmers  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Medford,  and  in  Klamath  and  Lake  counties, 
in  the  extreme  southern  part  of  Oregon,  have  found  a  valuable  market  for  their  hogs 
at  the  pork-packing  establishment  established  at  Medford.  The  manufacturing 
industries  located  here  have  done  much  to  advance  the  interests  of  the  town,  and  it 
is  significant  of  the  enterprise  of  the  people  here  that  increased  interest  is  yearly 
being  paid  to  manufacturing  at  this  point. 

Medford  boasts  of  a  number  of  fine  bnck  blocks  which  line  the  main  street. 
The  business  community  is  generally  prosperous,  and  a  number  of  the  leading  stores 
carry  very  heavy  stocks  of  goods.  Good  public  schools  are  maintained  here.  A  new 
frame  six-room  school  building  has  recently  been  erected  at  Medford,  at  a  cost  of 
^10,000.  This  building  is  well  ventilated,  it  is  heated  by  hot  air,  and  is  perfect  in  all 
its  appointments.  Six  teachers  are  employed  in  the  public  schools  at  this  point,  and 
the  average  daily  attendance  of  scholars  is  about  500.  Seven  churches  are  main- 
tained at  Medford.  These  are  the  Presbyterian,  Episcopal,  Christian,  two  Metho- 
dist, Baptist  and  Catholic.  All  of  these  religious  organizations  own  church  build 
ings  of  their  own.  Medford  contains  one  bank,  and  one  weekly  newspaper,  T/tr 
Mail  is  published  in  the  town.     Medford  also  boasts  of  a  fine  opera  house,  with  a 


treet. 
fetores 
new 
)St  ot 
lit!  all 
t,  and 
lain- 
tetho- 
juilfV 
Thi- 
nth  a 


Medford,  Oregon. 


PHOTO  BY  EVERITT,  GRANTS  PASS. 


Table  Rock,  near  Medford,  Rogue  River  Valley. 


seating  capacity  of  500.  One  hotel  and 
two  livery  stables  furnish  ample  accom- 
modations to  the  traveling  public.  The 
assessed  valuation  of  city  property  at 
Medford  is  $262,413,  and  the  only  bonded 
indebtedness  of  the  municipality  is  that 
incurred  for  the  construction  of  the  city 
water-works  plant,  which  involved  an 
outlay  of  $20,000. 

The  motor  line  which  connects  Med- 
ford with  Jacksonville  makes  three  round 

trips  daily  between  tliese  two  points.  Work  has  actually  been  begun  on  the  exten- 
sion of  this  road  to  tap  an  unrivaled  sugar  pine  district,  25  miles  distant  from  Med- 
ford. This  road  will  ultimately  be  extended  to  Klamath  Falls,  75  miles  southeast  of 
Medford.  Klamath  Falls  is  the  center  of  a  wonderfully  rich  farming  district,  and 
will  prove  a  most  important  point  on  the  completion  of  the  road  there.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  50  miles  of  the  proposed  route  of  the  new  road  lies  through  an  inexhaust- 
ible forest  of  sugar  pine  timber  belt,  and  the  opening  of  this  timber  belt  to  the  mar- 
kets of  Medford  will  do  much  to  add  to  the  solid  prosperity  of  the  latter  place. 
That  the  people  of  Medford  appreciate  the  benefits  of  the  extension  of  the  road  is 
attested  by  the  statement  that  they  subscribed  a  bonus  of  $40,000  to  the  company 
building  the  line. 

If  the  resources  of  the  tributary  country  and  the  prospective  development  of 
this  district  are  duly  considered,  the  prices  asked  for  farming  lands  in  the  immedi- 
ate vicinity  of  Medford  are  not  unreasonable.  Messrs.  Hamilton  &  Palm,  the  lead- 
ing real  estate  firm  of  Medford,  quote  the  price  of  property  adjoining  the  city  limits 
^t  $75  per  acre.  This  price  decreases  as  the  distance  from  the  town  limits  increases. 
Messrs.  Hamilton  &  Palm  are  thoroughly  conversant  with  both  city  property  and 
farm  values  in  this  part  of  the  state,  and  information  furnished  by  them  on  this  sec- 
tion can  be  regarded  as  strictly  reliable. 

The  Hotel  Medford,  of  which  M.  Purdin  is  proprietor,  is  conveniently  arranged 
for  the  accommodation  of  commercial  travelers,  for  whom  free  sample  rooms  are  pro- 
vided. This  popular  hostlery  is  located  directly  opposite  the  Southern  Pacific  Com- 
pany's depot.  The  building  is  constructed  of  brick,  it  is  two  stories  in  height,  and 
is  comparatively  secure  from  all  danger  of  fire.  The  rates  per  day,  at  the  Hotel 
Medford,  are  from  $1.25  to  $2.  Courteous  treatment  of  guests  and  an  excellent  table 
service  are  prominent  features  connected  with  the  management  of  this  hotel.  Trav- 
eling men,  and  tourists  especialh',  have  found  Medford's  hotel  accommodations  bet- 
ter than  the  average,  probably  for  the  reason  that  the  location  of  the  town  is 
such  that  a  large  surrounding  country  is  more  accessible  from  this  point  than  from 
any  other. 

One  of  the  prominent  citizens  of  Medford,  and  Jackson  county,  is  D.  H.  Miller, 
who  has  lived  in  the  Rogue  River  valley  since  1876.  Mr.  Miller,  although  a  com- 
paratively young  man,  is  the  pioneer  merchant  of  Medford,  having  been  the  first 
man  to  engage  in  business  at  this  point.  He  first  opened  a  store  here  nearly  10 
years  ago.  He  is  a  prosperous  hardware  merchant,  and  seems  to  have  the  utmost 
confidence  in  the  future  growth  and  development  of  Medford  and  the  Rogue  River 
valley. 


\<) 


212 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO  BY  E.   F.  EVERITT,  GnANTS  PASS. 

,.  ?-sss,^ 


Rock  Point,  roque  River. 


The  present  postmaster  at  Medford  is 
J.  S.  Howard,  who  has  lived  in  Jackson 
county  since  i860.  Mr.  Howard  is  a  civil 
engineer  by  profession,  and  he  made  the 
preliminary  survey  through  Southern  Ore- 
gon and  Northern  California  for  the  South- 
em  Pacific  railroad.  Jackson  county  was 
but  sparsely  settled  at  that  time,  and  Med- 
ford had  not  yet  been  heard  of  Mr.  How- 
ard thinks,  however,  that  the  development 
which  this  section  of  the  country  has  had 
during  recent  years  will  be  greatly  increased 
in  the  future,  owing  to  the  natural  resources 
of  the  district  that,  until  recently,  have  been  scarcely  known. 

Jacksonville,  Oregon. — ^Jacksonville,  the  seat  of  Jackson  county,  is  the 
■  oldest  town  in  Southern  Oregon,  and  one  of  the  oldest  established  places  in  the 
state,  having  been  first  settled  in  1851.  It  is  five  miles  west  of  Medford,  the  nearest 
point  on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  with  which  place  it  has 
direct  connection  by  means  of  a  steam-motor  line.  When  the  Southern  Pacific  rail- 
road was  being  built  through  this  part  of  the  state,  ic  years  a-^o,  the  people  of  Jack- 
sonville refused  to  raise  a  bonus  of  $25,000  demanded  by  the  railroad  company  to 
insure  the  main  Hue  of  road  passing  this  point.  In  refusing  to  accede  to  the  demands 
of  the  railroad  company  at  that  time,  the  people  of  Jacksonville  missed  the  greatest 
opportunity  that  was  ever  afforded  them  to  advance  their  town's  interests,  and  the 
result  of  this  refusal  was  a  general  decadence  in  Jacksonville's  former  prestige  in 
favor  of  Medford,  which  is  now  one  of  the  most  prosperous  towns  of  Southern 
Oregon. 

The  present  population  of  Jacksonville  is  about  900.  The  main  dependence  of 
the  town  for  support  is  on  the  agricultural  and  mineral  resources  of  the  country 
adjacent.  This  part  of  the  state  has  long  been  noted  for  its  heavy  output  of  gold, 
and  while  mining  is  not  today  carried  on  as  extensively  here  as  it  was  before  the  era 
of  railroads,  the  gold  output  of  the  mines  here  is  still  heavy.  During  1892  the  bank 
at  Jacksonville  handled  about  $150,000  in  gold  dust.  The  Sterling  Mining  Company 
has  put  in  a  plant  at  a  point  seven  miles  distant  from  Jacksonville,  and  the  output  of 
this  company's  mine  is  reported  to  be  very  satisfactory.  Placer  mining  claims  the 
principal  attention  of  the  miners  of  this  section,  the  quartz  veins  here  being  but  little 
worked  up  to  the  present  time. 

The  business  interests  at  Jacksonville  are  principally  in  the  hands  of  the  men 
who  settled  here  many  years  ago.  The  people  lead  a  happy  and  easy  existence,  and 
no  great  disposition  is  shown  here  to  encourage  immigration.  The  country  around 
Jacksonville  is  rich  and  is  capable  of  supporting  a  much  large,  population  at  this 
point  than  is  now  found  here. 

Public  school  at  Jacksonville  is  taught  in  a  four-room  building.  Four  teachers 
are  employed  in  the  school,  and  the  average  daily  attendance  of  scholars  is  175.  In 
addition  to  the  public  school,  the  Catholics  conduct  a  private  school  which  is  attendei! 
by  about  40  scholars.  The  Presbyterian,  Methodist  and  Catholic  denominations  own 
church  buildings  at  this  point.  The  Jackson  county  courthouse,  erected  at  Jack 
sonville  about  10  years  ago  at  a  cost  of  |4o,ooo,  is  a  large,  handsome  and  convenientl\ 


Jackson  County  and  the  Rogue  River  Valley,  Oregon. 


218 


:hers 

In 

Indeil 

own 

lack- 

■entlv 


arranged  structure,  and  it  is  one  of  the  finest  buildings  in  Southern  Oregon.  Jack- 
sonville supports  one  weekly  newspaper,  T/ie  Times,  one  hotel  and  a  single  livery 
stable.  The  assessed  valuation  of  town  property  is  $150,000  and  the  bonded  indebt- 
edness is  less  than  4io,ooo. 

Jackson  County  and  the  Rojuf ue  River  Valley,  Oregon.— Jackson 

county  is  bounded  on  the  north  b}'  Douglas  and  Josephine  counties,  on  the  east  by 
Klamath,  and  on  the  south  by  the  California  state  line.  Its  total  area  is  1,809,200 
acres,  all  but  200,000  acres  of  which  is  surveyed  land.  The  population  of  the  county 
at  the  present  time  is  about  11,500.  The  surface  of  the  county  may  be  divided  into 
three  great  divisions,  as  follows  :  the  mounta'  >us,  the  hilly  and  the  level  lands 
contained  in  the  valleys.  The  higher  elevations  of  the  county,  embraced  in  the 
mountainous  portion,  are  of  value  principally  for  stock  grazing.  The  lower  elevations 
contained  in  the  hilly  portion  of  the  county  are  covered  with  dense  forests  of  tim- 
ber, and  the  low  lands  contained  in  the  valleys  are  highly  fertile  and  will  produce 
anything  indigenous  to  the  temperate  zone,  and  all  fruits  or  plants  of  a  semi-tropical 
nature  attain  the  highest  state  of  perfection  in  these  rich  valley  lands.  The  character 
of  the  soil  varies  in  different  parts  of  the  county,  and  it  is  not  an  unusual  thing 
to  find  several  different  kinds  of  soil  on  a  farm  of  even  160  acres  in  this  part  of 
the  state. 

The  best  part  of  Jackson  county  is  contained  in  the  famous  Rogue  River  valley, 
the  most  productive  part  of  Southern  Oregon.  This  valley  is  about  35  miles  in 
length  and  maintains  an  average  width  of  about  20  miles.  It  occupies  the  central 
part  of  the  county  and  is  crossed  by  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad, 
which  furnishes  excellent  transportation  facilities  to  the  farmers  of  this  section.  The 
valley  derives  its  name  from  the  river  of  the  same  name,  which  flows  through  it. 
Other  important  stre^^ms,  which  drain  a  large  area  of  the  valley,  are  Bear,  Littie 
Butte  and  Sam's  creeks.  The  soil  of  the  Rogue  River  valley  is  especially  adapted  to 
diversified  farming.  The  climate  is  practically  the  same  as  that  of  Northern  Cali- 
fornia, the  frigid  winter  blasts  which  sometimes  sweep  down  over  Eastern  Oregon 
being  tempered  here  by  the  warm  moist  breezes  constantly  blowing  here  from 
the  ocean. 

The  Rogue  River  valley  is  essentially  a  fruit-growing  belt.  All  kinds  of  semi- 
tropical  fruits  do  well  here,  and  the  Portland  market  is  principally  supplied  with 
peaches,  melons  and  other  "fruit  of  this  nature  from  this  famous  fruit  district.  Near 
Jacksonville  are  a  number  of  very  fine  vineyards  that  are  kept  in  a  high  state  of  cul- 
tivation, and  wine  made  from  the  grapes  of  Southern  Oregon  vies  in  quality  with 
some  of  the  best  productions  of  California  wine  producers.  All  the  cereals,  includ- 
ing wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley  and  corn,  yield  large  crops  on  the  lands  of  the  valley. 
The  bottom  lands  of  the  valley  are  used  largely  for  the  growing  of  timothy, 
clover  and  blue  grass.  Alfalfa  produces  here  from  two  to  four  good  crops  without 
replanting. 

For  the  past  30  years  gold  hunters  have  found  the  mountainous  districts  of  Jack- 
son county  attractive  fields  for  prospecting.  Placer  mining  claimed  the  whole  atten- 
tion of  the  early  miner  in  this  section.  Valuable  discoveries  of  gold  quartz  ledges 
have  recently  been  made  in  the  county.  Capital  has  been  interested  in  these  mines 
and  large  stamp  mills  are  now  being  constructed  to  work  the  mines  on  an  extensive 
scale.  The  future  of  the  mining  interests  of  Jackson  county,  as  of  all  of  the  mining 
centers  of  Southern  Oregon  seems  brighter  today  than  it  has  ever  been  before. 


m 


214 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Aslilanrt,  Oregon. — Ashland  is  the  largest  town  in  Jackson  county,  the  pop- 
ulation of  the  place  today  being  a  little  more  than  2,000.     It  is  pictuiesquely  located 

near  the  southern  extremity  of  Rogue 
River  valley.  South  and  east  lie  a  high 
range  of  hills,  while  north  and  west  of 
Ashland  extends  a  second  elevation, 
which  contains  some  of  the  most  fertile 
patches  of  Southern  Oregon.  The  town 
itself  conforms  to  the  general  unevenness 
of  the  surface  of  the  land  at  this  point, 
and  the  irregular  streets  of  the  place, 
lined  on  both  sides  with  handsome  struc- 
tures and  substantial  brick  business 
blocks,  impart  to  Ashland  an  appear- 
ance as  unique  as  it  is  interesting  to  the 
visitor.  On  the  slopes  of  the  hillsides 
adjacent  are  many  pretty  villa  residences, 
• .  and  from  these  sites  a  view  of  Ashland 

is  commanded   that  shows   this  section   to  the   best 


VAiu  Street,  Ashland. 


and  the  Rogue  River  valley 
possible  advantage. 

Ashland  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  343  miles  south  of  Portland 
and  430  miles  north  of  San  Francisco.  It  is  the  central  division  station  between  the 
two  largest  cities  of  the  Pacific  coast.  Ten  miles  south  of  Ashland  the  Siskiyou 
Mountains  rise  abruptly  ir^  an  elevation  of  8,000  feet.  Ashland  creek  has  its  source 
in  these  mountains.  It  is  a  stream  which  carries  a  considerable  volume  of  water,  and 
rushing  down  the  mountain  sides  with  irresistible  foi^_^^,  it  furnishes  ample  power 
for  all  manufacturing  purposes  in  the  city  itself.  Water  for  domestic  use  in  the  city 
is  taken  from  this  creek,  and  this  water  is  of  the  purest  quality.  This  stream  already 
furnishes  power  for  running  a  five-stamp  quartz  mill,  a  large  flouring  mill,  two  sash, 
door  and  blind  factories,  and  the  electric  light  plant  at  Ashland.  All  classes  of 
mercantile  business  are  well  represented  here,  and  the  local  houses  carry  stocks  of 
goods  larger  Lad  more  complete  than  are  usually  found  in  a  town  of  the  present 
population  of  Ashland.  The  large  dry  goods  store  of  Messrs.  D.  R.  &  E.  V.  Mills, 
and  the  furniture  store  of  J.  P.  Dodge,  the  latter  of  which  carries  a  stock  of  goods 
valued  at  about  $6,000,  are  notable  examples  of  Ashland's  activity  as  a  business 
center. 

Ashland  takes  a  pardonable  pride  in  the  excellent  system  of  public  schools  main- 
tained here.  Three  well  designed  school  buildings  furnish  ample  accommodations 
for  school  purposes.  Two  of  these  bui' Mngs  are  located  respectively  in  the  north 
and  south  end  of  the  city,  while  the  third  provides  room  for  the  scholars  of  the  cen- 
tral district.  The  schools  are  divided  into  primary,  secondary,  grammar  and  high 
school  departments.  The  schools  are  in  charge  of  a  principal,  under  whom  are  nine 
assistant  teachers.  All  of  the  teachers  in  the  public  schools  here  hold  the  highest 
grade  of  Oregon  state  school  certificates. 

The  people  of  Ashland  enjoy  the  benefit  of  a  perfect  system  of  arc  and  incandes- 
cent electric  lights.  The  city  also  has  a  good  water-works  system,  and  a  well  organ- 
ized fire  department.  Prominent  among  the  fine  buildings  of  the  city  are  a  new 
two-story  brick  city  hall,  a  three-story  brick  opera  house,  and  the  Hotel  Oregon. 
This  latter  building  is  a  handsome  three-story  brick  edifice,  constructed  at  a  cost  of 


city 

acly 

sash, 

les  of 

s  of 

sent 

ills, 

oods 

iness 


ndes- 
rgan- 
new 
jgoti. 
)st  of 


Ashland,  Oregon. 


216 


$30,000,  by  a  local  stock  company.  Ashland,  in  addition  to  the  Hotel  Oregon,  con- 
tains two  other  large  hotels,  and  three  hostelries  of  a  less  pretentious  character.  A 
free  reading-room  is  maintained  here,  as  well  as  a  gymnasium.  The  town  supports 
two  good  weekly  newspapers,  7Vie  Ashlatid  Tidint^s  and  The  Valley  Record.  Hand- 
some church  edifices  are  owned  at  Ashland  by  the  Methodist,  Presbyterian,  Baptist, 
Congregational  and  Catholic  denominations,  and  the  churches  here  are  well  sup- 
ported. 

The  country  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Ashland  is  especially  adapted  to  the 
raising  of  fruit.  Peaches,  prunes,  plums,  pears,  apricots,  apples  of  the  larger  vari- 
eties, and  blackberries  and  cherries,  of  the  smaller  fruits,  do  the  best  here.  The 
Rogue  river  melon  crop  has  attained  a  widespread  reputation.  Hundreds  of  acres 
of  fine  peach  orchards  are  within  plain  view  of  the  people  of  Ashland,  and  every 
year  notes  an  increase  in  the  acreage  planted  to  peaches  in  this  section.  The  demand 
for  Jackson  county  peaches  increases  with  the  supply  of  this  fine  fruit,  and  Ashland, 
as  the  center  of  the  great  fruit  industry  of  the  county,  has  earned  the  sobriquet  of 
the  "Peach-blow  Paradise." 

The  mining  interests  of  the  section  of 
which  Ashlandis  the  trading  center,  are  worthy 
of  special  mention  in  the  present  article. 
For  many  years  past  the  rich  placer  gold  fields 
of  Southern  Oregon  have  attracted  wide-spread 
attention.  Recently  valuable  discoveries  of  rich 
mineral-bearing  quartz  have  been  made  near 
Ashland.  The  Patton  ledge,  three  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  city,  is  now  being  worked  by  a 
party«of  Portland  capitalists  under  the  name 
of  the  Ashland  Mining  Company.  A  five- 
•stamp  quartz  mill  has  been  in  successful 
operation   at   Ashland  since  November,   1892, 

and  the  gold  brick  turned  out  of  this  mill  each  month  since  it  was  started  has  rep- 
resented a  value  of  between  $6,000  and  |6,5oo.  Joseph  A.  Wilson,  of  Portland,  is 
superintendent  of  the  mine,  and  this  gentleman  is  authoritj'  for  the  statement  that 
the  width  of  the  vein  near  the  surface  of  the  mine  v/as  18  inches,  while  at  a  depth  of 
385  feet  the  vein  had  widened  out  to  8  feet.  This  tendency  to  an  increase  of  width 
of  the  vein  is  noted  as  the  depth  of  the  shaft  increases.  The  Patton  ledge  is  but 
one  of  the  many  paying  veins  of  quartz  that  have  been  discovered  in  the  vicinity 
of  Ashland.  Near  Ashland  are  also  vast  mines  of  granite  and  .sandstone,  especially 
valuable  for  building  purposes.  Six  miles  south  of  the  city  a  sandstone  quarry  has 
been  operated  for  the  past  three  years.  Stone  from  this  quarry  has  been  shipped 
largely  to  Portland,  and  much  of  it  has  been  used  in  the  construction  of  some  of  the 
finest  buildings  of  Oregon's  metropolis. 

In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Ashland  are  located  a  number  of  mineral  springs. 
A  value  attaches  to  the  waters  of  these  springs  second  in  importance  only  to  the 
famous  Apollinaris.  Ten  to  fifteen  miles  distant  from  Ashland  are  numerous  soda 
springs  whose  well-known  curative  properties  have  justified  the  expenditure  of  large 
sums  of  money  in  establishing  comfortable  places  of  resort  in  their  vicinity.  Within 
the  corporate  limits  of  Ashland  are  located  the  White  Sulphur  springs,  at  which  large 
bath-houses  have  been  erected,  and  these  baths  are  regularly  patronized  by  large 


HOTEL,     The  Oregon,"  Ashlano 


216 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


(1^10'  .l^jlH^ftjilrff^ 


Bank  of  Ashland,  Ashland 


crowds  of  Ashland's  people.  The  citizens  of  Ashland 
are  thoroughly  awake  to  the  many  advantages  which 
their  city  enjoys,  and  they  are  making  every  effort  to 
build  at  this  point  one  of  the  most  prosperous  centers 
of  population  in  Southern  Oregon. 

The  Bank  of  Ashland,  an  illustration  of  which  is 
shown  on  this  page,  is  one  of  the  strongest  financial 
institutions  in  Southern  Oregon.  The  bank  was  estab- 
lished in  1884,  with  a  paid-up  capital  of  |5o,coo,  which 
amount  was  increased,  in  1889,  to  |iioo,ooo,  all  paid  up. 
The  officers  of  the  bank  are:  W.  H.  Atkinson,  presi- 
dent ;  F.  H.  Carter,  vice-president,  and  E.  V.  Carter, 
cashier.  The  bank  does  an  increasing  business  with 
each  successive  year,  not  only  with  the  mining  and 
agricultural  interests  of  Jackson  county,  but  it  also  en- 
joys a  large  patronage  from  the  Klamath  Lake  country, 
which  is  60  miles  east  of  Ashland.     Letters  of  inquiry 

concerning  Ashland,   and  Jackson  county,  addressed  to  the  Bank  of  Ashland,  will 

be  cheerfully  answered. 

The  Ashland  Flouring  Mills,  located  at 
Ashland,  have  a  daily  capacity  of  75  bar- 
rels. These  mills  are  run  by  water  power, 
they  have  a  full  roller  process,  and  the 
grade  of  flour  manufactured  is  considered 
the  best  in  the  market.  Besides  supplying 
almost  the  entire  local  market,  the  Ashland 
mills  ship  a  large  part  of  their  product 
as  far  north  as  Roseburg,  and  as  far  'south 
in  California  as  Redding.  The  proprie- 
tors of  the  Ashland  Flouring  Mills  are 
W.  E.  Jacobs  and  W.  J.  Virgin,  both  of  whom 
are  thoroughly  practical  flouring  mill  men. 

Real  estate  in  Ashland,  and  farming  lands  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  are  held  at 
reasonable  prices  when  the  natural  advantages  ad  developments  already  made  are 
considered.  Mr.  G.  F.  Billings,  an  enterprising  real  estate  agent  of  Ashland,  is 
authority  on  realty  values  throughout  Jackson  county,  and  he  is  a  thoroughly  reli- 
able gentleman  from  whom  to  obtain  information  concerning  this  section  of  South- 
ern Oregon. 

Klamath  County  and  Klamath  Falls, — Klamath  county  in  Southern 
Oregon  is  a  very  interesting  section  of  the  State.  It  maintains  an  average  eleva- 
tion of  about  4,000  feet  above  sea  level.  It  is  situated  130  miles  from  the  Pacific 
ocean,  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains.  It  has  an  area  of 
almost  6,000  square  miles. 

The  resources  of  Klamath  county  are  varied  and  abundant.  The  timber  land, 
which  is  covered  with  a  dense  and  valuable  growth  of  sugar  pine  and  cedar,  com- 
prises about  1,500,000  acres.  The  area  of  the  grazing  lands  of  the  county  is  over 
500,000  acres  and  that  of  the  agricultural  land  is  about  equal  to  that  of  the  grazing 


Ashland  flouring  Mills,  Ashland, 


Klamath  County  ami  Klamath  Falls,  Oregov. 


217 


m 


land, 
corn- 
over 
izing 


district.  The  Klamath  Indian  reservation  situated  in  the  northern  and  western 
portions  of  the  county  contains  500,000  acres,  which  is  about  equally  divided 
between  timber  and  grazing  lands.  There  are  about  1,000  men,  women  and  children 
in  the  Klamath  tribe  which  is  one  of  the  most  intelligent  and  industrious  tribes  of 
Indians  on  the  continent.  On  the  reservation  are  two  well-conducted  schools  in 
charge  of  the  United  States  government.  A  complete  survey  of  the  lands  ol  the 
reservation  has  just  been  made  and  the  people  of  Klamath  county  are  exerting 
every  effort  to  have  the  lands  allotted  in  severalty  to  the  Indians  by  Congress  and 
the  remainder  thrown  open  to  settlement.  When  this  is  accomplished  the  agricul- 
tural and  timber  wealth  of  Klamath  county  will  be  materially  increased. 

The  three  most  important  valleys  of  Klamath  county  are  the  Great  Klamath 
basin,  at  the  head  of  which  is  situated  the  county  seat,  Klamath  Falls,  until  recently 
called  Linkville,  Wood  river  and  Sprague  river.  Each  of  these  valleys  is  coursed 
by  a  river  which  bears  the  name  of  the  valley  through  which  it  flows.  Klamath 
basin  is  a  magnificent  stretch  of  agricultural  land.  It  presents  an  interesting  view 
when  first  seen  from  the  summit  of  the  hill  near  Keno,  on  the  road  to  Klamath 
Falls  from  the  Southern  Pa- 


I 


..c^^Sg^a-ra.-      


VIEW    Klamath  Falls. 


cific  railroad  at  Ager.  It 
has  the  appearance  from  this 
point  of  a  great  basin,  all  but 
round  and  almost  surround- 
ed by  hills  which  seem  to 
form  its  sides.  The  area  of 
Klamath  basin  is  almost 
100,000  acres.  The  land  here 
is  as  level  as  a  floor  and  is 
coursed  by  the  beautiful 
Klamath  river,  which  from 
Klamath  Falls  to  Keno  is 
navigable  for  vessels  of  light 
viraft.       A     short     distance 

below  Keno  the  river  reaches  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  from  this  latter  point  the 
river  begins  a  rapid  descent  into  the  Pacific  ocean.  Klamath  basin,  as  before 
stated,  is  a  fertile  belt  of  agricultural  land.  The  climate  and  soil  of  this  basin  are 
admirably  adapted  to  the  raising  of  cereals  of  all  kinds,  grasses,  vegetables  and  fruits 
of  the  hardier  varieties.  The  Wood  River  and  Sprague  River  valleys  are  smaller 
in  area  than  is  Klamath  basin,  but  are  similar  in  characteristics. 

Klamath  county  contains  several  lakes,  the  most  important  of  which  are  the 
Upper  and  Lower  Klamath.  The  former  is  30  miles  long,  with  an  average  width  of 
eight  miles.  It  is  navigable  for  its  entire  length.  The  latter  is  approximately  the 
same  in  dimensions  and  extends  south  into  the  lava  beds  of  California.  Crater  Lake, 
situated  in  the  mountains  to  the  west,  is  probablj'  the  most  remarkable  freak  of 
nature  of  the  kind  in  the  world.  It  is  situated  at  an  altitude  of  6,300  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  It  is  eight  miles  long  by  six  miles  wide.  Its  depth  is  1,996  feet. 
It  is  enclosed  within  vertical  walls  which  vary  in  height  from  1,000  to  2,200  feet. 
The  water  of  this  wierd  lake  is  clear,  cool,  pure  and  sweet.  It  has  neither  visible 
inlet  nor  outlet.  It  occupies  what  is  the  crater  of  an  extinct  volcano.  The  climate 
of  the  section  of  country  in  which  the  lake  is  located  is  perfect.     It  is  a  section  of 


If! 


i  * 


ii 


218 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


^■^it"^^^ 


Klamath  Falls. 


great  scenic  attractions.  It  is  a  sportsman's  ideal  paradise.  Trout  in  the  neighbor- 
ing streams  are  abundant,  good  deer  hunting  is  found  in  the  surrounding  hills,  and 

large  numbers  of  tourists  are  now 
annually  attracted  here  every  sum- 
mer. Klamath  county  is  well  sup- 
plied with  water,  This  is  invalu- 
able to  the  interests  of  a  section 
where  stock  raising  is  the  principal 
pursuit  of  its  occupants.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  rivers  already  men- 
tioned are  a  number  of  smaller 
streams  which  drain  the  less  im- 
portant valleys  of  the  county.  Of 
these  streams.  Lost  river  is  perhaps 
the  most  important.  It  heads  on 
the  southern  boundary  line  of  the 
state,  makes  a  circle  of  80  miles 
and  empties  into  Tule  Lake,  but  12  miles  distant  from  where  it  takes  its  source. 
Tule  Lake  has  no  surface  outlet.     It  is  from  this  that  Lost  river  derives  its  name. 

The  population  of  Klamath  county  is  about  3,000.  For  lack  of  rail  communica- 
tion the  farmers  of  the  county  have  been  compelled  to  devote  their  principal  atten- 
tion to  the  raising  of  stock.  This  industry  here,  however,  has  proved  highly  profit- 
able. It  is  estimated  that  the  present  number  of  cattle  in  Klamath  county  is  20,000. 
In  addition  the  county  contains  7,000  sheep  and  from  6,000  to  7,000  horses  and  mules. 
California  furnishes  a  good  market  for  the  stock  raised  in  Klamath  county.  The 
drive  to  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  from  the  stock  ranges  of  the  county  is  less  than 
75  miles.  This  is  over  a  well  watered  and  good  grazi  ig  country,  so  that  cattle  do 
not  sufiFer  thi  least  in  making  the  trip, 

Klamath  Falls,  or  Linkville,  is  a  towr  attractively  situated  in  a  sheltered  cove  of 
the  foothills  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  on  the  banks  of  Link 
river.  In  front  of  the  town  flows  th?:-  Kiamath  river,  which  at  this  point  has  widened 
out,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  a  lake.  For  many  years  the  settlement  of  Klamath 
Falls  was  a  mere  government  trading  post  for  furnishing  supplies  to  the  troops  of  the 
government  stationed  at  Fort  Klamath,  now  abandoned.  The  old  fort  was  25  miles 
west  of  the  present  town  of  Klamath 
Falls.  The  town  has  now  attained  a 
population  of  about  700.  The  location 
the  town  occupies  is  one  of  many 
natural  advantages.  It  is  the  natural 
gateway  to  all  the  vast  territory  known 
as  Southern  and  Southeastern  Ore- 
gon. Link  river,  on  the  banks  of 
which  it  is  located,  affords  a  magnifi- 
cent water  power  for  manufacturing 

industries.  The  extent  of  this  power  is  better  appreciated  by  the  statement  that  the 
river  has  a  fall  of  60  feet  here  in  a  distance  of  less  than  three-fourths  of  a  mile.  At 
present  this  power  is  utilized  only  for  running  one  flouring  and  one  sawmill. 

Klamath  Falls  is  an  incorporated  town  and  is  a  prosperous  center  of  population. 


Driving  Cattle  to  Market,  Klamath  Countv. 


Baldwin  4  Reames,  f 

The  number  of  s 
past  year  was  isc 
only  religious  den 
building  at  Klam 
company.  Troop 
tained  here.  Twos 
TAe  Klamath  Sta 
Express,  are  pul: 
Masons  and  Unite 
orders  which  mai 
Falls.  Two  hotels 
nish  good  accomi 
public  here. 

The    assessed 
Klamath  Falls  is 
tion  that  is  found 
Cue  of  the  largest  ( 
ture  of  200°.     Thes 
possess  the  follow 


^■X'i^.jfJW 


SECOND 


Klamath  County  rnci  Klamath  Falls,  Oregon. 


21& 


There  are  two  large  general  merchandise 
stores  established  here,  one  of  which  is 
conducted  by  Messrs.  Moore  &  Martin, 
and  the  other  by  Messrs.  Baldwin  & 
Reames.  These  two  stores  do  a  business 
amounting  to  from  |6o  ooo  to  |75,ooo  a 
year.  Every  line  of  mercantile  business 
is  represented  at  Klamath  Falls  and  the 
town  bears  every  e%'idence  of  thrift  and 
enterprise.  The  public  schools  are  con- 
ducted in  a  large  handsome  frame  build- 
ing and  the  best  of  discipline  i-  uain- 
taiued  in  these  schools.  The  best  of  in- 
struction is  provided.  The  school  is  in 
charge     of    three    competent    teachers. 


Baldwin  d  Reames,  Hardware  Store,  Klamath  Falls. 

The  number  of  scholars  enrolled  during  the 
past  year  was  120.  The  Presbyterian  is  the 
only  religious  denomination  owning  its  church 
building  at  Klamath  Falls.  A  well  drilled 
company,  Troop  B,  of  the  O.  N.  G.,  is  main- 
tained here.  Two  sprightly  weekly  newspapers. 
The  Klamath  Star  and  The  Klamath  Falls 
Express,  are  published  at  this  point.  The 
Masons  and  United  Workmen  are  the  secret 
orders  which  maintain  chapters  at  Klamath 
Falls.  Two  hotels  and  two  livery  stables  fur- 
nish good  accommodations  to  the  traveling 
public  here.  ' 

The  assessed  valuation  of  property  at 
Klamath  Falls  is  |i  50,000.  A  natural  attrac- 
tion that  is  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  towns  is  a  series  of  hot  mineral  springs. 
Que  of  the  largest  of  these  discharges  800,000  gallons  of  water  daily,  of  a  tempera- 
ture of  200°.  These  waters  have  been  analyized  by  an  expert  chemist  and  found  to 
possess  the  following  mineral  properties  :  bases — soda,  lime,  magnesia  and  iron  ; 
_  acids — sulphuric,      mrr'atic      and 

-^  ■   .jass;.:  ■  . -- --         silicic.       The  waters  are  effective 

in  diseases  arising  from  impurities 
of  the  blood  and  for  various  other 
complaints.  A  bath  house  has 
been  erected  near  Klamath  Falls 
and  it  is  liberally  patronized.  The 
climate  of  Klamath  county  is 
equable,  no  extremes  of  either 
SECOND  CROP  ALFALFA,  KLAMATH  CO.  ^^^^  Of    co^^^    beiug    expcrieuced 


Moore  a  mahtin's  gen'l  Mdse.  Store,  Klamath  Falls. 


T?p 


ii  ( 


"i 


J20 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


here.  The  physicians  of  Klamath  Falls  are  authority  for  the  statement  that  it  is  the 
most  healthful  portion  of  the  state.  The  people  of  the  tovvn  are  progressive.  They 
invite  immigr£.tion  of  a  desirable  class.  The  man  of  small  means  will  find  no 
trouble  in  pre  viding  himself  with  a  productive  farm  in  the  county  with  the  outlay  of 
a  vk  ry  small  amount  of  money.  Lands  here  are  cheap,  and  Klamath  Falls  people 
take  pleasure  in  aiding  the  stranger  in  seeking  a  desirable  location  here.  The  town 
is  at  present  55  miles  distant  from  a  railroad.  A  daily  stage  line  is  in  operation 
between  this  point  and  Ager,  on  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad.  This  line  also  extends 
beyond  Klamath.  Falls  to  Lakeview.  The  town  of  Klamath  Falls  can  also  be  reached 
from  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  at  Medford  or  Ashland,  Oregon.  It  will  not  be 
long  in  the  future  until  Klamath  Falls  will  have  the  advantages  of  direct  rail  coni- 
muuication  with  the  rest  of  the  world.  A  project  is  now  on  foot  to  build  a  road  to 
this  section  from  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  at  Medford.  This  line  would  tap  rich 
forests  of  sugar  pine,  a  most  valuable  timb?r,  and  it  would  open  one  of  the  finest 
parts  of  Oregon  to  settlement.  The  project  of  building  this  line  has  already  assumed 
something  of  a  definite  shape,  and  that  it  will  be  built  is  a  ceitainty  in  the  minds  of 
those  who  know  anything  of  the  varied  resources  of  Klamath  county  and  the  many 
inducements  for  building  a  railroad  into  this  favored  part  of  Oregon. 

Lake  Comity  a?r»'.t  liUkevleAV,  Oregon. - 


■*   "V.v.  ■■■'W^ 


L*KEVIEW,   OREGOS. 


-A  section  of  Oregon  of  which 
but  cc  nparatively  lit- 
_  tie  is  known,  owing  its 

remoteness  and  inac- 
cessibility from  the 
railroad  is,  Southeast- 
ern Oregon.  This  part 
of  the  state,  however, 
is  rich  in  natural  re- 
sources, and  it  will 
not  be  long  in  the  future  until  it  will  begin  to  attract  serious  attention  from  the  im- 
migration pouring  into  the  Wcpt. 

Lake  countv,  so  called  owing  to  its  being  the  center  of  the  great  lake  district  of 
Soathein  Oregon,  is  perhaps  the  most  favored  section  of  this  part  of  the  state. 
Twenty-five  years  ago  this  section  was  occupied  by  not  to  exceed  10  white  persons, 
who  had  braved  the  hardships  and  privations  incident  to  settling  in  a  new  country. 
These  men,  thus  eany  even,  saw  a  future  for  Southeastern  Oregon,  as  had  the  early 
settlers  discounted  the  possibilities  of  the  Willamette  valley.  P'rom  this  early  van- 
guard of  civilization  the  population  of  Southeastern  Oregon  has  steadily  increased 
uncil  it  is  now  about  3,000.  The  section  of  country  in  which  these  people  live  is 
prosperous,  ihe  principal  towns  are  the  centers  of  culture  and  wealth  and  the  devel 
opments  of  these  give  every  indication  of  a  progressive  anJ  intelligent  people. 

L  '  eview,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Lake  county,  is  reached  f-oni  the  town  of  Agei 
just  south  of  the  California  line  on  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad.  The  routr 
which  is  covered  l)y  stage  presents  a  great  variety  of  scenery.  Some  of  the  view^ 
commanded  from  the  higher  elevations  of  the  mountains  crossed  by  the  stage  or  thi'- 
journey  are  truly  majestic  in  their  grandeur,  while  the  beauties  of  the  road  on  tlu 
lower  levels  of  the  valleys  appeal  strongly  to  the  traveler  over  this  route. 

Lake  county  today  is  by  no  means  a  -vvilderuess.  From  its  remotentss  one  miglit 
reasonably  expect  to  find  here  a  civilization  not  so  far  advanced  as  is  noted  amon;; 


aa 


if  Aper 

routi 

vie\N> 

or  thi-- 

on.  till 


Lake  County  ant!  Lakeview,  Oregon. 


221 


the  people  of  the  .nore  accessible  portions  of  the  West.  The  people  of  the  towns  of 
this  section  are  it  just  as  close  sympathy  with  the  outside  world  as  are  the  best 
informed  people  oi  Portland.  The  leading  papers  of  the  country  find  a  large  sale  at 
Lakeview  and  Linkville  in  this  section.  The  well-to-do  people  of  these  towns  have 
fine  homes  which  arfe  often  elegantly  furnished,  and  that  the  people  are  readers  is 
attested  by  the  many  fine  private  collections  of  books  which  are  found  in  private 
residences  here.  There  is  a  warmth  of  welcome  to  strangers  in  these  settlements 
remote  from  railroad  lines  that  is  lacking  in  towns  more  easily  reached,  and  it  can  be 
safely  stated  that  no  traveler  ever  visits  the  leading  towns  of  Southeastern  Oregon 
without  regretting  when  the  time  of  his  departure  arrives  that  his  stay  here  could  not 
have  been  a  more  protracted  one. 

Lake  county,  is  before  stated,  is  the  center  of  the  great  lake  district  of  Southern 
Oregon.  On  account  of  the  large  surface  area  of  water  exposed  here,  together  with 
the  elevation  of  the  section,  which  is  from  4,000  to  5,000  feet  above  sea  level,  the  rain- 
fall here  is  far  in  excess  of  what  it  is  in  other  parts  of  Oregon  lying  east  of  the  Cas- 
cade range  of  mountains.  Lake  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Crook,  on  the 
east  bv  Harney,  on  the  west  by  Klamath,  and  on  the  south  by  the  California  line. 
1  he  lake  district  here  is  one  of  the  most  interesting  parts  of  the  coast.  The  lakes  in 
Lake  county  have  no  visible  outlets,  and  in  consequence  their  waters  are  somewhat 
brackish.  The  largest  of  the  chain  of  lakes  here  is  Goose  Lak'j.  Almost  half  of  the 
body  of  this  lake  lies  south  of  the  California  line.  Its  greatest  area  from  north  to 
south  is  about  50  miles.  From  east  o  v/est  it  is  abou  15  miles.  On  the  east  side  of 
Goose  Lake,  extending  for  its  entire  length,  is  one  of  the  most  fertile  strips  of  agri- 
cultural land  in  the  Pacific  Northwest.  This  constitutes  the  famous  Goose  Lake  val- 
ley. This  is  at  the  present  time  the  most  thickly  populated  serrtion  of  Lake  county. 
Goose  Lake  has  no  surface  outlet  and  it  does  not  overflow  excepl  during  unusually 
wet  springs.  Its  ^,•aters  are  comparativel)'  fresh  and  they  teem  with  the  choicest 
varieties  of  game  fish.  The  character  of  the  country  on  the  west  side  of  Goose  Lake 
is  for  the  most  part  abrupt,  rugged  and  mounttiiuous.  but  it  is  covered  with  a  dense 
growth  of  the  finest  timber. 

Tweniy-five  miles  north  of  Goose  Lake  is  Lake  Abert.  Twenty  miles  north- 
west of  the  latter  lake  is  Summer  Lake.  There  is  much  of  interest  in  the  peculiar 
formation  of  Lak*-  Abert.  It  is  oblong  in  shape,  and  has  a  surface  area  of  perhaps 
60  square  milp.,.  The  basin  which  the  lake  occupies  is  formed  by  a  fault  in  the  sur- 
face rock,  "o  that  while  the  bottom  of  the  lake  slopes  gradually  from  the  west,  its 
eastern  shore-line  rises  abmptly  to  an  elevation  of  i,oco  feet.  The  wafer  of  this 
lake  is  intensely  brackish.  It  is  said  to  contain  in  solution  carbonate  of  soda  and 
glauber  salt.  Summer  Lake  has  an  area  alni-^st  equal  to  that  of  Lake  Abert.  From 
the  eastern  shore  of  this  lake  a  broad,  level  and  fertile  stretch  of  agricultural  land 
extends  out  for  some  distance,  while  the  country  lining  the  western  and  southern 
boundaries  of  tiit  lake  is  of  a  mountainous  character.  This  lake  has  an  outlet, 
and  its  waters  do  not,  therefore,  contain  so  much  chloride  of  sodium  as  do  those  of 
Lake  Abert. 

South  of  Lake  Abert  is  what  is  known  as  the  Chewaucan  country,  a  large  tract 
of  valuable  agri  •ultural  land,  which,  at  the  present  time,  is  used  principally  for 
stock-: aising  purposes.  \  few  miles  northwest  of  Summer  Lake  is  another  small 
inland  body  of  water  known  as  Silver  Lake.  Beyond  this  latter  body  is  a  large  area 
of  marsh  and  meadow  land,  which  's  rapidly  filling  up  with  settlers.     Wc»mer  Lake 


i     M 


fwr- 


it 


St:;S?=='- 


FREIGHT  Team  from  Amedee  to  Lakeview. 


222  The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

is  in  the  southeastern  portion  of  the  county.  This  lake 
is  described  as  a  succession  of  smaller  lakes,  or  large 
pools,  separated  here  and  there  by  marsh  plats.  The 
water  in  certain  of  these  pools  is  totally  absorbed  during 

the  Summer  months.  Af- 
ter the  water  has  evapo- 
rated the  residium  is  a 
thick  crust  of  salt,  which 
is  used  by  the  ranchmen 
of  this  sectio"'  for  their 
stock.  War  >"  valley 
is  a  long,  ;•.:••.  cfile, 
with  precipitous  walls  on  either  side.  It  is  60  miles  long  by  about  8  i. jilts  wide  at 
its  greatest  width. 

Lake  county  is  one  of  the  largest  counties  in  the  state,  it  having  an  area  of  about 
8,000  miles.  At  least  one-third  of  the  county  is  susceptible  of  a  high  state  of  culti- 
vation. The  remaining  two-thirds  of  the  county  consists  of  broken  land,  but  thou- 
sands of  acres  of  this  afford  excellent  pasturage  for  horses,  cattle  and  sheep.  Some 
of  the  hills  of  the  county  are  covered  with  a  stunted  growth  of  timber,  while  on  some 
of  the  other  elevations  are  large  and  valuable  bodies  of  sugar  pine  and  cedar,  which 
will  furnish  an  ample  supply  of  timber  to  meet  the  local  demands  for  many  years  in 
the  future.  The  farming  lands  of  Lake  county  are  chiefly  located  in  the  valleys 
already  described.  The  character  of  the  soil  of  these  lands  is  a  rich,  black  loam,  and 
it  produces  abundant  yields  of  all  kinds  of  cereals  and  garden  produce  without 
the  aid  of  irrigation.     The  hardier  fruits  and  vegetables  of  all  kinds  do  well  here. 

Until  rail  connection  is  made  between  the  settled  districts  of  Lake  county  am' 
the  outside  world,  stock  raising  will  be  the  principal  industry  of  the  county.  Gx" 
for  the  outside  markets,  at  the  present  time,  cannot  be  successfully  uised  1;  re 
The  stock  interests  of  this  county  are  beginning  to  assume  great  magnitude,  ..  '' 
the  revenue  derived  from  this  source  is  sufficient  to  make  the  population  of  Lake 
county  one  of  the  most  prosperous  communities  in  the  Pacific  Northwest.  A  few 
figures  will  justify  the  truth  of  this  assertion.  At  the  present  writing  th'-re  are  esti- 
mated to  be  on  the  grazing  lands  of  Lake  county  30,000  horses,  75,cxx)  head  of  cattle, 
and  250,000  head  of  sheep.  This  county  annually  exports  1,750,000  pounds  of  wool. 
Lake  county  mutton  and  beef  regularly  find  a  large  sale  in  the  Portland  and  San 
Francisco  markets. 

The  public  domain  in  Lake  county  consists  of  swamp,  wagon-road  and  gov^ .  1- 
ment  lands.     There  are  large  bodies  of  .swamp  lands,  the  title  to  which  has  nrc    "et 
been  confirmed.     The  wagon-road  grants  of  the  county  are  al.so  in  an  unsettle  ;     ••' 
dition,  but  it  is  probable  that  these  will  soon  be  thrown  open  to  entry  imdev  i'-- 
homestead  law.     There  are  still  some  fine  bodies  of  agricultural  land  in  the  coui:t> 
which  are  unoccupied,  and  which  are  subject  to  settlement  under  the  laws  of  tlu' 
United  States.     The  exact  number  of  acres  of  ,  nrveyed  and    acant  lairds  in  Laki 
county  is   2,626,187.     The  climate  of  this  part  of  th-e  state  is  ^     .lightiul  one,  and 
with  the  advent  of  a  railroad  line  this  will  become  o;ie  of  the  most  inif  ortant  parts 
of  the  state. 

The  chief  trading  center  for  Southeastern  Oregon  i"  Lakeview,  the  seat  of  justice 
of  Lake  county.     It  is  a  wide-awake  little  town  of  about  900  population.     It  is  situateil 


i 
I 


Lake  County  and  Lakeview,  Oregon. 


223 


near  the  head  and  on  the  east  side  of  Goose  L,ake  valley,  about  four  miles  distant 
from  Groose  Lake.  The  town  is  incorporated,  and  enjoys  an  excellent  municipal 
form  of  government.  One  of  the  five  United  States  land  offices  of  the  state  is 
located  here.  The  receiver  is  Mr.  C.  U.  Snider,  and  Dr.  J.  W.  Watts  is  the  register. 
Both  of  these  gentlemen  are  pioneers  in  the  state,  and  they  are  both  regarded  as 
most  efficient  officers.  The  district  under  the  jurisdiction  of  this  office  embraces 
all  of  Klamath  and  Lake  counties,  half  of  Harney  and  Malheur  counties,  and  a  por- 
tion of  Crook  county. 

Lakeview  boasts  of  a  number  of  substantial  and  attractive-looking  buildings. 
Among  these  maj'  be  mentioned  the  court  house,  a  public  school  which  cosv  $14,000, 
a..d  a  handsome  brick  bank  building.  The  Lakeview  bank  is  a  strong  financial 
institution,  and  enjoys  the  confidence  of  a  wide  patronage.  It  has  a  capital  of 
$75,000,  and  a  rapidly  increasing  surplus.  A.  McCallen  is  the  successful  manager 
and  cashier  of  this  bank.  Prominent  among  the  business  houses  of  Lakeview  may 
be  mencioned  two  hotels,  two  livery  stables,  a  brewery,  and  perhaps  a  score  of  gene- 
ral merchandise  and  other  stores.  The^Lake  County  Examiner^  of  which  Messrs. 
Townsend  &  Beach  are  publishers,  is  one  of 
the  most  progressive  interior  publications  of 
the  state.  The  fraternal  and  social  organiza- 
tions are  represented  at  Lakeview  by  lodges  of 
the  Odd  Fellows,  Masons,  United  Workmen 
and  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic.  The  Baptist 
and  Methodist  denominations  have  comfort- 
able church  buildings  at  this  point.  Lakeview 
offers  superior  educi.tional  advantages.  The 
Lakeview  State  Graded  School  provides  courses 
of  study  in  the  common,  hij^h  school  and  nor- 
mal branches,  as  well  as  instruction  in  vocal 
and  instrumental  music.  The  school  is  now  a 
sectaria7i  one.  The  state  has  provided  ample 
means  for  the  purchasing  of  the  nei  essary 
apparatus  for  the  institution  in  illustrati.ig  the  physical  and  natural  sciences.  The 
corps  of  instructors  is  composed  of  four  well  qualified  teachers. 

Lakeview  has  a  good  water-works  s\stem,  together  with  good  facilities  for  fight- 
n.w,  ^re.  Near  the  town  are  established  three  sawmills,  one  roller-process  flour 
ni  ,  a  lime  kiln  and  several  ledges  of  valuable  building  stone.  A  mile  and  a  half 
south  of  the  town  are  two  jboiling  hot  springs  which  are  said  to  possess  mineral 
properties.  Bath  houses  have  been  erected  near  these  springs  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  those  who  may  be  desirous  of  testing  the  healing  powers  of  these  mineral 
waters.  Forty  miles  north  of  Lakeview  is  the  village  of  Paisley,  which  is  situated 
in  the  Chewaucan  country.  Summer  Lake  is  a  trading  post  25  miles  to  the  north- 
west of  Paisley.  Silver  Lake  is  a  small  settlement  30  miles  still  further  north. 
Fifteen  miles  south  of  Lakeview,  on  the  state  boundary  line  is  New  Pine  Creek, 
another  small  trading  point. 

The  railroad  question  is  a  vjxed  one  to  the  people  of  Lakeview  and  Lake 
county.  It  is  one,  however,  thac  promises  an  easy  solution  within  the  near  future. 
The  Union  Pacific  has  already  made  surveys  for  a  line  through  the  county.  This 
would  probably  be  its  northern  California  extension.     Reference  to  any  map  of  the 


State  Graded  School,  Lakeview. 


ill 


224 


The  Oregonian^s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 

;} 

I 

1 
1 

Pacific  Northwest  should  be  made  to  enable  the  reader  to  fully  appreciate  the  abso- 
lute certainty  of  one  or  more  of  the  transcontinental  lines  building  through  Lake 
county  in  the  near  future.  This  would  make  a  most  feasible  route  from  the  north 
through  Oregon  and  California  to  San  Francisco  on  the  south.  It  is  a  well  known 
fact  that  James  J.  Hill  of  the  Great  Northern  is  biding  his  time  when  he  will  be  able 
to  enter  California  with  his  road.  Mr.  Hill  is  too  shrewd  a  railroad  builder  to  par- 
allel the  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific  west  of  the  Cascades  in  selecting  a  route  south. 
In  going  south  he  will  undoubtedly  select  a  less  expensive  route  than  is  afforded  iu 
the  country  cro;  .  h'  by  the  Oregon  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  and  in  building 
through  Lake  co  r  will  open  up  a  new  and  wonderfully  rich  section  of  country 

where  he  will  not  ii  j  meet  competition.     It  is  felt  by  those  who  have  carefully 

studied  the  situation  i^at  he  will  build  south  from  the  line  of  the  Great  Northern  at 
Butte,  through  Idaho  and  Southeastern  Oregon.  Mr.  Hill  is  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  easy  grades  and  the  inexhaustible  resources  of  the  country  along  this  route 
and  these  will  prove  a  most  important  inducement  for  him  to  select  this  route  when 
he  finally  decides  to  enter  the  California  field.  Lake  county  and  Lakeview  offer 
exceptional  opportunities  for  trade  to  the  merchants  of  Portland,  and  a  railroad  that 
would  reach  this  country  from  some  point  on  the  Southern  Pacific  this  side  of  the 
Siskiyou  Mountains  would  prove  a  most  important  investment  from  the  stand- 
point of  Portland's  best  business  interests. 

Hon.  C.  a.  Cogswell. — As  stated  in  the  article  on  Lake  county  and  Lakeview, 
25  years  ago  there  were  scarcely  more  than  10  residents  in  what  is  now  Lake 
county,  Oregon.       Hon.  Charles  A.  Cogswell,  the  distinguished  senator  in  the  last 

three  sessions  of  the  Oregon 
state  legislature  from  the  re- 
mote southeastern  part  of  the 
atate,  was  one  of  the  10  hardy 
pioneers  above  referred  to. 
Senator  Cogswell  was  a  mere 
youth  with  but  $25  in  his 
pockets  when  he  decided  to 
brave  the  hardships  of  a  fron- 
tier life  in  the  then  wilds  of 
Southeastern  Oregon.  He  hail- 
ed from  Vermont,  where  he  wa.s 
born  in  1844.  His  parents  re- 
moved to  Iowa  in  1857,  where 
he  received  the  benefit  of  a 
cotumon  school  education. 
During  the  war  with  the  South, 
he  fought  under  Gen.  Sher- 
man's command,  and  subse 
quently  removed  to  Goose  Lake 
valley,  in  Lake  county,  Oregon . 
where  he  has  since  resided. 
For  25  years  Senator  Cogswell 
has  striven,  and  not  in  vain, 
to  bring  about  a  development, 
and  civilization  of  one  of  the  most  remote  comers  of  the  continent.     The  results 


HON.  C.  A  Cogswell,  Lakeview. 


Lake  County  and  Lakeview,  Oregon. 


225 


id     to. 
mere 
11    his 
led   to 
fron- 
5lds   of 
e  hail- 
he  was 
its   re- 
where 
of   <'i 
Icatioii . 
South, 
Sher- 
subse 
le  Lake 
regoii , 
lesided. 
gswell 
vain, 
pmeiii 
resuUs 


have  been  worthy  of  his  inde  Tatigable  and  well-directed  efforts.  After  the  rough 
corners  of  his  frontier  existence  had  begun  to  wear  smooth,  Senator  Cogswell  took 
up  the  study  of  the  law,  and  was  admitted  to  practice  in  the  Oregon  courts.  In 
1887  he  was  elected  to  the  office  of  judge  of  Lake  county.  In  1888  he  received  a  flat- 
tering majority  for  state  senator  and  was  re-elected  to  the  same  office  in  1892  by 
double  his  former  majority.  During  his  term  in  the  senate,  Mr.  Cogswell  was  a  lead- 
ing spirit,  and  raanv  of  the  important  measures  that  became  laws  during  that  session 
originated  with  mm.  He  received  the  Democratic  vote  of  the  members  of  the 
Senate  for  the  office  of  president  of  that  body,  and  he  was  made  chairman  of  the 
committee  on  federal  relations.  The  name  of  Senator  Cogswell  is  often  mentioned 
in  connection  with  the  gubernatorial  honors  of  the  state,  but  this  has  been  done 
without  his  sanction.  Senator  Cogswell  is  now  the  mayor  of  Lakeview.  He  enjoys 
a  most  lucrative  law  practice  besides  having  large  stock  as  well  as  other  interests 
in  Southeastern  Oregon.  He  is  a  man  of  m-irked  ability,  an  ardent  Democrat  in 
politics  and  he  is  honored  by  an  admiring  constituency  from  both  parties  alike. 

Hon.  Bernard  Dai^y,  M.  D. — There  was  probably  no  more  distinguished 
member  of  the  house  of  the  last  legislature  than  Dr.  Bernard  Daly,  the  representa- 
tive from  Lake  and  Klamath  counties.  Dr.  Daly  is  a  native  of  Ireland,  having  been 
born  there  in  18^,8,  but  he  was 
raised  in  the  state  cf  Alabama. 
He  received  a  thorough  prelim- 
inary education  in  his  youth 
and  graduated  from  the  Ohio 
Normal  University  at  Ada  in 
1886,  and  from  the  Medical  De- 
partment of  the  University  of 
Louisville  in  1887.  During  the 
latter  j'ear  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence at  Lakeview,  where  he 
began  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession ill  which  he  has  met 
with  signal  success.  Although 
hailing  from  a  somewhat  re- 
mote part  of  the  state,  Dr.  Daly 
has  always  been  indefatigable 
in  his  efforts  in  behalf  of  South- 
eastern Oregon.  He  was  elected 
to  the  last  legislature  by  a  most 
flattering  majority  and  he 
served  his  constituents  in  a 
most  able  manner.  Although 
on  the  side  of  the  Democratic 
minority,  Dr.  Daly  was  a  leader 
and  many  of  the  important 
measures  introduced  and  en- 
acted are  to  be  traced  to  his  sagacious  efforts.  Dr.  Daly's  interest  in  behalf  of  education 
led  to  his  appointment  as  a  member  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  Oregon  State 
Agricultural  College  at  Corvallis,  the  position  made  vacant  by  the  death  of  Hon. 


! 


;i26 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 


J 


W.  S.  Ladd,  of  Portland.  Dr.  Daly  is  a  most  prominent  citi/en  of  Lakeview  and  is 
untiring  in  his  efforts  to  make  Southeastern  Oregon  one  of  the  most  important  agri- 
cultural sections  of  the  state. 

Hon.  W.  M.  Tovvnsend. — The  name  of  Hon.  W.  M.  Townsendhas  been  promi- 
nently identified  with  the  growth  and  development  of  the  Willamette  valley,  in  Ore- 
gon, for  the  past  30  years.  Judge  Townsend  was  born  in  the  state  of  Indiana  in 
1839,  where  he  received  a  common  school  education.  Early  in  life  he  became 
imbued  with  a  desire  to  go  west,  and  in  1855  he  settled  in  Kansas.  Ten  years  later 
the  Pacific  coast  proved  a  more  inviting  field  for  the  man  of  push  and  ambition, 

and  Judge  Townsend  removed 
to  Yamhill  county,  in  Oregon. 
During  his  stay  in  Kansas  he 
enlisted  in  the  15th  Kansas 
regiment  and  served  with  hon- 
or during  the  civil  war.  In  1S70 
Judge  Townsend  was  elected  a 
member  of  the  Oregon  legisla- 
ture and  in  1874  he  occupied  a 
seat  in  the  Senate  along  with 
such  men  as  Dolph,  Hirsch, 
Watson,  Meyers  and  Cochran. 
During  his  term  as  senator, 
Judge  Towtisend  was  made 
chairman  of  the  committee  on 
ways  and  means.  In  1878  he 
was  elected  judge  of  Yamhill 
county.  Judge  Townsend  has 
always  been  a  partisan  democrat 
and  in  recognition  of  his  ability 
as  a  leader  and  expounder  of 
the  principles  of  democrac}', 
he  was  chosen  by  the  state  cen- 
tral committee  in  1880  and  1884 
to  canvass  the  state  for  Han- 
cock and  Cleveland  respectively.  In  1878  Judge  Townsend  adopted  journalism  as  a 
calling  and  established  The  Oregon  Register  at  Lafayette.  In  1885  he  was 
appointed  by  Cleveland  receiver  of  the  land  office  at  Lakeview  where  he  has  since 
resided.  Judge  Townsend  enjoys  the  honor  of  having  been  the  first  mayor  of  Lake- 
view,  to  which  position  he  was  elected  in  1888.  He  now  holds  the  office  of  judge 
of  Lake  county,  and  he  also  finds  time  to  edit  one  of  the  most  sprightly  weekly 
newspapers  in  Oregon,  The  Lake  County  Examiner.  Judge  Townsend  is  well- 
known  throughout  the  state  and  is  a  man  of  recognized  ability.  In  1878  he  declined 
the  nomination  for  governor  of  the  state  and  in  1884  he  received  the  complimentary 
vote  of  the  democratic  minority  in  the  legislature  for  United  States  senator.  Judge 
Townsend  has  unlimited  confidence  in  the  future  development  of  Lake  county  and 
Southeastern  Oregon  and  no  one  man  is  doing  more  than  he  is  to  aid  and  hasten  this 
rapid  development. 

Just  as  "  The  Handbook  "  is  going  to  press  word  reaches  The  Oregon  i  an  that 


The  Ute  Hon.  w.  m.  Townsend,  lakeview. 


In  that 


Hillsboro,  Oregon. 

Hon.  W.  M.  Townsend,  the  subject  of  the  above  sketch,  is  dead.  Judge  Towti- 
send  was  one  of  the  best  known  and  most  highly  respected  citizens  of  the  state,  and 
his  death  will  be  mourned  by  his  numerous  friends  and  admirers  in  all  parts  of  the 
coast. 

Hillsboro,  Oregon.— Hillsboro  is  15  miles  west  of  Portland,  in  an  air  line, 
but  by  the  usual  means  of  travel  between  the  two  places — the  West  Side  division  of 
the  Southern  Pacific  railroad — it  is  21  miles  distant  from  Oregon's  metropolis.  It  is 
the  county  seat  of  Washington  county,  and  contains  a  population  of  about  1,800. 

The  town  itself  gives  every  evidence  of  thrift,  and  it  is  most  pleasantly  located. 
The  growth  of  the  place  from  a  mere  hamlet  has  been  made  within  a  very  short 
time  past.  Four  years  ago  Hillsboro  did  not  contain  to  exceed  800  people.  The 
cause  of  this  rapid  growth  can  be  traced  to  the  impetus  given  the  town  by  the  organ- 
ization of  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  a  granger  corporation,  but  in  no  way  identified 
with  the  Farmers'  Alliance.  The  Patrons  of  Husbandry  erected  at  Hillsboro  a  brick 
block  and  established  a  general  merchandise  store  under  the  name  of  the  Hillsboro 


farming  trade  of 
instilled  the  spirit 
Hillsboro,  and  in 


COURT  House,  Hillsboro. 


Co-operative  Company.  This  largely  increased  the 
the  town,  and  the  initiative  taken  by  this  organization 
of  progress  into  the  minds  of  the  leading  citizens  of 
less  than  three  years  after  the  fii.:-t  great  stroke  of  en- 
terprise was  made  by  the  Patrons,  the  population  of  the 
place  had  more  than  doubled. 

Hillsboro  boasts  of  two  large  flouring  mills, 
both  in  operation.  One  of  these  mills  makes  a 
specialty  of  the  manufacture  of  oatmeal,  which 
finds  a  ready  market  in  all  parts  of  the  coast.  In 
addition  to  these  mills,  the  town  also  contains  a 
large  warehouse  which  furnishes  ample  and  con- 
venient storage  for  the  farmers  of  the  vicinity. 

Three  new  churches  have  been  added  to  the 
town  of  late  years.  The  Methodist,  Baptist,  Con- 
gregational and  Christian  denominations  contain 
very  strong  memberships.  The  educational  facilities  of  Hillsboro  have  never  been 
neglected.  A  well  graded  school  of  450  pupils  is  conducted  in  a  fine  school  build- 
ing, erected  at  a  cost  of  $14,000.  The  school  contains  seven  grades,  with  a  teacher 
at  the  head  of  each. 

The  town  contains  16  brick  stores,  and  the  leading  mercantil"  and  professional 
pursuits  are  carried  on  with  profit.  A  handsomely  designed  and  expensive  brick 
court  house  occupies  a  full  block  in  the  center  of  the  town.  Sessions  of  both  the 
county  and  circuit  courts  are  regularly  held  here. 

Hillsboro  has  good  planked  streets,  electric  lights,  water  works,  and  every  ade- 
quate protection  against  fire.  Municipal  affairs  have  been  conducted  wisely  and  on 
a  conservative  basis,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  statement  that  the  city's  indebtedness  does 
not  exceed  $4,ock). 

The  Southern  Pacific  railroad  furnishes  the  transportation  facilities  of  Hillsboro 
at  the  present  writing.  Two  trains  run  each  way  over  this  line  daily,  connecting 
Hillsboro  not  only  with  Portland  and  the  East,  but  also  with  all  points  of  the  Wil- 
lamette valley.  A  motor  line  of  road  now  runs  out  of  Portland  part  of  the  way  to 
Hillsboro,  and  it  is  probable  that  this  will  be  completed  clear  through  to  the  latter 


l-u 


A       11 


M 


41 


i 


S    ifi 


1" 

1  1 


Mi 


'!  ! 


r  TIF" 


■ 


li! 


228 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


CITV  HALL,  HILL8B0R0. 


place  during  the  present  year.  Two  hotels,  with 
rates  varying  from  $i  to  $2  a  day,  furnish  comfort- 
able accommodations  to  the  traveling  public. 
The  town  supports  two  good  weekly  publications, 
T/ie  Independent  and  The  Democrat. 

The  climate  of  Washington  county  is  essen- 
tially the  same  as  that  of  the  entire   Willamette 
valley.     Old  age  and  disease  claim  their  victims 
here,  however,  as  in  every  part  of  the  world.     Dr. 
F.  A.  Bailey,  the  leading  physician,  and  a  promi- 
nent figure  in  the  growth  of  the  city,  makes  a  most 
gratifying  report  of  the  healthy  condition  of   Hillsboro's  population.     The  doctor 
has  great  faith  in  the  future  of  the  town,  and  this  faith  will  certainly  not  be  shaken 
by  the  future  development  here. 

Owing  to  Hillsboro's  proximity  to  Portland,  city  lots  and  farming  lands  in  the 
vicinity  find  a  ready  sale  among  careful  investors. 
J.  J.  Morgan  has  constantly  on  hand  a  large  list 
of  all  classes  of  property  in  Hillsboro  and  the  ad- 
joining section.  He  has  been  prominent  in  al- 
most every  enterprise  that  has  been  inaugurated 
in  the  town  during  the  last  12  or  13  years.  He 
is  now  a  stockholder  in  the  Hillsboro  Co-opera- 
tive Company  ;  he  is  ai.* officer  and  a  director  of 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Hillsboro,  and  he 
stands  deservedly  high  in  the  community  where 
he  has  so  long  resided.  All  information  furnished 
by  Mr.  Morgan  on  Hillsboro  and  the  tributary 
district,  can  be  relied  on  in  all  cases  as  strictly 
accurate  and  of  great  value  to  the  seeker  for  in- 
formation on  this  part  of  the  Willamette  valley. 

"Washlngfton  County. — This  is  one  of  the  oldest  settled,  and  today  it  is  one 
of  the  most  prosperous,  counties  of  Oregon.  In  shape  it  is  nearly  square  and  con- 
tains an  area  of  over  300,000  square  acres.  Of  the  strictly  agricultural  counties  of 
the  state  it  is  the  farthest  north  and  the  one  which  approaches  nearest  to  the  sea.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Scappoose  Hills,  a  range  maintaining  an  average  ele- 
vation of  about  1,000  feet  above  sea  level.  These  hills  separate  the  west  side  of  the 
Willamette  valley  from  the  Columbia  river  and,  skirting  the  Willamette  river  on  the 
west,  form  the  eastern  boundary  of  Washington  county,  separating  it  from  Multno- 
mah. Yamhill  county  adjoins  Washington  on  the  south,  while  the  latter  is  separated 
from  Tillamook  county  on  the  west  by  the  rugged  chain  of  the  Coast  range  of 
mountains. 

The  topography  of  Washington  county  includes  about  four-fifths  of  practically 
level  land,  dotted  here  and  there  with  wondeifully  rich  beaver-dam  marshes,  and  the 
remaining  fifth  is  hilly.  Of  the  level  portion  of  these  lands  perhaps  two-thirds 
might  be  termed  prairie,  adapted  to  the  highest  form  of  agriculture,  while  the 
remaining  third  is  covered  with  brush  and  timber.  The  hilly  portion  of  the 
county  is  all  brush  and  timber.  It  is  '.he  varied  nature  of  1V '-  lands  of  the  county 
that  makes  them  especially  desirable  for  settlement.     The  ik  •.iutainous  portion  of  the 


Morgan  4  bailey  Block,  Hillsboro. 


^1 


Washington  County,  Oregon. 


229 


Itically 
Ind  the 
khirds 
le  the 
>f  the 
|:ounty 
of  the 


county,  with  its  heavy  growth  of  timber,  insures  an  adequate  supply  of  water  for  the 
low  lands  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  the  timber  which  is  found  in  these  mount- 
ains is  of  the  greatest  value,  both  for  domestic  use  and  as  lumber  for  export.  The 
most  valuable  of  this  timber  for  commercial  purposes  are  the  common  fir  and  cedar 
found  in  the  higher  elevations,  as  in  the  mountains  of  all  parts  of  the  Northwest,  in 
practically  unlimited  quantities.  This  belt  also  includes  large  quantities  of  white 
fir,  common,  or  pitch  pine,  and  on  the  western  border  of  the  county  is  a  valuable  strip 
of  white  pine.  Scattered  here  and  there  through  this  timber  belt  are  stretches  of 
hemlock  and  spruce,  some  of  the  trees  of  the  latter  varieties  often  attaining  enor- 
mous size,  heights  of  300  feet,  or  even  more,  being  frequently  recorded.  In  addition 
to  these  soft  woods  is  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  the  finest  white  oak.  This,  with 
the  other  hard  woods  found  here,  will  be  very  valuable  in  the  near  future  for  the 
manufacture  of  furniture  and  other  articles  of  commerce  requiring  the  use  of  the 
harder  varieties  of  woods. 

Washington  is  one  of  the  best  watered  counties  of  the  state.  Leading  up  from 
the  level  portions  of  the  county  fertile  valleys  extend  for  a  considerable  distance  into 
the  hilly  sections,  dividing  these  hills  in  all  directions.  Down  these  small  valleys 
flow  Rock  creek,  Dairy  creek.  Gales  creek,  Scogging's  creek  and  Patton's  creek. 
These  are  all  mountain  streams  carrying  large  volumes  of  the  purest  water  and  offer- 
ing rich  opportunities  in  the  water  power  afforded  for  future  manufactories.  These 
streams  unite  near  the  central  part  of  the  county,  forming  Tualatin  river.  This  latter 
stream  is  navigable  from  Cornelius  for  a  distance  of  about  40  miles  to  a  point  near 
where  it  empties  into  the  Willamette  river  a  few  miles  above  Oregon  City.  Rapids 
near  the  mouth  alone  prevent  steamers  from  entering  the  Willamette  from  this 
stream.  Before  the  railroad  was  completed  through  the  /alley  a  steamer  of  120  tons 
measurement  plied  regularly  on  the  Tualatin  river  from  Cornelius,  Hillsboro  and 
other  points,  connecting  with  the  regular  steamboat  lines  on  the  Willamette  by 
means  of  a  short  portage  near  the  mouth  of  the  Tualatin,  and  also  making  connection 
at  Oswego,  a  few  miles  above  Portland,  by  a  similar  portage. 

The  lands  of  the  entire  Willamette  valley  are  rich  and  well  watered.  Washing- 
ton county  is  no  exception  to  this  rule.  Covering  a  strong  clay  subsoil  is  a  carpet  of 
the  richest  ioam,  varying  in  depth  from  a  few  inches  to  many  feet.  Lands  on  the 
Tualatin  bottoms  are  especially  rich,  the  thirtieth  yield  of  wheat  having  now  been 
raised  here  with  an  average  yield  annually  of  40  bushels  to  the  acre.  All  cereals  do 
well  here.  One  of  the  great  future  possibilities  of  this  section  is  the  raising  of  stock, 
and  dairying.  The  county  is  an  ideal  dairying  section,  and  with  practically  an  entire 
absence  of  cold  during  the  winter  months,  the  expense  of  caring  for  cattle  here  is 
less  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  Northwest. 

Oregon  has  long  been  noted  for  her  fine  apples  and  pears.  It  is  just  such  land  as 
is  found  in  Washington  county  that  produces  the  finest  fruit.  The  cool  nights  of  the 
early  fall  months  are  especially  hard  on  grapes  and  peaches,  but  with  the  exception 
of  these  two  varieties  all  semi-tropical  fruits  do  as  well  here  as  in  any  part  of  the  world. 
So  perfectly  adapted  are  these  lands  to  small  fruits,  that  the  flavor  of  the  raspberries 
and  blackberries  which  grow  in  endless  profusion  in  a  wild  state  here  is  not  equalled 
by  that  of  any  cultivated  fruit  of  the  same  varieties  in  the  world.  The  hills  during 
the  summer  months  are  covered  with  blackberries,  raspberries  and  huckleberries. 
All  kinds  of  small  fruits  do  well  here,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  fruit  canning  on  a 
large  scale  should  not  be  as  profitable  in  Washington  county  in  the  near  future  as  it 
has  already  been  proved  to  be  in  the  b6st  fruit  districts  of  California. 


m 


ML 


•^ 


230 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Cornelius,  Oregon. — Three  miles  west  of  Hillsboro,  on  the  line  of  the  West 
Side  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  is  located  the  town  of  Cornelius,  with 
a  popul  ition  of  about  300.  A  creamery,  large  wheat  warehouse  and  a  rich  tributary 
farming  district  are  the  chief  dependencies  of  the  place.  The  town  claims  a  neat 
church  building  [Methodist],  a  substantial  building  occupied  by  the  public  school 
with  an  average  attendance  of  about  100  pupils,  a  single  hotel  and  one  livery  stable. 
Before  the  era  of  great  development  in  the  Northwest,  Cornelius  had  the  promise  of 
becoming  the  junction  of  the  proposed  Astoria  &  McMiunville  railroad.  Ihis  was  a 
line  projected  by  the  erstwhile  railroad  king,  Ben  Holladay  and  Colonel  Cornelius. 
The  town  was  named  after  the  latter  gentleman.  Railroad  lines  since  that  time  have 
gridironed  the  Northwest,  cities  have  sprung  up  in  the  wilderness,  deserts  have  been 
broken  up  and  made  habitable,  but  Cornelius  still  boasts  of  a  single  line  of  railroad 
which  passes  her  doors,  and  Astoria,  which  had  promise  of  p><rly  rail  connection 
more  than  20  j'cars  ago,  is  still  forced  to  rely  on  the  open  highway  of  the  Columbia 
and  Willamette  rivers  for  her  sole  means  of  connection  with  the  rich  cities  of  the 
interior. 

Cornelius  enjoyed  a  considerable  degree  of  prosperity  during  the  two  years  that 
the  West  Side  division  of  the  present  Southern  Pacific  line  terminated  there,  but  since 
that  time  it  has  allowed  rival  places  to  take  the  lead  in  municipal  development. 
Since  that  time  no  special  progress  has  been  made  in  the  place,  and  Cornelius  remains 
today  substantially  as  Ben  Holladay  left  it  more  than  two  decades  ago. 

Forest  Grove,  Oregron. — Forest  Grove,  as  its  name  implies,  is  a  town  of 
sylvan  surroundings.  The  location  of  the  town  is  a  sightly  one,  at  an  elevation  con- 
siderably above  that  of  the  country  immediately  around  it,  and  it  is  well  sheltered 
b}'  a  heavy  forest  growth  which  skirts  the  placu  on  all  sides. 


Forest  Grove  is  incorpor- 
population  of  about  1,300.  It 
division  of  the  Southern  Pacific 
land.  Two  passenger  trains  and 
over  this  line,  thus  affording 
between  Forest  Grove  and  the 
dition  to  the  line  of  travel  af- 
Grove  also  has  daily  connection 


Public  School,  Forest  grove 


ated,  and  contains  a  present 
is  on  the  line  of  the  West  Side 
railroad,  26  miles  south  of  Port- 
one  freight  run  daily  each  way 
ample  means  of  communication 
big  city  to  the  north.  In  ad- 
forded  by  the  railroad,  Forest 
with   Vcrnonia  and   Greenville 


by  well  appointed  stages. 

Forest  Grove  has  long  been  noted  as  the  seat  of  Tualatin  Academy  &  Pacific 
University,  one  of  the  best  conducted  colleges  on  the  coast.  A  description  of  this 
important  seat  of  learning  is  published  in  connection  with  the  present  article.  In 
addition  to  the  educational  facilities  afforded  by  the  college,  the  town  also  supports  a 
good  public  school  system  with  an  average  attendance  of  2S0  scholars. 

The  manufacturing  industries  of  the  place  comprise  an  arc  and  incandescent 
system  of  electric  lighting  for  the  city,  a  fruit  cannery,  flouring  mill,  sash  and  door 
factory,  furniture  factory  and  creamery.  All  of  the  various  mercantile  houses  of  any 
prosperous  town  are  represented  at  Forest  Grove.  The  place  boasts  of  one  strong  and 
well  conducted  bank,  The  Bank  of  Forest  Grove,  it  supports  one  good  newspaper,  T/ie 
Times,  has  two  livery  stables  and  three  hotels.  One  of  these  hostelries,  the  Forest 
Grove,  owned  and  operated  during  the  past  28  years  by  Mrs.  S.  A,  Sloan,  is  one  of 
the  popular  institutions  of  the  town,  and  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  conducted 
houses  of  the  valley. 


Forest  Grove,  Oregon. 


231 


;sceut 

door 

any 

and 

The 

'crest 

jiie  of 

ucted 


The  principal  products  of  the  soil  of  the  country  tributary  to  Forest  Grove  are 
fruits  of  all  kinds,  with  prunes  in  the  lead,  grain  and  all  varieties  of  vegetables. 
Considerable  attention  has  been  paid  of  late  years  to  the  dairying  possibilities  of  this 
section,  and  it  has  been  proved  that  this  tributary  district  will  give  as  satisfactory 
results  in  dairying  as  any  of  the  most  favored  parts  of  the  coast.  The  country 
here  is  also  rich  in  a  growth  of  the  finest  varieties  of  timber  for  commercial  pur- 
poses, and  the  lumber  industry  has  already  attained  considerable  prominence  in  this 
part  of  the  state. 

Forest  Grove  has  four  good  church  buildings,  the  Congregational,  Baptist,  Meth- 
odist and  Christian,  each  of  which  denomination  boasts  of  a  good  congregation. 
Liberal  hall,  a  large  public  room,  free  for  all  gatherings  of  a  public  character,  is  main- 
tained here.  The  town  is  not  behind  any  place  in  the  valley  of  equal  population  in 
enterprise  and  prosperity,  and  with  the  other  inland  towns  of  the  state  it  is  assured  of 
a  solid  growth  with  the  certain  increase  in  population  and  consequent  steady  addition 
to  the  wealth  of  the  country. 

Pacific  University. — Forest  Grove,  both  by  reason  of  its  favorable  location 
and  by  the  intelligence  and  moral  standing  of  its  citizens,  is  well  adapted  for  the 

location  of  an  institution  of  advanced  learning 
These  advantages  were  considered  when  Tuala- 
tin Academy  and  Pacific  University  was  char- 
tered as  an  academy  in  1848,  and  later  as  a  col- 
lege in  1854.  That  the  aim  of  the  founders 
to  maintain  a  high  standard  of  scholarship  has 
been  steadily  adhered  to,  is  attested  by  '"  =; 
character  of  its  alumni,  many  of  whom  •■. 
numberec"  among  the  prominent  men  of  ' 
coast.  The  institution  now  stands  on  a  firm 
financial  basis,  and  in  consequence  has  been 
enabled  to  ga'her  to  itself  an  able  faculty  from  the  best  colleges  of  the  country. 

Since  the  accession  of  Thomas  McClelland,  D.  D.,  to  the  presidency  of  the  insti- 
tution, in  1891,  the  faculty  has  been  enlarged  and  the  courses  of  study  revised  and 
strengthened  by  the  addition  of  elective  courses  in  histoi  -  English  literature,  Latin, 
Greek,  mathematics,  chemistry  and  biology. 

The  buildings  of  the  school,  in  ad- 
dition to  those  shown  in  the  accom- 
panying illustrations,  are  the  acad- 
emy, the  science  building,  contain- 
ing the  chemical  and  biological  labora- 
tories, and  the  young  mens'  dormitory. 
The  attendance  at  the  university 
has  materially  increased  during  the 
past  two  years,  and  the  prosperity  of 
the  institution  is  apparent  in  all  its 
departments. 

In  1885  a  conservatory  of  music 
was  added,  and  its  liberal  patronage 
shows  it  to  be  an  attractive  and  profit- 
able feature  of  the  institution. 


Marsh  MEMORrAL  Hall,  Pacific  University,  Forest  Grove. 


PHOTO.    BV  MC  ALPIN  \  LAMB,   PORTLAND. 


m 


!  "t 


M 


LADIES'   HALL,   PACIFIC  UNIVERSITV,    FOREST  GROVE. 


•  -I  ■ 


f  ! 


I 


232 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Stage  fbom  Fohest  Grove  to  Tillamook. 


Owing  to  its  liberal  endowmeut,  the  university  is  not  wholly  dependent  upon  tui- 
tion for  its  support,  and  in  consequence  it  is  able  to  offer  its  privileges  at  a  nominal 
cost. 

Over  the  Coast  Tlnnge  to  Tillamook.— As  "The  Handbook"  is 
intended  to  serve  largely  as  a  guide  to  tourists  visiting  the  Northwest,  it  could  hardly 

be  said  to  be  complete  without  some 
mention  of  that  part  of  the  coast  bord- 
ering on  the  Pacific  ocean  and  west  of 
the  Coast  range  of  mountains.  One  of 
the  most  important  of  the  coast  settle- 
ments on  the  Pacific  ocean  in  the  state 
of  Oregon  is  on  Tillamook  Bay,  the 
first  harbor  south  of  the  entrance  to  the 
Columbia  river.  The  ride  by  stage 
from  Forest  Grove,  on  the  line  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  railroad,  -ross  the 
Coast  range  to  Tillamook   is  one  of  the  enjoyable  stage  journeys  of  1  ^ast.     A 

description  of  the  ride  over  these  mountains  will  be  read  with  pleasure  b_  patrons 

of  "The  Handbook." 

Starting  from  Forest  Grove  just  at  break  of  day  in  the  comfortable  stage  furn- 
ished by  H.  D.  Jones,  the  traveler  finds  enjoyment  from  the  outset  of  the  journey,  and 
this  interest  increases  as  the  stage  enters  the  mountains.  Eithi..-  Mr.  Jones,  the  pro- 
prietor, or  his  trusted  henchman,  Joe  Bailey,  both  of  whom  are  experienced  whips, 
handle  the  reins.  For  the  first  few  miles  out  the  stage  runs  smoothly  and  rapidly 
along  through  a  level  strip  of  agricultural  country  with  well  cultivated  farms  on 
either  side  of  the  road.  The  rise  to  the  foothills  of  the  Cascade  range  begins  gradu- 
ally. The  ground  from  a  dead  level  grows  gently  undulating.  This  is  the  famous 
Gales  Creek  country,  where  land  is  worth  fiooanacre  and,  as  the  driver  remarks,  "it 
is  mighty  good  soil,  too."  Several  miles  west  of  Forest  Grove  the  little  farming 
village  of  Gales  City  is  reached.  This  contains  a  store,  postoffice  and  half  a  dozen 
houses.  From  this  point  the  stage  road  begins  to  grow  steeper  and  the  ascent  to  the 
Coast  Mountains  is  about  to  begin.  The  sturdy  pair  of  mules,  called  "  The  Babies," 
who  serve  on  the  first  relay,  make  light  work  of  these  preliminary  climbs  for  they 
are  fresh  from  the  stalls  and  m?ny  trips  over  the  same  road  have,  perhaps,  led  to  their 
making  light  of  the  first  pull,  instinctively  reasoning  as  they  do  that  the  hard  work 
is  yet  ahead  on  the  steeper  slopes.  The  toll  gate  is  soon  reached  where  the  sleepy 
toll-man,  for  it  is  still  early  morning  when  the  stage  reaches  this  point,  presents  him- 
self in  answer  to  the  blast  from  the  driver's  horn,  collects  the  fare  for  the  stage,  $2, 
and  opens  the  gate  to  the  famous  Wilson  River  toll  road. 

The  toll  road  is  worthy  of  more  than  a  passing  notice.  Its  construction  Involved 
difficult  feats  of  engineering.  It  is  47  miles  long.  It  was  built  by  the  Wilson  River 
Boom,  ToUroad  &  Improvement  Co.,  incorporated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $250,000. 
The  officers  of  this  company  are:  W.  S.  Runyon,  president  and  manager;  James 
Steel  of  Portland,  vice  president,  and  Claude  Thayer,  the  banker  of  Tillamook, 
secretary.  The  work  of  the  construction  of  this  road  was  commenced  in  1890  by  W. 
S.  Runyon,  the  prime  mover  iu  the  undertaking.  This  was  after  Tillamook  county 
had  decided  that  the  expense  of  building  the  road  would  prove  too  burdensome 
to  the  taxpayers.     A   charter  of  30  years'  duration  was  granted  to  the  company. 


?*nw 


Tillamook,  Oregon. 


233 


mouB 
"it 


Ived 
liver 
,000. 
mes 
00k, 
W. 
unty 
some 
)anv. 


PHOTO.    BY  REYNOLDS,  TILL.iMOOK. 


This  included  not  only  the  right  to  collect  toll  from  teams  and  foot  passengers  pass- 
ing over  the  road,  but  also  a  franchise  covering  the  rights  of  logging  on  Wilson  river. 
By  this  logging  clause  the  company  is  entitled  to  collect  55  cents  for  every  thousand 
feet  of  timber  floated  down  the  stream  during  the  term  of  the  lease.  Of  this  amount 
50  cents  goes  to  the  company  and  5  cents  to  the  county.  The  logging  franchise  is 
confined  to  Tillamook  county,  but  the  toll  rights  cover  41  miles  of  road  in  Tillamook 
county  and  six  miies  in  Washington  county.  As  before  stated,  the  construction  of 
the  road  involved  great  engineering  difficulties.  The  county  surveyor  estimated  in 
one  of  his  annual  reports  that  the  construction  of  the  road  would  involve  an  outlay 
of  $i5>5oo.  Already  about  |35,ooo  has  been  spent  on  the  road  and  the  work  is  not 
yet  completed.  The  time  covered  by  this  construction  work  has  been  three  summers 
of  four  working  months  each,  during  which  time  from  30  to  45  men  and  four  teams 
were  steadily  employed.  The  curves,  grades  and  bridge  work  reflect  great  credit  on 
Mr.  Runyon's  judgment,  who  met  the  difficulties  of  construction  as  they  arose. 
There  are  102  bridges  on  the  road  and  the  i  range  from  20  to  282  feet  in  length.  In 
addition  to  the  bridges  are 
miles  of  shoring  which  follow 
the  edges  of  precipitous  hill- 
sides. The  road  is  a  safe  one  to 
travel  in  every  respect.  There 
is  no  crib  or  false  work  under 
the  roadbed  and  no  danger  from 
landslides  can  ever  be  encoun- 
tered. The  principal  bridges  on 
the  road  are  the  Howe  truss. 
These  are  of  extra  strength,  and 
some  of  these  bridges  have  dur- 
ing the  severe  mountain  storms 
of  winter  successfully  carried  a 
weight  of  snow  estimated  at 
220  tons.  All  canting  on  the 
inclines  is  toward  the  inside 
bank  and  away  from  the  decline,  thus  avoiding  all  danger  of  the  stage 
going  over  the  bank.  The  rates  of  toll  over  this  road,  considering  the  heavy 
expense  of  its  construction,  are  very  reasonable.  But  $2  is  charged  for  double  teams 
$1.50  for  single  teams  and  $1  for  horse  and  rider.  The  company  has  never  enforced 
the  levy  of  25  cents  allowed  in  their  charter  for  foot  passengers.  This  is  one  of  the 
best  driveways  in  the  state  and  it  affords  easy  access  to  Tillamook  at  all  seasons  of 
the  year. 

Fourteen  miles  west  of  Forest  Grove  the  summit  of  the  Coast  range  is  reached. 
This  is  1,743  feet  above  sea  level.  The  view  from  the  summit  on  the  stage  road  is 
entrancing.  Far  to  the  east  can  be  counted  no  less  than  seven  snow-capped  peaks  of 
the  Cascades.  These  are  Mt.  Hood,  Mt.  Rainier,  Mt.  Pitt,  Mt.  St.  Helens,  Mt. 
Adams,  Mt.  Jefferson  and  the  Three  Sisters.  Immediately  below  to  the  east  lies  the 
fertile  valley  of  the  Willamette,  one  of  the  garden  spots  of  ihe  coast.  As  the  descent 
on  the  west  side  of  the  mountains  begins,  the  driver,  Joe  Bailey,  tightens  his  grip  on 
"  The  Babies,"  as  the  mules  are  called.  The  sagacity  of  the  mules  is  as  conspicu- 
ous as  the  accredited  stubbornness  of  this  animal.  They  stop  by  instinct  before  cross- 
ing a  loose  timber  in  a  bridge  and  there  is  even  a  suspicion  of  a  hesitancy  in  their 


View  in  Wilson  River. 


• 


284 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  REYNOLDS. 


FALL  Crfek,  Wilson  River  Road  to  Tillamook. 


step  at  points  where  the  driver  is  accustomed  to  dwell  with  enthusiasm  on  the  merits 

of  some  particular  bit  of  scenery  along  the  way.     A  short  distance  the  other  side  of 

the  summit  the  Devils  Lake 
country  is  reached.  This  coun- 
try derives  its  name  from,  a 
marshy  lake  within  its  limits 
which  shows  strange  lights  ou 
its  surface  after  nightfall.  The 
country  is  gently  undulating, 
and  the  soil  is  as  rich  ns  that 
of  the  valley  land.  The  stage 
road  crosses  numerous  creeks 
"near  which  may  be  seen  the  de- 
serted cabin  of  some  home 
steader  who  has  p.ovtd  up  on 
his  claim  and  is  now  waiting  to 
sell  his  holding  to  some  syn- 
dicate when  the  big  day  for 
timber  shall  have  arrived.  There 
are  about  40  of  these  abandoned 
cabins  along  the  road.  West  of 
the  Coast  range,  magnificent  for- 
ests of  timber  stretch  away  on 
all  sides.      Trees  from  6  to    12 

feet  in  diameter  at  the  base  and  300  feet  high  grow  so  thickly  in  some  parts  of  tins- 
great  forest  that  there  is  barely  room  for  a  horr>e  to  pass?  between  them.  An  interest- 
ing part  of  the  descent  is  the  "  zig-zag  "  or  switchback.     The  road    here  to  make  a 

descent  of  300  feet  describjs  an  inverted  letter  "S" 

as   it   winds  back  and    forth  down  the  mountain 

side.      Looking  down  from  the  upper  road  of  the 

"zig-zag"   into  Sangho  canyon,  at  the  foot  may 

be  seen  the  winding  Wilson  river  as  it  dashes  over 

the  rooks,  forming  innumerable  waterfalls  in   its 

course.       The  river   fairly   teems   with   mountain 

trout  and  300  fish  is  said  to  be  a  good  catch  with  a 

single  rod  during  an  afternoon's  sport  here.     The 

trout  caught  here   are  immense   fish,    and  every 

inch  of  their  fifteen  incLcc;  or  more  is  thoroughly 

gamy.       Thousands  of  silver-side  salmon   ascend 

this  stream  during  the   late  summer   months   to 

spawn,  and  in  the  deep  pools  along  the  stage  road 

they  can  be  seen  swimming  in  the  clear  water  of 

the  stream.     From  the  bottom  of  the  "  zig-zag  "  to 

the   end  of  the  journey   on  Tillamook    Bay,    the 

road  follows  the  course  of  the  Wilson  river,  along 

the     banks     of    which    are     many    fine    bits    of 

scenery.        Waterfalls    varying    fron.     10    to    250 

feet     m     height     come     constantly     within     the 

range  of  vioion  of  the  traveler  over  this  road.     All  ,^„,,  f^lls,  wilson  rivir. 


photo     by  REYNOLDS. 


BBS 


'^  1 


Tillatnonk,  Oregon. 


285 


along  this  road  art  camping  spots  where  camping  parties  are  accustomed  to  spend 
the  summer.  Elk,  deer  and  bear,  and  grouse,  pheasants  and  the  Deuny  pheasant  are 
found  in  abundance  here,  and  the  fishing  in  all  the  streams  is  good.  The  names 
which  these  numerous  camps  bear  indicate  the  spirit  of  abandon  which  takes  pos- 
session of  the  average  camping-out  party  during  the  period  of  -elease  from  city  con- 
ventionalities. Among  the  names  noted  on  the  sign  boards  hung  out  over  these 
camps  are:  "Hungry  Point,"  "  Buzzard's  Roost,"  "Last  Loaf,"  "  Widow's  Osmp," 
"  Camp  Nix— no  fish." 

The  traveler  on  this  stage  journey  lunches  at  \Valt.  Smith's  Half-way  house,  and 
it  is  here  that  the  mules  are  changed  for  a  pair  of  horses.  A  can  of  condensed  milk 
served  at  f  dairy  ranch  would  be  uo  more  disappointing  than  is  the  fare  of  bacon  and 
beans  which  is  said  to  be  the  usual  noonday  repast  set  before  his  guests  by  the 
intrepid  foundling  of  the  Smith  family  at  the  Half-way  house  Right  before  Mr. 
vSmith's  door  is  a  stream  alive  with  trout,  yet  the  inn-keeper  has  no  ambition  to  lish 
and  his  ^^uesis  hsve  the  same  lack  of  ambition  to  eat  his  beans  when  their  appetites 
call  loudly  for  trout.  Barring  the  meal  at  Smith's  the  journey  by  stage  from  Forest 
Grove  to  Tillamook  is  one  replete  with  interest  and  pleasure,  audits  growing  popu- 
larity with  the  tourists  whc  anii^.ally  visit  Oregon  is  rapidly  making  it  one  of  the  best 
traveled  stage  routes  of  the  West. 


PHOTO,    dy  REYNOLDS. 


-4-v^: 


LOGQING,  Wilson  River  Country,  near  Tillamook  City. 


Tllliunook,  OrejfOii. — Tillamook,  the  judicial  seat  and  chief  cicy  of  Tilla- 
mook county,  is  beautifully  located  on  the  edge  of  Hoquartan  prairie,  on  an  arm 
of  Tillamook  Bay,  known  as  Hoquartan  slough.  This  slough  pursues  a  somewhat 
tortuous  course  for  about  three  miles  before  emptying  into  t(  e  bay.  It  carries  a  suffi- 
cient depth  of  water  to  accommodate  steamers  of  moderate  draft  plying  between  Till- 
amook Bay  and  Astoria. 

Tillamook  is  reached  by  stage  over  the  Coast  range.  Stages  run  from  Forest 
Grove  and  North  Yamhill,  on  the  West  Side  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  rail- 
road, daily,  to  Tillamook.  In  addition  to  the  stages,  the  steamers  Elmore,  Harri- 
son and  Augusta  ply  between  Tillamook  Bay  and  Astoria.  The  country  immediately 
tributary  to  Tillamook,  although  known  as  Hoquartan,  South  and  Long  prairies,  is 
prflv-tically  one  valley,  12  miles  in  length  by  6  miles  wide.     This  valley  is  the  garden- 


I 


m 


ii 


i   '!. 


236 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


spot  of  the  entire  country. 
It  is  almost  wholly  clear- 
ed, ^nd  it  is  thickly  set- 
tled. The  principal  in- 
dustry of  this  valley  is 
dairying.  The  products 
of  the  farms  of  this  valley 
seek  Tillamook  for  ship- 
ment, and  the  town  has 
long  been  recognized  as 
the  trading  center  of  a  very  large  section  of  country. 


PHOTO.    BY  REYNOLDS. 


VIEW,  MAIN  STREET,  TlLUMOOK. 


Three  of  the  rivers  which  drain  the  part  of  Tillamook  county  west  of  the  Coast 
range  of  mountains  empty  into  the  bay  near  the  town  of  Tillamook.  The  Wilson 
river  flows  past  the  town  to  the  north,  the  Tillamook  flows  to  the  south,  while  Lhe 
Trask  barely  escapes  flowing  through  the  southern  boundary  of  the  townsite.  All  of 
these  are  logging  streams,  and  much  of  the  timber  floated  down  them  finds  its  way 
to  Tillamook.  The  principal  trade  of  the  logging  camps  is  handled  at  Tillamook. 
Tillamook  is  one  of  the  old  settled  communities  of  the  state.  The  first  white  settlers 
came  here  in  1851-2,  and  some  of  these  old  pioneers  are  still  living  to  tell  of  the  hard- 
ships and  isolation  which  fell  to  their  lot  in  the  early  history  of  the  state.  The  origi- 
nal townsite  plat  of  Tillamook  was  filed  in  1864.  It  covered  at  that  time  a  tract  about 
two  city  blocks  in  size.  The  growth  of  the  village  was  slow,  and  as  late  as  1880  the 
business  of  Tillamook  was  handled  by  two  stores,  and  the  population  in  that  year  did 
not  excvied  25.  In  1888  the  town  received  its  first  real  impetus  in  growth.  In  that 
year  the  bank  of  the  town  was  opened,  and  the  first  newspaper,  IVie  Tillamook  Head- 
light^ was  established,  and  merchants  in  various  lines  of  business  opened  stores  here 
and  made  a  bid  for  the  trade  of  the  surrounding  country,  which  had,  before  that  time, 
gone  to  Astoria  and  Portland.  One  important  factor  in  the  advancement  of  Tilla- 
mook, at  that  time,  was  in  the  extensive  purchase  of  timber  lands  made  by  Eastern 
syndicates,  principally  formed  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin.  These  timber  lands  were 
bought  principally  from  actual  locators,  many  of  whom  flocked  here  from  other  sec- 
tions of  the  country.     These  locators,  after  proving  up  and  selling  their  claims,  which 

readily  brought  from  $1,200  to  $2,000  each, 
became  residents  of  the  town  or  they  settled 
on  farms  in  the  surrounding  prairies. 
Tillamook  today  is  u  thriving  city  of  800 
inhabitants,  with  handsome  public  build- 
ings, several  important  manufacturing  indus- 
tries, well  equipped  and  prosperous  busi- 
ness houses,  a  solid  bank,  fine  private  resi- 
dences, well  laid-out  streets,  and  it  con- 
tains a  healthy,  contented  and  well-to-do 
population. 

Tillamook  is  lighted  by  electricity.  All  the  hotels  and  stores,  and  nearly  all  the 
residences,  use  the  incandescent  lights  furnished  by  the  excellent  home  company, 
while  the  main  streets  are  lighted  by  arc  lamp.s.  Excellent  water  for  domestic  use  is 
drawn  from  wells  all  over  the  city.  Among  the  residents  here,  however,  there  is  ^ 
growing  demand  for  a  good  system  of  rity  water  works,  and  they  expect,  in  the  nc.r 


PHOTO.    BY  REYNOLDS. 


Harbor  Scene,  Tillamook, 


future,  tc 
an  elevat 
seasons. 

In  Jt 

incendiai 

city,  desti 

It  entaile 

the  menu 

buL  they 

erated.     ' 

handsom« 

courthou! 

the  court: 

school  bi 

it  for  roo 

The    sch( 

teachers. 

dist,  Metl 

duct  weel 

moral  ton 

ing.     The 

and  busini 

To  the  fin 

creditable 

now  unde: 

used  in  th 

A  plain,  bi 

ground  flo 

divided  inl 

TheC 

wife,  in  18 

to  obtain 

institution 


photo,  by  reyno 


■^i.iii'Ss 


....Sf.yn.r 


Tillamook,  Oregon. 


237 


•hich 

each, 

settled 

rairics. 

of  iScHI 

build- 
indus- 
busi- 
,te  resi- 
con- 
l-to-do 


PHOTO.    BV  REYNOLDS. 


Court  House    riLUAMOOK. 


future,  to  bring  water,  by  the  gravity  system,  from  a  pure  mountain  spring  located  on 
an  elevation  a  few  miles  distant.  This  would  furnish  an  inexhaustible  supply  at  all 
seasons. 

In  June,  1893,  Tillamook  suffered  from  an  extensive  conflagration,  which  was  of 
incendiary  origin.  This  great  fire  wiped  out  two  blocks  locKted  in  the  heart  of  the 
city,  destroying  three  hotels,  in  addition  to  a  number  of  store  buildings  and  residences. 
It  entailed  a  loss  of  many  thousands  of  dollars.  Although  this  fire  occurred  during 
the  memorable  panic  of  last  year,  the  sufferers  by  the  fire  gave  no  thought  to  despair, 
but  they  at  once  started  in  to  rebuild.  All  traces  of  the  fire  are  now  practically  oblit- 
erated. The  public  buildings  of  Tillamook  now  consist  of  a  fine  courthouse  and  a 
handsome  and  well  equipped  school  building.  The 
courthouse  is  conveniently  arranged  to  accommodate 
the  courtroom  and  various  county  offices.  The  public 
school  building  meets  all  present  demands  made  on 
it  for  room  by  the  250  pupils  which  are  enrolled  here. 
The  school  is  presided  over  by  four  competent 
teachers.  Four  religious  denominations — the  Metho- 
dist, Methodist  South,  Catholic  and  Christians — con- 
duct weekly  services  in  their  own  edifices,  and  the 
moral  tone  of  the  city  shows  the  effect  of  their  leach- 
ing. The  main  street  is  lined  on  both  sides  with  hotels 
and  business  houses,  and  it  presents  a  bii  i)])earance. 
To  the  fine  structures  of  the  town  will  si  ailded  a 

creditable  stone  building,  two  stories  in  hci>., at.  This  is 
now  under  construction  by  the  owners,  Messrs.  C.  &  K.  Thayer,  bant-rs.  The  stone 
used  in  this  building  is  a  native  sandstone  quarried  a  short  distant  fr^m  Tillamook. 
A  plain,  but  handsome,  style  of  architecture  has  been  adopted  for  tht-  building.  The 
ground  floor  will  be  devoted  to  the  use  of  the  bank,  while  the  upper  tory  will  be 
divided  into  offices  for  professional  men. 

The  C.  &  E.  Thayer  Banking  Company  was  organized  oy  '  !  lude  Thayer  and  his 
wife,  in  1888,  merely  as  an  accommodation  to  b"siness  men  heic,  thus  enabling  them 
to  obtain  exchange.  A  bank,  however,  was  needed  at  Tillamook,  and  the  new 
institution  was  compelled  to  fill  the  breach.     Its  business  has  grow      from  |3,ooo  a 

month  at  the  outset  to  $125,000  a  montli  tay,  and  it  now 
numbers  among  its  depositors  individu  and  firms  in  all 
parts  of  Tillamook  county.  The  bank  went  through  the 
panic  of  1893  without  a  run  and  with  the  loss  of  a  single  de- 
positor only. 

The  Tillamook  Lumbering  Company,  in- 
corporated in  1892,  with  a  capital  stock  of 
$20,000,  is  the  leading  industrial  concern  of 
Tillamook.  The  officers  are  Leonard  Heiner, 
president ;  William  H.  Eberman,  vice-president, 
and  John  Barker,  secretary  and  manager.  The 
company's  mill  has  a  capacity  of  15,000  feet 
a  day.  It  runs  steadily,  turning  out  all  varieties 
of  dressed  lumber,  flooring,  rustic,  mouldings, 
etc.  This  company  owns  and  opr  /ates  the  elec- 
tric light  plant  of  the  city.      Great  credit  is 


photo,    ev    REYNOLDS 


^^'iS.^iltof^^?^**^^^ 


il 


, 


Public  School,  TiLi.fMonK, 


1^ 


238 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacihc  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  REYNOLDS 


Stohe,  Cohn  a  Co.,  Tillamook. 


PHOTO.    BY  HEYN0LD8. 


due  them  for  their  enterprise  in  furnishing  the  excellent  electric  lighting  system 
in  use  here. 

Two  creameries  are  in  successful  operation  at  Tillamook.  One  of  these  is  con- 
ducted by  Messrs.  Ogden  &  Townsend,  produce  men  of  Portland.  The  other  is  oper- 
ated by  the  Tillamook  Dairy  Association.  The  latter  is  a  joint  stock  company,  incor- 
porated under  the  laws  of  Oregon.  It  is  owned  and  controlled  by  farmers  living  near 
Tillamook.  The  company  uses  the  largest  sized  Delaval  steam  turbine  separator  and 
it  is  equipped  throughout  with  first-class  machinery.  During  the  summer  of  1893 
this  creamery  handled  9,000  pounds  of  mill-  pn  day,  and  another  separator  will  be 
required  th's  season  to  accommodate  the  growing  demands  of  itp  pat*-  '.s. 

Among  the  leading  general  Uicrchandise 
stores  of  Tillamook  are  those  of  Messrs. 
Cohn  &  Co.  and  G.  W.  Fearnside.  Mr. 
George  Cohn  is  the  senior  member  of  the 
firm  f  A  Cohr  &  Co.,  and  he  is  recognized 
as  one  of  the  most  public  spirited  citizens 
of  Tillamook.  He  has  never  failed  to  do 
his  full  share  in  aiding  all  enterprises  look- 
ing to  the  advancement  of  the  city.  The 
firm  was  burned  out  in  the  fire  of  1893,  but 
immediately  after  the  fire  they  rented  new 
quarters  on  Main  street,  which  they  in- 
tend to  occupy  until  their  new  store  is  completed  on  the  old  sil:e  adjoining  the  city 
wharf  Cohn  &  Co.  carry  a  full  line  of 
merchandise  in  all  departments.  Mr.  G.  W. 
Fearnside  is  loc  ated  on  the  corner  of  Front 
street  and  First  avenue  E.  His  large  double 
store  is  fully  stocked  with  dry  goods,  boots 
and  shoes  and  clothing.  Mr.  Fearnside 
has  given  satisfaction  to  his  Tillamook  nat- 
rons for  over  30  years  past  in  his  deal nii^'s 
with  the  trade  of  this  important  sectio:i  of 
the  state. 

The  representative  hardware  business  of  Tillamook  county  is  carried  on  hy 
Messrs.  Tuttle  fk  Robeson.  This  firm  is  located  on  the  m.ain  street.  They  carry  a 
very  full  stock  of  stoves,  tinware,  hardware,  cutlery,  etc.  The  tin  and  repair  shop 
run  in  connection  with  the  business  turns  out  the  best  of  work  in  this  line.  The 
very  complete  drug  store  of  A.  Williams  carries  a  full  assortment  of  especially 
selected  drugs,  druggists'  sundries,  fancy  and  toilet  irticles.  Mr.  Williams  makes  a 
specialty  of  putting  up  prescriptions.  The  TillanKmk  bakery  is  conducted  by  Wni. 
Knoell.  The  well  conducted  meat  market  of  Tillamook  is  presided  over  by  L.  II. 
Brown.  He  sells  only  the  primest  meats,  fattened  on  the  rich  succulent  grasses  of 
Tillamook  county.  The  popular  resort,  the  Graml  Central  saloon  and  billiard  hall,  i- 
run  by  C.  B.  Hadley,  one  of  the  most  popular  nun  of  the  city.  The  Jones  brothers, 
proprietors  of  the  Tillamook  livery  stable,  furnish  teams  for  tourists  and  commerci.i! 
men  and  board  horses  by  the  day  or  week.  They  conduct  one  of  the  best  equipped 
livery  stables  on  the  coast.  Carl  P.  Knudson  presides  over  the  forge  of  a  fully  fittcil 
up  blacksmith  shop  at  Tillamook,  and  he  is  prepared  to  do  anything  in  his  line  from 
shoeing  a  horse  to  manufacturing  a  wagon. 


STOriE,  Q.  W    FEARNSIDE,    TILLAMOOK. 


Am 

E.  E.  t 

new  an 

before  t 

Cooper 

A.  W.  S 

but  he  i 

Wise,  tl 

mers  at 

tice  of  I 

The 

fire.     Tl 

corner  o 

and  his  j 

table,  fit 

enjoyme 

was  built 

lamook, 

to  satisfy 

and  is  pr 

townsme: 

departme 

vision. 

Tilla 
for  its  fi 
sections  c 
ous  other 
larly  brig 

Tllli 

ties  of  Or 

west  by  tl 

and  on  th 

Whih 

today  but 

in  charact 

mountaini 

the  coast, 

series  of  p 

extent  bre 

Netarts  ai 

The  larges 

expense  fc 

in  the  Co; 

valuable  a 

as  well  as 

and  the  co 

Nehalem, 

ber  of  stre< 


Tillamook  County,  Oregon. 


239 


METHODIST  Church,  Tillamook. 


Among  the  prominent  professional  men  of  Tillamook  is  photo,  ev  heins. 
E.  E.  faolph.  This  gentleman,  although  a  comparatively 
new  arrival  in  the  city,  has  a  large  and  growing  practice 
before  the  state  and  the  United  States  courts.  J  udge  W.  H. 
Cooper  successfully  combines  law  practice  and  farming. 
A.  W.  Severance  is  one  of  the  young  lawyers  of  Tillamook, 
but  he  is  already  recognized  as  a  man  of  ability.  Dr.  W.  A. 
Wise,  the  dentist,  of  Russell  street,  Albina,  spends  his  sum- 
mers at  Tillamook,  dividing  his  time  here  between  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profession  and  fishing. 

There  are  three  new  hotels  at  Tillamook,  all  of  which  have  been  built  since  the 
fire.  The  Alderman  occupies  a  handsome  three-story  building  on  the  main  business 
corner  of  the  city.  Under  the  charge  of  lY  -^  popular  proprietor,  A.  h-  Alderman, 
and  his  accomplished  wife,  the  Alderman  has  earned  a  reputation  for  its  excelleat 
table,  finely  furnished  apartments,  and  for  the  attention  shown  to  the  comfort  and 
enjoyment  of  its  guests.  The  Larsen  House  is  the  largest  hotel  at  Tillamook.  It 
was  built  and  furnished  in  1893,  by  M.  H.  Larsen,  a  pioneer  hotel  proprietor  of  Til- 
lamook. Mr.  Larsen  thoroughly  understands  the  hotel  business  and  he  never  fails 
to  satisfy  his  patrons.  The  Allen  House  is  located  on  the  main  street  of  Tillamook, 
and  is  presided  over  by  Mr.  J.  P.  Allen,  a  very  popular  man,  both  with  his  fellow 
townsmen  and  with  the  traveling  public.  Mrs.  Allen  presides  over  the  culinary 
department  of  the  house,  and  the  cooking  is  all  done  under  her  personal  super- 
vision. 

Tillamook  has  made  great  advancement  during  the  past  year  and  the  promise 
for  its  future  growth  is  encouraging.  This  is  one  of  the  most  promising  dairy 
sections  of  the  coast,  and  the  making  of  butter  and  cheese,  together  with  the  numer- 
ous other  resources  of  the  tributary  couiitry,  mrkes  the  outlook  of  the  city  a  particu- 
larly bright  one. 

Tillamook  County,  Oregon. — Tillamook  ranks  among  the  leading  coun- 
ties of  Oregon  in  diversity  and  extent  ^  its  natural  resources.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
west  by  the  Pacific  ocean,  on  the  north  uy  Clatsop  county,  on  the  east  by  Washington 
and  on  the  south  by  the  newly  created  county  of  Lincoln. 

While  certain  sections  of  Tillamook  county  were  settled  as  early  as  185 1,  it  is 
today  but  on  the  eve  of  a  rapid  development.  The  land  of  the  county  is  diversified 
in  character.  The  portion  of  the  county  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Coast  Range  of 
mountains  is  partly  hilly  and  partly  rolling,  while  that  part  lying  immediately  along 
the  coast,  and  the  land  for  an  average  distance  of  eight  miles  inland,  consists  of  a 
series  of  prairies  and  valleys  of  great  fertility.  No  less  than  four  bays  of  considerable 
extent  break  the  coast  line  of  Tillamook  comity.  ThCvSe  are  Tillamook,  Nehalem, 
Netarts  and  Nestucca.  All  of  these  inlets  offer  harborage  for  ships  of  light  tonnage. 
The  largest,  Tillamook  Bay,  is  capable  of  being  made  a  harbor  of  the  first  class  at  light 
expense  for  improvements  >  the  entrance.  Numerous  rivers,  having  their  sources 
in  the  Coast  Range,  tTtw  through  the  county  from  east  to  west.  These  rivers  are 
valuable  at  the  present  time  for  floating  logs  from  the  forest  districts  to  tide-water, 
as  well  as  aff"ording  means  of  communication  btt.»v^..  the  farms  of  the  valley  lands 
and  the  coast.  The  principal  rivers  of  the  county  are  the  Wilson,  Trask,  Tillamook, 
Nehalem,  Miami  and  the  Big  ?"d  Little  Nestucca.  In  addition,  there  are  a  num- 
ber of  streams  in  the  county  of  lesser  importance. 


•ai^ 


'''M 


240 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  Tillamook  River  basin  contains  the  most  extensive  belt  of  agricultural  land 
in  the  county.  It  is  today  the  most  thickly  settled  district  along  this  part  of  the 
coast.  This  basin  is  ''vided  into  the  Hoquarton,  South,  Long  and  Burnt  prairies  and 
Pleasant  valley.  Ti;;  >  nook  City,  the  county  seat,  is  located  on  the  border  of 
Hoquarton  prairie,  between  Hoquarton  slough  and  the  Trask  river.  This  is  the 
market  place  for  the  principal  part  of  the  crops  of  Tillamook  county.  The  entire 
basin  here  is  cut  up  into  small  holdings.  The  farms  here  are  well  improved.  The 
Nehalem  country,  north  of  Tillamook  River  basin  and  just  south  of  Clatsop  county, 
is  another  region  of  great  undeveloped  resources.  These  resources  consist  of  mag- 
nificent timber,  easily  reached  from  salt  water,  and  patches  of  rich  agricultural  land. 
There  have  been  discovered  in  this  district  rich  croppings  of  an  excellent  quality  of 
coal,  the  development  of  which  only  awaits  the  contitruction  of  a  railroad  through 
this  part  of  the  state.  With  railroad  connection,  Portland  and  the  entire  Willamette 
valley  would  draw  upon  the  Nehalem  district  for  their  coal  instead  of  on  Puget 
Sound  as  they  now  do.      To  the  south  of  the  Tillamook  River  basin,  and  bordering 

upon  Lincoln  county,  lies  the  Nestucca 
country.     This  is  formed  by  the  Big  and 
Little   Nestucca   rivers.     These  streams 
and  their  tributaries   have  fine 
valleys  which,  taken   together, 
afford    considerable     area     for 
dairying,  stock  raising,  general 
farming,  fruit  culture  and  bee- 
keeping.    This  latter  is  a  grow- 
ing industry  of  Southern  Tilla- 
mook.   It  pays  large  returns  on 
the    investment     of    a     small 
amount    of   capital,     and    but 
little  labor  is  required  in  the  production  of  the  honey.     Honey  of  Tillamook  county 
now  stands  high  in  the  Portland  market. 

Viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  future  demands,  the  lumbering  and  logging 
industry  of  Tillamook  county  must  be  give  i  the  first  place.  The  timber  of  this 
region  consists  of  fir,  spruce,  hemlock  and  cedar.  The  standing  timber  here  is  esti- 
mated at  20,000,000,000  feet  which,  at  the  stumpage  price  of  50  cents  per  1,000,  is 
worth  $10,000,000.  When  to  this  is  added  the  cost  of  cutting,  running,  booming 
and  manufacturing,  it  makes  up  a  vast  sum  of  money  which  will,  some  day,  be  dis- 
tributed in  Tillamook  county,  in  the  lumbering  industry. 

Next  in  importance  to  the  timber  industry  of  Tillamook  county  is  that  of  dairy- 
ing. Those  who  are  today  following  this  calling,  or  are  looking  for  new  locations, 
can  find  no  better  location  than  is  offered  in  Tillamook  county.  There  is  an  abund- 
ance of  food  here  for  cattle,  the  lands  are  perfectly  watered  and  the  climate  is  perfect. 
The  best  of  grasses,  including  red  and  white  clover,  are  indigenous  to  the  lands  of 
Tillamook ,  and  they  grow  here  profusely  without  cultivation.  Just  as  soon  as  the  land 
is  cleared  here,  these  nourishing  varieties  of  grasses,  especially  white  clover,  spring 
spontaneously  from  the  ground.  One  acre  of  this  grass  will  support  a  cow,  and  it  is 
not  uncommon,  in  certain  localities,  for  two  cows  to  keep  fat  from  a  single  acre  of 
grass.  The  grasses  here  are  the  best  butter  producers  known,  and  in  Tillamook 
county  they  grow  throughout  the  winter.  No  abnormally  cold  weather  is  ever 
experienced  here.     The  heavy  rains  common  to  all  parts  of  Western  Oregon  art 


Tillamook  Lumbering  Co.'s  Millc,  Tillamook. 


Tillamook,  Oregon. 


241 


PHOTO   OV  MEIN9. 


supplemented  here  during  the  summer  months  by  occasional  showers  and  heavy 
dews.  This  excessive  moisture  militates  against  Ti'lamook  as  a  wheat-producing/ 
region,  but  it  possesses  compensating  advantages  in  its  effect  on  the  dairying 
interests.  For  winter  feeding  for  stock,  in  addition  to  the  natural  grasses,  both  barley 
and  oats  grow  well  here.  Oats  are  extremely  productive  on  these  lands,  the  yield 
of  oats  per  acre  during  favored  seasons  running  as  high  as  95  bushels.  The  alluvial 
deposits  found  along  the  bottom  lai'ds  of  the  numerous  rivers  and  creeks  produce 
abundant  crops  of  turnips,  carrots  am]  beets,  all  good  butter  makers.  A  matter  of 
great  interest  to  the  dairymen  is  the  abundance  of  cool  running  water  found  here. 
Ther-;  is  scarcely  a  quarter  section  of  land  in  the  prairie  belt  of  Tillamook  county 
that  does  not  have  its  cool  mountain  stream,  fed  by  perennial  springs.  Tillamook 
dairymen  who  make  their  own  butter  rec'dily  dispose  of  it  for  from  20  to  25  cents  a 
pound,  22  cents  a  pound  being  the  average  price  throughout  the  year.  Those  who 
do  not  make  butter  sell  their  cream  without  difficulty  to  the  dairies  of  Tillamook 
City  for  20  cents  a  pound.  A  good  milch  cow  here  paj's  for  herself  annually  in  the 
milk  she  yields,  in  addition  to  adding  hei  calf  to  the  herd.  In  addition  to  dairying, 
stock  raising  for  beef  is  a  profitable  industry  h'_-re,  and  the  Tillamook  cattle  are  con- 
sidered the  best  on  the  market. 

The  salmon  fisheries  of  Tillamook  county  form  ai.other  important  industry. 
The  Chinook  enters  the  bays  of  Tillamook  county  in  July  and  August,  and  these  are 
said  to  be  equal  in  quality  to  the  royal  fish  of  the 
Columbia  river.  Following  the  chinooks  in  Septem- 
ber and  October  are  the  silversi  Je  salmon.  These  are 
of  a  delicate  flavor  and,  as  they  are  very  numerous, 
they  form  the  staple  supply  for  the  season's  canning. 
These  fish  are  packed  by  the  Columbia  river  can- 
neries after  the  river  rim  of  fish  is  over.  These  fish 
are  caught  for  the  canneries  in  seines  and  nets.  They 
also  afford  rare  sport  in  spoon  fishing,  w^ith  a  300- foot 
line  trolling  behind  a  boat.  They  are  gamy,  and  the 
landing  of  a  12  or  18  'jjound  salmon  here  with  a  line  tests  the  skill  of  the  most  expe- 
rienced angler.  There  are  four  canneries  in  operation  in  Tillamook  county.  One 
of  these  is  located  on  Nehalem,  one  on  Nestucca  and  ^wo  on  Tillamook  Bay.  The 
average  output  of  these  canneries  varies  in  value  from  $30,000  to  $ioo,oco  a  year. 

A  growing  industry  in  TillamoOk'  county  is  cranberry  culture.  The  oest  land  for 
this  purpose  is  found  at  Sand  Lake,  about  18  miles  distant  from  Tillamook  City,  and 
just  south  of  Cape  Lookout.  Here  there  are  400  acres  of  marsh  land,  o'vned  princi- 
pally by  W.  C.  King  and  C.  H.  Colton.  These  gentlemen  commenced  work  on  this 
marsh  in  the  spring  of  1893,  too  late  to  enable  them  to  plant  more  than  two  acres  of 
cranberries  that  season.  This  was  sufficient,  however,  to  afford  a  fair  test  of  the  pro- 
ducing powers  of  this  land,  and  the  result  was  more  than  satisfactory.  The  Messrs. 
King  &  Colton  have  procured  the  best  vari«-«^ies  of  Cape  Cod  cranberries,  and  they 
propose  to  plant  a  large  tract  next  spring  In  a  few  years  they  expect  to  have  their 
entire  holdings  here  planted  to  cranberries.  A  fii-e  stream  of  water  runs  through  the 
marsh,  and  a  fine  beach  of  ^he  best  sand  is  near  at  hand  for  preparing  the  ground. 
The  shipping  point  for  the  berries  v/il]  be  the  bay  at  Cape  Lookout,  which  affords  a 
sufficient  harbor  for  the  purpose.  While  the  principal  industry  of  the  country  sur- 
rounding this  bay  will  doubtless  be  the  culture  of  cranberries,  yet  the  cutting  of  tim- 


Dairy  ranch  near  Tillamook. 


■■■■II 


■Mi 


242 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  waters  of  the  bay  are  alive 


PHOTO    BY    HEINS,  TILLAMOOK. 


ber  here  on  a  large  scale  can  be  made  profitable, 
with  fish,  and  all  varieties  of  clams  are  found  here. 

The  principal  towns  of  Tillamook  county  are  Tillamook  City,  Bay  City,  Neha- 
lem  and  Garibaldi.  Tillamook  City  is  fully  described  elsewhere  in  "The  Handbook." 
Bay  City  is  a  promising  little  town  of  about  400  population.  It  is  located  on  Tilla- 
mook Bay,  and  promises  to  develop  into  a  lumbering  point  of  considerable  impor- 
tance. The  place  has  a  good  hotel,  and  considerable  business  is  transacted  here. 
Fine  summer  ocean  beaches,  which  will  make  the  summer  resorts  of  Tillamook 
county  in  the  neai:  future,  are  found  at  Netart's  Bay  and  at  Nehalem.  These  places 
are  already  visited  annually  by  hundreds  of  campers. 

The  county  affairs  of  Tillamook  are  ably  administered  at  Tillamook.  There  is 
no  actual  poverty  here.  The  resources  of  the  county  are  capa1)le  of  supporting  a 
large  population,  and  to  the  tourist  the  rivers  and  streams  of  the  county  present 
attractions  not  offered  by  many  water-courses  on  the  coast.  The  coast  points  afford 
every  attraction  as  a  summer  resort,  while  the  Coast  Range  affords  some  of  the  best 
hunting  grounds  of  the  state. 

The  following  statistical  matter  relating  to  the  assessment  of  Tillamook  county 
for  1893,  is  kindly  furnished  for  "The  Handbook  "  by  The  Tillamook  Headlight,  one 
of  the  leading  weekly  newspapers  of  the  coast,  and  published  at  Tillamook  : 

"As  compared  with  last  year's  summary,  the  assessment  shows  an  increase  of 
17,929  acres  of  land,  valued  at  $151,727  more;  improvements  are  valued  at  $23,320 

more ;  merchandise  and  implements  at 
$26,324  less  ;  money,  notes,  accounts,  shares 
of  stock,  etc.,  are  assessed  $109,219  less; 
household  furnitnre,  carriages,  etc.,  are  val- 
ued at  $20,315  more  ;  cattle  have  increased 
778,  and  in  value,  $3,635  ;  sheep  show  an 
increase  of  276,  valued  at  $585  more.  The 
increase  in  the  gross  valuation  is  only 
$110,176  more  than  last  year,  but  the  ex- 
emptions are  $221,417  less,  leaving  a  total 
increase  of  value  in  taxable  property  of  $331,683.  Summary  of  assessments  of  Tilla- 
mook county  for  1893:  acres  of  land,  224, 190,  value,  $969,375,  average  value,  $4.32  ;  per- 
sonal property,  $40,620;  town  lots,  6,311,  value,  $138,025,  average  value,  $21.87,  with 
improvements,  $28 ;  improvements,  $43,225;  merchandise  and  implements,  $55,600; 
money,  $9,990;  notes  and  accounts,  $82,315  ;  shares  of  stock,  $1,200:  'aousehc'd  fur- 
niture, carriages,  watches,  etc,  $34,745;  horses  and  mules,  1,088,  value,  $34,410,  aver- 
age value,  $31.12;  cattle,  9,702,  value,  $80,885,  average  value,  $12.06;  sheep  and 
goats,  2,o4'^,  value,  $4,075,  average  value,  $1.99;  swine,  834,  value,  $1,595,  average 
value,  $1.91;  gross  value  of  all  property,  $1,496,030;  exemptions,  $137,730;  total 
taxable  property,  $1,358,300." 

North  Yamlilll,  Oreproii' — North  Yamhill  occupies  a  sightly  location  on 
a  high  eminence  i>^  miles  distant  from  the  depot  of  the  West  Side  division  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  railroad.  Although  the  present  population  of  this  prosperous  town 
does  not  exceed  400,  it  is  vested  with  a  full  municipal  form  of  government,  and  the 
high  moral  tone  of  the  community  bespeaks  well  of  the  governing  powers  of  this 
point. 


..Vvf* 


CLARK'S  Lumber  camp,  Nehalem. 


im- 


m  on 
^f  the 
I  town 
Id  the 
If  this 


North  Yamhill,  Oregon. 


243 


A  union  church  building,  at  North  Yamhill,  temporarily  accommodates  the  four 
organizations  of  the  Congregational,  Baptist,  Methodist  and  Christian  denominations. 
At  least  one  of  these  denominations  confidently  expects  to  have  church  quarters  of 
its  own  sometime  during  the  present  year.  In  addition  to  the  auditorium  of  the 
church  building.  North  Yamhill  also  contains  a  public  hall  with  a  seating  capacity 
of  about  300. 

A  feature  of  all  the  prosperous  towns  of  the  Willamette  valley  is  the  attention 
that  is  paid  to  the  perfection  of  the  public  school  system.  North  Yamhill  is  not 
behind  any  of  the  other  valley  towns  in  this  respect.  The  public  school  of  the  city 
is  in  charge  of  two  teachers,  one  principal  and  one  assistant,  and  the  average  number 
of  scholars  in  attendance  is  about  100.  Located  at  North  Yamhill  is  an  important 
plant  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  tile,  and  the  place  also  supports  a  good  cream- 
ery, whose  product  commands  a  large  sale  among  patrons  of  first-class  dairy  products. 
The  tile  factory  at  this  point  is  devoted  exclusively  to  the  manufacture  of  drain  pipe. 
The  clay  for  making  this  product  is  found  in  inexhaustible  quantities  within  a  con- 
venient distance  of  the  factory,  and  this  clay  is  spoken  of  by  practical  men  in  the 
business  as  really  of  a  superior  quality  for  the  purpose  of  the  manufacture  of  the  pro- 
duct turned  out  by  this  plant. 

The  creamery  is  a  farmers'  co-operative  institution.  It  is  conducted  on  a  strong 
financial  basis,  and  its  average  returns  to  its  owners  are  from  $6oo  to  $1,000  a  month. 
Farmers  of  this  section  who  are  not  directly  interested  in  the  plant  of  the  creamery 
bring  their  milk  here,  have  it  weighed,  manufactured  into  butter,  and  this  product  is 
then  shipped  to  Portland,  where  it  finds  ready  buyers  at  good  prices  throughout  the 
year.  The  creamery  company,  after  deducting  four  cents  a  pound  for  the  actual  cost 
of  manufacturing,  shipping  and  wear  and  tear  of  machinery,  turns  over  the  balance 
of  the  money  received  from  the  sale  of  the  butter  to  the  farmers  who  are  its  patrons. 
The  plan  of  conducting  this  plant  is  giving  the  most  signal  satisfaction  to  both  the 
owners  of  the  property  and  to  the  town  in  which  it  is  located,  and  the  farmers  of 
other  parts  of  the  coast  can  learn  a  profitable  lesson  on  conducting  a  creamery  on  a 
large  scale  by  copying  after  the  efficient  plan  adopted  for  conducting  the  creamery 
at  North  Yamhill. 

A  thrifty  and  prosperous  class  of  farmers  occupy  the  country  immediately  tribu- 
tary to  North  Yamhill.  The  farming  belt  contained  within  the  district  marked  by 
a  radius  of  five  miles  from  the  town,  last  year  produced  225,000  bushels  of  wheat  and 
oats.  In  addition  to  the  attention  which  is  paid  ':o  the  raising  of  the  cereal  crops 
here,  this  county  also  grows  large  quantities  of  hop?  of  an  excellent  quality  annually. 
About  800  acres  are  now  devoted  to  hop  culture  in  the  country  tributary  to  North 
Yamhill  at  the  present  time.  From  400  acres  of  land  here  last  year  500  bales  of  hops 
were  grown,  which  brought  the  farmers  about  $20, 000, a  profitable  return  for  the 
attention  that  the  raising  of  this  product  required. 

The  soil  of  this  section  is  especially  adapted  to  the  growing  of  fruits,  and  the 
shipments  of  fruit  from  this  point  annually  are  regularly  increasing.  Of  late  years 
special  attention  has  been  paid  to  prune  culture,  with  excellent  results. 

A  valuable  water  power  is  available  within  one  mile  of  North  Yamhill.  This 
power  can  be  made  of  great  value,  both  for  running  manufacturing  plants  and  also 
for  the  development  of  works  of  a  public  nature  and  it  will  also  be  of  advantage  to 
the  residents  of  the  town. 


i-i 

1 

.^ 

n 

it 

«l| 

.fi 

i   'M 

k 

.  'if' 


.1 " 


.Il 


244 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  Reporter,  a  weekly  paper,  is  published  at  North  Yamhill.  The  town  has  one 
hotel.  An  omnibus  meets  all  trains  at  the  station  of  the  Southern  Pacific.  Two 
trains,  carrying  mail  and  passengers,  pass  this  point  daily,  both  north  and  south.  In 
addition  to  the  line  of  transportation  of  the  railroad,  North  Yamhill  supports  a  stage 
which  makes  daily  trips  to  Tillamook,  about  40  miles  distant. 

The  resources  of  the  country  tributary  to  this  town  are  varied  and  include  tim- 
ber and  all  of  the  products  of  the  soil.  The  country  is  an  ideal  one  for  a  home,  and 
it  is  now  one  of  the  most  prosperous  sections  of  the  great  Willamette  valley. 

One  large  general  merchandise  store,  that  of  F.  Hauswirth,  and  two  or  three 
smaller  ones,  do  the  business  in  this  line  at  North  Yamhill.  Mr.  Hauswirth  can  be 
truthfully  said  to  be  one  of  the  pioneers  of  North  Yamhill,  having  now  resided  in 
the  town  and  in  Yamhill  county  for  the  past  35  years.  Like  many  of  Oregon's  pio- 
neers, he  has,  by  close  attention  to  business,  and  economy,  accumulated  considerable 
property,  and  he  confidently  looks  forward  to  the  time  when,  as  he  says,  North  Yam- 
hill will  be  the  largest  town  in  the  county. 

The  lyivERY  Accommodations. — The  second  largest  livery  stable  in  Yamhill 
county  is  at  North  "Vamhill  and  is  owned  by  P.  H.  Mesner.  This  stable  has  often 
proved  a  great  convenience  to  tourists  or  prospective  investors  who  desired  to  make 
a  quick  and  pleasant  trip  into  the  rich  country  tributary  to  the  town. 

McMlnnvllle,  Oregon. — McMinnville,  the  county  seat  of  Yamhill  county, 
has  a  decided    metropolitan  appearance.     The  main  business  district  of  the  city  is 
confined  to  one  street,  which  is  well  macadamized,  and  the  side- 
walks of  this  main  thoroughfare  are  constructed   in  part  of  well- 
laid   planks  and  in  part  of  artificial   stone.       Substantial    brick 
buildings  line  both  sides  of  the  street  for  a  distance  of  three 
blocks,  and  in  the  heart  of  the  business  center  but  few  frame 
buildings  are  still  standing.  The  principal  stores  of  McMinn- 
ville are  well  stocked  with  the  goods  usually  demanded'by 
a  thriving  young  place  of  the  dimensions  of  the  city  and 
by  a  prosperous  farming  community  which  is  the  princi- 
Y*MH,LL  couNTr  COURT  HOUSE,  McM,NNv,u.E  pal   maiustay  of  McMiunville's  prosperity. 

McMinnville  was  incorporated  as  a  town  in  1876.  Its  population  today  is  not  far 
from  2,500.  A  steady  growth  has  marked  its  history  for  the  last  decade,  during 
which  period  the  population  of  the  place  has  more  than  quadrupled.  It  is  the  proud 
boast  of  the  people  of  McMinnville  that  the  growth  of  their  town  has  been  in  the 
lines  of  steady  advancement  and  solid  prosperity  and  the  place  has  never  experienced 
even  the  shadow  of  a  boom.  The  prosperity  of  McMinnville  is  due  to  the  enterprise 
of  its  citizens,  which  has  been  materially  aided  by  rapid  and  solid  development  of 
one  of  the  richest  farming  sections  of  the  Northwest  which  is  directly  tributary. 

Like  other  growing  cities  of  the  Northwest,  the  educational  facilities  of  McMinn- 
ville have  never  been  neglected,  and  the  excellent  schools  located  at  this  point  have 
contributed  materially  to  the  city's  growth  The  excellent  public  school  system  of 
McMinnville  together  with  the  well  conducted  Baptist  college  located  at  this  point, 
which  is  described  at  length  in  connection  with  the  present  article,  has  gained  for  the 
place  a  standing  as  an  educational  center  of  no  mean  importance.  Within  the  last 
two  years  the  district  has  voted  to  add  another  building  to  be  used  for  school  pur* 


I  i 


AIcMinnville,  Oregon. 


24o 


luu- 
lave 
|iof 
lint, 
Ithe 
llast 
3ur- 


PuBLic  School,  Mc|Min'<'  '.lc. 


poses.  lu  addition  to  the  large  six-room  building,  another  structure  of  equal  dimen- 
sions, but  better  designed  for  school  work,  has  been  completed  at  a  cost  of  |i4,ooo. 
The  value  of  the  property  of  the  city  devoted  to  pub- 
lic school  purposes  is  now  130,000,  an  indication  of 
the  intelligence  of  a  community  which  can  fully  ap- 
preciate the  benefits  of  a  proper  schooling  for  the 
rising  generation  and  which  has  the  enterprise  to  ad- 
vance all  the  needed  money  for  this  purpose.  The 
public  school  system  of  McMiunville  is  well  graded, 
the  grades  ranging  from  one  to  nine.  Nine  teachers 
are  employed  in  the  public  schools,  and  courses  of 
study  embrace  the  primary,  grammar  and  high  school, 
just  as  they  do  in  the  best  conducted  schools  of  any 
large  city.  The  total  number  of  pupils  enrolled  in 
the  public  schools  at   McMiunville  for  the  past  year  was  430. 

Two  flouring  mills  with  a  combined  daily  capacity  of  225  barrels,  a  creamery  and 
an  arc  and  incandescent  electric  light  plant  are  McMinnville's  most  prominent  indus- 
tries. The  city  also  has  a  most  efficient  water-works  system.  The  water  is  delivered 
all  through  the  city  on  what  is  known  as  the  "direct  pressure"  plan.  This  water 
for  city  use  is  pumped  out  of  the  Yamhill  river  within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  city 
and  it  is  of  the  clearest  and  purest  quality  for  domestic  use.  Both  the  electric  and 
water  plants  are  owned  by  the  city.  A  sufficient  pressure  is  maintained  in  the  city 
mains  at  all  times  to  insure  ample  protection  against  fire.  Water  plugs  are  located 
at  convenient  distances  all  over  the  city  and  these  with  the  efficient  volunteer  fire 
department  which  is  maintained  here  are  absolute  safeguards  against  serious  con- 
flagrations. 

McMiunville  is  built  on  the  strongest  of  foundations,  a  rich  and  well  settled 
farming  district.  The  soil  of  Yamhill  county  has  long  been  noted  for  its  fertility. 
Wheat,  oats,  fruit  and  hops  are  cultivated  more  extensively  here  than  are  other  crops. 
McMiunville  is  the  trading  center  for  the  principal  part  of  Yamhill  county  whose 
resources  are  touched  on  fully  in  another  article. 

In  addition  to  the  trade  of  the  farming  communitv  which  McMiunville  holds, 
the  lumbering  interest  of  ihe  tributary  district  is  a  ^-reat  source  of  revenue  I0  the  city- 
The  Coast  range  of  mountains  west  of  the  place  ir>  doited  with  sawmills  thi  output  of 

which  mills  is  ntiarly  all  brought  to  McMiunville. 
McMiunville  furnishes  aH  the  supplies  used  at  these 
mills  and  at  the  lumber  camps.  The  timber  belts  of 
this  section  contain  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  as  fine 
a  quality  of  merchantable  timber  as  is  found  in  any 
part  of  the  coast  and  the  sawing  of  this  timber  will 
always  prove  a  source  of  great  revenue  to  Yamhill 
county  and  to  the  city  which  is  the  principal  trading 
center  of  this  rich  section  of  countrj-. 

Near  the  foothills  of  the  Cascade  Range  west  of 
McMiunville,  sheep  raising  is  carried  on  to  a  consid- 
erable extent,  although  not  sufficient  sheep  are  raised 
in  this  country  at  the  present  writing  to  meet  the 
H,oH  scHoou,  McM,N-.v,uLE.  EHBCTE.  ,N  ,892.      demBuds    at    McMinnville    for    mutton    and    wool. 


m 


246 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.   BY  J.   MOQG. 


Sheep    raising    is    a  profitable   industry,  and   with  proper  attention  can   be  made 
a  source  of  considerable  revenue  to  thie  ranchers  of  Yamhill  county. 

With  other  parts  of  the  Willamette  valley 
the  dairying  possibilities  of  Yamhill  county 
have  received  the  special  attention  of  the  farm- 
ers of  this  section  during  the  past  few  years. 
With  plenty  of  grass  throughout  the  year, 
with  an  equable  climate  and  with  an  abund- 
ance of  the  clearest  mountain  water,  this  is  an 
ideal  dairying  country,  and  it  is  highly  prob- 
able that  there  will  be  great  development  in 
this  line  here  during  the  next  few  years. 

Yamhill  county  boasts  of  a  fine  brick  court 
house  located  at  McMinnville.  This  public 
building  is  cemented  on  the  outside,  thus  giv- 
ing it  the  appearance  of  a  structure  const?  ucted 
entirely  of  stone.  It  was  built  in  1888  at  a  cost 
of  $62,000.  It  covers  an  area  of  9,000  square 
feet  and  is  121  feet  high.  It  occupies  a  sightlj- 
location  commanding  a  perfect  view  of  the 
entire  city  and  surrounding  country,  and  it  is  perfectly  adapted  in  every  way  for 
handling  the  public  business  of  the  county. 

McMinnville  has  two  strong  banks,  the  1  Irst  National  and  the  McMinnville 
T7ational.  Each  of  these  banks  has  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000.  Two  good  weekly 
papers  flourish  here,  the  It^amhill  Coiitity  Reporter  and  the  Telephone-Register. 
Tourists  have  the  advantage  of  two  good  hotels  to  choose  from  in  the  place  and 
also  have  the  benefit  of  the  competition  afforded  by  two  large  livery  stables. 

McMinnville  is  well  supplied  with  churches.  These  are  five  in  number,  the 
Cumberland  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Methodist,  Episcopal,  Christian  and  Roman 
Catholic. 

The  city  is  on  the  direct  line  of  the  West  Side  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific 


L 

'sr%^"'    '^"s-s-   .'--ii"               ^^*^ 

^b. 

"K 

'^"        '^HfM^^^^^ 

-HHh 

,Bi^R 

•^^~^^^KB^S^^^Mnk 

i^^H 

IB 

l^S^^H 

^^i^§ 

p 

m 

■B^^abaiHHanmK-i-jdBII  r,r  Bli"-"— 

^'.Iftl!^*- 

!!!WT»"<'>w 

Campbell  &  Jones   Block,  McMinnville. 


railroad,  and  is  50  miles  south  of  Portland, 
pass  each  way  over  this  line  through  Mc- 
Minnville daily.  The  city  is  located  in 
the  richest  of  farming  districts  ;  it  contains 
a  large  number  of  prosperous  and  well-to-do 
people  and  there  is  no  reason  why  McMinn- 
ville should  not  continue  to  make  the  same 
steady  growth  in  the  future  as  has  marked 
the  progress  of  this  point  during  the  past 
few  years. 

MCM1NNVILI.E  CorxEGE. — The  loca- 
tion of  a  college  at  McMinnville,  the  county 
se?»t  of  Yamhill  county,  a  city  situated  in 
the  very  heart  of  one  of  the  richest  agri- 
cultural sections  of  the  Willamette  valley, 
seems  to  have  been  well  considered  when 
the  McMinnville  College  was  chartered   by 


Two  passenger  trains  and  one  freight 


McMinnville  College,  McMinnville. 


Yamhill  County,  Oregon. 


247 


the  legislature  in  1858-9.  The  growth  of  the  institution  has  not  been  marked  by 
rapid  and  uncertain  strides,  but  by  painstaking  care  on  the  part  of  the  trustees  and 
faculty  it  has  gradually  taken  its  place  in  the  front  rank  of  Oregon's  higher  institu- 
tions of  learning. 

McMinnville  College  is  und^  the  control  of  the  Baptist  denomination  of  Oregon. 
It  aims  to  provide  young  men  and  women  with  a  liberal  education  at  a  low  cost. 
This  is  made  easy  in  the  first  place  owing  to  the  able  corps  of  instructors  which  it 
maintains,  and  second,  owing  to  the  extreme  cheapness  of  living  in  a  rich  farming 
community.  The  college  has  a  collegiate,  business,  preparatory  and  musical  depart- 
ment, with  five  courses  of  study  prescribed,  three  of  which  lead  to  degrees  and  two 
to  certificates  of  graduation. 

The  college  is  superbly  located  on  a  broad  campus  of  30  acres  just  at  the  out- 
skirts of  McMinnville.  The  building  is  a  large  four-story  brick  which  was  erected 
in  1882  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  Students  are  in  attendance  at  this  school  who  have 
come  from  the  various  states  of  the  Pacific  coast  and  also  from  Montana  and  Idaho. 
A  feature  that  has  ever  been  prominent  in  the  history  of  McMinnville  College  is  its 
willingness  to  aid  students  of  limited  means  to  secure  an  education.  Although  the 
institution  is  not  heavily  endowed,  its  resources  are  sufficient  to  aid  those  who  are 
deserving  and  are  anxious  to  obtain  an  education. 

Since  the  accession  of  Rev.  T.  G.  Brownson 
to  the  presidency  in  1887,  the  permanent  endow- 
ment funds  have  been  largely  increased,  and  the 
regular  income  of  the  college  considerably  more 
than  doubled. 

Judge  William  Galloway,  whose  portrait 
appears  on  this  page,  is  president  of  the  board  of 
school  directors  and  present  county  judge.  It  is 
commonly  remarked  of  him  that  he  would  not  ac- 
cept an  office  on  the  school  board  except  on  the 
promise  that  the  district  would  vote  to  increase 
the  much  needed  school  facilities  by  erecting  the 
handsome  building  described  above.  Judge  Gal- 
loway's efforts  since  that  time  in  behalf  of  the 
McMinnville  schools  have  marked  him  as  one 
of  the  most  ardent  devotees  of  a  thorough  educa- 
tion. 


JUDGE  Wl'.JAM  GALi.OWAr,   MCMINNVILLE. 


Yamhill  County. — Yamhill  county  is  one  of  the  oldest  settled  districts  of 
the  Northwest  and  it  is  today  one  of  the  richest  counties  of  the  Willamette  valley. 
It  is  bounded  by  Washington  county  on  the  north,  by  Polk  county  on  the  south,  it 
borders  on  Marion  and  Clackamas  counties  on  the  east,  and  it  extends  as  far  west  as 
the  eastern  boundary  of  Tillamook  county.  It  has  an  area  of  720  square  miles  and 
contains  a  population  today  of  about  12,000. 

Careful  estimates  place  the  amount  of  land  cleared  and  under  cultivation  in  this 
county  at  about  one-half  its  total  area.  Wheat  is  the  great  staple  product  of  the 
county.  The  yield  of  wheat  on  this  soil  varies  all  the  way  from  15  to  45  bushels  per 
acre.  The  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  is  especially  adapted  for  raising  all  kinds  of  grain, 
grasses  and  vegetables.     It  is  a  rich  black  loam,  varying  in  depth  from  four  to  twelve 


248 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


h.  ) 


!  i 


m 


feet,  a^.d  being  well  watered,  warm,  and  capable  of  withstanding  any  spell  of  dry, 
warm  weather,  it  furnishes  the  finest  land  for  fruit  trees.  It  is  here  as  it  is  in  the 
other  favorable  locations  in  the  Willamette  valley,  that  .11  kinds  of  small  fruits, 
including  raspberries,  strawljerries,  currants,  blackberries,  etc.,  pni  the  larger  varie- 
ties, including  apples,  pears  (and  the  Bartletts  of  Yamhill  county  beat  the  world), 
plums,  prunes  and  quinces  grow  to  perfection. 

The  topography  of  Yamhill  county  is  perhaps  more  of  a  rolling  character  of  the 
best  lands  than  is  noted  in  Washington  county.  A  heavier  growth  ot  timber  is  also 
found  on  the  higher  elevations  of  the  county  than  is  found  in  the  county  to  the  north. 
The  entire  county  is  perfectly  watered,  numerous  small  streams  of  the  clearest  water 
crossing  it  in  all  directions.  These  smaller  streams  ahonad  in  the  gamiest  of  brook 
trout,  and  afford  fine  sport  as  fishing  grounds.  The  principal  water-course  of  the 
county  is  the  Yamhill  river,  into  which  most  of  the  smaller  streams  How,  and  which 
during  most  of  the  year  carries  a  considerable  volinne  of  water.  During  high  stages 
of  water  the  Y;nnhiil  river  is  navigable  to  McMiiin\iHe,  t  lus  affording  a  water  route 
from  the  latter  place  to  Portland  and  the  other  principal  points  of  the  Willamette 
valley.  The  numerous  water  courses  of  the  county  afford  at  convenient  points  avail- 
able water  power,  which  will  doubtless  be  \'  -  <ely  utilized  for  turning  the  wheels  of  a 
large  number  of  small  factories. 

Lying  along  the  foothills  of  the  county  are  numerous  dairy  and  stock  farms  that 
can  be  purchased  for  prices  ranging  from  fo  to  $15  per  acre.  Further  back  in  the 
hills  there  is  still  .1  little  government  land,  but  this  land  is  being  rapidly  taken  up. 
Improved  farming  lands  near  the  larger  towns  of  the  county  command  prices  ranging 
from  ;j!i4o  to  f  locj  per  acre.  These  lands  can  usually  be  purchased  on  ea^y  terms  and 
the  returns  represent  a  fair  interest  on  the  money  for  which  they  can  be  bought.  • 

The  valuation  placed  upon  the  taxable  propert)-  of  Yamhill  ct)uuty  for  1892,  as 
shown  by  the  assessment  roll,  was  14,046,309.  The  county  is  rich  and  progressive, 
and  it  is  settled  by  an  intelligent  class  of  people.  The  educational  facilities  f*fforded 
the  youth  of  this  part  of  the  state  ate  unsurpassed  in  au}'  farming  community.  There 
are  now  70  districts  in  the  county  and  6S  school  houses.  The  county  contains  2,500 
persons  of  school  age,  and  121  teachers  are  employed  in  :tsr.chools.  Yamhill  county 
has  forged  rapidly  to  the  front  during  the  past  decade  and  has  mtde  both  material 
growth  and  solid  advancement,  and  there  is  no  present  indication  of  the  retrogression 
of  this  prosperity  in  the  future. 

liidopemlenco,  Orefxon. — If  a  location  that  olTers  every  facility  for  building 
up  a  prosperous  center  of  population,  together  with  a  wideawakeand  intelligent  set  of 
business  men,  determines  the  d'^t»ree  of  success  which  a  town  may  attain,  then  Inde 
pendence  can  justly  Jay  claim  to  both  enterprise  and  the  full  measure  of  prosperity. 
Its  location  can  be  appreciated  t'lom  the  stai  .ment  that  it  is  one  of  the  largest  towns 
on  the  west  side  f  the  Willamette  river,  through  which  the  trains  over  the  west  side 
division  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  running  between  Portland  and  Corvallis,  pass.  It 
is  reached  by  steamers  on  the  Willamette  river,  navigable  from  Portland  up  to  this 
point,  and  it  is  connected  with  the  narrow-gauge  sy.stem  of  the  Southern  Pacific, 
tapping  the  best  part  of  the  Willamcite  valley,  by  a  steam  motor  line  which  operates 
hourly  *^^raius  between  Independence  and  Monmouth,  only  2J2  miles  distant.  It  is  75 
miles  to  I'ortland  from  Independence  by  rail.  The  town  has  the  benefit  of  daily  pas- 
senger and  freight  trains,  which  connect  with  all  points  north  and  south,  and  com- 


ef 


!  5    It 


WBSSS 


iits, 
irie- 

■Id), 


as 

(sive, 

rded 

lere 

Illy 
iriul 
ion 


ling 

bet  of 

[lule- 

;rity. 

jwns 

side 

It 

this 

:itic, 

rates 

is  75 
pas- 
-oin- 


i 


Independence,  Oregon. 

1)iued  passenger  and  freight  steam    s  make  two  round  trips  a  week  between  Corvallis 
and  Portland,  touching  at  Independence  both  ways. 

Indt;pendence  is  practically  entirely  surrounded  by  a  rich  and  highly  productive 
farming  district.  Vast  quaiititio«  of  hops,  whsat,  oats,  vegetables  and  fruit  raised  in 
this  section  are  hauled  to  Independence  for  shipment  by  rail  and  by  water.  The 
town  handles  nearly  all  the  immense  trade  of  the  tilbutary  section  of  farming 
country,  and  it  is  one  of  the  most  important  shipping  points  on  either  the  east  or  the 
west  side  of  the  Willamette  river. 

Independence  is  incorporated  with  a  population  of  about  1,700.  Although  the 
first  stor>  on  the  present  site  of  the  town  was  established  as  early  as  I1S50,  the  great 
growth  of  Independence  has  been  made  during  the  past  few  years.  With  this  rapid 
growth  in  population  has  also  come  lue  same  rapid  increase  in  the  manufacturing 
industries  of  the  place.  A  well  equipped  sawmill  is  conducted  on  the  river  bank  at  this 
point,  and  this  mill  is  kept  running  constantly.  A  large  flouring  mill  with  a  daily 
capacity  of  kx)  barrels  is  also  located  here,  as  well  as  two  sash 
and  door  factories,  an  axe  handle  factory,  one  wire  fence  works, 
marble  works,  a  foundry  and  a  v.'fll  conducted  steam 
laundry.  Having  the  benefit  of  the  competitive  rates 
of  freight,  afforded  by  the  river  and  rail  route  to 
Portlj'..id  from  this  point,  and  being  located  in 
the  midst  of  a  section  in  which  the  raw  material 
for  all  kinds  of  manufacturing  is  easily  pro- 
duced, Independence  offers  exceptional  facili- 
ties for  the  establishment  of  manufacturing 
plants,  and  it  will  always  remain  as  it  is  today, 
one  of  the  principal  manufacturing  points  of 
the  valk5'. 

The  leading  business  houses  of  Indepen- 
dence are  all  well  stocked  and  they  do  a  very 
jjroRperous  business.  The  largest  dry  goods 
alore  in  Polk  county  is  located  at  indepen- 
dence. It  was  established  a8  years  ago  by  Mr.  Isaac  Vanduyn.  Mr.  J.  M. 
\Hnduyn  is  now  the  sole  proprietor  of  this  mammoth  establishment,  which  carries 
constantly  a  stock  of  goods  whose  vahie  is  about  $20,000.  Mr.  Vanduyn,  the  present 
proprietor,  is  a  man  of  great  push  and  enterprise,  and  he  stands  deservedly  high  in 
the  community  whose  interests  he  has  done  so  much  to  advance.  Independence 
contains  two  strong  banking  institutions.  The  First  National  BauK  of  Independence 
has  a  capital  stock  of  |5o,ocx),  with  a  surplus  of  |i4,ooo.  Us  officers  are  J.  S.  Cooper, 
president;  L.  W.  Robertson,  vice-president,  and  W.  H.  Hawley,  cashier.  The  Inde- 
ptndeuce  National  Hank  is  quartered  in  a  liandsonie  brick  structure,  an  illustration 
of  which  appears  in  connection  with  the  present  article.  This  strong  bank  was 
established  about  five  years  ago.  Its  officers  arc  H.  Hirschbcrg,  president ;  Abram 
Nelson,  vice-president,  and  W.  P.  Connaway.  cashier.  Both  of  these  institutions 
have  the  best  standing  in  iiuancial  circles  o'"lhe  coast. 

The  public  schools,  as  shown  by  the  illustration  above,  are  conducted  in 
an  elegant  and  commodious  imilding  containing  eight  rooms.  The  school  build- 
ing and  .site  represent  an  outlay  of  $2o,ocx).  The  course  embraces  eight  grades, 
including  common  and  high  school  depaitmenis,  with  a  couipeteiit    instructor  in 


PuBKC  School.  iNOEPENDEhCE. 


1        II 

I        .1 


.1 
II 


I 


i 


I 


I 


i 


4} 


I 


250 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


charge  of  each  grade.  The  average  daily  attendance  at  these  schools  is  about  400. 
J  ndependence  is  well  provided  with  churches,  which  speaks  well  for  the  moral  tone 
jf  its  inhabitants.  The  Calvary  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Methodist,  Episcopal,  Evan- 
Telical  and  Christian  denominations  are  strong  in  membership  and  influence,  and 
they  all  worship  in  church  buildings  of  their  own.  The  town  also  boasts  of  a  hand- 
some brick  opera  house,  which  is  used  for  all  gatherings  of  a  public  nature.  It  has 
a  seating  capacity  of  500,  and  is  well  lighted  and  ventilated. 

Independence  has  a  fine  arc  and  incandescent  electric  light  plant,  as  well  as  an 
efficient  water-works  plant.  Both  of  these  plants  are  owned  by  private  corpora- 
tions. The  town  is  protected  against  danger  by  fire 
by  a  well  equipped  and  thoroughly  organized  vol- 
unteer, fire  department.  Independence  supports 
one  good  local  newspaper.  The  West  Side.  Three 
good  hotels  cater  to  the  traveling  public,  while 
two  livery  stables  provide  plenty  of  horses  and 
vehicles  for  the  commercial  traveler  and  the 
tourist.  A  daily  stage  line  runs  from  Indepen- 
dence to  Salem,  a  distance  of  15  miles.  This 
place  has  made  most  substantial  advancement 
during  the  past  few  years,  and  there  is  no  reason 
why,  with  every  advantage  in  location,  and  with 
the  efforts  of  a  wide-awake  people.  Independence 
should  not  make  the  same  steady  advancement 

Independence  National  Bank,  Independence.  in  the  futurC. 

Newbei'g,  Oregon. — Newberg,  in  Yamhill  county, is  situated  on  the  narrow- 
gauge  system  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  26  miles  south  of  Portland.  The 
town  was  incorporated  in  1888,  the  population  at  the  time  of  incorporation  having 
been  about  500.  Since  that  time  the  place  has  more  than  doubled  in  population, 
and  it  is  now  one  of  the  flourishing  points  on  the  west  side  of  the  Willamette  val- 
ley reached  by  the  narrow-gauge  system. 

Newberg  is  located  in  the  heart  of  the  Chehalem  valley,  which,  during  the  past 
few  years,  has  been  attracting  considerable  attention  as  a  rich  fruit-growing  section. 
The  town  was  first  settled  by  a  colony  of  Quakers,  who  yet  bold  the  balance  of 
power  in  the  matter  of  population  and  in  control  of  the  municipal  government  at 
this  point.  The  old  town  of  Newberg  still  stands  near  the  bank  of  the  Willamette 
river,  where  it  was  first  located,  but  the  new  town  is  located  midway  between  tlie 
river  and  the  railroad,  the  distance  between  each  being  about  one  mile.  The  oil 
and  new  towns,  however,  are  under  a  single  municipal  government,  and  the  interests 
of  both  centers  of  population  are  handled  harmoniously. 

The  manufacturing  interests  of  Newberg  consist  of  a  small  roller-flouring  mill 
and  a  sawmill,  both  of  which  are  located  on  the  river  bank.  Both  of  these  plants 
are  operated  by  water  power.  A  drain  tile  works,  which  manufactures  annually  a 
large  quantity  of  tile  from  blue  clay,  which  is  found  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town, 
is  also  located  here.  The  Newberg  Pressed  Brick  &  Terra  Cotta  Company  was  organ- 
ized last  year,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000.  This  plant  has  now  been  in  opera- 
tion for  almost  a  year,  and  it  is  now  turning  out  dr}'-pressed  brick,  made  from  d'  v 
clay,  at  the  rate  of  20,000  per  day.  The  principal  market  for  the  output  of  this  plant 
is  in  Portland.  " 


Newberg,  Oregon. 


251 


Pacific  College,  Newberg. 


The  various  mercantile  pursuits  of  Newberg  are  handled  principally  by  a  wide- 
awake class  of  business  men.  The  town  claims  two  banks,  which  do  a  large  and 
safe  business.  Situated  on  the  main  street  of  the  town  are  four  brick  blocks,  and  it 
is  the  intention  of  the  owners  of  other  business  property  here  to  erect  additional 
fine  buildings  during  the  present  year. 

The  people  of  Newberg  take  a  pardonable  spirit  of  pride  in  the  fine  schools 
maintained  here.  The  Pacific  College,  founded  and  fostered  by  the  Friends'  church, 
is  located  at  this  point,  and 
it  offers  a  full  collegiate 
course  of  instruction,  em- 
bracing the  classical,  scien- 
tific, normal,  music  and  art 
departments.  The  average 
attendance  of  students  at 
this  school  during  the  past, 
year  was  80.  An  efficient 
corps  of  instructors  preside 
over  each  department  of 
the  school.  The  college 
building  shown  by  the  illus- 
tration published  on  this 
page,  affords  ample  facilities 
for  conducting  the  thorough  collegiate  work  of  the  school.  The  public  school  of  New- 
berg is  conducted  in  an  eight-room  building,  six  rooms  of  which  are  now  occupied. 
Six  teachers  are  now  employed  in  the  public  school  here,  and  the  school,  in  its  effi- 
ciency, compares  very  favorably  with  the  bent  public  schools  of  the  state.  The  aver- 
age daily  attendance  of  pupils  at  the  public  school  is  about  250. 

Newberg  is  distinctly  a  moral  town.     No  saloon  or  resort  of  vice  is  found  in  the 
town,  the  location  of  saloons  here  being  restricted  by  a  town  ordinance.     Eight 
churches,  most  of  which  own  their  places  of  worship,  are  established  here.     The 
denomination  of  The  Friends  own  a  church  building  of  an  orna- 
mental nature,  as  shown  by  the  illustration  published  in  connec- 
tion with  this  article.     The  erection  of  this  church  building  in- 
volved an  outlay  of  about  f  10,000.     The  other  church  denomi- 
nations represented  here  are  the  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  two  Metho- 
dist, Christian,    Evangelical  and  Adventists.     In   addi- 
tion, a  strong  Y.  M.  C.  A.  organization  is  maintained  in 
the  town,  as  well  as  a  free  reading-rocm  for  the  benefit 
of  the  public.      Two  newspapers  are,  published  at  this 
point,    The  Graphic  and    The  Chehalem  Valley   Times, 
Tourists   visiting  Newberg  find  comfortable  accommo- 
dations furnished   by  the  two  hotels  and    two    livery 
stables  of  the  town. 

In  the  district  tributary  to  Newberg  fruit  growing 
is  the  principal  occupation  followed.  The  Chehalem  valley  proper  includes  an  area 
of  3  miles  by  10  miles  in  extent,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  land  contained  in  this 
area  is  especially  adapted  to  fruit  culture.  Peaches,  pears,  prunes,  cherries,  and  all 
the  smaller  varieties  of  fruit,  do  well  here.  In  addition,  the  land  also  produces 
hops,  cereals  of  all  kinds,  and  vegetables,   aa  well  as  any  land  in   the  Willamette 


I  \U 


Fbiends'  Omurch,  newberg. 


V 


m 


\['-m 


WK\ 

ft^ 

H-  N 

HB^i 

■   r 

,  11  ;   '.    %M 

J 


252 


The  Oregonian^s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


valley.  Prune  growing  pays  well  here.  With  an  average  of  125  trees  to  the  acre,  and 
an  average  yield  of  50  pounds  of  fruit  to  a  tree,  at  8  cents  per  pound,  which  is  the 
price  paid  for  dried  prunes  in  bulk,  the  annual  income  from  an  acre  of  prune  land 
here  is  about  ^500.  A  most  conservative  estimate  places  the  profit  from  a  single 
acre  planted  in  mature  prune  trees  in  the  Chehalem  valley  at  from  $250  to  $300. 

Newberg  is  within  easy  reach  of  Portland,  either  by  the  daily  lines  of  steamers 
which  ply  regularly  on  the  river,  or  by  the  cars  of  the  railroad  passing  this  point. 
The  countr}'  surrounding  Newberg  is  comparatively  a  newly  settled  district,  and  the 
inducements  offered  to  newcomers  to  settle  in  this  tributary  section  at  the  present 
time  are  especially  flattering. 

Thr  Yamhill  Land  Company. — The  Yamhill  Land  Company,  of  Newberg, 
was  organized  and  incorporated  in  i.S9i,with  the  following  officers  :  J.  P.  Price,  pre,'- 
ident,  and  O.  C.  Wright,  secretary.  This  company  is  authority  for  the  statement 
that  fruit  and  farming  lands  situated  within  a  distance  of  from  one  to  four  miles  of 
the  corporate  limits  of  Newberg,  can  be  purchased  at  "-om  $40  to  $100  per  acre. 
Parties  desiring  to  obtain  reliable  information  concerning  Yamhill  county,  are  com- 
mended to  the  YauiLIU  Land  Company,  of  Newberg,  Oregon,  for  prices  of  land  or 
statistics  of  this  section. 

The  Bank  of  Newberg. — The  Bank  of  Newberg  was  organized  in  July,  18S9, 
with  a  paid-up  capital  stock  of  $30,000.     The  present  officers  are  :  Jesse  Edwards, 

president,  and  B.  C.  Miles,  vice-president  and  cashier. 
The  Bank  of  Newberg,  since  its  orgar.ization,  has 
done  a  con.stantly  increasing  business,  which  is 
probably  due  to  the  fact  that  the  public  has  always 
had  implicit  confidence  in  the  officers  of  the  bank. 
Mr.  Edwards  enjoys  the  honor  of  having  first  owr.ed 
and  platted  the  site  upon  which  Newberg  now  stands. 
He  has  also,  since  that  time,  been  prominently  iden- 
tified with  the  best  business  interests  of  the  town. 
He  is  now,  in  addition  to  being  prominently  con- 
nected with  the  Bank  of  Newberg,  president  of  th-. 
Newberg  Pre,s.sed  Brick  &  Terra  Cotta  Company. 
Mr.  Miles,  whose  father  was  the  fir.st  president  of  tlie 
bank,  was,  until  recently,  a  member  of  the  mercantile  firm  of  Morris,  IMiles  &  Co., 
and  he  is  well  qualified  to  fill  the  position  of  cashier  of  the  Newberg  Bank. 

LiaFayette,  Orcjyoii. — Two  miles  east  of  St.  Joseph,  on  the  West  Side 
division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad,  and  located  in  Yamhill  county,  is  the 
flourishing  town  of  LaFayeit^.  In  addition  to  direct  communication  aff'onUd 
LaFajette  with  Portland  and  the  principal  valley  towns  by  the  Southern  Pacific 
line,  the  town  is  also  on  the  line  of  the  Oregonian  [narrow  gauge]  railway,  whidi 
runs  .south  from  Portland  through  the  best  part  of  the  Willamette  valley.  Two  pas- 
senger trains  run  each  way  daily  over  both  lines  past  LaFayette,  thus  affording  the 
ittttcr  place  the  best  '  f  transportation  facilities. 

One  of  the  most  distinguishing  featnr-^  ,  ■  f  LaFayette,  and  one  in  which  the  ( iti- 
zens  take  a  greet  dtal  of  pride,  is  the  LaFayette  Seminary,  located  at  this  po;  it. 
Tlie  college  is  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  Ivducational  Association  of  the 
Oregon  Conference  of  the  Evangelical  Church,  and  all  of  its  privileges  are  open  10 
men  and  women  alike.     The  curriculum  prescribed  and  plan  of  discipline  adopt '^d 


Bank  of  Newberg,  Newberq. 


Dayton,  Oregon. 


253 


for  the  guidance  of  students  rank  w:th  the  scope  of  more  noted  institutions  of 
learning.  The  average  attendance  of  this  school  during  the  past  year  v/as  80 
students. 

The  public  school  system  of  LaFayette  is  also  especially  worthy  of  mention 
here  for  the  high  degree  of  efficiercy  maintained.  The  public  school  is  in  charge  of 
three  experienced  teachers,  and  the  average  enrollment  is  125  scholars. 

LaFayette  is  an  incorporated  town,  with  a  population  of  about  450.  It  is  largely 
supported  by  a  rich  tributary  farming  district,  the  products  of  which  consist  chiefly 
of  cereals,  vegetables  and  fruits.  The  soil  in  this  district  is  no  less  fertile  than  is  the 
soil  of  the  entire  Willamette  valley,  and  the  prices  asked  for  farming  lands  here  are 
reasonable. 

A  flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  75  barrels  supplies  the  citizens  of  La 
Fayette  with  an  excellent  quality  of  flour,  and  this  mill  also  supplies  the  town  of 
Dayton,  a  few  miles  distant. 

LaFayette  supports  one  good  weekly  newspaper,  Tke  Vainhill  County  Ledger. 
It  has  two  hotels,  one  livery  stable  and  the  various  lines  of  mercantile  business  are 
well  represented  here. 

Three  well  supported  churches,  the  Presbyterian,  Methodist  and  Evangelical 
bespeak  the  moral  tone  of  the  community.  The  town  supports  a  public  hall  with 
a  seating  capacity  of  300.  The  place  is  particularly  noted  for  the  number  of  wealthy 
retired  mci  chants  it  claims,  ample  evidence  of  the  possibilities  for  obtaining  wealth 
here  in  the  past  and  which  may  be  also  accepted  as  evidence  bearing  on  the  capacity 
of  the  community  for  future  prosperity. 

Dayton,  Orcgfou. — Dayton  is  incorporated  and  boasts  of  a  population  of 
about  400.  It  is  located  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Yamhill  river,  33  miles 
southwest  of  Portland.  The  place  has  connection  with  Portland  by  a  line  operating 
a  steamer  which  makes  a  trip  every  alternate  day  between  the  two  points.  The 
line  of  the  narrow-gauge  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  system  of  railroads  in 
Oregon  passes  a  point  within  one  mile  of  Dayton,  and  the  citizens  of  the  latter 
place  hope  to  have  the  cars  of  this  line  running  into  their  town  direct  before  the 
close  of  the  present  year.  A  stage  line  carrying  both  freight  and  passengers  makes 
two  trips  a  day  to  LaFayette  and  St.  Joseph,  making  connection  at  the  latter  point 
with  the  cars  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Company's  West  Side  division.  The  total 
length  of  this  stage  line  is  five  miles. 

Although  at  the  present  writing  no  manufacturing  is  done  at  Dayton,  the  town 
offers  exceptional  opportunities  for  che  establishment  of  factories  here  on  a  small 
scale.  The  extent  of  the  rich  tributary  fanning  district  is  shown  by  the  large  quan- 
tities of  hops,  fruits  and  various  other  products  of  the  soil  which  are  regularly  ship- 
ped by  the  water  line  from  Dayton  to  Portland. 

The  Dayton  public  school  building  recently  erected  at  a  cost  of  $6,000  occupies 
a  sightly  location.  The  average  daily  attendance  at  the  school  is  about  iro.  A 
principal  and  one  assistant  teacher  preside  over  the  school  here,  which  is  well 
conducted. 

Dayton  supports  four  churches  of  the  Methodist,  Baptist,  Evangelical  and  Free 
Methodist  denominations.  Each  denomination  owns  its  church  building.  The 
town  hall  has  a  seating  capacity  of  about  300.'  Two  weekly  papers  are  supported 
here,  The  Herald  and   Thr  Nezvs,     Traveling  men  find  a  good  hotel  at  this  point. 


lli 

'  s^^B 

MB  ' 

M^^H. 

u 


r 


264 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


and  also  a  livery  stable.  Dayton  at  the  present  time  makes  no  pretensions  to  great 
commercial  importance,  but  is  a  prosperous  town  containing  a  happy  and  contented 
lot  of  people,  and  the  possibilities  for  •  future  steady  growth  are  equal  to  those  of 
the  other  favorably  located  valley  points. 

Dallas,  Oregron. — Dallas  is  a  name  that  was  prominently  associated  with  the 
history  of  the  early  settlement  of  Oregon.  The  town  of  Dallas  was  established  in 
i?52,  and  was  named  after  the  Hon.  George  M.  Dallas  who  was  at  that  time  running 
for  the  presidency  of 
The  i;ounty  of  which 
named  after  the  suc- 
county  has  since  that 


PHOTO.  8V  H. 


MAIN  STREET,  DALLAS. 


the  United  States  against  James  K.  Polk, 
the  town  of  Dallas  is  now  the  seat  was 
cessful  candidate  in  this  fight,  and  Polk 
time  been  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
counties  of  the  Willamette  valley. 

A  steady  and  substantial  growth  has 
marked  the  history  of  Dallas  since  the 
first  settlement  was  made  at  this  point, 
and  today  it  is  a  bustling  little  city  with 
a  population  not  far  from  1,500.  Nature 
first  favored  the  location  of  a  town  at  the 
present  site  of  the  city,  and  the  enter- 
prise of  the  later  residents  of  Dallas  did 
the  rest.  It  is  perfectly  sheltered  by  the 
mountains  which  rise  to  the  west  and 
south.     It  is  skirted   by   the   La   Creole 

river,  a  pure  mountain  stream,  which  at  all  seasons  carries  a  good  volume  of  water. 

Dallas  occupies  a  position  in  the  exact  geographical  center  of  Polk  county,  and  it  has 

the  support  of  a  rich  and  rapidly   developing  farming  community  which  will  always 

remain  tributary. 

The  spirit  of  enterprise  by  which  the  citizens  of  Dallas  have  always  been  actuated 
is  shown  in  the  attention  which  has  been  paid  to  the  development  of  the  manufactur- 
ing industries  at  this  place  during  the  past  two  years.  In  this  time  a  fine  three-set 
woolen  mill  with  machinery  of  the  most  improved  type  has  been  completed  and  put 
in  operation  here.  The  location  of  this  mill  at  Dallas  will  do  much  to  encourage  the 
wool  industry  of  Polk  and  the  adjoining  counties,  and  it  will  be  the  means  of  hold- 
ing much  of  the  trade  of  this  section  to  Dallas,  which,  without  the  mill  here,  might 
have  gone  to  other  towns.  The  location  of  one  large  sawmill  and  two  planing  mills 
at  Dallas  has  made  the  place  the  principal  seat  for  the  lumbering  of  a  large  and  rich 
section.  Dallas  is  also  the  seat  of  a  perfectly  equipped  flouring  mill,  the  product  of 
which  vies  in  quality  with  the  best  flour  produced  in  the  state.  The  Dallas  iron 
works  plant,  which  is  run  under  the  management  and  proprietorship  of  Edward  Bid- 
die,  does  a  large  business  in  moulding  all  kinds  of  castings  used  in  the  farm 
machinery  of  this  part  of  the  state,  in  addition  to  other  regular  foundry  work  which 
it  handles,  and  it  is  a  very  profitable  industry. 

The  country  surrounding  Dallas  is  especially  adapted  to  fruit  growing  on  a  large 
scale.  Special  attention  has  been  paid  to  fruit  culture  in  this  section  during  the  past 
year  and  within  a  radius  of  i|^  miles  of  the  town  more  than  600  acres  of  land  havi^ 
been  planted  in  prunes,  peaches,  pears  and  other  fruits.  A  number  of  very  fine  hoj) 
farms  are  situated  within  plain  view  of  the  people  of  Dallas.  The  profits  realized 
from  hop  culture  on  these  lands  is  shown  in  the  statement  that  land  which  can  b  ■ 


Delias,  Oregon. 


255 


PHOTO.    BY  H.    U.   MISER. 


Polk  County  Court  house,  Dallas. 


bought  here  for  $50  an  acre  commands  from  |l2oo  to 
I250  an  acre  when  fully  planted  in  hops.  Within  a 
distance  of  10  miles  of  Dallas  is  a  fine  timber  belt 
containing  immense  quantities  of  the  finest  merchant- 
able timber.  But  three  miles  distant  from  the  town 
is  a  quarry  of  a  high-grade  building  stone.  This  stone 
lies  imbedded  as  a  solid  strata,  and  before  being  ex- 
posed to  the  air  can  be  hewn  into  any  shape  or  size 
almost  as  easily  as  wood  is  cut.  It  rapidly  hardens, 
however,  after  lying  open  to  the  air  and  makes  the 
finest  of  stone  for  building  material  when  fully  seasoned.  This  quarry  has  been 
but  little  developed  yet,  but  it  will  some  day  be  a  source  of  great  profit  to  the 
owners  and  a  most  valuable  addition  to  the  many  enterprises  of  Dallas. 

Dallas  is  the  seat  of  the  La  Creole  Academy,  one  of  the  oldest  institutions  of 
learning  in  the  state.  Three  years  ago  the  frame  building  so  long  occupied  by  the 
school  was  abandoned,  and  a  handsome  and  commodious  brick  structure  was  erected 
for  the  academy  at  a  cost  of  $10,000.  Two  years  ago  it  was  found  advisable  to  com- 
bine the  excellent  public  schools  of  the  city  and  the  academy  under  one  manage- 
ment. This  has  resulted  in  furnishing  more  room  for  school  purposes,  and  in  a 
highly  improved  course  of  study.  The  intermediate  and  primary  grades  are  taught 
in  the  public  schools  here,  while  the  grammar  and  academic  courses  are  pursued  at 
the  academy.  A  principal  and  five  assistant  teachers  preside  over  both  schools.  The 
total  enrollment  of  scholars  at  the  schools  here  during  the  past  year  has  been  to 
exceed  400. 

Five  church  organizations  are  well  sustained  at  Dallas.  Within  the  past  three 
years  the  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Episcopal  and  Christian  denominations,  has  each 
erected  a  neat  church  building  of  its  own.  The  Southern  Methodists  and  Baptists  are 
the  oldest  denominations  in  Dallas. 

All  branches  of  professional,  mercantile  and  mechanical  pursuits  are  well  repre- 
sented at  Dallas.     The  Dallas  City  Bank,  of  which  Mayor  M.  M.  Ellis  is  president, 

and  C.  G.  Coad  is  cashier,  has  a  capital  stock  of 
|75,ooo.  It  is  incorporated,  and  being  on  the  strong- 
est of  financial  footings  and  conducted  in  a  conserva- 
tive manner,  it  enjoys  the  full  confidence  of  the  peo- 
ple of  this  section,  and  has  a  very  large  patronage. 
Three  good  newsapers,  T/ie  Transcript,  Itemiser  and 
Observer,  are  untiring  in  their  efforts  to  advance  the 
interests  of  the  section  in  which  they  thrive,  and  they 
enjoy  a  large  circulation. 

A  feature  of  great  interest  to  the  traveling  public 
which  frequents  Dallas  is  the  excellent  accommoda- 
tion afforded  here  by  the  perfectly  conducted  hotel. 
Six   years    ago    a    stock    company    was    formed    at 
Dallas   for  the  purpose  of  erecting  a  fine  building 
for  hotel  purposes.     It  was  the  aim  of  the  company  to  meet  every  demand  of  the 
large  tourist  travel  and  the  commercial  salesmen   who  frequented  this  place,  and  at 
the  same  time  to  erect  a  building  which  would  be  an  ornament  to  the  city.     The 
Hotel  Holman,  an  illustration  of  which  is  published  in  connection  with  this  article 


PHftTO.    BY 
«4.   L.   MISER. 


La  Creole  Academy,  Dallas. 


§! 


,'  .       I 


2.56 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.  BY  H.   L.   MISER. 


■^^^•'i:^i«^' 


.-.Jj-Jifepiv:  - 


Hotel  Holman,  Dallas. 


wa.s  the   result  of  this  enterprise.       The  building   was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  1 10,000,  knd  is  perfectly  adapted  for 
hotel  purposes.     It  contains  32  rooms,  all  of  which  are 
well  furnished.     It  is  lighted  by  electricity  and  has  every 
modern  appointment  found  in  the  best  of  hotels. 
It  is  conveniently  located,  being  within  two  blocks 
of  Ihe  railroad  depot.     The  Hotel  Holman   is  now 
owned  by  Nathaniel  Holman,  a  well-known  citizen 
of  Dallas,     An  attractive  dining-room   and  an  ex- 
cellent cuisine  are  features  of  this  well  conducted 
house.     The  rates  of  the  Hotel  Holman  vary  from 
$1   to.  $2   a  day,  as  low  rates  as  are  charged  for 
first-class   accommodations  by   any   hotel  i:i  the 
world. 

Dallas  supports  two  well  equipped  livery  stables  and  two  stage  lines.  One  of 
these  connects  with  trains  of  the  West  Side  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  at  Derry, 
about  five  miles  distant,  and  the  other  line  operates  stages  between  Dallas  and  Salem 
a  distance  of  15  miles.  The  city  is  located  on  the  main  line  of  the  Oregonian  [nar- 
row-gauge] division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  and  is  62  miles  south  of  Portland. 
Trains  make  one  round  trip  daily  between  Portland  and  Dallas.  Owing  to  the  many 
advantages  of  location  Dallas  will  doubtless  continue  to  make  the  same  steady 
advancement  in  growth  of  population  and  material  wealth  in  the  future  that  the 
place  has  enjoyed  during  the  past  few  years,  and  it  ^ives  promise  of  always  remaining 
one  of  the  most  prosperous  points  of  the  Willam'     e  valley. 

Good  farming  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  Dal  as  find  ready  purchasers  at  prices 
ranging  from  I50  to  $100  an  acre.  Full  information  of  these  rich  lands  can  be 
obtained  by  addressing  either  Messrs.  Fulton  &  Bell  or  William  P.  Wright,  Dallas, 
Oregon.  These  gentlemen  will  be  ready  at  all  times  to  answer  all  inquiries  regarding 
their  city  or  the  rich  county  of  Polk,  of  which  Dallas  is  the  seat  of  justice,  and  all 
information  obtained  from  this  source  can  be  regarded  as  strictly  reliable. 

Polk  County,  Oregon. — As  early  as  1845  the  name  of  Polk  county  had 
been  given  to  a  part  of  Oregon,  but  at  that  time  the  county  limits  of  Polk  included 
all  'that  portion  of  the  state  lying  between  the  Willamette  river  and  the  Pacific 
ocean,  and  they  extended  from  the  southern  boundary  of  Yamhill  on  the  north  to 
the  northern  line  of  California  on  the  south.  Since  that  time  the  former  extensive 
area  of  Polk  county  has  furnished  territory  for  the  formation  of  many  other  coun- 
ties, and  today  Polk  county  is  one  of  the  smallest  in  area  in  the  state.  The  total 
area  of  this  county  is  now  less  than  800  square  miles.  The  present  boundary  lines 
of  the  county  are  formed  by  Yamhill  county  on  the  north,  the  Willamette  river  on 
the  east,  the  Coast  range  of  mountains  on  the  west,  and  Benton  county  on  the  south. 
Ine  county  is  thickly  settled,  and  it  contains  some  of  the  best  cultivated  farms  in 
the  state.  About  one-eighth  of  the  total  area  of  the  county  still  vests  in  the  govern- 
ment and  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company. 

It  is  estimated  that  about  two-thirds  of  Polk  county  is  embraced  within  the  fine 
lands  of  the  valley  and  the  equally  rich  rolling  stretches  which  border  on  the  foot- 
hills. The  remaining  one-third  of  the  land  contained  in  the  county  is  rugged,  but 
it  is  covered  with  an  almost  impenetrable  growth  of  the  finest  timber.  The  genera] 
character  of  the  soil  varies  little,  if  at  all,  from  the  rich  soil  of  other  parts  of  the 


T«M 


Sheridan,  Oregon, 


257 


le  fine 
foot- 
Id,  but 
leneral 
lof  the 


Willamette  valley.  The  soil  here  is  equally  as  productive  as  that  of  the  most  favored 
parts  of  the  state.  The  soil  of  the  valley  lauds  is  best  described  as  a  dark  loam 
with  a  strong  clay  subsoil,  the  latter  possessing  the  distinctive  feature  of  retaining 
moisture  throughout  any  period  of  drouth,  which  accounts  largely  for  the  great  pro- 
ductive powers  of  all  of  this  land.  The  soil  of  the  bottom  lands  is  composed  of 
rich  alluvial  deposits,  which  seem  inexhaustible  in  their  powers  of  production.  The 
foothill  lands,  while  no  less  arable  than  are  those  of  Llie  valley  proper,  are  composed 
of  a  red,  brown  and,  at  times,  black  loam.  They  are  warmer  than  are  the  valley 
lands,  and  are  especially  adapted  to  the  growing  of  early  fruits  and  vegetables.  No 
county  in  the  state  surpasses  Polk  in  the  matter  of  quality  aud  quantity  of  its  pro- 
ducts, consisting  principally  of  hay,  hops,  cereals,  vegetables  and  fruits. 

The  natural  grasses  of  the  county  grow  luxuriantly.  It  has  been  proved  that 
one  acre  of  this  natural  grass  land  will  support  a  sheep,  and  two  acres  will  furnish 
forage  for  an  ox  the  year  round.  With  average  cultivation  wheat  yields,  in  this 
county,  from  25  to  40  bushels  per  acre,  l)arley  40  to  60  bushels,  and  oats  50  to  80 
bushels.  The  cultivation  of  hops  in  Polk  county,  although  comparatively  an  inno- 
vation here,  is  becoming  an  extensive  and  a  most  remunerative  industry.  The  bot- 
tom lands  of  the  county  are  especially  adapted  to  hop  culture.  Vegetables  of  all 
varieties  attain  unusual  size  in  Polk  county,  and  they  are  rich  in  flavor  and  nutritive 
qualities.  Potatoes,  cabbages,  beets,  turnips,  squashes,  carrots,  parsnips  and  cucum- 
bers give  prodigious  yields  on  these  lands.  The  potato  bug,  the  dreaded  pest  of  the 
Eastern  farmer,  has  never  gained  a  foothold  in  Oregon,  and  a  failure  of  root  crops  from 
any  cause  has  never  been  known  in  Polk  county.  Fruits,  including  apples,  pears, 
prunes,  peaches,  plums  and  cherries  grow  in  such  abundance  in  the  orchards  of  Polk 
county,  that  it  is  always  necessary,  during  the  ripening  season,  for  the  farmer  of  this 
part  of  the  state  to  give  careful  attention  to  propping  up  his  trees  to  prevent  the 
limbs  from  breaking  off  under  the  immense  loads  of  fruit  which  they  carry. 

The  Coast  range  of  mountains,  as  well  as  a  large  part  of  Polk  county,  is  covered 
with  a  dense  forest  growth  of  hard  and  soft  woods.  Trees  200  to  250  feet  i:i  neight 
and  of  nine  feet  diameter  are  plentiful  in  this  district.  All  of  Polk  county  is  well 
watered.  Several  streams  flow  down  the  mountain  sides  into  the  valley  lands  of 
the  county  with  a  sufficient  head  of  water  to  furnish  power  for  running  hundreds  of 
factory  wheels.  Springs  are  found  everywhere,  and  water  can  be  reached  any- 
where  b}'   digging  all    the   waj^  from    10  to  15  feet. 

Polk  county  is  abreast  of  any  part  of  the  state  in  the  matter  of  provision  made 
for  public  education.  There  are  now  in  the  county  55  organized  school  districts 
which  employ  70  teachers.  The  average  salary  paid  these  teachers  is  about  $50  a 
month.  The  total  value  of  school  property  in  the  county  is  |55,ooo.  The  popula- 
tion of  the  county  now  approximates  8,000.  The  total  valuation  placed  on  all  tax- 
able property  of  the  county  is  upwards  of  $4,000,000.  The  improved  lands  are 
assessed  at  an  average  of  $13.41  an  acre.  A  ride  through  Polk  county  leads  one  over 
one  of  the  best  parts  of  the  Northwest  and  some  of  the  highest  cultivated  farms  in 
the  state  are  located  within  the  limits  of  this  county. 

Sheridan,  Oi'ejafoii. — Sheridan  is  located  in  Yamhill  county,  within  one  and 
one-half  miles  of  the  northern  boundary  line  of  Polk  county.  It  is  reached  by  a 
spur  of  the  narrow-gauge  system  of  the  Southern  Pacific  Railroad  Company. 
This  spur  connects  with  the  main  line  of  the  narrow-gauge  system  running 
from  Portland    to    Airlie,  at  Sheridan  Junction,  seven  miles  distant  from  Sheri- 


■IW  ■ 


m 


258 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


dan.  A  mixed  passenger  and  freight  train  makes  one  round  trip  between 
I'ortland  and  Sheridan  daily.  In  addition  to  the  means  of  communication 
afforded  Sheridan  by  rail,  a  daily  stage  line,  carrying  both  mail  and  passen- 
gers, runs  from  Sheridan  to  McMinnville,  the  seat  of  Yamhill  county  and  14  miles 
distant  from  the  former  town. 

Sheridan  is  incorporated  and  contains  a  present  population  of  400.  The  Yam- 
hill river,  which  is  not  navigable  to  Sheridan,  divides  the  town.  A  wooden  bridge 
spans  the  stream  connecting  the  main  street  of  the  town  on  either  side  of  the  river. 
The  usual  mercantile  lines  of  business  are  represented  at  Sheridan  by  a  number  of 
small  stores  which  seem  to  be  well  patronized.  A  flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capa- 
city of  100  barrels  is  located  at  this  point.  The  section  of  country  immediately 
tributary  to  Sheridan  is  fertile  and  the  farmers  are  prosperous. 

A  good  public  school  system  is  maintained  at  Sheridan.  The  school  is  presided 
over  by  a  principal  and  two  assistants  am^  le  average  attendance  is  al)out  100 
scholars.  Three  church  denominations  worship  in  buildings  of  their  own.  These 
are  the  Methodist,  Baptist  and  Congregational.  The  town  supports  one  weekly 
paper,    T/ie  Sun,  has  one  bank,  two  hotels  and  two  well  stocked  livery  stables. 

Amity,  Oregon. — Located  in  Yamhill  county,  but  a  short  distance  from  the 
southern  boundary,  situated  on  a  level  plain  and  partly  surrounded  by  a  low  range 
of  hills,  is  the  town  of  Amity.  It  is  on  the  line  of  the  West  Side  division  of  the 
Southern  Pacific  railroad,  57  miles  south  of  Portland,  and  is  within  two  andone-half 
miles  of  the  line  of  the  narrow-gauge  system  of  the  same  company.  Amity  thus 
enjoys  exceptional  facilities  for  railroad  connection  with  Portland  and  the  larger 
valley  towns.  Two  trains  pass  each  way  over  the  narrow-gauge  lines  daily,  and  one 
passenger  train  from  the  north  and  south  stops  at  Amity's  depot  on  the  main  line 
of  the  Southern  Pacific. 

The  population  of  Amity  is  about  400  and  the  place  is  incorporated.  While  no 
manufacturing  is  done  here  at  the  present  writing,  its  advantages  as  a  site  for  future 
manufacturing  enterprise  are  worthy  of  attention.  The  town  is  located  in  the  midst 
of  the  richest  of  farming  districts.  The  principal  crops  of  this  tributary  section  are 
wheat  and  hops,  with  considerable  attention  paid  by  the  farmers  to  the  cultivation  of 
vegetables  and  fruit.  The  locality  is  one  that  has  been  settled  for  many  years  and 
the  farms  are  principally  in  a  high  state  of  development. 

One  principal  and  an  assistant  have  charge  of  the  public  school  system  of  Amity, 
with  an  average  number  of  pupils  enrolled  of  100.  The  Methodist,  Baptist  and 
Christian  denominations  maintain  strong  organizations  and  the  congregation 
of  each  occupies  a  building  of  its  own.  The  Odd  Fellows  hall  is  used  for  all  public- 
gatherings  and  has  a  seating  capacity  of  about  200  people.  T/ie  Amity  Popgun 
handles  the  news  features  of  the  town  in  a  truly  effervescent  style.  Amity  sup- 
ports one  hotel,  and  has  a  good  livery  stable  for  the  accommodation  of  the  traveling 
public. 

Good  garden  and  farming  lands  can  be  bought  adjoining  the  town  limits  of 
Amity  at  the  rate  of  |8o  per  acre.  The  value  of  land  becomes  less,  of  course,  in  :i 
fair  ratio  as  the  distance  from  the  town  is  increased.  Mr.  John  L.  Watt,  a  long-time- 
resident  of  Amity,  is  thoroughly  conversant  with  property  values  in  the  vicinit\ 
of  the  town  and  he  is  able  at  all  times  to  offer  good  land  at  the  prices  indicated 
above. 


I 


Monmouth,  Oregon. 


259 


3Ionmouth,  Oregfon. — Monmouth  is  the  ideal  college  town  of  Oregon.  It 
occupies  a  site  on  a  commanding  eminence,  and  the  climate  is  equable  to  a  degree 
that  practically  avoids  all  extremes  of  heat  or  cold,  and  the  air  is  salubrious  Mon- 
mouth makes  strict  provision  against  the  conducting  of  saloons,  gambling  houses  or 
other  places  of  vice  within  the  town  limits,  and  the  entire  community  is  law  abiding 
and  peaceably  inclined. 

Monmouth  is  incorporated  and  contains  a  present  population  of  about  600.  It  is 
located  on  the  narrow-gauge  division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  system  of  roads,  70 
miles  south  of  Portland.  In  addition  to  the  facilities  for  transportation  afforded  by 
the  narrow-gauge  system,  Monmouth  is  also  connected  with  Independence,  located 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  2'/4  miles  distant,  by  a  well  equipped  steam 
motor  line.  One  passenger  train  a  day  makes  a  round  trip  between  Monmouth  and 
Portland,  while  hourly  trips  are  made  over  the  motor  line  between  Monmouth  and 
Independence. 

Monmouth  contains  a  number  of  well  stocked  business  houses  that  are  well  sup- 
ported. The  Polk  County  Bank  is  a  strong  institution,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000, 
Its  officers  are  J.  H.  Hawley,  president ;  P.  L.  Campbell,  vice-preaident,  and  Ira  C. 
Powell,  cashier.  The  town  is  also  the  seat  of  Mie  Oregon  State  Normal  School, 
which  is  fully  described  in  connection  with  the  present  article.  Monmouth  supports 
a  good  public  school  system,  which  is  in  charge  of  four  experienced  teachers.  The 
average  daily  attendance  at  the  public  schools  is  about  151 1.  The  Christian  and 
Methodist  denominations  maintain  strong  organizations  here,  and  each  worships  in  a 
church  building  of  its  own.  Monmouth  boasts  of  a  good  opera  house,  with  a  seating 
capacity  of  400  people.  The  town  also  contains  one  good  hotel  and  a  single  livery 
stable. 

A  rich  farming  district  is  tributary  to  Monmouth.  This  source  of  wealth, 
together  with  its  well  accredited  healthfulness  and  its  many  advantages  as  an  educa- 
tional center  of  importance,  will  result  in  regularly  increasing  its  population  each 
successive  year. 

Tlie  Oregon  State  Normal  School, — A  question  of  vital  importance  to 
the  prospective  settler  in  a  new  country  is  the  one  of  the  educational  facilities 
afforded.  No  town,  however  favorably  located,  ever  attains  a  position  to  command 
the  attention  of  the  world  without  first  having  made  every  provision 
for  the  education  of  its  youth,  and  the  better  the  educational  facilities 
of  any  community  the  better  chance  does  the  place  enjoy  for  com- 
manding the  attention  of  the  intelligent  masses  of  the  people. 

Monmouth,  in  point  of  location,  is  an  admirable 
site  for  the  establishment  of  educational  institu- 
tions. The  location  is  a  healthful  one,  the  sur- 
roundings are  all  pleasant  and  the  town  is  easily 
reached  from  any  part  of  the  Northwest  by  rail. 
Added  to  its  natural  advantages  are  restrictions  im- 
posed by  the  charter  and  town  ordinances  of  Mon- 
mouth which  make  it  absolutely  impossible  for 
saloons,  gambling  houses  or  other  resorts  which 
cater  to  vice  in  any  form  to  be  conducted  within  the 
municipal  limits.  Thus  no  allurements,  immoral  in  their  tone,  are  held  out  to  the 
youth  of  this  prosperous  young  town,  and  the  status  of  the  entire  community  is  dis- 
tinctly moral. 


Oregon  State  Normal  School,  Monmouth, 


M 


260 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacihc  Northwest. 


The  Oregon  State  Normal  School,  located  at  Monmouth,  is  today  one  of  the  most 
prominent  eclucational  institutions  of  the  state.  By  enactment  of  the  legislature  of 
1891  this  school  was  placed  under  the  control  of  the  state,  general  supervision  of  its 
affairs  being  exercised  by  a  board  of  regents  whose  appointment  rests  with  the  Gov- 
ernor. Since  the  act  placing  the  school  under  state  control  passed,  the  institution 
has  made  most  rapid  advancement,  and  as  a  seat  of  learning  it  now  commands  the 
attention  of  the  best  educational  centers  of  the  coast. 

The  curriculum  of  the  Oregon  State  Normal  School  embraces  four  well  defined 
courses  of  study.  •  These  are  the  elementary,  regular,  advanced  and  bitsiness.  The 
first  three  courses  named  are  especially  designed  for  a  thorough  training  of  pupils 
who  may  desire  to  follow  the  profession  of  teaching,  and  graduates  from  either  of 
these  courses  are  awarded  certificates  which  entitle  them  to  teach  in  the  schools  of 
the  state  without  further  examination  as  to  their  qualifications.  In  addition  to  the 
regular  courses  prescribed,  the  thorough  training  in  instrumental  music  and  voice 
culture  which  the  pupils  of  this  school  receive  has  proved  a  valuable  and  most 
attractive  feature  to  both  scholars  and  instructors. 

The  necessary  expenses  of  a  course  at  the  Normal  School  have,  by  careful  man- 
agement on  the  part  of  the  principal,  been  reduced  to  the  lowest  possible  amount. 
Tuition  for  the  entire  school  year  does  not  exceed  $25,  while  good  board  and  room 
can  be  secured  in  Monmouth  at  from  $2  to  $2.50  a  week.  The  school  is  particularly  for- 
tunate in  having  succeeded  in  obtaining  the  services  of  P.  L.  Campbell,  A.  B.,  a  graduate 
of  Harvard  University,  as  president  of  the  institution,  and  it  is  to  the  untiring  and  well 
directed  efforts  of  this  able  educator  that  the  great  degree  of  efficiency  which  the 
school  has  attained  during  the  last  two  years  is  largely  due.  J.  B.  Butler  fills  the  im- 
portant position  of  secretary  of  the  board. 

The  building  occupied  by  the  State  Normal  School  is  a  two-story  brick  structure 
containing  eight  rooms.  It  occupies  a  site  on  a  high  elevation  of  ground  which 
commands  a  superb  view  of  the  Coast  range  of  mountains  on  the  west  and  the  Wil- 
lamette valley  on  the  east,  beyond  which  rise  in  sharp  outlines  the  rugged  chain  of 
the  Cas(  ades.  On  a  clear  day  Mt.  Hood,  Mt.  Jefferson  and  the  peaks  of  the  Three 
Sisters  are  in  plain  view  of  the  occupants  of  the  school  building.  The  surroundings 
of  the  Normal  School  are  healthful  and  inviting,  the  courses  of  study  are  well 
defined,  the  discipline  is  good  without  being  unnecessarily  severe,  and  the  future 
growth  of  the  school,  both  in  its  importance  as  a  state  institution  and  as  a  prominent 
seat  of  learning  is  fully  assured. 

Corvallis,  Oregon. — Corvallis  is  the  judicial  seat  of  Benton  county.  It  is 
located  in  the  very  heart  of  the  Willamette  valley,  and  is  the  central  city  of  the  rich- 
est part  of  Benton  county.  It  is  the  present  southern  terminus  of  the  West  Side 
division  of  the  Southern  Pacific  railroad  ;  it  is  at  the  junction  of  the  Southern 
Pacific  and  the  Willamette  Valley  &  Coast  (Oregon  Pacific)  railroads,  the  latter  of 
which  roads  is  the  important  line  extending  east  from  the  deep-water  terminus  of 
Yaquina  Bay,  72  miles  west  of  Corvallis,  to  Halstead,  a  point  56  miles  east  of  Cor- 
vallis and  128  miles  from  Yaquina.  The  road  now  known  as  the  Oregon  Pacific, 
will  ultimately  be  extended  east  to  a  connection  with  some  transcontinental  line  at  or 
near  Boise  City,  Idaho. 

Corvallis  is  afforded  excellent  transportation  facilities  by  these  two  lines,  and 
daily  trains  are  operated  over  both  roads,  one  train  running  north  to  Portland,  96 
miles  distant,  and  the  other  over  the  Oregon  Pacific,  making  connection  between 


Corrallis,  Oregon. 


2()1 


lind 

96 

een 


Benton  county  Court  House,  Corvallis. 


Corvallis  and  Albany,  on  the  east,  and  with  Yiiquina  Bay,  on  the  west.  East  of 
Albany  trains  also  run  over  the  same  road  to  the  end  of  the  track  at  Halstead.  At 
Yaquina  Bay  a  line  of  steamers  operated  in  conjunction  with  the  rail- 
road company,  makes  connection  with  trains  of  the  Oregon  Pacific 
for  San  Francisco.     In  addition  to  the  lines  of  transporta-  (^ 

tion  afforded  Corvallis  by  the  railroads,  the  Willamette 
river  is  also  navigable  between  this  city  and  Portland. 
A  combined  passenger  and  freight  steamer  makes 
two  round  trips  a  week  between  Corvallis  and  Port- 
land, and  considerable  traffic  is  handled  over  this 
line. 

The  present  popidation  of  Corvallis  is  about 
2,500.  While  the  great  source  of  wealth  of  the  city 
has  always  been  in  the  rich  tributary  farming  dis- 
trict, the  manufacturing  possibilities  of  Corvallis 
have  never  been  neglected.  It  is  now  the  seat  of 
the  Corvallis  Carriage  and  Wagon  Factory,  which  has  now  been  in  successful  opera- 
tion for  two  years  past.  This  company  gives  constant  employment  to  50  men,  and 
it  has  a  capacity  for  turning  out  6,oco  vehicles  a  year.  The  plant  is  thoroughly 
equipped  for  the  handling  of  a  very  large  business,  and  its  output  finds  a  sale  in  all 
parts  of  the  coast.  Two  large  roller  flouring  mills  are  also  located  at  Corvallis,  each 
with  a  daily  capacity  of  100  barrels.  The  wheat  grown  in  this  part  of  the  state 
makes  a  special  high  qualit}-  of  flour,  and  the  flour  manufactured  in  Corvallis  stands 
high  wherever  it  is  known.  The  other  manufacturing  industries  of  the  place  are 
represented  by  one  large  sawmill,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  40,000  feet  of  lumber,  two 
sash  and  door  factories,  a  foundry  and  machine  shop,  and  few  other  small  plants. 
All  lines  of  business  are  well  represented  hei-e.  The  place  supports  one  strong  but 
conservative  banking  house. 

Corvallis  is  the  seat  of  the  State  Agricultural  College.  The  means  for  running 
this  college  are  supplied  both  by  the  state  and  by  the  United  States  governments. 
The  annual  income  of  the  school  from  these  two  sources,  at  the  present  time,  is 
about  $50,000,  a  sum  sufficient  to  conduct  the  college  here  on  a  plan  that  is  product- 
ive of  good  results.  Every  department  of  industrial  training  at  this  school  is  pre- 
sided over  by  a  thoroughly  competent  and  practical  instructor. 
The  college  farm  which  surrounds  the  school  contains  about  185 
acres.  This  land  adjoins  the  city  limits  of  Corvallis,  and  is  all 
in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  In  addition  to  the  main  college 
building,  which  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $30,000,  a  large 
dormitory  for  male  students,  a  smaller  dormitory  for  lady  stu- 
dents, and  a  number  of  buildings  used  for  experiments  in  me- 
chanical work,  have  since  been  erected  on  the  college  grounds. 
The  average  attendance  at  the  college  during  the  past  year  has 
been  about  250  scholars. 

An  excellent  system  of  public  schc-N  is  maintained  at  Cor- 
vallis. The  course  of  instruction  includes  primary,  grammar 
and  high  school.  The  average  daily  attendance  at  the  public 
schools  is  about  450.  A  new  and  handsome  frame  building  for  school  purposes  has 
been  erected  at  Corvallis  during  the  past  year  at  a  cost  of  about  $20,000. 


photo,    by  J.    L,    UNDERWOOD. 


WATER  Tower,  Corvallis. 


r'^?: 


I  . 


■  -i 


.  riilJIi"'" 


:!'    •    'i 


til 


Wi 


\i 


P 
I 


i  I 


I 


81 


H 


' 


f  ! 


I    J  • 


IP    . 


Sn\ 


20:> 


TAe  Oregonian's  Hnmlhook  .-?/''"•  I'acitic  Northwest. 


^tf' 


AOHIUULTURAL  COLLCOE,  COnvMLIS. 


The  most  s'^riking  and  attractive  building  at  Cor' 
vallis  is  the  county  court  house,  the  construction  of 
which  involved  an  outlay  of  $75,000.  This  building 
occupies  a  beautiful  site,  but  one  block  distant  from 
the  main  business  thoroughfare  of  the  city,  and   it  is 

■^^f ■'^'^  ^'  ^  iiBK i'S&Li';      perfectly    arranged    in   every  way  for    the  expeditious 
I  ■;;  ■  .T^.  *  *   r=^ffiB'    JK>"      handling  of  the  large  public  business  of  Benton  county. 

Corvallis  has  a  good  system  of  water  works,  with  a 
capacity  of  i.(XX),(KX5 gallons  of  water  per  day.  Pressure 
is  obtained  in  the  ci,.y  mains  by  a  large  reservoir,  well 
elevated,  and  located  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  Cor- 
vallis maintains  a  well  drilled  volunteer  iire  department. 
The  city  is  thoroughly  lighted  by  arc   and    incandescent 

lamps.     A  well  equipped  horse-car  line  is  operated  in  the  city.     E'ght  prosperous 

church  organizations  are  supported  here,  and  the  city  boasts  of  a  number  of  very 

fine  chu.ch  buildings.     Two  weekly  newspapers.  The  Times  and  The  Gazette,  and 

one  semi-weekly  paper,  The  Benton  County  Leader,  are 

published  here.    Commercial  travelers  and  tourists  have 

the  choice  of  three  hotels   at   Corvallis,    and   two   well 

stocked    livery  stables  supply  plenty  of  good  teams   frr 

driving. 

The  growth  of  Corvallis  has  been  considerably  re- 

taixled  at  times   by   the  unsettled  condition  of  the  prac- 
tically bankrupt  Oregon  Pacific  Railroad  Company.  The 

place,  by  virtue  of  location  alone,  however,  will  alwavs 

conimaud   a   large  and  constantly  increasing  trade,  and 

with  the   status  of  the   railroad  problem   at   Corvallis 

practically    settled,    the  city   will  doubtless  make   ^ery 

material  advancement  in  the  future. 

lieilton  County,  Oi'egon.— The  center  of  Benton  County  is  within  a  few 
miles  of  the  center  of  the  Willamevte  valley,  from  north  to  south.  It  is  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Polk  co'  !^.y,  on  tie  south  by  Linn,  on  the  east  by  Lane,  and  on 
the  west  by  Lincoln.  Its  ;\rca  is  about  573  square  miles,  and  its  present  population 
is  about  5,000. 

The  resources  of  Ben  con  county  are  chiefly  agricultural,  wheat  and  oats  being 
the  principal  crops  grown.     Wheat  yields,  in  this  sectioi:    from  20  to  50  bushels  per 

acie,  and  the  yield  of  oats  pt^r  acre  is  from  35  to  60  bush- 
els. Second  in  importance  to  the  raising  of  cereals  in 
the  county  is  the  growing  of  hops.  Hop  culture  yields  a 
greater  return  per  acre  than  does  the  raising  of  any 
other  crop,  This  has  led  to  increa!^ed  attention  being 
paid  by  the  farmers  of  this  part  of  the  state  to  hop  cul- 
ture each  successive  year.  Like  other  favored  parts  of 
the  valley,  Benton  is  especially  adapted  to  dairying  on 
a  large  scale.  There  is  a  greater  demand  for  Benton 
county  butter  than  the  ccunty  now  supplies.  With  the 
price  of  good  butter  in  Oregon  ranging  in  price  from  20 
cents  to  45  cents  a  pound,  d  lirying  can  be  conducted  in 
the  .state  on  a  large  scale  wiOi  the  most  profitable  .'eturns. 


New  Public  School  House,  Corvallis. 


PHOTO.    BVJ,    L.   UNPCnWOOD 


SOtNE   NtAn   YAOUIN      BAV. 


ush- 
&  in 
ds  a 
any 
)eing 
cul- 
ts of 
gon 
nton 
the 
ni  20 
d  in 
ims. 


Yaquinn  Buy,  Oregon. 


•im 


PHOTO,    BT  J.    I.    UNDCItWOOO. 


JuMF-orF-JOE  Rock,  y«quin«  Ba" 


The  soil  and  climate  of  Benton  county  are  especi- 
ally adapted  to  the  successful  cultivation  of  fruit  and 
all  kinds  of  vegetables.  An  instance  is  recorded  as 
attesting  the  value  of  lands  in  the  county  for  fruit- 
growing purposes,  where  four  apple  trees  each  gave 
a  net  return  of  $7.50  from  the  fruit  produced  during 
the  single  season.  With  an  .  v'.rage  of  70  trees  to  the 
acre,  the  yield  from  a  single  acre  of  apple  trees,  at 
this  rate,  would  insure  a  return  of  1525.  One  acre  of 
land  in  this  county,  planted  to  prunes  and  properly 
cultivated,  will  produce  fyxj  worth  of  fruit. 

Benton  is  perhaps  more  distinctly  an  agricultural  section  than  is  any  other 
county  of  the  state.  Its  soil  is  fertile  to  a  degree  that  insures  large  crops  through 
any  number  of  years,  this  land  is  easily  worked,  and  the  climate  is  good.  The 
fanners  of  the  county  enjoy  the  best  of  transportation  facilities  in  the  Southern 
Pacific  crossing  the  county  from  north  to  south,  the  Oregon  Pacific,  which  forms 
connection  with  the  ocean  steamers  at  Yaquina  Bay,  and  in  the  line  of  light-draught 
steamers  which  ply  on  the  Willamette  river  between  Corvallis  and  Portland. 

Ya(|uiim  Bay,  Oregon. — Among  the  ocean  waterways  indenting  the  Ore- 
gon coast,  already  mentioned  in  this  work  under  the  head,  "  Rivers  and  Harbors," 

Yaquina  Bay  occupies  a  position  second  only 
to  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  in  commercial 
importance.  The  arm  of  the  sea  known  as 
Yaquina  Bay  breaks  the  ocean  line  in  Lincoln 
county.  This  county  was  set  off  from  Bentoti 
county  in  1892  by  an  act  of  the  legislature. 
It  also  embraces  within  its  limits  a  .small  por- 
tion of  land  formerly  contained  in  Tillamook 
county. 

The  management  of  this  seaport  has  been  in  the  hands  of  the  United  States 
engineering  department  for  improvement  since  1883.  The  appropriations  so  far 
made  for  harbor  improvements  here  amount  to  ^550,000.  This  sum  has  been  care- 
fully expended.  Two  jetties,  one  on  the  south  and  one  on  the  north  side  of  the  bay, 
have  been  built  far  out  into  the  sea.  The  effect  of  these  has  been  to  increase  the 
depth  of  water  on  the  bar  from  7  to  18  feet  at  low  tide  and  to  deepen  the  channel 
as  far  inland  as  Yaquina  City,  three  and  one-half  miles  from  the  ocean.  At  this 
writing  work  on  these  improvements  has  stopped,  the  present  appropriation  having 
been  exhausted.  It  is  expected,  however,  that  another  appropriation  will  be  made 
by  congress  now  in  session,  and  that  work  will  be  resumed  in  the  spring. 

The  survey  made  by  United  States  surveyors  in 
1893  showed  conclusively  that  the  outlay  already  made 
had  not  been  wasted,  but  had  resulted  in  great  improve- 
ment to  the  bar  and  harbor  channel.  A  line  of  steamers  is 
operated  in  connection  with  the  Oregon  Pacific  railroad 
from  Yaquina  on  the  bay  to  San  Francisco.  Tl- ^se 
steamers  and  the  Oregon  Pacific  railroad  carry  passen- 
gers and  freight  from  the  Willamette  valley  points  to 
California.     The  importance  of  the  transportation  facili-  subf  8*thinq,  yaouina  b»v. 


Steamer  Outwabo  Bound,  yaouina  bay. 


""■'•'■■"Si^P 


p^'*i' 


i 


if 


■'^Mk 


nWTrT 


2«}4 


The  Oregonian's  Ilandhoak  of  the  Pueific  Nurlhwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  EMEHY 


BUTMING,    NOHTH  JETTY,   YAQUINA  BAY. 


tics  thus  afforded  cannot  be  overestimated.  Shipments  from  Yafjuinii  Bay  include 
hnnber,  wheat,  honey,  fish  and  oysters,  besides  a  large  amount  of  miscellaneous 
merchandise. 

The  oysters  found  in  the  tn  ^Ibeds  in  the  upper  Yacjuina  Bay  are  small  but 
of  excellent  quality.  The  mail  '  of  these  oysters  was  the  first  important  indus- 
try on  the  bay  and  has  been  goiT.;^  on  for  nearly  30  years.  They  are  now  cultivated 
to  a  considerable  extent  on  artificial  beds  in  addition  to  those  found  on  the  natural 

beds,  and  the  average  annual  catch  now 
runs  up  to  about  2,500  bushels.  These 
find  a  ready  sale  in  the  Willamette  valley 
and  are  shipped  by  steamer  to  San  Fran- 
cisco. About  the  middle  of  the  summer 
salmon  begin  to  run  into  Ya(iuina  Bay  m 
large  numbers.  These  are  caught  in  gill 
nets  and  seines.  Many  or  them  are  shit)- 
ped  fresh  to  interior  points,  but.  i^ 
greater  portion  are  put  up  by  the  tc  . 
neries  on  the  bay.  The  ocean  adjacent  to  Yacjuina  Bay  abounds  in  a  variety  of  deep- 
sea  food  fishes  such  as  bass,  cod,  rock  cod,  kelp,  sole  and  the  delicious  halibut. 
The  catching  and  marketing  of  these  fish  grows  in  volume  and  importance  every 
year,  and  will  eventually  develop  into  a  very  important  business. 

The  country  surrounding  Yaquina  Bay  is  excellently  adapted  to  fruit  culture, 
especially  prunes.  Large  areas  of  timber  land  are  found  in  the  interior  in  Lincoln 
and  Benton  counties,  along  the  line  of  the  Oregon  Pacific  railroad,  which  finds  an 
ocean  terminus  at  the  bay.  These  natural  resources  alone  justify  the  expendituics 
made  ;>,nd  projected  by  the  government  for  the  improvement  of  the  harbor.  The 
Oregon  Pacific  railroad  survey  reaches  to  Boise  City,  Idaho,  where  a  connection 
w'll  be  made  for  Kastern  points.  The  Oregon  Pacific  railroad  has  been  in  the  hands 
cf  a  receiver,  but  it  has  been  purchased  by  capitalists  possibly  al)le  to  carry  out  the 
original  intentions  of  those  who  established  the  road. 

li'a<|iilna,  Orejjron. — Yaquina  is  the  port  of  entry  for  the  Yacpiina  district. 
It  is  located  on  the  upper  end  of  Yaquina  Bay,  three  and  one-half  miles  from  the 
ocean,  at  the  point  where  the  Yaquina  river  empties  into  the  bay.  Yaquina  is  the 
ocean  terminus  of  the  Oregon  Pacific  railroad  and  is 
72  miles  west  from  Corvallis.  A  line  of  passenger 
and  freight  steamers  plies  regularly  l)etween  Yaquina 
and  San  Francisco.  The  harbor  at  Yacjuina  is  land- 
locked and  has  a  depth  of  water  in  the  channel 
varying  from  35  to  40  feet.  The  harbor  and  docking 
lacilities  at  Yaquina  are  the  best  on  the  bay.  There 
are  two  sawmills  in  operation  here  and  the  railroad 
shops  of  the  Oregon  Pacific  railroad  are  located  at  this 
point.  The  town  is  supplied  with  water  by  means 
of  an  excellent  gravity  sj^slem  of  water  works.    The 

finest  building  in  town  at  present  is  the  Yaquina  hotel,  owned  by  the  railroad  com- 
pany. Educational  advantages  are  offered  by  two  excellent  schools.  Four  religious 
denominations,  the  Methodist,  Episcopal,  Presbvterian  and  Baptist  have  pi..ces  of 
worship  here.     The  population  of  Yatjuina  is  al»oiit  200. 


PHOTO.    BY  J.    I..    UNDERWOOD, 


^-^^ 


C»l-    FOULWF.ATHER    NEAn  VAatlMA  I 


i'lT 


M*lkIiaWfc«WMi 


'I  he  Coos  Hay  Country,  Orc^^on. 


I'l!.-) 


cotu- 

es  of 


PHOTO.    By  CRAWtOPD  A    PAXTON. 


YAQUIN*  B»Y  AT   NEWPORT 


Xe\vi»)l't,  Orc'i^on.^— Newport,  at  the  entrance  to  Vaquina  Hay,  was  first 
settled  in  1867,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1882.  It  is  75'..  miles  west  of  Cor- 
vallis,  and  165  miles  southwest  of  Portland  by  rail  and  220  miles  by  water.  New- 
port is  today  a  town  of  about  501  inhabitants.  It  is  a  noted  C^rej^on  summer  resort, 
and  tlu)usands  of  people  from  all  over  the  state  spend  the  summer  months  here. 
The  climate  is  delightful  in  the  summer  season  and  the 
numerous  pleasures  aflbrded  by  sea-bathing,  fishing  and  ex- 
cursions to  neighboring  points  of  interest,  are  great  attrac- 
tions to  visitors.  Two  hotels  accommodate  a  number  of 
summer  guests,  but  a  large  proportion  of  the  visitors  find 
their  enjoyment  in  camping  out  during  the  pleasant  season. 
A  small  steamer  meets  the  trains  over  the  Oregon  Pacific 
railroad  at  Yaquina  and  carries  passengers  to  Newport,  the 
distance  between  the  two  points  being  thre<;  and  one-half 
miles. 

The  business  part  of  Newport  consists  of  one  long  street  which  extends  along 
the  water  front.  The  residence  portion  is  situated  on  a  plateau  directly  back  of  this 
street.  Newport  boasts  of  an  opera  house  with  a  seating  capacity  of  600,  which  is 
frequently  visited  by  traveling  theatrical  companies.  An  excellent  public  school  is 
conducted  by  two  teachers  of  experience.  Religious  matters  arc  looked  after  by  the 
Methodist,  Presbyterian,  Episcopal  and  Catholic  denominations,  all  of  whom  liave 
places  of  worship  at  Newport.  The  shipments  from  Newport  consist  of  lumber  from 
two  sawmills,  oysters  and  sea-fish. 

Tlie  Coos  IJay  ('oiiiitry,  C)roj»;on. — In  Southwestern  Ore'jfon  is  a  region 
of  great  natural  wealth.  Possessing  a  most  delightful  climate,  covered  with  the 
heaviest  growth  of  timber  in  the  state,  and  rich  in  most  valuable  deposits  of  coal,  the 
Coos  Bay  country  offers  a  splendid  field  for  the  investment  of  capital,  and  for  settle- 
ment by  a  progressive  and  intelligent  people. 

What  is  here  referred  to  as  the  Coo.^  Bay  country  stretches  along  the  coast  of 
Oregon  for  a  distance  of  130  miles,  terminating  at  the  south  on  the  California  bound- 
ary line.  It  embraces  the  counties  of  Coos  and  Curry,  which  together  have  an  aren 
of  about  3,7<x)  square  miles.  From  the  ocean  the  land  of  this  section  gradually  rises 
i)y  a  succession  of  benches  until  the  crest  of  the  Coast  range  of  mountains  is  reached. 
The  average  width  of  the  strip  between  this  range  and  the  ocean,  in  this  jiart  of  the 
state,  is  about  40  miles.     Numerous  streams  water  the  Coos  Bay  country.     The  largest 

ofj  these  are  the  Rogue  and  Cofji'ille 
rivers,  both  of  which  are  navigable 
for  about  40  miles  inland.  At  the 
moutli   of   the    Rogue  river  is  the 

yt^4Bij^^$t^ff^-^§^^^^^^^^^^^^  *"^"  *^*    ^°''^  Beach,    the   county 

.  .•...£-..-,  J  *----.,  ...Ts  __  •»-  >.  .  __.  seat  of  Curry.  This  prosperous  lit- 
tle community  is  the  shipping  and 
trading  center  of  an  exceptionally 
rich  but  sparsely  settled  farming, 
lumbering  and  mining  country.  On  the  coast  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  the  same 
name,  about  five  miles  north  of  the  California  bouudarv  line.  >s  the  town  of  Chelco, 
Port  Orford,  situated  on  Port  Orfonl  Bay,  along  Ibis  coast,  '■  t  »  place  selecied  by 
the  Lnitca  States  engmeers  as  the  harbor  of  refuge  for  the  Cn  go*i  coatst. 


Coal  Bunkehs.  MARSMnbLD,  Coos  Bay. 


.i' 


!3 


im 


'  The  Oreffonian'a  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Coos  Bay,  the  largest  and  best  harbor  on  the  coast  of  Oregon  south  of  the 
entrance  to  the  Columl)ia  river,  is  located  at  the  mouth  of  the  Coos  river.  Around 
the  shores  of  this  hay  have  sprung  up  several  ambitious  and  wide-awake  towns. 
Marshfield,  the  largest  of  these  towns,  has  a  present  population  of  about  2,500.  It  is 
an  enterprising  place,  having  water  works,  electric  lights,  a  newspaper,  a  bank,  saw- 
mills, tanneries,  furniture  and  a  number  of  other  manufacturing  institutions.  Other 
towns  ill  Coos  county  are  Randon,  Randolph,  Parkersburg,  Coquille,  Norway, 
Arago,  Angora  and  Empire  City. 

Nature  has  not  only  endowed  the  Coos  Bay  country  with  a  remarkable  diversity 
of  resources,  but  it  has  also  given  it  a  climate  in  which  flowers  blossom  outdoors  the 
year  round.  The  grass  of  this  section  is  always  green.  Observations  covering  a 
period  of  14  years  show  that  at  Coos  Bay. the  greatest  snowfall  at  any  one  time  dur- 
ing this  period  was  i}{  inches.  There  were  8  years  out  of  the  14  when  absolutely  no 
snow  fell  in  this  section.  The  thermometer  here  seldom  registers  below  the  freezing 
point,  and  the  maximum  summer  heat  is  generally  below  Ho°  Farenheit.  The  soil  cif 
the  lowlands  of  the  C  los  Bay  country  is  a  rich  alluvium.  From  600  to  800  bushels 
of  potatoes  to  the  acre  is  not  an  exceptional  yield  in  this  section,  and  50  to  60  tons 
of  sugar  beets  is  an  average  crop  here.  All  kinds  of  semi-tropical  fruits  do 
well  here. 

The  spil  of  the  bench  lands  of  the  Coos  Bay  country  is  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
fruits,  vegetables,  grasses  and  grains,  but  the  yields  of  these  products  on  the  higher 
elevations  is  not  as  great  as  they  are  in  the  lower  lands.  On  the  mountainous  dis- 
tricts of  the  country  are  excellent  grazing  grounds  especially  adapted  to  sheep  raising, 
and  this  industry  is  now  an  important  one  here.  The  greatest  industry  of  the  Coos 
Bay  country  at  the  present  time,  however,  is  the  manufacture  of  lumber.  The 
immense  forests  of  Coos  and  Curry  counties  cover  an  area  of  1,050,000  acres.  These 
forests  contain  24,200,000,000  feet  of  the  finest  timber  in  the  world.  The  magnitude 
of  these  figures  can  be  appreciated  when  it  is  known  that  Minnesota  contains  today 
only  12,749,526,000  feet  of  standing  timber,  and  Michigan,  another  great  lumbering 
state,  contains  ioo,ooo,cxx)  feet  lessth.m  does  the  Coos  Bay  coimtry,  a  small  part  of 
Oregon.  Nearly  5,000,000,000  feet  of  the  timber  in  the  Coos  1'  y  country  is  white  or 
Port  Orford  cedar.  This  beautiful  tree  is  not  found  nv)rth  of  the  Umpqua  river.  As 
an  ornamental  tree  for  landscape  gardening  it  is  doubtful  it  North  America  possesses 
anything  finer  in  its  forests  than  the  Port  Orford  cedar.  So  completely  Tuarketahlc 
is  this  tree  that  every  part  of  it  except  the  bark  is  utili.'ed.  T^e  log  from  the  tree  is 
cut  into  boards  and  square  timber,  the  slabs  into  pieot- s  for  Nrooni  handles  and  laths, 
and  the  scraps  that  are  left  are  cut  ino  blocks  for  tho  manuf*Klvae  of  matches.  The 
lumber  manufactured  in  the  Coos  Bay  countr\-  finds  >-  rnncipal  market  in  Saii 
I'rancisco,  though  a  considerable  portion  of  this  luniVvr.  ts  -hipped  to  other  coast 
points.  The  shipments  of  lumber  from  this  district  now  aggregate  about  100,000,000 
feet  annually. 

With  all  its  great  wealth  above  the  ground-  ?r>ie  Oeos  Bay  countrv  'has  another 
vast  store  of  riches  lying  below  the  surface.  Underlying  500  miles  of  its  surface  ai  • 
coal  measures  of  an  average  depth  of  35  fett.  The  quality  of  this  coal  for  comniei 
cial  purposes  is  now  fully  established.  The  coal  mines  of  Coos  Bay  hav«  prodniHl 
steadily  since  1852.  Most  of  the  output  of  these  mines  is  shipped  to  i^AU  Francise 
The  sands  of  the  ocean  beach  oi'  this  section  and  the  graxtl  along  Lhe  courses  of  t!  ■ 
numerous  streams  are  impregnated  with  gold.     Placer  mining  h«»  l)cen  succesfuT 


carried 
adopted 
Bay  con 
this  reg 
fishes, 
of  salmc 
consider 
of  railro 
land  con 


Bay,  Ros( 
Roseburg 
Coast  ran 
a  distance 
Coquille  ( 
between  IV 
of  last  ye 

IIOO( 

east  of  Pc 
the  Colum 
trading  an 
a  pictures( 
the  east  to 
of  some  o 
inland  sun 

The  tc 
ively  by  th 
hold  servi 
building  w 
It  is  proba 
present  ye, 
age  daily  a 
stores,  two 
tained  in  tl 
per,  T//e  h 
prises  of  th( 
turns  out  ei 

The  H: 
It  maintain 
is  rich  and 


Hood  River,  Orejj^^on.  2»)7 

carried  on  here  for  many  years  past.  Owing,  however,  to  the  primitive  methods 
adopted  here  the  output  of  the  precious  metals  has  beon  small.  In  1S92  the  Coos 
Bay  country  produced  $30,000  in  gold.  Fishing  is  another  important  industry  of 
ihis  region.  The  bays  and  streams  along  the  coast  here  teem  with  the  finest  food 
fishes.  At  Gold  Beach  a  salmon-canning  estaV)lishment  annually  packs  30,000  cases 
of  salmon.  The  development  of  the  Coos  Bay  country  has  been  exceedingly  slow 
considering  the  vast  resc  irces  it  possesses.  This  has  been  due  entirely  to  the  lack 
of  railroad  facilities  for  handling  the  business  of  the  country.  .'\t  present  its  only 
land  communication  with  the  rest  of  Oregon  is  by  means  of  wagon  roads.     The  Coos 


"  «•■.  l?;'"fc- 


BIO 


thrr 


Docks.  Empire  City,  Coos  Bay. 

Bay,  Roseburg  &  Eastern  railroad,  now  under  construction  between  Marshfield  and 
Roseburg,  follows  closely  the  line  of  the  present  stage  road  through  the  pass  of  the 
Coast  range  mountains.  The  part  of  this  line  between  Marshfield  and  Co(iuille  City, 
a  distance  of  25  miles,  is  now  finished  and  trains  are  running  over  this  road.  Beyond 
Coquille  City  the  road  is  graded  to  Myrtle  i'oint.  The  full  surveys  for  the  line 
between  Marshfield  and  Roseburg  have  been  made,  and  it  was  the  financial  stringency 
of  last  year  alone  that  prevented  the  completion  of  the  road  before  this  time. 

Hood  Klver,  ()rcj<oii. — Hood  River  is  located  in  Wasco  county,  64  miles 
east  of  Portland,  on  the  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  and  at  the  junction  of 
the  Columbia  and  Hood  rivers.  It  has  a  present  population  of  about  350,  and  is  the 
trading  and  shipping  point  for  the  rich  Hood  River  valley.  The  site  of  the  town  is 
a  picturesque  one,  sloping  as  it  does  to  the  north  towards  the  Columbia  river,  and  to 
the  east  towards  the  smaller  stream  of  Hood  river.  It  commands  a  magnificent  view 
of  some  of  the  best  Columbia  river  scenery,  and  it  is  today  one  of  the  popular 
inland  summer  resorts  of  the  state. 

The  town  of  Hood  River  contains  two  handsome  church  edifices,  owned  respect- 
ively by  the  Congregational  and  United  Brethren  denominations.  The  Methodists 
hold  services  in  temporary  quarters  here.  The  public  school  here  is  held  in  a 
t)uilding  which  is  inadequate  to  properly  accommodate  the  pupils  in  attendance. 
It  is  probable  that  a  larger  and  better  school  building  will  be  erected  during  the 
present  year.  Two  teachers  are  employed  in  the  public  school  here,  and  the  aver- 
age daily  attendance  of  scholars  is  about  80.  Hood  River  contains  a  dozen  or  more 
stores,  two  hotels,  and  two  well  stocked  livery  stables.  A  free  reading-room  is  main- 
tained in  the  town  for  the  accommodation  of  the  public,  and  a  good  weekly  newspa- 
per, T/ie  Hood  River  Glacier,  is  published  at  this  point.  The  manufacturing  enter- 
prises of  the  town  are  represented  by  the  Hood  River  Manufacturing  Company ,  which 
turns  out  everything  in  the  line  of  woodwork. 

The  Hood  River  valley  is  about  18  miles  in  length  by  about  8  miles  in  width. 
It  maintains  a  level  of  from  4cx)  to  1,000  feet  above  the  sea.  The  soil  of  this  valley 
i^  rich  and  varied,  and  will  produce  all  kinds  of  cereals  and  fruits  equally  as  well. 


"f 


2(18 


The  Oregoniun's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


This  is  one  of  the  finest  fruit  belts  in  the  state.  The  Hood  river  peaches  are  unex- 
celled in  quality,  and  large  quantities  of  this  delicate  fruit  raised  here  yearlj-  fiml 
a  ready  sale  in  the  Portland  market.  Apples,  pears,  prunes,  cherries,  and  ull  the 
smaller  fruits  do  well  on  this  soil.  The  farmers  of  the  Hood  River  valley  plact- 
great  reliance  on  their  .strawberry  crops.  The  berries  of  this  fruit  grown  here  attain 
a  remarkable  size,  the  yields  are  always  large,  and  the  fruit  is  of  the  best  quality. 
In  1 892  the  retv>rns  from  the  strawberry  crop  of  the  Hood  River  valley  alone  amounteil 
to  $23,000,  and  the  average  value  of  the  product  of  each  acre  planted  in  straw- 
berries here  during  that  year  was  about  $600.  During  the  season  of  1893  the  area 
of  this  land  planted  in  strawVjerries  was  about  three  times  what  it  was  the  pre- 
vious year.  The  principal  markets  for  Hood  river  strawberries  are  in  Montana  and 
Portland. 

In  the  mountains  around  Hood  river  is  a  wealth  in  fine  timber  that  is  yet 
hardly  touched.  This  river  has  its  source  at  the  base  of  the  easst  and  north  slopes 
of  Mount  Hood,  and  for  a  distance  of  10  miles  from  the  mountain  it  has  an  average 
fall  of  about  70  feet  to  the  mile.  This  stream  is  capable  of  furnishing  a  large  avail- 
able water  power,  which  will  some  day  be  largely  utilized  for  sawing  the  timber 
found  adjoining  the  stream. 

The  town  of  Hood  River  is  fast  becoming  popular  as  a  summer  resort.  A  salu- 
brious climate,  with  the  attraction  of  the  finest  drives,  flower-dressed  hills,  and  pure 
mountain  streams  of  the  coldest  water  filled  with  the  gamiest  of  brook  trout, 
have  combined  to  make  this  one  of  the  most  popular  resorts  for  recreation  in  tlie 
state. 

Mount  Hood,  the  moi-arch  of  the  Cascades,  with  its  covering  of  perpetual  snow, 
looms  up  plainly  in  the  distance  from  the  town  of  Hood  River.  The  mountain  is 
reached  from  this  point  by  an  easy  stage  ride  of  but  28  miles  in  length. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Hcod  River  is  considerable  government  land  still  sub- 
ject to  entry.  This  land,  whili  lying  some  distance  back  from  the  town,  contains 
fine  soil  and  is  perfectly  adaptrd  to  fruit  culture.  All  of  this  land  will  be  occu- 
pied a  few  years  hence,  and  the  town  of  Hood  River  will  ultimately  become  one  of 
the  most  important  fruit-shipping  jioints  on  tl">-:  Columbia  river.  ' 

The  l>{illes,  <)ivj4"<>n.  The  Dalles  is  the  capital  city  of  Wasco  vS^nuty  and 
its  present  population  is  about  3,000.  It  is  located  on  the  south  bank  v^t  the  Colum- 
bia river,  88  lUilcs  east  of  Portland,  and  on  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
road. It  is  the  head  of  uavigation  on  the  Middle  Columbia  river,  but  with  the  com- 
pletion of  the  government  locks  at  the  Cascades,  The  l>*lle4»  will  enjoy  the  beneiiis 
of  an  unbroken  water  route  to  Portland  and  the  sea. 

The  most  important  manufacturing  industries  located  at  The  Dalles  at  the  pres- 
ent time  are  a  rollei  flouring  mill  with  a  capacity  of  1^5  barrels  a  day,  a  brew- 
ery, a  planing  mill  and  a  sash  and  door  facUMy.  T\\\»  mil<^8  east  of  The  Dalles  'ii 
the  Columbia  river  is  a  large  salmon  cauuvHy  which  cans  and  packs  annually  from 
J5,ooo  to  4o,ixK)  cases  In  the  iinmediaK"  viv'ituty  v^t  the  town  are  10  fish-whee''-. 
During  1890  upwards  of  3,000,000  pouuvls  of  fish  were  packed  and  shipped  from  tbis 
point,  in  addition  to  large  shipments  of  fresh  ft^fck,  for  the  Eastern  markets. 

Ivvery  line  of  business  is  well  represented  iw  The  Dalles.  The  fown  suppoi  s 
three  banks,  three  newspapers,  /yte  iXiih  Tin-ii'^-yiountaimer,  The  Daily  Chronii  ' ', 
and  The  Weekly  Sun.     The  public  schools  are  held  in  four  large  buildings,  and  1  'c 


average 
Catholic 
Christiai 
olic  deu 
own   pla 
The  Dal 
lent  syst 
an  arc  an 
light  pla 
tends  ba 
a  distan 
niountai 
daily  can 
feet  of  hi 
to  The 
back  of  tl 

The  I 

miles,  is 
but  whicl 
The  Coin 
miles  abo 
power  afF( 
Spokane  1 

The 
and  fruit, 
miles  bad 
ped  out  o 
of  wool,  4 
carloads  c 

Cheap 
road,  whic 
and  coniK 
nalles,  Pc 
the  Union 
transfer  at 
epoch  in  t 

Whsc 

Washingtc 
man  and  C 
Crotik,  anc 
The  count 
al)out  9,50( 

Along 
This  is  th 
ti^urists  wl: 
these  bluff 
lands  are  i 


Wasco  County,  Oregon. 


2fi0 


APPRo«CH  TO  The  Dalles  from  the  West. 


average  daily  attendance  at  these  schools  is  about  650.  A  state  normal  school  and  a 
Catholic  academy  are  also  maintained  here.  The  Congregational,  Baptist,  Methodist, 
Christian,  Adventist  and  Cath- 
olic (leuominations  own  their 
own  places  of  worship  here. 
The  Dalles  possesses  an  excel- 
lent system  of  water  works  and 
an  arc  and  incandescent  electric 
light  plant.  A  flume  canal  ex- 
tends back  from  The  Dalles  for 
a  distance  of  i.S  miles  to  the 
mountains.  This  flume  has  a 
daily  carrying  capacity  of  1 25,000 
feet  of  lumber,  which  is  floated 
to  The  Dalles  from  the  mills 
back  of  the  place. 

The  mean  fall  of  the  Columbia  river  from  Celilo  to  The  Dalles,  a  distance  of  13 
miles,  is  100  feet.  This  constitutes  the  rapids  of  the  dalles  which  are  not  navigable, 
but  which  will  be  ultimately  overcome  either  by  canal  and  locks  or  boat  railroad. 
The  Columbia  river  drains  over  300,000  square  miles  and  for  a  distance  of  over  100 
miles  above  Celilo  the  depth  of  water  in  this  great  stream  is  50  feet.  The  available 
power  afforded  by  this  river  at  The  Dalles  is  estimated  to  be  fully  equal  to  that  of  the 
Spokane  river  at  Spokane  or  of  the  Falls  of  St,  Anthony  at  Minneapolis. 

The  chief  exports  at  The  Dalles,  are  salmon,  wool,  hides,  horses,  cattle,  sheep, 
and  fruit.  An  immense  extent  of  country  extending  in  some  directions  as  far  as  150 
miles  back  from  The  Dalles  pays  tribute  to  this  place.  During  1S90  there  were  ship- 
ped out  of  this  tributary  section  200  carloads  of  hides,  nearly  10,000,000  pounds 
of  wool,  4,200  head  of  cattle,  100,000  head  of  sheep,  i.Soo  head  of  horses,  and  ico 
carloads  of  fruit. 

Cheap  means  of  transportation  is  afforded  The  Dalles  by  the  Union  Pacific  rail- 
road, which  follows  the  Columbia  river  for  126  miles  east  and  for  about  75  miles  west 
and  connects  direct  with  Portland  and  the  East,  and  also  by  the  steamers  of  The 
Oalles,  Portland  and  Astoria  Navigation  Company  as  well  as  by  the  steamer  line  of 
the  Union  Pacific,  both  of  which  water  lines  reach  Portland  by  making  a  short 
transfer  at  The  Cascades.  The  completion  of  the  Ciscade  locks  will  mark  a  new 
epoch  in  the  history  of  The  Dalles  and  will  greatly  advance  Ihe  town's  prosperity. 

Wasco  County,  Oregon. — Wasco  county  is  separated  from  the  state  of 
Washington  on  the  north  by  the  Columbia  river.  On  the  east  it  is  bounded  by  vSher- 
man  and  C.illiam  counties.  It  extends  south  as  far  as  the  northern  boundary  of 
Crook,  and  on  the  west  it  reaches  to  the  summit  of  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains. 
The  county  has  an  area  of  3,024  square  miles  and  it  contains  a  present  population  of 
about  9,500. 

Along  the  Columbia  river  line  of  Wasco  county  are  high  bluff's  of  basaltic  rock. 
This  is  the  unfavorable  part  of  the  county  that  presents  itself  to  he  eyes  of  the 
tourists  who  follow  the  Columbia  river  route  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad.  Back  of 
these  bluffs,  however,  are  miles  of  the  finest  farming  lands  in  the  Northwest.  These 
lands  are  adapted  perfectly  to  diversified  farming  and   stock  raising,  all  kinds  of 


'  i 


M 


Hi 


2H) 


The  Orefconinn's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


grains  and  fruit  doing  well  here.  The  grazing  lands  of  the  county  are  covered  with  a 
heavy  growth  of  bunch  grass  in  which  cattle  keep  fat  throughout  nearly  the  entire 
year.  Tht-  western  portion  of  the  county,  which  extends  into  the  Cascade  Mount- 
ains, is  principally  covered  with  a  dense  forest  growth.  The  timber  found  here  con- 
sists of  fir,  larch,  tamarack,  hemlock,  pine  and  cedar.  The  higher  elevations  of  the 
county  are  on  the  average  of  from  3,000  to  4,000  feet  above  sea  level.  The  timber 
belts  arc  crossed  by  clear  mountain  streams,  which  in  many  cases  carry  a  sufficient 
volume  of  water  for  rafting  purposes.  The  most  important  of  these  streams  are  the 
White  and  Deschutes  rivers. 

The  fruit  growing  possibilities  of  the  county  are  great.  Apples,  peaches,  apri- 
cots, plums,  prunes,  cherries,  grapes,  pears  and  small  fruits  of  all  kinds  are  raised 
in  the  county  to  a  considerable  extent.  The  melons  of  Wasco  county  vie  in  quality 
and  size  with  the  best  productions  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state.  These  melons 
find  a  ready  sale  at  The  Dalles,  and  are  shipped  as  far  east  as  Chicago. 

The  unusual  dryness  of  the  climate  of  Wasco  county  makes  a  residence  here  one 
peculiarly  free  from  disease.  The  soil  of  the  lands  of  the  county  is  so  deep,  how- 
ever, that  a  failure  of  crops  here  has  never  been  recorded.  The  wheat  yield  in  the 
county  averages  from  20  to  40  bushels  per  acre.  In  1891  there  were  3,000,000  acres  of 
tilled  land  in  the  county,  and  during  the  p^st  two  years  this  area  of  land  in  cultiva- 
tion has  been  greatly  increased.  The  census  of  1890  showed  that  there  were  218,00) 
sheep,  20,000  horses,  25,000  cattle,  and  5,000  hogs  in  the  county.  The  total  assess- 
ment of  the  county  in  1891  showed  a  valuation  of  $3,578,745. 

Ai'linjiftoii,  Oregon. — Arlington  is  the  largest  town  in  Gilliam  county.  It  is 
located  on  the  Columbia  river,  at  about  the  center  of  the  county  on  a  line  drawn  east 
and  west,  and  is  also  on  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  142  miles  east  of 
Portland.  The  Columbia  river  affords  the  merchants  of  Arlington  direct  water  com- 
munication with  Pasco  where  connection  is  made  with  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pa- 
cific for  Taconia,  Seattle  and  Spokane. 

The  present  population  of  Arlington  is  p.bout  350.  Two  national  banks  are 
located  here,  as  well  as  two  large  general  merchandise  stores  and  a  number  of  smaller 
business  houses.  The  town  has  a  good  water-works  system  and  maintains  a  fire 
department.  It  also  supports  a  public  school,  two  churches,  a  free  reading-room  and 
a  weekly  newspaper,  77/(?  Arlington  Record. 

Arlington  lost  much  of  the  trade  which  formerly  came  to  this  point  by  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Ileppncr.  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  in  18.S8.  This  branch  line  of  road 
has  done  much  to  develop  the  resources  of  Morrow  county,  the  principal 
trade  of  which  section,  instead  of  coming  to  Arlington  as  it  formerly  did,  now  goi  s 
direct  to  Heppuer,  the  county  seat.  Arlington,  from  advantages  of  location  on  the 
Columbia  river,  and  also  on  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific,  will  perhaps  alwa}  s 
remain  a  prominent  shipping  point,  and  it  today  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  tlic 
leading  town  on  the  Columbia  river  east  of  The  Dalles. 

Tlopimor,  <  )reg<)n. — Heppner  is  the  judicial  seat  of  Morrow  county  and  con- 
tains a  present  population  of  about  1,000.  It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Heppner  bran  h 
of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  which  connects  with  the  main  lineat  Willow's  Junctii  1, 
45  miles  distant.  This  branch  was  completed  in  1888,  since  which  time  Heppner  h  is 
enjoyed  a  steady  and  rapid  growth. 

The  principal  business  portion  of  Heppner  is  confined  to  one  wide  street  which. 


Mr 


■I 


Heppner,  Oregon. 


271 


PHOTO. BV   THEO     DANNER, 


Public  School,  Heppner 


for  a  distance  of  more  than  two  blocks,  is  built  up  on  either  side  with  one  and  two- 
story  brick  buildings.  A  number  of  general  merchandise  stores  located  at  this  point 
do  an  annual  business  of  from  |25,ocxj  to  |i5o,cxxj  each.  Near  the  railn)ad  at  the 
foot  of  the  main  street,  are  two  large  warehouses  which  have  a  combined  storing 
capacity  of  r,25o,oofj  pounds  of  wool,  and  which  are  also  used  for  the  storage  of  wheat. 
Sheep  raising  and  wool  growing  may  be  called  the  two  vital 
interests  of  Heppner  and  Morrow  county.  In  1892,  2,350,000 
pounds  of  wool,  most  of  which  was  raised  in  Morrow 
county,  passed  through  the  Heppner  warehouses.  The 
money  received  from  the  sale  of  i(X),ooo  sheep,  8,(xx)  head  of 
cattle,  2,000  head  of  horses  and  soo.ocx)  bushels  of  wheat 
passed  through  the  Heppner  banks  during  the  same  year. 
Wool  growing  and  stock  raising  are  the  two  industries  of 
Morrow  county  that  are  never  known  to  fail.  The  climate 
here  is  especially  easy  on  stock,  including  cattle  and  sheep. 
Heppner,  and  the  country  of  which  it  is  the  trading  center, 
have  always  been  prosperous  from  a  financial  standpoint  and 
many  large  fortunes  have  been  amassed  here  in  the  legitimate  lines  of  trade. 

Heppner  contains  one  roller-flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  70  barrels. 
This  mill  is  operated  by  water  power  obtained  from  Willow  creek,  a  small  but  rapid 
stream  which  flows  through  the  town.  The  city's  water  supply  is  obtained  from  an 
artesian  well,  600  feet  deep.  The  water  from  this  well  is  pumped  into  a  reservoir 
located  at  a  sufficient  elevation  above  the  city  to  insure  an  ample  pressure  as  a  pro- 
tection against  fire.  The  capacity  of  the  reservoir  is  about  100,000  gallons.  The  two 
well  drilled  volunteer  ho?e  companies  maintained  here  have  often  demonstrated  their 
ability  to  protect  the  city  against  any  fire  that  might  start  here.  Water-mains  extend 
along  the  principal  streets  of  Heppner  and  hydrants  arc  located  at  all  the  prominent 
street  crossings.  The  city  is  thoroughly  lighted  by  an  excellent  system  of  arc  and 
incandescent  lamps,  the  system  covering  the  main  streets,  the  business  blocks  and 
private  residences. 

The  school  district  in  which  Heppner  is  located  erected  during  1892  a  handsome 
eight-room  frame  school  building  at  a  cost  of  |i  2,000.  Primary  and  advanced  grades 
of  study  are  taught  in  the  public  schools  here  which  are  presided  over  by  six  efficient 
teachers.  The  average  number  of  scholars  in  attendance  at  the  public  schools  is 
about  350.  The  Baptist,  two  Methodist  and  Catholic  denominations  own  church 
Imildings  at  Heppner.  The  town  boasts  of  a  good  opera  house  with  a  seating  capacity 
of  500.  Two  weekly  newspapers,  The  Gazette  and  The  Record ^  are  published  at 
Heppner.  The  town  has  three  hotels,  one  of  which  The  Palace,  is  a  three-story  brick 
recently  erected  at  a  cost  of  $40,000.  The  bonded  indebtedness  of  Heppner  in  1892 
was  f  20,000  while  the  assessed  valuation  of  town  property  in  the  same  year  made  the 
substantial  showing  of  $400,000. 

Heppner'p  location  in  the  valley  of  Willow  creek,  surrounded  as  it  is  by  a  range 
of  hills,  is  an  attractive  one.  These  hills  not  only  add  to  the  general  beauty  of  Hepp- 
ner's  surroundings,  but  they  also  act  as  a  protection  against  the  strong  wintry  blasts 
which  sometimes  sweep  down  over  the  plains  of  Eastern  Oregon.  The  town  is  the 
natural  trading  center  of  a  very  wide  area  of  rich  country  and  it  will  always  be  one 
of  the  principal  centers  of  population  of  Eastern  Oregon. 

The  oldiist  banking  institution  in  Heppner  is  the  First  National  Bank  which  was 


M 


■}i 


i 


272 


The  OregDniuti's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


.s^ji^'ll^^'- 


incorporated  in  1S87,  with  a  capital  stock  of  Iso.fxx).     A  recent  statement  of  the  hank 
shows  its  surplus  and  undivided  profits  to  he  |32,cxx).     The  officers  are  Columhus  A. 

Rhea,  president  ;  Frank  Kellojrj^,  vice-president, 
and  (ieo.  Consei,  cashier.  The  directors  are 
Columbus  A.  Rhea,  T.  A.  Rhea,  J.  P.  Rhea, 
J.  B.  Natter  and  Frank  Kellogg.  The  First 
National  Bank  has  always  held  the  confidence 
of  the  community  in  which  't  is  located.  Its 
principal  stockholders  are  weaitby  and  promi- 
nent sheep  raisers  in  Morrow  county,  and  any 
communications  addressed  to  the  hank  concern- 
ing the  purchase  of  wool,  sheep,  cattle  and 
horses  will  receive  prompt  attention.  The  P'irst 
National  Bank  occupies  quarters  in  a  recently 
of  which  is  published    in    connection   with  the 


First  National  Dank,  Heppneh. 


erected  brick  block,   an  illustration 
present  article  on  Ileppucr. 

The  National  Bank  of  Heppncr  began  business  in  1889  with  a  capital  stock  of 
i*5o,(X)f).  It  occupies  spacious  quarters  in  the  brick  bU)ck  shown  by  the  accom- 
panying illustration.  This  fine  block  was  recently  erected  bj'  the  Heppncr  Building 
and  Loan  Association.  The  officers  of  the  bank  are  Wm.  Penland,  president  ;  O. 
K  F'arnsworth,  vice-president,  and  R.  R.  Bishop  is  the  genial  cashier.  The  National 
Bank  of  Heppner  has  done  an  increasing  business  since  the  first  year  of  its  existence. 
In  now  declares  a  dividend  o''  10  per  cent  yearly.  \  recent  statement  of  the  bank 
shows  its  net  profits  to  be  |i4,ooo.  The  present  directors  are  V.  C.  Thompson,  Wm. 
Penland,  E.  R.  Bishop,  O.  R.  Farnsworth,  R.  D.  Rood  and  O.  W.  Swaggert,  all  of 
whom  are  prominently  identified  with  the  best  business  interests  of  Heppner.  The 
stockholders  of  the  National  Bank  of  Heppner  are  composed  principally  of  stock- 
men, and  any  information  desired  concerning  the  purchase  of  sheep  and  cattle  in  this 
part  of  the  state  will  be  cheerfully  furnished  by  this  bank. 

It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  the  largest  business  houses  of  Heppner  are  owned 
and  conducted  by  comparatively  young  men.  A  striking  illustration  of  this  fact  is 
found  in  the  McFarland  Mercantile  Company,  the  personnel  of  which  is  composed  of 
Frank  McFarland,  Homer  McFarland  and  Rmil  Voruz.  Neither  of  these  gentlemen 
is  over  -^3  ars  of  age.  The  McFarland  Mercantile  Company  is  engaged  in  the 
wholesale  and  retail  general  merchandise  busi- 
ness and  carries  a  stock  of  goods  valued  at 
l4(),cK)o.  This  is  the  largest  mercantile  institu- 
tion in  Heppner  and  Morrow  county.  The  com- 
pany do  an  annual  business  of  about  f  150,000. 
Their  trade  reaches  out  into  Grant,  Harney, 
Gilliam  and  Umatilla  counties.  In  addition  to 
their  regular  business,  this  enterprising  young 
firm  buys  and  sells  annually  large  quantities  of 
wool,  hides  and  pelts,  grain  and  various  farm 
products.  Messrs.  McFarland  &  Voruz  have  only 
been  associated  in  business  together  since  1892,  but  the  gentlemen  have  lived  in  the 
eastern  part  of  the  state  for  a  number  of  years  past.  The  senior  member  of  the  firm, 
Mr.  Frank  McFarland,  is  considered  one  of  the  most  successful  merchants  in  Eastern 


McFarland  Mercantile  Company  and  National  Bank 
OF  He'Pner  block,  Heppner. 


•VK^ 


^ 


Morrow  County,  Oregon. 


273 


PHOTO.  BV  THEO,  OANNKR. 


Palace  Hotel,  Heppner. 


Oregon,  he  having  been  engaged  in  business  in  that 
part  of  the  state  for  the  past  lo  or  15  years.  He  also 
has  large  interests  in  Southern  California.  The  ac- 
companying illustration  shows  the  handsome  brick 
block  in  which  the  McFarland  Mercantile  Company 
have  their  large  stores.     * 

The  Palace  Hotel  of  Heppner,  shown  by  the  ac- 
companying illustration,  is  a  strictly  modern  house 
in  all  its  appointments.  It  is  a  three-story  brick 
building,  practically  fire-proof,  provided  wilh  water, 
baths  and  electric  lights.  A  'bu^s  meets  all  trains  and 
a  sample  room  in  the  hotel  is  at  the  disposal  of  com- 
mercial travelers.  The  house  was  built  three  years 
ago  at  a  cost  of  about  |4u,o(«  by  a  local  stock  com- 
pany. The  present  proprietress  is  Mrs.  M.  Von 
Cadow,  who  has  earned  for  the  Palace  hotel  an  envi- 

T^ble  reputation  as  a  first-class  hostelry.  The  table  service  and  sleeping  apartments 
of  the  Palace  arc  far  above  the  average  of  the  leading  hotels  of  the  interior  points 
of  the  state. 

M()rl•<)^v  County,  ()reji:<)ii. — Morrow  is  one  of  the  prominent  counties  of 
Eastern  Oregon.  It  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Columl)ia  river,  on  the  east 
by  Umatilla  county,  on  the  south  by  Grant,  and  on  the  west  by  Gilliam.  This 
county  is  about  35x75  miles  in  size.  The  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad 
runs  along  the  northern  boundar}'.  A  branch  extends  south  from  the  main  line, 
running  through  theWillow  Creek  valley  and  terminating  at  I  leppner,  45  miles  distant, 
from  Willows  Junction,  where  the  branch  and  the  main  line  connect.  Since  the 
completion  of  this  branch  line  of  road  a  number  of  small  towns  have  sprung  up 
along  its  course.  The  trade  of  these  settlements  is  held  principally  by  the  mer- 
chants of  Heppner,  the  county  seat. 

It  is  only  a  few  years  since  Morrow  county  was  regarded  as  a  mere  stock  range. 
With  the  increase  of  population  in  the  county,  however,  there  has  been  encouraged 
the  tendency  among  the  settlers  to  pay  more  attention  to  diversified  farming.  The 
soil  of  the  lands  lying  along  the  numerous  creeks  in  the  county  is  highly  product- 
ive. The  general  nature  of  the  country  is  rolling,  but  this  undulating  .surface  is 
covered  with  a  heavy  growth  of  bunch  grass.  Adjacent  to  the  Columbia  river  is  a 
low,  level  -♦^retoli  of  land,  varying  in  width  from  four  to  eight  miles,  which  is  sandy 
and  is  ccvei  :^  with  sage  brush.  The  southern  portion  of  the  county  is  rich  in 
timber  re  ourc«.  -.  There  is  still  much  land  in  Morrow  county  that  can  be  obtained 
from  the  govevj.meni:,  and  good  land  in  the  county  can  be  bought  from  private 
parties  at  tr;>m  ^^  to  $50  an  acre. 

The  principal  industries  of  Morrow  county,  at  the  present  time,  are  wool  grow- 
ing and  stock  raising.  The  climate  of  the  county  is  especially  adapted  to  the  rais- 
ing of  sheep.  A  reference  to  the  article  on  Heppner,  published  in  connection  with 
the  present  article,  will  furnish  the  reader  with  much  valuable  information  on  the 
extent  of  the  wool-growing  interest  of  this  county.  During  1892  500,000  bushels  of 
wheat  were  raised  in  Morrow  county,  and  this  wheat  was  sold  at  prices  varying  from 
68  cents  to  85  cents  a  bushel.  The  assessable  value  of  propercy  in  the  county  during 
the  same  year  was  $2,088,308.  The  present  population  of  the  county  is  about  4,500, 
and  the  population  of  this  part  of  the  state  is  rapidly  increasing. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3^ 


V 


'/ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


—     6" 


U    11.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER, NY.  )4S80 

(716)  872-4503 


V 


,v 


^ 


.<^ 


o 


^ 


274 


The  Orcffoniun's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Gilliam  County,  Oreyron.— Gilliau.  county  is  bounded  on  the  north  by 
the  Columbia  river,  on  the  east  by  Morrow  and  Grant  counties,  on  the  south  by 
Crook,  and  on  the  west  by  the  counties  of  Sherman  and  Wasco.  Condon  is  the 
county  seat.  This  town  is  located  near  the  geographical  center  of  the  county,  and 
is  in  the  midst  of  a  rich  farming  district.  Condon  has  a  population  of  about  2ou, 
and  it  is  a  flourishing  business  point. 

The  total  area  of  Gilliam  county  is  about  2,oao  square  miles.  It  fronts  on 
the  Columbia  river  for  a  distance  of  about  30  miles,  and  extends  south  for  a  dis- 
tance of  70  miles  to  a  spur  of  the  Blue  Mountains.  Aside  from  the  mountainous 
sections  of  the  county,  it  is  one  vast  valley  stretch  of  arable  laud.  Wheat,  wool 
and  live  stock  are  the  principal  products  of  the  county.  In  1891  800,000  bushels 
of  wheat  were  raised  in  Gilliam  county,  and  the  average  price  realized  for  this 
wheat  was  78  cents  a  bushel.  The  average  yield  of  wheat  to  the  acre,  as  shown  by 
statistics  carefully  compiled  in  that  year,  was  25  bushels.  In  the  same  year  the 
shipments  of  wool  from  Gilliam  county  aggregated  2,(xx),ooo  pounds,  and  this  wool 
brought  an  average  price  of  I2}4  cents  a  pound.  The  shipments  of  live  stock, 
during  1891,  amounted  to  62  carloads  of  horses,  49  carloads  of  cattle,  and  15  carloads 
of  sheep. 

Gilliam  is  one  of  the  richest  counties  in  natural  resources  in  the  state.  Its 
present  populatic;-  is  only  3,600,  but  from  the  fact  that  t'  ere  are  600,000  acres  of 
government  land  in  the  county  still  unoccupied,  and  that  more  than  one-half  of 
this  unoccupied  land  is  considered  valuable  for  agricultural  purposes,  it  is  highly 
probable  that  the  population  of  the  county  will  be  greatly  increased  during  the 
next  few  years. 

Pendleton,  Orejf on.— Pendleton  is  a  city  of  attractive  environments.  It  is 
located  on  the  Umatilla  river,  a  stream  of  considerable  magnitude,  in  a  little  valley 
nestling  among  a  low  range  of  highly  fertile  hills.  The  soil  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  the  city  is  well  watered,  which  insures  a  heavy 
growth  of  vegetation  and  shrubbery  here  throughout  even  the  dryest 
seasons,  and  the  carefully  trimmed  shade  trees  lining  the  principal 
streets,  together  with  the  well-kept  gardens  which  surround 
all  the  principal  private  residences,  make  Pendleton  one  of  the 
most  attractive  cities  of  the  eastern  part  of  the  state. 

While  Pendleton  is  not  surrounded  by  a  wealth  of 
timber  and  mineral  resources,  the  remarkable  produc- 
tiveness of  the  soil  of  Umatilla  coimty,  of  which  it  is 
the  seat  of  justice  and  the  jobbing  center  and  the  heavy 
wool-growing  and  stock  interests  of  the  county,  make 
this  one  of  the  richest  interior  points  of  the  state. 
Pendleton  contains  today  a  population  of  about  4,000; 
its  streets  are  wide  and  well  cared  for,  and  the  entire 
city  presents  an  air  of  activity  and  prosiierity.  Pire 
limits  have  been  established  by  the  municipal  govern- 
ment, and  within  these  limit-^  the  erection  of  no  wooden 
buildings  is  allowed.  Handsome  one,  two  and  three- 
story  brick  and  stone  blocks  line  the  principal  business  streets,  and  new  buildings 
are  being  constantly  erected  here.  Business  pursuits  are  well  represented  in  the 
city,  and  business  at  this  point  is  generally  prosperous. 


View,  Main  Stneit.  Pindliton. 


Pendleton,  Oregon. 


276 


View  or  Count  Street,  Pendlcton. 


j^<S^<^*'»«^%N> 


Few  towns  in  the  state  enjoy  equal  opportunities  in  shipping  facilities  which 
the  Pendleton  merchants  are  able  to  avail  themselves  of.  Pendleton  is  situated  on 
the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific,  231  miles  east  of  Portland  and  44  miles  south 

of  the  Columbia  river  iit  Umatilla.  It  is  the  end 
of  a  division  of  the  mala  line.  It  is  also  the 
terminus  of  the  Spokane  and  Cfcur  d'Alene 
branches  of  the  same  system  which  touch  Walla 
Walla,  all  the  important  points  of  the  wonderfull\ 
rich  Palouse  district  of  Washington,  Spokane  and 
all  the  leading  towns  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  mineral 
belt.  It  is  also  the  terminus  of  the  Oregon  & 
Washington  Territory  system,  which  connects 
with  the  Northern  Pacific  at  Hunt's  Junction, 
near  Wallula,  and  also  with  the  Union  Pacific,  and 
which  also  extends  as  far  east  as  Walla  Walla  and 
Dayton,  opening  up  the  rich  fanning  districts  tributary  to  these  latter  points.  Pen- 
dleton thus  has  direct  connection  with  Portland,  which  is  reached  by  deep-water 
vessels,  with  Seattle  and  Tacoma,  the  principal  shipping  points  of  Puget  Sound, 
with  practically  ah  of  Eastern  Washington  and  Northern  Idaho,  and  enjoys  cot  - 
petitive  freight  rates  from  the  East  afforded  by  the  two  great  systems  of  roads, 
the  Northern  and  the  Union  Pacific. 

Pendleton  is  a  city  containing  many  modern  improve- 
ments.      It  has  a  fine   water-works  and  electric-light 
system;  it  maintains  efficient  police  and  fire  departments, 
and  the  city   boasts  of   a    well  appointed  brick  opera 
house.     The  Umatilla  county  court  house,  at  this  point, 
is  a  model  of  modem  architecture.     It  was  erected  at  a 
cost   of  |9o,cxx),    and  is  one  of  the  finest   county 
courthouses  on  the  coast.     Pendleton's  water  sup- 
ply is  obtained  from   the  Umatilla  river,    which 
flows  along  the  edge  of  the  city.     This  is  a  clear 
mountain  stream,  and    furnishes,    practically,    an 
inexhaustible  supply  of  the  purest  water  for  do- 
mestic purposes.     Power  for  running  a  number  of 
Pendleton's    leading   factories     is    also    obtained 
from  this  strean. .      The  manufacturing  industries 

of  Pendleton  are  represented  by  a  large  fiouring   mill,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  500 
barrels,  foundry  and  machine  shops,  sash  and  door  factory,  and  planing  mill. 

The  public  schools  of  Pendleton  are  conducted  in  a  large  brick  building,  which  is 
well  arranged  for  school  work.  The  grades  taught  rr.nge  from  the  primary  to  the 
high  school  course.  The  public  schools  here  hold  tctms  covering  ten  mouths  of  the 
year.  In  addition  to  the  excellent  public  instruction  maintained,  the  Pendleton 
Academy  provides  a  course  of  study  which  fits  students  for  entering  any  college,  and 
a  Catholic  boarding  school  affords  opportunity  for  pri\atc  instruction.  Koth  hcsc 
private  educational  institutions  own  their  buildings  and  the  grounds  on  which  the 
buildings  are  located.  The  Presbyterian,  two  Methodist,  Baptist,  L^ongregational, 
Episcopal  and  Catholic  organizations  own  their  church  buildings  at  Pendleton. 

The  average  deposits  in  the  three  solid  banks  of  Pendleton  do  not  fall  far  short 


CouKT  House,  Penoliton. 


if  '! 

ii-  1. 


1 

m 


276 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacif.c  Northwest. 


PusLic  SCHOOL,  Pendleton. 


of  |ioo,ooo.  The  city  supports  three  newspapers,  T/ie  Daily  East-Oyej^onian,  which 
also  publishe?  a  semi-weekly  aud  weekly  edition  ;  T/ie  Daily  and  Weekly  1  ribune, 
and  The   Weekly  Oregon  Herald.     The  East-Oregonian  is  published  by  the  East- 

Oregonian  Publishing  Company,  which  is  under  the 
management  of  C.  S.  Jackson,  one  of  the  veteran  news- 
paper men  of  the  state.  Mr.  Jackson  is  an  able  business 
man  and  has  earned  a  recognition  in  the  leading  centers 
of  the  state,  and  he  wields  a  pen  that  has  excited  the  ad- 
miration of  the  best  critics  on  the  coast.  The  owner  and 
editor  of  The  Tribune  is  Hon,  J.  C.  Leasure,  one  of  the 
prominent  attorneys  and  a  leading  politician  of  the  state. 
Mr.  Leasure  is  recognized  as  an  able  stump-speaker.  He 
hns  held  many  prominent  positions,  including  that  of 
mayor  of  Pendleton,  and  his  abilities  have  entitled  hii!i 
to  the  respect  of  the  best  people  of  Oregon.  The  hotel  accommodations  of  Pendle- 
ton arc  good,  the  four  hotels  here  ranging  from  the  hostelry  of  the  first-class  order 
to  the  family  house  where  accommodations  are  furnished  at  a  moderate  cost  aud 
where  the  fare  is  wholesome  if  correspondingly  plain. 

The  value  of  the  annual  trade  of  Pendleton  is  estimated  to  be  about  $2,000,000. 
The  gross  assessed  valuation  of  city  property  in  1892  was  $1,750,000.  The  city  carries 
a  bonded  indebtedness  of  Ijo.ocw.  I'cndk  ton  is  the  trading  center  for  practically  all 
of  Umatilla  county.  This  county  produced  in  1892,  1,750.000  pounds  of  wool  and 
fully  two  thirds  of  this  was  shipped  from  Pendleton.  During  the  same  year  the 
county  'aiscd  2,5cx5,ooo  bushels  of  wheat,  and  the  principal  part  of  this  product 
passed  through  the  Pendleton  warehouses.  Pendleton  during  the  past  five  years  has 
enjoyed  a  growth  that  has 
been  surpassed  by  no  itdand 
point  of  the  state  and  the 
opportunities  for  advance- 
ment here  during  the  next 
few  years,  which  will  be 
taken  advantage  of  by  a 
wealthy  and  progressive 
class  of  people,  promise  even 
greater  things  for  the  city  in 
the  future  than  has  accrued 
to  the  place  in  the  past. 

The  present  mayor  of 
Pendleton  is  R.  Alexander, 
whose  portrait  is  published 
on  this  page.  Mr.  Alexander 
is  a  native  of  Hengstfeld, 
Wurttenburg,  CTcrmany.  He 
came  to  Oregon  22  years  ago. 
Although  now  but  43  years 
of  age,  Mr.  Alexander  has 
attained  a  remarkable  degree 
of  success  during  his  busi- 
ness   career    in    Pendleton,  r  auxmoir,  mayor  or  pinohton. 


Pendleton,  Oregon. 


277 


which  began  15  years  ago.  Pendleton  was  then  but  a  mere  village,  but  Mr.  Alexan- 
der appreciated  the  natural  advantages  in  location  which  the  small  town  enjoyed  and 
he  foresaw  the  Pendleton  of  today.  Hnibarking  in  the  general  merchandise  busi- 
ness, Mr.  Alexander  easily  kept  pace  with  the  rapid  growth  of  the  town,  and  he  is 
today  the  senior  partner  in  the  large  general  merchandise  concern  of  Alexander  &  Hex- 
ter  who  carry  a  line  of  goods  valued  at  1150,000.  Besides  being  mayor,  Mr.  Alexander 
is  a  prominent  member  of  several  fraternal  organizations,  among  which  are  the  Odd 
Fellows,  Masons  and  Knights  of  Pythias.  Of  the  first  mentioned  order  Mr.  Alex- 
ander has  been  grand  master  of  the  state,  grand  patriarch  and  grand  representative, 
having  held  the  last  ofiice  for  two  terms  of  two  years  each.  Mr.  Alexander  enjoys 
the  distinction  of  being  the  only  32(1  degree  Mason  in  Pendleton.  He  has  been  mas- 
ter of  the  local  lodge  for  two  years.  Mr.  Alexander  has  l)een  vice-president  of  the  Pen- 
dleton Savings  Bank,  and  he  has  been  foremost  in  many  of  the  public  enterprises 
which  have  resulted  in  making  Pendleton  one  of  the  most  prominent  cities  in  East- 
ern Oregon. 

One  of  the  most  prominent  business  institutions  of  Pendleton  is  the  Pendleton 
Savings  Bank,  which  was  organized  in  1889  with  a  paid-up  capital  of  |ioo,ooo.     The 

present  officers  are  W.  F.  Matlock,  president ;  W. 
M.  Pierce,  vice-president  and  R.  T.  Cox,  late  of 
the  First  National  Bank  of  Portland,  cashier.  The 
Pendleton  Savings  Bank  has  achieved  a  most  grat- 
ifying success  to  its  shareholders  since  its  organi- 
zation, as  shown  by  the  statement  that  its  undi- 
vided profits  now  amount  to  $20,000  and  its  paid 
dividends  to  $50,000.  This  success  is,  of  couise, 
due  to  the  business  sagacity  of  the  bank's  officers, 
to  the  financial  strength  and  standing  of  its  stock- 
holders, prominent  among  whom  are  Henry  Fail- 
ing, D.  P.  Thompson,  L.  L.  McArthur  and  C.  H. 
Lewis  of  Portland,  A.  Bush  of  Salem,  Levi  Ankeny  of  Walla  Walla  and  C.  E.  Tilton 
of  New  York. 

The  Pendleton  Savings  Bank  is  looked  upon 
as  one  of  the  permanent  institutions  of  the  city.  ^^^g?^^". 
It  has  already  manifested  its  confidence  in  Pend- 
leton by  erecting,  at  a  cost  of  $33,000,  the  handsome 
brick  building,  an  illustration  of  which  is  published 
in  connection  with  the  present  article. 

The  Golden  Rule  Hotel  at  Pendleton  enjoys 
the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  best  conducted 
hostelries  in  Eastern  Oregon.  It  is  conveniently 
located  both  with  reference  to  the  business  portion 
of  the  city  and  the  union  depot,  where  all  in-com'^ 
ing  and  out-going  trains  are  met  by  the  Golden 
Rule's  free  omnibus.  The  house  itself  is  a  three- 
story  brick,  fire-proof  and  lighted  by  electricity. 
The  accommodations  are  strictly  first-class.  The 
appointments  are  modern  in  every  respect.  Arthur 
Hamnond,  the  proprietor,  having  been  in  the  railroad  business  for  22  years 


The  PENDLtroN  Savings  Uank,  Pendllton. 


OOLDIN  But-E  HOTEL,  PENDLETON. 


,  has  a 


\m 


278 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pnciiic  Northwest. 


Scene,  Sheep  Ranch,  Umatilla  County. 


full  appreciation  of  the  needs  and  comfort  of  his  guests  and  he  spares  no  pains  to 
provide  for  their  every  want.  The  Golden  Rule  Hotel  is  to  be  commended  to  the 
traveling  public. 

Umatilla  County,  Oregfon.— Umatilla  county  is  situated  in  the  extreme 
northeastern  portion  of  the  state  of  Oregon.  Its  northern  boundary  is  the  state  line 
at  the  Columbia  river ;  it  is  bounded  on  the  east  by  Union  county  ;  it  extends  to 
Grant  on  the  south,  and  on  the  west  it  reaches  to  Morrow  county.  The  approximate 
area  of  the  county  is  2,073,000  acres. 

The  eastern  and  southern  portions  of  Umatilla 
county  are  somewhat  mountainous.  The  northern 
part  of  the  county  bordering  on  the  Columbia  river 
is  a  strip  of  sandy  laud  which  can  be  made  highly 
productive  by  irrigation.  The  vast  agricultural 
belt  which  lies  between  the  rugged  foothill  dis- 
tricts and  the  sandy  strip  above  referred  to 
comprises  an  area  of  about  1,500,000  acres.  This 
land  constitutes  one  of  the  richest  sections  of 
the  great  "  Inland  Empire,"  and  much  of  this 
land  is  now  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  The 
higher  elevations  of  the  county  are  covered  principally  with  a  heavy  growth  of  fine 
timber,  and  the  lumber  and  shingle  interests  of  this  part  of  the  state  are  already 
large.  The  rugged  foothill  districts  furnish  fine  grazing  lands  for  stock,  and  much 
of  this  laud  when  cleared  is  especially  adapted  to  growing  the  finest  quality  of 
timothy. 

The  surface  of  the  land  of  Umatilla  county  does  not  present  ar  attractive  appear- 
ance to  the  jLj-anger  who  is  not  familiar  with  the  qualities  of  the  soil  of  this  land.  If 
seen  when  no  rain  has  fallen  here  for  several  weeks,  the  surface  of  the  ground  pre- 
sents a  dry,  even  parched,  appearance  not  at  all  conducive  to  successful  grain  grow- 
ing. Yet  this  same  land  produces  regularly  yields  of  from  25  to  40  bushels  of  wheat 
to  the  acre.  The  explanation  of  this  wonderful  fertility  of  the  soil  of  Umatilla 
county  is  its  capacity  to  retain  moisture.  This  land,  which  presents  a  dry  appear- 
ance to  the  eye,  is  always  moist  a  few  inches  below  the  surface  during  even  the 
longest  protracted  period  of  drought. 

The  principal  water-courses  of  Umatilla  county  are  the  Umatilla  and  Walla  Walla 
rivers  and  the  Wild  Horse,  Birch,  Butter  and  other  creeks.  These  streams  afford  an 
ample  flow  of  water  for  domestic  and  irrigation  purposes,  and  they  also  furnish  at 
convenient  points  power  for  manufacturing  purposes. 

Stock  raising,  wool  growing  and  farming  are 
the  leading  industries  of  Umatilla  county.  Dur- 
ing the  early  settlement  of  the  county  great  atten- 
tion was  paid  to  stock  raising  and  wool  growing, 
owing  to  the  unexcelled  opportunities  afforded 
here  for  grazing.  A  greater  portion  of  the  best 
lands  of  the  countv  were  at  that  time  covered 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  the  finest  bunch  grass,  on 
which   cattle  and  sheep  kept  fat  throughout  the 

year.      Since  it  was  discovered   that  the  finest    bunch-grass  lands  of  the  county 
were  capable  of  producing  large  yields  of  wheat,   the  area  of   the   former  grazing 


Grain  Field,  Umatilla  Countv. 


Umatilla  County,  Oregon. 


279 


grounds  has  been  greatly  restricted,  and  the  stock-raising  interests  of  the  county 
have  consequently  declined  of  late  years.  Umatilla  county  is  now  one  of  the 
greatest  grain-producing  sections  of  the  state.  Since  1885  the  amount  of  wheat 
annually  exported  from  this  county  has  averaged  from  2,000,000  to  3,500,000  bushels. 
In  addition  to  wheat  growing,  certain  portions  of  the  county  are  well  adapted  to  fruit 
culture.  In  the  Milton  valley  district,  in  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county,  are 
some  of  the  finest  orchards  of  the  state,  and  the  fruit  interests  of  the  county  are  con- 
stantly increasing. 

Second  in  importance  to  the  raising  of  grain  in  Umatilla  county  is  the  wool 
industry.  The  average  crop  of  wool  in  the  county  is  from  1,500,000  to  2,000,000  pounds. 
The  value  of  this  wool  crop  and  of  sheep  is  from  $400,000  to  $500,000  a  year.  A 
definite  idea  of  the  extent  the  wool  industry  assumes  in  this  part  of  the  state  can  be 
obtained  from  a  careful  perusal  of  the  article  descriptive  of  Mr.  Charles  Cunningham 
and  his  sheep  ranch,  one  of  the  largest  and  best  conducted  on  the  coast,  which  is 
published  in  connection  with  the  present  article. 

In  "ertain  parts  of  Umatilla  county  the  conditions  are  favorable  for  dairying,  and 
a  nuuibe.  of  persons  are  now  engaged  in  this  industry  here  on  a  large  scale.  The 
mineral  resources  of  tlie  county  have  not  as  yet  been  developed  to  any  extent, 
although  some  valuable  discoveries  of  ore  have  been  made  in  the  extreme  southeast- 
ern portion  of  the  county.  Deposits  of  coal  have  been  found  in  the  southern  part  of 
the  county. 

In  189 1  about  400,000  acres  of  land  were  added  to  the  taxable  property  of  Uma- 
tilla county  by  throwin^j  open  to  settlement  the  Northern  Pacific  R.  R.  Co's  forfeited 
lands  and  also  the  lands  of  the  Umatilla  Indian  reservation.  Much  of  this  laud, 
including  some  very  desirable  tracts,  is  still  unoccupied.  A  large  part  of  the  Uma- 
tilla Indian  reservation  tract  that  was  offered  for  sale  at  auction  in  1891  found  no  bif*  ■ 
ders,  and  it  is  expected  that  these  lands  will  be  again  offered  for  sa^e  in  the  near  future. 

The  present  population  of  Umatilla  county  is  about  14,000.  The  total  value  of 
all  property  in  the  county  subject  to  taxation  in  1891  was  110,768,342.  This  is  one  of 
the  best  settled  and  most  inviting  sections  of  Eastern  Oregon,  and  it  is  probable  that 
the  population  and  wealth  of  the  county  will  increase  as  rapidly  in  the  near  future  as 
has  been  noted  here  during  the  past  few  years. 


The  Cti'cat  Slieep  Kln^,  Charles  Cunningham,  whose  portrait  appears  on 
this  page,  is  the  largest  individual  sheep  owner  of  Umatilla  county,  and  considering 
the  size  of  his  herds  and  ihe  blooded  animals  in  his  flocks,  he  may  be  fairly  said  to 
be  the  leading  representative  of  the  sheep  industry  in  Kastern  Oregon. 

A  brief  sketch  of  the  life  of  Oregon's  sheep  king  will  undoubtedly  prove  of  inter- 
est to  those  who  are  personally  acquainted  with  this  gentleman,  or  who  know  him  by 
repute  only.  Born  in  County  Galway,  Ireland,  in  1K46,  Mr.  Cunningham  emigrated 
to  this  country  at  the  age  of  18.  Almost  immediately  upon  his  arrival  here  he  prof- 
fered his  services  to  the  United  States  navy.  He  was  assigned  to  the  battleship  Ga- 
lena, and  received  his  first  baptism  of  fire  at  the  famous  battle  of  Mobile  Bay.  At  the 
conclusion  of  the  war  he  emigrated  to  California,  and  after  a  brief  residence  in  Ala- 
meda county,  he  removed  to  Oregon  and  located  in  Umatilla  county  in  1S69.  In  the 
latter  year  he  embarked  in  the  sheep  business,  a  business  that  was  destined  to  bring 
him  both  wealth  and  the  proud  distinction  of  being  a  successful  and  generous  man 
of  the  world.  • 


m 


280  The  Orcgoaian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Xorthwcst. 

His  apprenticeship  in  the  sheep  business  was  served  in  the  employ  of  Major  W. 
H.  Baruhart,  then  one  of  the  leading  wool-growers  of  Eastern  Oregon.     No  better 

opportunity  for  studying  the 
cares  and  duties  of  the  man- 
agement of  sheep  could  have 
afforded  itself  to  the  young 
seeker  for  fame  and  fortune 
in   the  West  than  the  time 
Mr.    Cunningham   spent    in 
the  employ  of  Mr.  Barnhart. 
Kven    while   honestly  help- 
ing to  enrich  another  he  fully 
made   up   his  mind  that  in 
the  near  future   a  good  part 
of  his  honest  efforts  should 
be  devoted  to  enriching  him- 
self.    Being  a  thrifty  lad  he 
saved  his  money,  and  in  1S73, 
in  association  with  Jacob  Fra- 
zer,  known  to  all  residents  of 
Pendleton  as  "Uncle Jake," 
he  was  able   tol  purchase  a 
respectable  flock  of  sheep  of 
his   own.     The   business  of 
Messrs.  I-'razer  &   Cunning- 
ham   was   a  prosperous   one 
from  the  start,  and  these  gen- 
tlemen were  soon  able  10  pur- 
chase the  Webb  slough  i  -inch, 
since  better  known  as  the  Hewlet  &  McDonald  ranch.     This  new  purchase  affori^cd 
additional  and  excellent  browsing  ground  for  their  flocks,  and  the  increase  in  the 
wealth  and  importance  of  the  firm  was  both  rapid  and  of  a  substantial  nature.     The 
partnership  lasted  between  these  two  gentlemen  until  their  flocks  had  increaseil  to 
such  a  size  that  they  felt  that  they  had  a  sufficient  number  of  sheep  to  look  after  for 
each  partner  to  engage  in   business  on  his  individual  account.     The  firm  then  dis- 
solved partnership  by  mutual  consent,  and  each  in  the  future  devoted  his  attention  to 
the  care  of  his  individual  flocks. 

In  1877  Mr.  Cunningham  purchased  what  is  now  known  as  the  Cunningham 
ranch,  located  on  Buffalo  creek.  At  the  time  the  gentleman  purchased  this  place 
it  was  in  Umatilla  count}',  but  by  a  subdivision  of  the  cc  nity  it  is  now  in  Morrow 
county.  One  3'ear  after  this  time  Mr.  Cunningham  married  Miss  Sarah  Doherty, 
a  niece  of  E.  B.  Nelson,  who  was  massacred  by  the  Indians  in  the  outbreak  of  1878. 
This  union,  though  a  happy  one,  was  of  brief  duration,  for  Mrs.  Cunningham  died 
two  years  after  her  marriage,  leaving  behind  ner  a  daughter,  in  whom  the  hopes  ol 
the  father  are  centered  today. 

In  the  early  days  of  the  sheep  industry  in  Eastern  Oregon  the  more  common 
grades  of  sheep  were  raised,  to  the  exclusion  of  what  were  then  known  as  "fancy 
breeds."     This  naturally  resulted  in  a  wool  crop  of  a  quality  greatly  inferior  to  the 


Chas.  Cu'iNrNOHAM,  Pendleton,  Shcep  King  or  Eastern  Ohegon. 


Umatilla  County,  Oregon. 


281 


r%r 


RANCH,  Cha9.  Cunningham,  near  Pendleton. 


crop  of  today.  Mr.  Cunningham  was  among  the  first  to  perceive  the  advantage  to 
be  derived  from  raising  the  standard  of  his  breed  of  sheep.  Following  out  this 
line,  he  aimed  to  improve  the  quality 
of  his  flock  by  the  importation  of  a 
number  of  thoroughbred  rams.  To 
his  excellent  judgment  in  this  direc- 
tion is  largely  due  the  popularity  and 
increasing  demand  at  the  present  time 
for  what  is  known  as  the  "Cun- 
ningham wool."  This  gentle- 
man now  numbers  in 
his  flock  2o,ocx3  sheep, 
4,000  of  which 
are  thor- 
oughbreds. 
Outside  o  f 
the  thor- 
oughbreds, 
the  rest  of 
his  sheep  are 
graded,  and 
of  fine  qual- 
ity. Steady 
progress  has 
been       his 

constant  motto  through  life,  and  he  has  never  allowed  any  opportunity  for  advance- 
ment to  pass  by  unimproved. 

When  the  famous  blooded  stock  owned  by  William  Ross,  a  noted  sheep-herder 
came  into  the  market,  Mr.  Cunningham  took  advantage  of  the  opportunity  to  pur 
chase  the  entire  band.  These  sheep  were  from  the  noted  Hammond  stock  of  Ver- 
mont, and  they  never  fail  to  in.spire  confidence  and  admiration  in  the  breasts  ot 
practical  sheep  men  who  regularly  visit  the  ranch  of  Mr.  Cunningham.  The 
fleece  of  these  animals  is  long,  white  and  of  the  staple  quality  for  which  there  is 
such  an  eager  and  steady  demand.  The  Hammond  bucks  have  established  their 
reputation  as  "leaders,"  and  they  are  eagerly  sought  by  sheep  men  whose  knowl- 
edge of  sheep-breeding  is  abreast  of  the  times.  Those  who  have  bred  to  the  Ham- 
mond bucks  owned  by  Mr.  Cunningham,  have  not  only  increased  the  weight  of  the 
fleece  on  their  own  sheep,  but  they  have  also  added  to  the  size  of  the  sheep  them- 
selves. It  has  been  clearly  demonstrated  that  a  large  fleece  of  actual  wool  depends 
upon  the  quantity  of  wool  raised  to  the  square  inch  of  surface  on  the  sheep's  back. 
To  produce  the  maximum  quantity  of  wool,  it  must  be  long,  dense  and  equally  dis- 
tributed over  the  body  of  the  sheep.  All  of  these  conditions  are  fulfilled  in  the 
Hammond  breed,  hence  their  value  as  wool  producers  is  conceded.  It  is  a  well- 
known  and  undisputed  fact  that  all  stockmen  who  have  made  or  are  making  their 
fortunes  in  sheep  raising,  are  those  who  have  bred  to  first-class  bucks,  and  thus 
improved  their  stock,  and  who  have  also  improved  their  wool  clip  as  a  result  of 
raising  the  standard  of  their  bred  sheep.  That  the  energy  and  good  iudgment 
which  Mr.  Cunningham  has  availed  himself  r>f  in  the  sheep  industry  are  fully  appre- 
ciated, is  attested  by  the  fact  that  this  gentleman  is   now  in   constant  receipt  of 


2H2 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


orders  for  rams  from  Oregon,  Washington  and  Idaho,  and  even  from  distant  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  rearing  and  caring  of  sheep  is  also  a  very  important  factor  in  the  sheep 
industry.  A  thoroughbred  animal  is  no  more  exempt  from  "scab  "  and  other  sheep 
disorders  than  his  plebi.in  brother  of  meaner  extraction.  In  this  direction  Mr.  Cun- 
ningham has  also  shown  himself  an  expert  in  his  business.  By  painstaking  efforts 
he  has  succeeded  in  keeping  his  flock  free  from  all  the  disorders  to  which  the 
sheep  is  subject,  and  his  entire  ranch  is  today  a  model  of  cleanliness  and  good  order. 
This  has  been  brought  about  by  the  closest  attention  to  the  particular  line  of  l)usi- 
ness  to  which  Mr.  Cunningham  has  devoted  his  best  energies  in  life.  As  before 
stated,  he  is  looked  upon  today  as  an  expert  and  authority  in  sheep-raising,  and  as 
such  is  frequently  consulted,  not  onl}'  by  new  men  embarking  in  the  sheep  business, 
but  also  by  many  stockmen  of  experience  who  run  across  knotty  points  they  are 
incapable  of  solving. 

When  it  is  considered  that  the  subject  of  this  sketch  came  to  this  country  as  si 
raw  Irish  lad,  entirely  without  means,  and  that  he  has,  by  strict  application  and 
hard  work,  placed  himself  among  the  wealthiest  and  most  respected  citizens  of  his 
section,  the  native  ability  and  energy  of  the  man  can  be  better  appreciated  and 
admired.  Some  of  the  surroundings  of  Mr.  Cunningham's  home  life  mav  be  gathered 
from  the  illustrations  of  his  ranch  published  on  this  page.  The  larger  illustration 
is  a  view  of  his  ranch  showing  a  few  of  his  celebrated  Hammond  sheep  browsing  in  the 
distance,  a  breed  of  which  he  is  so  justly  proud.  To  gain  anything  of  an  accurate 
knowledge  of  the  immense  industry  presided  over  by  Mr.  Cunningham,  and  the 
care  and  "ssponsibility  involved  in  the  management  of  20,000  sheep,  one  should 
pay  a  visit  to  the  home  of  the  Oregon  sheep  king.  Mr.  Cunningham  is  a  most  affa- 
ble gentleman.  He  is  unaffected  and  quite  unspoiled  by  his  great  good  fortune,  and 
he  always  takes  particular  delight  in  making  visitors  to  his  ranch  feel  perfectly  at 
home.  Those  who  may  be  unable  to  pay  a  personal  visit  to  the  ranch  of  Mr.  Cun- 
ningham, but  who  may  desire  accurate  information  on  .the  subject  of  discriminating 
in  making  a  choice  of  different  breeds  of  sheep,  can  always  obtain  the  desired  infor- 
mation by  addressing  Charles  Cunningham,  at  Pilot  Rock,  or  at  the  Pendleton 
Savings  Bank,  Pendleton,  Oregon. 

Athena,  Orejfon. — Athena  is  a  prosperous  town  of  Umatilla  county,  having 
a  population  of  about  700.  It  is  situated  on  the  Washington  division  of  the  Union 
Pacific  Railroad,  19  miles  north  of  Pendleton,  the  county  seat,  and  250  miles  east  of 
Portland.  A  spur  of  the  Oregon  &  Washington  Territory  railroad  also  extends  from 
Helix  to  Athena,  a  distance  of  seven  miles.  The  town  is  surrounded  by  a  magnifi- 
cent wheat-growing  section  and  today  it  is  the  largest  wheat-shipping  point  in  pro- 
portion to  population,  in  Eastern  Oregon.  The  shipments  of  wheat  annually  made 
from  this  point,  with  the  heavy  wool  and  stock  interests  of  the  tributary  country, 
make  Athena  a  thriving  point  which  does  a  constantly  increasing  business  with  each 
successive  year. 

In  addition  to  the  usual  business  interests  found  in  a  town  of  this  size,  Athena 
supports  a  bank  and  two  weekly  newspapers,  T/ie  Press  and  TAe  Inland  Kepublican. 
The  public  schools  are  conducted  in  a  commodious  brick  building.  Four  teachers 
are  employed  in  the  schools  and  the  average  daily  attendance  of  scholars  is  about 
175.  The  Catholics,  Baptists,  Methodists  and  Christian  denominations  occupy  church 
buildings  of  their  own  here.     The  place  also  contains  a  good  hotel  and  two  well 


stoc 
and 


\ 
i 


■i'lte'h!'^ 


Weston,  Oregon. 


288 


PuBLtc  School,  Weston, 


Stocked  livery  stables.     Athena's  growth  during  the  past  few  years  has  been  rapid 
and  the  prospects  for  a  continued  growth  at  this  point  are  encouraging. 

Weston,  Oregon. — Weston  occupies  an  attractive  location  on  the  Washing- 
ton division  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  21  miles  north  of  Pendleton  and  252  miles 
cast  of  Portland.  The  extension  of  the  Helix  branch  of 
the  Oregon  &  Washington  Territory  railroad  from  Athena 
to  Weston  during  the  present  year  is  practically  assured. 
In  addition  to  the  local  consumption  of  30,000  bushels 
of  wheat  in  1892,  there  were  shipped  from  this  point  dur- 
ing the  same  year  200,000  bushels  of  wheat,  and  28  tons 
of  hay.  During  1893  it  was  estimated  that  the  ship- 
ments of  wheat  alone  from  Weston  before  the  close  of 
the  year  would  reach  300,000  bushels. 

A  roller-process  flouring  mill  with  a  capacity  of  75  barrels  a  day  is  located,  at 
Weston.  The  town  also  contains  a  brick  and  tile  factory  which  manufactures  30,000 
brick  a  day.  This  latter  enterprise  employs  30  men  and  disburses  on  an  average,  at 
this  point,  |iooa  day.  The  output  of  this  plant  finds  a  market  in  the  towns  of  I'ma- 
tilla  county  and  in  the  points  not  too  distant,  located  in  Oregon  and  Washington. 

The  last  session  of  the  Oregon  legislature  made  an  appropriation  of  $24,000  to  be 
applied  to  the  construction  of  a  state  normal  school  building  at  Weston.  The  build- 
ing for  this  school  is  now  in  course  of  erection.  It  is  modeled  after  the  most 
approved  designs  in  architecture  and  will  be  a  handsome  and  perfectly  arranged 
structure.  The  public  school  building  at  Weston  is  a  large  two-story  brick  edifice 
which  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $12, coo.  Four  well  qualifietl  teachers  are  employed  in 
the  school,  which  is  divided  into  as  many  grades.  The  average  daily  attendance  at 
the  public  school  is  about  200. 

The  municipal  authorities  of  Weston  recently  bonded  the  town  for  $24,000,  lobe 
used  in  the  construction  of  city  waterworks  and  an  electric-light  plant.  These  plants 
are  now  in  operation  and  are  doing  good  service.  The  water  for  the  city  is  obtained 
from  three  never- failing  springs  located  on  an  eminence  in  the  vicinity.  The  pressure 
in  the  city  mains  insures  an  ample  protection  against  fire.  All  lines  of  business  are 
well  represented  at  Weston.  The  Farmers'  Bank  has  recently  increased  its  capital 
stock  to  $60,000  and  it  pays  a  handsome  dividend  annually  to  its  stockholders.  A 
local  building  and  loan  association,  having  a  capital  of  $50,000,  is  well  patronized. 
The  religious  denominations  having  churches  at  Weston  are  the  Episcopal,  Metho- 
dist, Baptist  and  United  Brethren.  The  town  supports  one  ably  edited  weekly  paper, 
T/tc  Leader.  It  has  one  first-class  hotel  and  two  livery  stables.  Its  present  popula- 
tion is  about  800,  and  having  every  advantage  of  location  is  enjoying  as  great  a  degree 
of  prosperity  as  are  any  of  the  inland  cities  of  the  state. 

Theo.  T.  Davis.— The  present  mayor  of  Weston,  Theo.  T.  Davis,  is  a  striking 
type  of  the  self-made  man.  Born  in  Jefferson  county.  111.,  in  i860,  young  Davis 
attended  the  common  achool  at  Mt.  Vernon  until  he  reached  the  age  of  15,  when  he 
engaged  in  the  mcrcantilp  business  as  salesman.  Continuing  in  this  occupation  till 
1884,  Mr.  Davis  then  removed  to  Umatilla  county,  Oregon,  where  he  soon  rose  in 
popular  esteem  and  was  elected  mayor  of  Weston  in  1891.  During  the  same  year  Mr. 
Davis  was  also  made  manager  and  cashier  of  the  Farmers'  Bank  of  Weston,  which  at 
the  end  of  the  first  year  of  his  management  declared  a  dividend,  and  at  the  end  of 


i;k 


284 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest, 


the  second  year  the  capital  stock,  $60,000,  was  doubled  and  Mr.  Davis  was. elected  a 
member  of  the  board  of  directors. 

John  Gumming. — The  largest  general  merchandise  store  in  Weston  and  one  of 
the  largest  in  Umatilla  county  is  that  of  Mr.  John  Gumming,  who  carries  a  complete 
stock  of  goods  valued  at  more  than  $20,000.  Mr.  Gumming  recently  came  to  Weston 
from  Goldcndale,  Washington,  where  he  held  for  two  years  the  office  of  treasurer  of 
Klickitat  county.  Mr.  Gumming  has  had  20  years'  experience  in  the  general  mer- 
chandise business,  and  be  is  rapidly  building  up  a  large  trade  in  his  new  quarters  at 
Weston. 

Milton,  Oregfoil. — Milton,  in  Umatilla  county,  Oregon,  is  a  picturesque  little 
town  on  the  line  of  the  Washington  division  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad.  It  is  267 
miles  east  of  Portland  and  is  10  miles  wvst  of  Walla  Walla.  The  business  of  the 
town  is  done  on  one  long,  wide  street.  This  street  is  well  shaded  and  it  forms  one  of 
the  most  attractive  main  thoroughfares  of  any  of  the  Eastern  Oregon  towns. 

Running  parallel  with  the  main  street  of  Milton,  and  at  an  average  distance  of 
aljout  1,000  feet  apart,  is  the  Walla  Walla  river,  one  of  the  large  streaiiis  ot  this  sec- 
tion. The  river  has  a  fall  at  this  point  which  insures  power  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses. This  power  is  now  utilized  for  running  two  flouring  mills  and  a  foundry, 
which  constitute  the  manufacturing  industries  of  the  place. 

Milton  is  not  a  large  business  center,  but  the  trade  of  the  town  is  in  a  healthy 
channel.  In  addition  to  a  number  of  stores,  the  place  supports  one  bank,  two  hotels 
and  a  livery  stable.  A  weekly  newspaper,  T/ie  Eagle y  is  published  at  this  point. 
The  public  school  occupies  a  six-room  building  and  is  in  charge  of  four  teachers. 
The  religious  denominations  represented  at  Milton  are  the  Methodists,  Baptists  and 
Seventh  Day  Adventists. 

The  country  surrounding  Milton  is  highly  productive,  the  chief  products  being 
grain  and  fruit.  The  strawberries  raised  here  are  unexcelled  in  either  quality  or  size. 
During  the  past  season  a  carload  of  strawberries  was  shipped  each  day  from  Milton. 
These  shipments  having  been  male  as  far  east  as  Helena  and  Butte,  Montana.  Mil- 
ton has  always  been  a  flourishing  little  center  of  trade,  and,  as  before  stated,  the 
business  handled  at  this  point  is  all  on  a  perfectly  healthy  basis. 

TjU  (iraiKle,  Oregon. —  La  Grande,  although  not  the  county  seat,  is  the 
largest  town  in  Union  county.  Its  present  population  is  about  3,500.  It  is  situated 
on  the  west  side  jf  the  Grand  Ronde  valley,  and  it  is  the  principal  supply  point  for  a 

section  of  country  whose  area  is  estimated 
to  be  500  square  miles.  The  trade  of  this 
district  includes  everj'thing  that  a  marvel- 
ously  fertile  soil,  favored  by  an  equable 
climate,  will  produce.  Ghief  among  the 
productions  of  the  territory  tributary  to  La 
Grande  are  grain,  hay,  hops,  fruit  and  vege- 
tables, as  well  as  wool,  hides,  cattle,  sheep 
and  horses,  and  lumber.  Within  a  radius  of 
20  miles  of  La  Grande  there  are  no  less  than 
25  sawmills,  whose  output  during  the  cutting  season  is  from  10,000  to  100,000  feet 
each  per  day. 

La  Grande  is  the  end  of  a  division  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  and  is  305  miles 


PHOTO.    B>    F.   W.   WOOD. 


Depot  STntET,  L*  orande,  Looking  North. 


easti 
Oral 
estal 
atx}t 
this! 

strce 

city  I 

A  wi 

depji 

the 

ncari 

gallc 

best 

ougl 

elect 

here 


La  Grande,  Oregon. 


285 


PMOTO.  BV  F.  W.  tftOOO. 


"■'^^■^•■. 


Adams  Avenue,  La  Grande,  Lookinq  East. 


east  of  Portland  by  this  line.  A  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  extends  out  from  La 
Grande  to  Elgin,  in  Indian  valley,  a  distance  of  22  miles.  The  I'nion  Pacific  has 
established  repair  shops,  n  ind  houses, coal  bunkers,  etc.,  at  La  Grande,  at  a  cost  of 
alx}Ut  $100,000.  About  200  men  are  regularly  employed  in  the  company's  shops  tit 
this  point  and  the  monthly  pay-roll  averages  about  |25,ofjn. 

La  Grande  is  fully  abreast  of  the  times  in  all  modern  ..improvements.  The  ma'u 
streets  of  the  city  are  100  feet  wide  and  they  arc  well  macac;  nmi/ed  with  gravel.  The 
city  contains  30  brick  business  blocks  made  attractive  by  gracefully  designed  fronts. 
A  water-works  plant,  built  by  the  city  at  a  cost  of  '  0,000,  and  a  well  equipped  fire 
department,  are  recent  additions  to  the  city's  improvcmen; -.  The  water  supply  of 
the  city  is  fore;,!  from  a  series  of  wells  near  the  Gran  I  Rjnde  river  to  a  reservoir 
near  the  city,  with  a  capacity  of  1,500,000 
gallc 'v^.  The  streets,  business  houses  and 
best  private  residences  of  the  city  are  thor- 
oughly lighted  by  electricity.  The  efficient 
electric  light  plant  was  recently  completed 
here  at  a  cost  of  $37,000. 

LaGrande  contains  one  roller-process 
flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  u;o 
barrels,  three  planing-mills  and  a  number 
of  smaller  manufacturing  enterprises.  The 
Grand  Roude  river  furnishes  during  nearly 
the  entire  year  150  horse  power  available  for 
manufacturing  purposes  here,  but  this  power 
is  not  being  utilized  at  the  present  time. 

The  various  mercantile  pursuits  at  LaGrande  are  conducted  by  an  enterprising 
class  of  business  men.  Two  national  banks,  with  a  capital  stock  of  |6o,ooo  each,  are 
located  at  this  point.  The  city  also  supports  three  weekly  newspapers,  'Hie  La 
Grande  Gazette,  The  Grand  Ronde  Chronicle  and  The  Union  County  Farmer.  La 
Grande  contains  a  neat  little  opera  house  and  two  brick  hotels,  one  of  which.  The 
Foley  House,  was  recently  enacted  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  This  hotel  is  strictly  modern 
in  all  its  appointments  and  is  heated  throughout  by  steam  and  lighted  b}  electricity. 
In  addition  to  the  above,  there  are  also  two  smaller  hotels  conducted  in  the  place. 

The  public  schools  of  LaGrande  are  conducted  in  a  large  handsome  building  of 
six  rooms  and  in  two  wooden  buildings  of  four  rooms  each.  The  main  school  build- 
ing was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $12,000.  A  principal  and  a  staff  of  11  assistant  teachers 
are  employed  in  the  public  schools  here.  The  courset  of  study  taught  range  from 
the  primary  to  the  high  school.  The  average  daily  attendance  of  scholars  at  the  pub- 
lic schools  of  the  city  is  about  625.  The  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Baptist,  Episcopal 
and  Catholic  organizations  own  their  own  church  buildings  at  LaGrande.  The  gross 
assessed  valuation  of  taxable  property  in  LaGrande  for  1892  was  $1,500,000  and  the 
total  bonded  indebtedness  of  the  city  at  the  present  time  is  $50,000. 

During  the  past  three  years  LaGrande  has  made  very  substantial  progress.  In 
1889,  35  new  private  residences  were  erected  here  ;  the  following  year  152  new  resi- 
dences were  completed.  In  189T,  183  private  dwellings  were  added,  and  in  1892  this 
was  still  further  increased  by  the  erection  of  100  more.  LaGrande  is  the  trading 
center  of  a  rich  section  of  country  and  its  growth  during  the  past  few  years  has  been 
no  more  rapid  than  it  is  expected  it  will  be  in  the  immediate  future. 


'     I 


286 


The  Oregonian' i.  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


HOTEL  Foley, L*  Grande. 


LaGrande  boasts  of  having  one  of  the  finest  hotels  in  the  state  outside  of  Portland. 
The  Hotel   Foley  at  this  point,  an  illustration  of  which  appears  in  connection  with 

the  present  article,  is  a  handsome  three-story 
brick  structure,  occupying  one  of  the  most 
prominent  corners  in  I^aGrande.  The  house  is 
heated  throughout  with  steam  and  it  contains 
50  elegantly-furnished  rooms,  ail  of  which  are 
lighted  by  electricity.  Free  sample-rooms  are 
provided  for  the  convenience  of  couimercial 
travelers.  The  Hotel  Foley  was  erecte*.'  in  1891 
at  a  cost  of  $30,000  by  the  present  proprietor, 
J.  E.  Foley.  Mr.  Foley  is  an  experienced  hotel 
manager  and  has  earned  a  patronage  for  his 
excellent  hostelry  such  as  is  won  only  by  first- 
class  accommodations  and  thoroughly  courteous 
treatment  of  guests.  The  rates  at  the  Hotel 
Foley  are  from  $2  to  I2.50  per  day. 
Since  the  above  was  written  the  city  of  L,aGrande  has  signed  a  contract  with  the 
LaGrande  Electric  Light  Company  for  lighting  the  city  by  electric  lamps.  Twenty 
1,200-candle  power  arc  lights  will  b'j  used  for  this  purpose. 

lEIjsrIii,  Oregon. — Elgin,  in  Union  county,  is  the  present  terminus  of  the 
Elgin  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  which  leaves  the  main  line  at  La  Grande, 
20  miles  south  of  Elgin.  The  town  is  situated  in  Indian  valley,  an  arm  of  the  Grand 
Ronde  valley,  and  one  of  the  most  fertile  spots  in  Eastern  Oregon.  This  valley  is, 
about  16  miles  long  by  eight  miles  wide.  The  principal  shipments  from  Elgin  com- 
prise wheat,  lumber  and  live  stock.  The  town  is  the  result  of  but  three  years'  growth 
and  it  contains  today  a  population  of  about  300. 

Within  a  radius  of  four  miles  of  Elgin  are  located  four  sawmills  which  are  kept 
busy  manufacturing  lumber  and  railroad  ties  for  the  Union  Pacific.  tiese  mills 
give  a  constant  employment  to  a  large  number  of  men  and  add  materially  to  the 
wealth  of  Elgin.  Located  at  this  point  an-  the  usual  number  of  stores  found  iu 
small  towns  and  business  here  is  generally  good.  The  town  has  two  hotels,  two 
livery  stables  and  a  weekly  paper.  The  Elgin  Record  Three  teachers  are  employed 
in  the  public  schools  at  Elgin  and  the  average  daily  attendance  of  scholars  is  about 
100.  The  Baptist  and  Methodist  organizations  own  church  buildings  at  this  point. 
The  completion  of  the  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  to  Elgin  in  1889  made  the  town 
and  greatly  aided  the  development  of  the  tributary  district,  and  it  is  this  road 
which  will  greatly  add  to  the  material  advancement  of  this  part  of  the  state  in 
the  future. 

l^nion,  Orejjfoii. — Union  is  the  judicial  seat  of 
one  of  the  richest  counties  in  mineral  and  agricultural 
resources  in  P^astern  Oregon.  It  is  situated  near  the  cen- 
ter of  Unioii  county,  at  the  southern  extremity  of  the 
rich  Grand  Ronde  valley,  and  on  Catharine  creek,  which 
furnishes  at  this  point  valuable  water  power  for  manu- 
facturing purposes.  Union  is  on  the  line  of  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad,  318  miles  east  of  Tortland.  The  town 
has  a  population  of  about  800  and  is  a  prosperous  busi- 
ness community. 


and 

ing 

sch( 

sch( 

tem 

use 

the 

pres 

city 

tal  f 

fire 

here 

the 


Public  School,  Union. 


<u 


Union  County,  Oregon. 


287 


'■<m<^^^-<ii^ 


UNION  County  Court  house,  Unick 


Prominent  among  the  notable  buildings  of  Union  are  the  court  house,  city  hall, 
and  public  school.  All  of  these  are  fine  brick  structures.  The  public  school  l)uild- 
ing  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  |2o,aoo  and  it  is  one  of  the  best  arranged  buildings  for 
school  work  in  the  state.  The  schools  here  are  graded  from  the  primary  to  the  high 
school  course,  and  they  are  taught  by  five  teachers.  The  city  has  a  fine  gravity  sys- 
tem of  water  works,  recently  completed  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  The  water  fur  city 
use  is  taken  from  a  point  on  Catherine  creek,  a  pure  mountain  stream,  two  miles  from 
the  city,  and  from  this  point  it  is  conducted  through  a  lo-inch  main  under  a  vertical 
pressure  of  1 10  feet  to  the  city.  The  city  thus  avoids  all  expense  for  pumping.  The 
city  has  its  own  water  for  municipal  purposes  furnished  free  and  it  derives  a  good  ren- 
tal for  the  use  of  private  pipe  lines.  Union  has  expended  $2,000  in  the  purchase  of 
fire  apparatus,  and  a  well  drilled  and  equipped  volunteer  fire  department  is  maintained 
here.  The  place  also  enjoys  all  the  benefits  of  an  eflScient  electric  light  plant, 
the  system  covering  both  the  streets,  the  private  residences  and    the  stores. 

All  business  in  Union  is  in  a  prosperous  condition.  In 
addition  to  several  large  general  merchandise  stores,  the  town 
supports  one  strong  national  bank  and  a  number  of  manufac- 
turing enterprises,  including  a  roller-process  flouring  mil!,  a 
planing  mill  and  a  sawmill.  T/ie  Unioti  Republican,  a  repre- 
sentative journal,  and  The  Oregon  Scout,  two  well  edited  weekly 
newspapers,  are  published  here.  Handsome  church  edifices 
are  owned  at  Union  by  the  Presbyterians,  Methodists  and  Epis- 
copalians. The  Baptists  also  have  an  organization  at  this  point, 
but  they  have  no  church  building  of  their  own.  The  traveling 
public  is  cared  for  by  one  good  hotel  and  two  livery  stables. 

Union  is  the  center  of  a  considerable  trade.  Daily  stages  connect  this  point  with 
Medical  Springs,  Sanger  and  Cornucopia.  The  Union  Railway  Company's  motor 
line  connects  the  town  with  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific,  whose  depot  is  two 
miles  distant.  Negotiations  are  now  pending  which  have  in  view  the  extension  of 
this  short  line  of  road  to  the  heavy  timber  belt  a  few  miles  east  of  Union.  The  prin- 
cipal shipments  from  Union  are  live  stock,  wool,  hay,  grain  and  lumber. 

In  another  article  on  the  mineral  productions  and  agricultural  resources  of  l^nion 
county,  will  be  found  valuable  information  on  the  wealth  of  this  part  of  the  state, 
which  is  the  main  ^.ay  of  Union's  prosperity  and  which  insures  this  point  the  pros- 
perity which  it  ha:)  always  enjoyed. 

Unloii  County,  Oroj^oM. — Union  county  is  situated  east  of  Umatilla.  A 
small  part  of  the  northern  boundary  touches  the  state  of  Washington.  The  county 
reaches  south  along  th^  eastern  boundary  of  Umatilla,  it  touches  the  northern  boun- 
dary of  Baker  on  the  south  and  reaches  the  boundarv  line  of  the  state  of  Idaho  on 
the  east.  Wallowa  county  was  carved  out  of  the  extreme  northeastern  part  of 
Union  in  1887.  The  Union  Pacific  railroad  runs  through  Union  county  in  a  north- 
western nd  southeastern  direction,  and  taps  the  most  fertile  lands  of  this  part  of 
the  state. 

Union  county  contains  1,955,000  acres  of  land  of  which  about  r,497,ocjo  acres  are 
surveyed.  The  unsurveyed  portion  of  the  country  is  principally  mountainous,  but 
is  v'>.luable  for  its  timber  resources,  for  its  minerals  and  for  grazing  purposes.  The  lar- 
gest single  body  of  agricultural  land  in  the  county  is  the  C.and  Ronde  valley. 
This  valley  contains  300,000  acres  of  highly  productive  land.     The  Grand  Ronde 


->i«;t 


l;« 


288 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


river  flows  through  this  valley  from  southwest  to  northeast.  The  soil  here  is  adapted 
to  the  cultivation  of  grain,  hay,  hops,  fruit  and  vegetables.  All  these  products  of 
the  soil,  in  addition  to  flour,  bacon,  wool,  hides,  horses,  cattle,  sheep  and  lumber  are 
shipped  in  large  quantities  from  the  valley.  The  other  smaller  valleys,  the  soils  of 
which  are  of  the  same  high  quality  as  that  of  the  Grand  Ronde  valley,  are  Pine, 
Eagle,  Powder  River,  Clover  Creek,  Starkey  Prairie  and  Indian. 

The  rainfall  in  Union  county  is  sufficient  to  insure  large  crops  each  season,  so 
that  irrigation  here  is  unnecessary.  The  climate  is  equable,  the  winters  being  dryer 
and  colder  than  they  are  in  the  western  part  of  the  state.  The  soil  here  is  generally 
of  an  alluvial  nature  and  a  sandy  loam  from  3  to  20  feet  in  depth.  The  average 
yield  of  wheat  to  the  acre  in  the  county  runs  from  20  to  60  bushels  to  the  acre,  oa*.s 
40  to  80,  and  barley  produces  40  to  90  bushels  to  the  acre.  The  stock  interests  in 
the  county  have  always  been  large,  and  the  mild  w'nters,  extensive  ranges  and 
abundance  of  water  combine  to  make  this  a  favorite  ysrt  of  the  state  for  stock- 
men. The  prices  of  land  in  Union  county  range  from  $10  an  acre  and  upwards 
for  improved  valley  lands,  and  unimproved  land  sells  for  from  $6  an  acre  up.  There 
is  room  in  the  county  for  a  much  larger  population  than  now  resides  here,  and  this 
with  other  parts  of  Eastern  Oregon  is  worthy  the  attention  of  the  large  immigra- 
tion now  pouring  into  the  West. 

Baker  City,  Oregon. — Baker  Cit  the  seat  of  Baker  county,  is  situated  at 
the  head  of  Powder  River  valley,  on  the  stream  of  the  same  name.     Baker  City  in 

also  on  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Paci- 
fic railroad,  357  miles  east  of  Portland, 
and  it  is  today  one  of  the  leading  centers 
of  population  and  wealth  in  Eastern 
Oregon.  The  present  population  of  Baker 
City  is  about  3,000.  The  city  is  well  laid 
out,  the  streets  being  wide  and  well  kept, 
the  principal  buildings  used  for  busi- 
ness purposes  are  handsome  brick  and 
stone  structures,  and  a  number  of  tlie 
private  residences  of  the  city  will  com- 
pare vei  y  favorably  with  some  of  the  ele- 
gant residences  of  Portland. 
Powder  River  valley,  in  which  Baker  City  is  located,  is  about  25  miles  long  by 
12  miles  in  width.  It  is  well  watered  by  the  Powder  river  and  its  tributaries,  and  is 
highly  fertile.  The  Powder  river  furnishes  a  large  available  water  power  at  Baker 
City,  which  has  not  been  utilized  to  any  extent  up  to  the  present  time.  Baker 
City's  manufacturing  enterpri'-es,  at  the  present  writing,  are  limited  to  an  iron  foun- 
dry and  three  planing  mills.  Within  two  miles  of  the  city,  however,  are  the  mills 
of  the  Oregon  Lumber  Company,  which  have  a  daily  capacity  of  from  50,000  to 
75,oco  feet  of  lumber.  Another  sawmill  in  the  district  immediately  tributary  to 
Baker  City  saws  about  25,000  feet  of  lumber  a  day.  Timber  is  one  of  the  valuable 
products  of  Baker  county,  and  the  supply  of  fine  merchantable  timber  here  is  prac- 
ticably inexhaustible.  A  short  line  of  railroad,  25  miles  in  length,  now  runs  oiil 
from  Baker  City  into  the  great  Blue  Mountain  timber  belt,  in  the  Sumpter  valley 
district.  The  mountain  terminus  of  the  road  is  at  McCune,  which  is  a  logginjr 
camp  of  considerable  importance.     This  road  does  a  large  and  constantly  increasing 


FRONT  Street,  baker  City. 


busint 
diatelj 

Til 
ure  of  I 
one  of  I 
schoolJ 
taughtl 
from  tf 
tendanl 
schools 
emic  cl 
Episcoj 
at  Bakt 

Th< 
wells, 
high  to 
from  th 
pleted  i 
to  meet 
city  is  a 
additioi 
light  ph 
house  w 
tion  wit 
here  vea 


>   , 


Baker  City,  Oregon. 


289 


PHOTO.   BY  MAZELTINE. 


Public  School,  Baker  Citv. 


business,  and  its  construction  has  done  much  to  develop  the  fine  timber  belt  imme- 
diately tributary  to  Baker  City. 

The  climate  of  this  part  of  the  state  is  exceedingly  healthful,  the  excessive  moist- 
ure of  the  western  part  of  the  state  being  altogether  avoided  here.  Baker  City  has 
one  of  the  best  public  school  systems  of  the  state.  The  public 
schools  here  are  conducted  in  a  large  brick  building,  and  are 
taught  by  a  force  of  12  teachers.  The  courses  of  study  run 
from  the  primary  to  the  high  school.  The  average  daily  at- 
tendance of  scholars  is  about  5(X).  In  addition  to  the  public 
schools,  a  Catholic  institution  of  learning  provides  an  acad- 
emic course  of  study.  The  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Baptist, 
Episcopal  and  Catholic  organizations  own  church  buildings 
at  Baker  City. 

The  water  supply  of  Baker  City  is  obtained  from  artesian 
wells.  A  large  reservoir  occupies  an  eminence  sufficiently 
high  to  afford  a  pressure  that  will  throw  a  stream   of  water 

from  the  city's  mains  a  distance  of  180  feet.  The  water-works  plant  was  com- 
pleted at  a  cost  of  $80,000,  and  it  is  unnecessary  to  state  that  it  is  more  than  ample 
to  meet  the  demands  of  the  city  for  water  for  many  years  in  the  future.  The 
city  is  afforded  every  protection  against  fire  in  a  well  drilled  fire  department.  In 
addition  to  the  efficient  water-works  plant.  Baker  City  boasts  of  a  fine  electric 
light  plant,  gas  works,  a  street  line  of  railway,  a  fine  brick  court  house,  and  an  opera 
house  with  a  seating  capacity  of  800.  A  good  race  track  is  maintained  in  connec- 
tion with  the  county  fair  grounds,  on  the  outskirts  of  the  city,  and  the  gatherings 
here  yearly  are  largely  attended. 

The  Baker  City  Democrat,  run  by  Messrs.  Bowen  &  Small,  is  an  ably  edited  daily 
and  weekly  newspaper.  In  addition  to  The  Democrat,  The  Weekly  Oregon  Blade  \s 
also  published  at  Baker  City.  ■  The  city  contains  two  large  hotels  and  a  number  of 
well-stocked  livery  stables.  The  mining,  stock-raising  and  lumbcrine  interests  of 
the  country  tributary  to  Baker  City  are  heavy,  and  constitute  a  large  part  of  the 
revenues  which  regularly  flow  to  this  point.  The  business  men  of  the  city  are  wide- 
awake, and  it  is  to  the  efforts  of  these  men  that  Baker  City's  prosperity  has  been 
chiefiy  due.  Tributary  to  the  city  are  also  some  of  the  finest  mines  on  the  coast. 
During  1892  the  output  of  the  niines  tributary  to  this  point  amounted  to  f 300,000. 
During  the  same  year  the  two  banks  of  Baker  City  handled  about  1400,000  in  gold 
taken  out  of  this  mineral  belt,  but  a  part  of  this  gold  was  from  the  rich  placer  niines 
of  this  district.  New  and  valuable  discoveries  of  gold  are  constantly  being  made  in 
this  section,  and  an  increased  amount  of  development  work  is  done  with  each  suc- 
cessive year.  The  mines  now  tributary  to  Baker  City  promise  to  continue  to  be  a 
great  .source  of  revenue  to  the  city,  and  the  development  of  these  mining  properties 
will  do  much  to  encourage  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  all  Eastern  Oregon. 

At  the  head  of  the  municipal  government  of  Baker  City  is  Mayor  C.  A.  Johns, 
who  is  also  a  prominent  attorney  of  the  latter  place.  Mr.  Johns  is  a  graduate  of  the 
Willamette  University,  which  institution  conferred  on  him  the  degree  of  A.  M.  At  the 
age  of  21  Mr.  Johns  held  the  office  of  deputy  sheriff  of  Marion  county.  Later  he 
moved  to  Polk  cou"'  :,  where  he  was  appointed  to  the  office  of  county  judgi.  Six 
years  ngo  Mr.  John^  A^as  attracted  by  the  rapid  growth  and  development  of  1  astern 
Oregon  and  located  in  Baker  City.     From  the  fact  that  Johns  it  Rand  are  now  con- 


t! 


1 


290 


The  Orcgoninn's  IJuiidbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


C.  A.  JOHNS,  B»KEH  City. 


sidercd  one  of  the  most  successful  law  firms 
iu  Eastern  Oregon,  it  is  hut  natural  that  Mr. 
Johns  should  have  unlimited  confidence  in  the 
future  prosperity  of  Haker  Cit)-,  which  is  the 
most  central  point  of  supply  for  a  vast  min- 
ing and  agricultural  district. 

The  First  National  Bank  of  Baker  City  was 
organized  in  1S93,  with  a  capital  of  |75,<.x)o. 
Its  officers  arc  Levi  Ankcny,  president;  Walter 
l-'eriiald,  vice-jiresident  ;  J.  H.  Parker,  cashier, 
and  T.  W.  Downing,  assistant  cashier.  The 
business  success  of  the  I'inU  National  Bank 
has  been  somewhat  remarkable,  as  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  its  present  surplus  and  undivided 
profits  reach  the  handsome  sum  of  |iii,uoo. 
During  the  past  year  this  bank  handled  more 
than  $225, (XXI  in  gold  oljtained  from  the  KIk- 

horn,  Bonanza,  Virtue  and  other  quartz  mines  and  placer  mines,  which  are  directly 

tributary  to  Baker  City. 

due  of  the  most  imposing  structures  in  Eastern  Oregon   is  the  large  thrce-storv 

brick  Hotel  Warshauer,  erected  at  a  cost  of  )j^7o,ooo  and  located  at  Baker  City.    I,ouis 

F.  Cook  is  the  successful  proprietor  of  this  fine  hotel.     The  house  contains  80  rooms 

elegantly  fitted  up,  several  of  which  are  arranged  iu  suites,  and  all  are  provided  with 

electric  lights.     Mr.  Cook  is  a  hotel  man  of  long  experience  and  he  has  succeeded  in 

making  the    Ilottl    Warshauer  one   of  the   most  popular  cv  "avansaries  in  Eastern 

Oregon.    Commercial  travelers  and  mining  men  make 

the  Hotel  Warshauer  their   headcjuarters  while  doing 

business  either  in  Baker  City    or  in    the.neighborii 

towns.    The  Hotel  Warshauer  is  strictly  modern 

in  each  of  its  appointments,  and  the  courtesies 

and   attention    shown  its  many   patrons  make 

the  hotel  a  source  of  much  pride  to  Baker  City. 
The  recent   mining  developments   in   the 

country  tributary  to   Baker  City  are  attracting 

such    widc-sjircad    attention    that  the   Ivastern 

Oregon    Mining    Bureau    has    been    formed   at 

Baker  City.    Mr.  James  1".  Ferguson  is  secretary 

of  this  organization    and  is  prepared  to  furnisli 

information    regarding   the   mines   of    Ivastern 

Oregon.     Mr.  Ferguson  is  also   a   mining   and 

real   estate  broker  and,  having  lived  in  Baker 

City  for  more  than  24  years,  is  thoroughly  posted  on  mining  and  realty  values. 

IJukor  t'oiinly,  <)rt'«;«ni. — Baker  county  is  situated  on  the  eastern  border  ot 

the  state.     It  comprises  an  area  of  i,3cx3,(x)0  acres.     The  present  population  of  tin- 

county  is  about  7,(kx).     Union  county  bounds  Baker  on  the  north  ;  the  state  of  Idaho 

is  the  dividing  line  on  the  cast ;  it  is  bounded  by  Malheur  on  the  south,  and  by 

Grant  county  on   the  west.     It    is  watered  by  two   important  streams,    Powdi  1   and 

Burnt  rivers.     The  county  is  crossed  diagonally  by  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  which 

furnishes  an  available  outlet  for  the  products  of  the  county  both  cast  and  west. 


Hotel  wahshauer,  Baker  Citv, 


Mines,  Union  and  liakcr  Counties,  Oregon. 


291 


The  climate  of  Baker  county  is  healthful  and  the  soil  is  adapted  to  the  growth  of 
almost  everything  common  to  the  temperate  zone.  The  Powder  River  valley  occu- 
pies the  central  portion  of  the  county  and  is  the  most  important  agricultural  district 
of  the  county.  This  valley  covers  an  area  25  x  12  miles,  and  the  attention  of  the  set- 
tlers here  is  directed  principally  to  agricultural  pursuits  and  stock  raising.  The 
general  elevation  of  the  county  is  probably  greater  than  that  of  any  other  portion  of 
the  state.  In  the  valleys  of  the  county  wheat,  vegetables  and  fruit  are  raised  in  con- 
siderable quantities.  The  agricultural  products  of  the  county  are  increasing  with 
its  population,  and  the  possibilities  for  agricultural  development  in  the  county  are 
great.  The  raising  of  cattle,  sheep  and  high-bred  horses  is  carried  on  in  the  county 
to  a  large  extent,  and  the  climate  seems  to  be  especially  adapte<l  to  successful  cattle 
raising.  Instances  are  on  record  where  cattle  have  grazed  in  some  of  the  valleys  of 
the  county  for  15  years  past  without  other  sources  of  food  supply  than  are  afforded  on 
the  grazing  grounds.  The  timber  resources  of  Baker  county  are  very  valuable,  and 
a  number  of  sawmills  are  busily  engaged  in  manufacturing  lumber  here  for  both  the 
Eastern  and  Western  markets,  as  well  as  supplying  the  local  demand.  The  mineral 
resources  of  the  county  are  sufficiently  important  to  call  for  a  special  article  on 
the  mines  of  this  part  of  the  state,  which  will  be  found  following  this  article. 

The  lands  of  certain  portions  of  Baker  county  are  valuable  for  agricultural  pur- 
poses only  when  irrigated,  but  where  water  can  be  brought  to  these  lands  they  are 
among  the  most  productive  in  the  state.  One  or  two  irrigating  companies  have  been 
formed  during  the  past  year  whose  object  is  to  perfect  a  system  of  irrigation  that  will 
reclaim  much  of  this  arid  .section.  Baker  is  a  rich  and  prosperous  county,  the  total 
assessed  valuation  of  property  in  the  county,  during  1S91,  having  been  13,198, 157. 
The  development  of  the  rich  mines  of  the  county  has  attracted  considerable  attention 
to  this  part  of  the  state  during  the  past  few  years,  and  it  is  highly  probable  that 
Baker  county  will  make  steady  and  substantial  development  in  population  and  wealth 
for  many  years  in  the  future. 

Minos  ami   iMiiiln^  In  Union  and   llaker  Counties,  Orojiyon.— 

The  fo''""'tng  statistics  showing  the  gold  and  silver  output  of  the  mines  of  Union 
county  during  1S92  are  compiled  frotn  the  report  of  the  director  of  the  mint  for  that 
year.  It  is  significant  in  this  connection  that  Union  county  is  one  of  the  most  prom- 
ising mineral-producing  counties  of  the  state.  The  output  of  Union  county  in  1892 
was  as  follows:  gold,  1753,715;  silver,  |i,gtK.),  a  total  of  1755,615.  The  output  of 
gold  and  silver  in  the  county  the  previous  year  was  as  follows:  gold,  1625,956  ; 
silver,  $,^,500,  or  a  total  of  $629,456.  .'\  large  part  of  the  gold  and  silver  produced  in 
the  county  during  1892  was  taken  out  of  the  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Sparta. 

During  1S92  the  following  were  the  heaviest  producing  mines  of  the  county  : 
Cornucopia,  |;2o,9ckj  ;  Little  Pittsburg,  |45,ooo;  Windsor,  $25,000;  Union  Tunnel 
Company,  $22,500  ;  Gold  Ridge  Company,  $35,000 ;  PVee  Thinker,  $25,000  ,  Arkansas 
Belle,  $30,000;  Dolly  Varden,  $45,o-)o  ;  New  Gem,  $2o,ojo  ;  Sanger  Group,  $275,000; 
Golden  Eagle,  $20,000;  Placers  and  Chinese,  $85,000. 

Baker  and  Union  counties  form  the  largest  mineral-producing  section  of  Ore- 
gon. During  1S91  the  output  of  48  mines  and  mining  localities  was  as  follows  : 
Gold,  $873,058  ;  silver.  $217,833  or  a  total  of  $1,090,891.  The  report  to  the  directors 
of  the  mint  for  1892  stated  that  all  efforts  to  get  satisfactory  replies  to  letters  ad- 
dressed   to    22    mining    companies  in  here    had    failed.     Thirty-seven    mines  and 


ji      ,J 


m 


292 


The  Oregonian's  Haiuibook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


mining  localities  iu  Baker  county  for  iSg?  made  the  following  showing  :  gold, 
$367,587  ;  silver,  $3,256  or  a  total  of  $370,843.  This  showed  a  decrease  in  the  output 
over  that  of  the  previous  year.     The  figures  for  1893  are  not  yet  obtainable. 

The  decrease  in  the  output  of  silver  here  as  elsewhere,  is  attributed  to  the  pre- 
vailing low  price  of  that  metal.  Several  of  the  largest  silver-producing  properties  in 
the  county  remained  closed  during  1892,  and  there  is  but  little  prospect  of  these  prop- 
erties resuming  operations  until  the  price  of  silver  advances. 

Prominent  among  the  heavy  producing  mining  properties  of  tht  county  for  1S92 
were  the  following;  White  Swan,  $72,642.72;  Eagle  No.  i,  gold,  $i9,o(JO,  silver, 
$3,250;  Bonanza,  $54,994.25  ;  Bradley,  $20,000;  I<)lkhorn,  $16,500,  and  Chinese  pro- 
duced during  the  same  year  about  $53,000.   • 

Gold  placer  mines  were  discovered  iu  Baker  and  I'niou  counties  more  than  40 
years  ago,  and  th*:  output  of  the  placers  in  these  two  counties  up  to  the  present  time 
is  estimated  to  have  been  no  less  than  $20,000,000.  The  surface  diggin>^s  were 
worked  out  pretty  thoroughly  during  the  first  10  years  of  mining  operations  here  and 
the  problem  of  working  deeper  in  the  gravel  here  can  only  be  solved  by  the  success 
of  hydraulic  mining  of  these  properties.  Hydraulic  mining,  however,  requires  large 
capital,  and  until  capitalists  become  interested  in  the  development  of  the  deep  placers 
in  this  part  of  the  state,  placer-mining  on  a  large  scale  will  not  be  successfully 
conducted. 

There  is  but  little  free-gold  quartz  found  in  Eastern  Oregon.  The  numerous  five  , 
ten  and  twenty-stamp  mills  now  lying  idle  scattered  along  the  banks  of  the  Snake 
river  as  far  as  Canyon  City,  are  monuments  to  the  truth  of  this  statement.  In  this 
district,  however,  are  numerous  veins  of  base,  low-grade  sulphuret  ores  varying  in 
length  from  a  few  feet  to  many  miles  and  from  a  few  inches  to  20  and  even  30  feet  in 
width.  These  sulphurets  when  concentrated  are  worth  from  a  few  cents  to  $4  a  pound. 
While  the  sulphurets  have  a  great  range  of  value,  it  has  been  found  that  a  majority 
of  these  ores  are  high  enough  in  grade  to  stand  the  expense  ofshipment  and  still 
leave  a  handsome  profit  to  the  mine  owners.  Union  and  Baker  counties  are  rich  in 
many  valuable  mining  properties  now  lying  idle,  and  as  soon  as  capital  becomes  in- 
terested in  this  section  this  will  be  one  of  the  greatest  mineral-producing  belts  of  the 
coast. 

To  Mining?  Men.— James  W.  Virtue,  tht  well-known  mining  man  of  the 
state,  with  headquarters  at  No.  225  Stark  street,  Portland,  has  had  the  advantage  of 
25  years'  experience  in  the  mines  of  Oregon.  Mr.  Virtue  was  the  mining  commis- 
sioner of  Oregon  to  the  Philadelphia  and  New  Orleans  world  expositions  and  he  also 
made  the  valuable  exhibits  at  the  Portland  exposition  for  three  years.  Mr.  Virtue 
examines  mines  and  renders  careful  reports,  and  he  can  furnish  all  desired  informa- 
tion on  the  mines  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

IIiliitln|?t(>n,  Oroj<on. — Huntington,  i  ■.  Baker  county,  is  situated  within  two 
miles  of  Snake  river,  which  is  the  dividing  line  between  the  states  of  Oregon  and 
Idaho.  It  is  the  end  of  a  division  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  and  is  404  miles  east 
of  Portland.  It  is  also  the  end  of  an  important  division  of  the  railway  mail  service, 
east  and  west-bound  postal  clerks  changing  at  this  point. 

Huntington  is  really  a  railroad  town.  The  railroad  repair  shops  of  the  Union 
Pacific  are  located  here,  as  are  the  round  house  and  other  important  buildings.  The 
Union  Pacific  regularly  disburses  here  every  month  all  the  way  from  $2,500  to  $4,000. 


In 

Sua 

of  w 

a  CO 

a  di 

stag 

lattc 

tribi 

five 

and 

Nit! 

ingtc 

mac 

adva 


St.  Helens,  Oregon. 


293 


In  addition  to  this  source  of  revenue  Huntington  is  also  the  trading  point  for  the 
Snake  river  valley  and  Harney  river  valley  agricultural  districts,  the  chief  products 
of  which  are  grain  and  fruit.  During  the  past  year  a  steamboat  was  constructed  at 
a  cost  of  $25,000  to  run  between  Huntington  and  the  Seven  Devils  copper  district, 
a  distance  of  70  miles,  and  the  steamer  is  now  plying  regularly  on  this  route.  A 
stage  line  is  also  operated  from  Huntington  to  Mineral  City,  25  miles  distant,  at  which 
latter  point  are  located  two  large  smelters.  The  two  points  above  named  are  directly 
tributary  to  Huntington.  The  town  now  has  a  population  of  about  500.  It  contains 
five  brick  business  blocks,  a  brick  school  house,  just  completed  at  a  cost  of  $7,000, 
and  a  handsome  Congregational  church.  The  town  supports  one  weekly  paper,  T/ie 
HuntiHgton  Herald.  The  traveling  public  finds  excellent  accommodations  at  Hunt- 
ington in  one  good  hotel  and  three  well  stocked  livery  stables.  Huntington  has 
made  a  most  encouraging  growth  during  the  past  few  years  and  the  prospects  for 
advancement  at  this  point  in  the  near  future  are  very  encouraging. 

8t.  Helens,  Orefyoii. — St.  Helens,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Columbia  county, 
is  located  on  the  Columbia  river,  27  miles  distant  from  Portland  by  the  water  route. 
It  is  also  reached  by  means  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  via  a  short  stage  con- 
nection at  Milton,  the  distance  between  St.  Helens  and  Portland  by  the  laud  route 
being  about  the  same  as  it  is  by  water.  All  steamers  plying  on  the  lower  Columbia 
touch  at  this  pohit. 

St.  Helens  is  one  of  the  oldest  towns  in  the  state.  The  townsite  here  was 
platted  before  1850,  prior  to  the  time  when  the  first  plat  of  the  Portland  townsite  was 
filed.  The  town  is  supported  by  the  farming  and  timber  resources  of  the  rich  coun- 
try adjacent.  Columbia  county,  of  which  the  town  is  the  seat  of  justice,  contains 
nearly  500,000  acres  of  land.  The  largest  piece  of  agricultural  land  in  the  county  is 
comprised  within  the  Nehalem  valley.  The  river  from  which  this  valley  derives  its 
name,  rises  in  the  Coast  Mountains.  It  reaches  the  ocean  by  a  winding  course,  just 
above  Tillamook  Bay.  The  soil  of  this  valley  is  rich.  In  addition  to  its  possibilities 
in  agricultural  resources,  coal  of  good  quality  has  been  discovered  in  the  valley,  and 
it  is  lack  of  transportation  facilities  alone  that  prevents  the  prompt  development  of 
the  coal  mines  here.  The  croppings  in  the  valley  already  prospected  are  only  50 
miles  distant  from  Portland,  and  when  these  mines  are  connected  with  Portland  by 
a  line  of  railroad,  the  latter  city  will  doubtless  derive  its  principal  supply  of  coal 
from  this  source.  St.  Helens  at  the  present  time  is  the  chief  center  of  trade  for 
almost  all  of  Columbia  county.  Established  at  this  point  is  a  large  sawmill,  a  bank, 
a  number  of  merchandise  stores,  two  hotels  and  a  well  conducted  weekly  newspaper. 
The  Oregon  Mist.  Among  the  public  buildings  of  the  town  may  be  mentioned  a 
public  school,  a  number  of  churches,  the  Columbia  county  court  house,  and  resi- 
dences of  the  wealthy  residents,  all  of  which  structures  are  attractive  piecesj  of  archi- 
tecture. Many  of  these  residences  are  built  on  the  brow  of  the  hill  which  skirts  the 
city,  a  site  that  comm  mds  a  fine  view  of  the  river  below  and  of  the  snow-capped 
peak  of  the  Cascades,  Mount  St.  Helens.  St.  Helens  today  has  a  population  of  about 
250,  and  it  is  the  largest  and  most  important  town  on  the  Columbia  river  between 
Portland  and  Astoria. 

Among  the  representative  firms  of  St.  Helens  may  be  mentioned  the  real  estate, 
conveyancing  and  title  abstract  firm  of  Cole  &  Switzer.  These  gentlemen  have  pos- 
session of  the  abstract  books  prepared  by  Judge  Moore,  which  contain  abstracts  of 
t  itle  to  all  the  property  iu  Columbia  county.     Cole  &  Switzer  have  listed  on  their 


294 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


OLD  Custom  House. 


i 


Custom  House  and  Postoffice,  AsTORtA, 


books  some  of  the  most  desirable  farm  property  in  Columbia  county,  and  will  cheer- 
fully give  information  by  mail  or  personally  concerning  the  same  to  those  seeking 
this  class  of  property  for  settlement  or  investment.  The  firm  also  has  an  extensive 
law  practice  in  all  the  courts  of  the  states  as  well  as  the  United  States  courts.  IMr. 
Dillard  is  associated  with  the  firm  as  counsel  in  this  branch  of  their  business. 

Astoria,  Oregon. — An  interest  attaches  to  a  recurrence  to  the  events  of  the 
early  history  of  Astoria  that  is  not  perhaps  connected  with  the   history  of  any  other 

place  in  the  state.  It  was  at  this  point  that  one  of  the 
first  settlements  was  made  on  the  coast.  It  was  into  the 
placid  waters  of  the  Columbia  river  that  Captain  Gray 
sailed  his  ship  in  1792,  the  river  now  bearing  the  name 
of  the  vessel  which  safely  carried  Captain  Gray's  little 
party  across  the  Columbia  river  bar  more  than  100  years 
ago,  and  it  was  near  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  where 
Astoria  is  located  that  the  famous  Lewis  &  Clark  expe- 
dition rested  from  their  long  journey  across  the  continent 
in  1805.  The  party  reached  the  present  siie  of  Astoria  in 
November  of  the  latter  year  and  camped  for  several  months 
on  the  shores  of  Young's  Bay  just  south  of  Astoria.  Close 
upon  the  heels  of  the  Lewis  &  Clark  party  followed  the 
first  actual  while  settlement  at  Astoria.  In  iSiothe  great 
fur  trader  and  merchant  prince  of  New  York,  John  Jacob  Astor,  who  lent  his  name 
to  the  young  city,  established  a  trading  point,  and  it  was  thus  that  Astoria  was  born, 
and  it  has  been  since  the  date  of  the  selection  of  this  point  by  the  Astor  emissaries  as 
a  trading  point  that  the  interesting  events  have  occurred  which  make  up  Astoria's 
history. 

Between  iSio  and  1844  the  life  of  the  residents  of  Astoria  was  made  up  of  many 
vicissitudes  and  constant  petty  bickerinj^js.  The  country  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia during  that  long  period  of  34  years  being  alternately  under  American  and  British 
domination,  the  ultimate  destiny  of  the  people  here  was  shrouded  in  uncertainty. 
In  1S44  John  M.  Shively,  of  Kentucky,  a  worthy  successor  of  the  earlier  pioneers, 

took  up  a  donation  land  claim  where  Astoria  now  stands 
and   laid  out  the  first  townsite   here.      The  subsequent 
history  of  Astoria  is  an  oft-told  tale.     Between  1844  and 
the  early  70's  Astoria  struggled  along  very  much  as  did 
most  of  the  small  towns  of  the  sparsely   settled  country 
of  Oregon  and  Washir^.on.     The  people  here  did  a  lit- 
tle trading,  they  caught  a  few  fish   from  the  waters  of 
the  Columbia  here,  which  teemed   with  the  rich  salmon 
and  other  varieties  of  the  finny  tribe,  they  sawed  enough 
lumber   to  meet  the  local    demand,    but   business   was 
handled  in  Astoria  during  this  time  in  the  same  careless 
way  that  business  was  done  in  most  of  the   small    towns 
of  the  state,  and  it  has  only  been  within  the  past  15  or  20 
years  that  Astoria  has  made  any  substantial  growth. 
It  was  in  1S75  that  the  people  of  the  coast  first  made  the  discovery  that  the  royal 
chinook  salmon,  which  only  frequents  the  fresh   waters  of  the  Columbia  river,  was 
one  of  the  finest  food  fishes  in  the  world,  and  that  it  was  especially  adapted  to  can- 
ning.    Canneries  at  once  sprung  up  all  along  the  river  for  a  distance  of  50  to  75  miies 


Public  School,  Astoria. 


mama 
mainlj 
intere 
or  bac| 
nmst ; 


Astoria,  Oreffon. 


2^)5 


above  its  mouth  for  handling  this  fish,  and  the  headquarters  for  all  this  great  fishing 
industry  has  always  been  at  Astoria.  In  a  very  short  time  after  the  establishment  of 
these  canneries,  Astoria  sprung  from  a  mere  hamlet  of  a  few  hundred  population  to  a 
metropolitan  city  of  6,000  people.  The  place  has  continued  to  grow  steadily  since 
that  time  up  to  the  present  time,  when  Astoria  is  now  accredited  with  a  population  of 
10,000  people.  In  population  it  is  even  the  rival  of  the  state  capital,  Salem,  which 
is  the  second  largest  city  in  Oregon, 

The  salmon  industry  is  today,  as  it  has  been  for  more  than  15  years  past,  the 
mainstay  of  Astoria's  prosperity.  While  a  number  of  important  industries  are  now 
maintained  in  the  city  at  the  Columbia's  mouth,  it  is  the  canning  of  salmon  and  the 
interests  which  salmon  canning  supports  on  which  Astoria  bases  its  hopes  for  good 
or  bad  business.  The  royal  chinook,  the  steelhead  and  the  silverside  species  of  salmon 
must  all  pass  Astoria  in  their  annual  migrations  to  the  spawning  grounds  at  the  heads 


W<kSM-: 


J  O.  Hantmorn  a  Co.'s  Cannery,  ASTORtA 


of  the  numerous  small  streams  which  empty  into  the  Columbia.  Astoria,  as  before 
stated,  is  the  headquarters  for  the  great  canning  interests  of  the  river.  In  operation 
at  Astoria  are  nine  large  canneries,  in  which  are  invested  over  $2,ooo,coo  of  capital. 
During  the  fishing  season  these  canneries  give  employment  to  several  thousand  men, 
and  the  value  of  their  annual  output  is  from  $2,000,000  to  $3,000,000.  During  pros- 
perous seasons  among  the  cannerymen  01:  the  river,  shipments  from  these  canneries 
have  reached  over  2,ocki  carloads  during  a  single  season.  The  salmon  canning  inter- 
ests of  the  lower  Columbia  river  are  fully  described  in  a  separate  article  of  "  The 
Handbook."     Another  great  and  con,stantly  growing  industry  of  Astoria  is  the  saw- 


296 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  ol  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


injf  of  lumber.  Thousands  of  square  miles  of  pine,  hemlock,  spruce  and  nr  forests 
are  found  in  the  near  vicinity  of  Astoria,  and  the  (juality  of  the  timber  here  is  ot 
the  same  high  character  as  is  found  on  the  best  parts  of  the  I'uget  Sound  country. 
Trees  are  found  in  these  forests  of  over  250  feet  in  height,  and  measuring  from  3  to 
12  feet  in  diameter.  The  sawmills  at  and  near  Astoria  have  made  shipments,  prin- 
cipally to  Mexico,  South  America,  Australia,  China  and  the  ports  of  the  United 
Stites,  aggregating  over  2o,ojj,oo)  feet  during  a  single  year.  Three  large  saw- 
mills, in  addition  to  several  planing  mills  and  a  numlier  of  box  factories,  are  now 
running  at  Astoria'. 


<i>,* 


Interior  Scenes,  Cannery,  J.  o.  Hantmorn  i.  Co.,  Astoria. 


J.  O,  Hanthorn,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  who  is  the  sole  proprietor  of  the 
well-known  salmon  cannery  known  as  the  J.  O.  Hanthorn  &  Co.  canneiy,  was  bom 
in  Westervillc,  Franklin  county,  Ohio,  in  1851.  He  came  to  Oregon  with  his  father, 
N.  M.  Hanthorn,  in  1862.  YoungJ.  O.  learned  the  tinsmith  business  in  Portland, 
Oregon  ;  starting  out  for  himself  when  between  fifteen  and  sixteen  years  old,  then 
became  interested  in  the  salmon  business  by  working  for  Hapgood  &  Hume,  the  old- 
est cannery  on  the  coast.  After  working  two  seasons  there,  he  engaged  as  snpcriu- 
;enaent  for  R.  D.  Hume,  a  well-known  salmon  packer,  and  built  his  first  cannery  at 
Bay  View,  Washington,  where  Mr.  Hanthorn  was  superintendent  for  four  years.  In 
1876-77  J.  O.  Hanthorn  formed  the  partnership  of  himself,  Wm.  Wadhams  and  Wesley 
Jackson,  and  built  a  large  plant  at  Astoria,  Oregon.  Since  then  Messrs.  Wadhams 
and  Jackson  have  disposed  of  their  interests  and  Mr.  Hanthorn  is  now  the  sole  owner, 
although  the  business  is  known  as  J.  O.  Hanthorn  &  Co.     Nothing  but  the  choicest 


Astoriii,  Orcf^ttn. 


:2it7 


J.  O.  Hanthorn,  Astoria 


j^'oods  go  out  under  the  name  of  Hanthorn 
&Co.;  every  can  warranted  Ai.  His  an- 
nual pack  of  salmon  is  about  30,000  cases 
of  various  sizes.  The  Hanthorn  brand 
of  salmon  has  won  for  Mr.  Hanthorn  a 
reputation  that  he  is  proud  of  and  is  well- 
knortii  all  over  the  world.  Mr.  Hanthorn 
has  been  successful  in  business  and  has 
many  ffiends  all  over  the  United  States, 
including  a  good  number  in  l^uropL^ 
The  cuts  ou  pa^^es  295  and  296  show  the 
interior  and  exterior  of  the  plant. 

The  finances  of  Astoria  are  looked 
after  by  four  strong  banks,  which  carry 
average  deposits  aggregating  over 
$1 ,000,000.  The  city  has  the  benefit  of  a 
finely  equipped  electric  light  plant,  the 
street  improvements  are  fully  abreast  of 
the  times,  a  good  water-works  plant  is 
maintained,  and  the  city  has  a  good  vol- 
unteer fire  department.  The  ea.st  and 
west  extensions  of  the  city  are  connected 
by    an    electric     street-car   line,    which 

operates  three  miles  of  road.  The  city  supports  good  school,  and  11  strong 
church  organizations  are  maintained  here.  In  public  improvements  Astoria  is  not 
behind  any  city  of  ecjual  population  on  the  coast,  and  the  trade  of  Astoria,  being 
principally  with  those  industries  the  product  of  which  finds  a  ready  market  for  cash, 
the  business  here  is  generally  in  a  very  prosperous  condition. 

Astoria  has  excellent  connection,  by  steamship  lines,  with  San  Francisco  and 
the  other  coast  ports.  Ships  visit  this  point  from  all  parts  of  the  world,  and  numer- 
ous lines  of  steamers  ply  regularly  between  A.storia  and  Port- 
land, as  well  as  between  Astoria  and  all  river  .settlements. 
The  seaside  travel  during  the  summer  months  from  the 
interior  to  I<ong  Beach  and  other  points  on  the  Washington 
side,  and  to  Clatsop  on  tlie  Oregon  shore,  passes  directly 
through  Astoria,  and  adds  directlj'  to  Astoria's  volume  of 
trade.  Many  of  these  pleasure-seekers  stop  off  for  a  few 
days  at  Astoria,  while  the  principal  part  of  the  supplies 
for  the  seaside  resorts  spread  along  the  coast  for  miles 
above  and  below  this  point,  are  purchased  from  Astoria 
storekeepers. 

The  great  jetty  at  the  mouth  of  the  Columbia  river,  a 
work  that  owes  its  inauguration  to  the  efforts  of  Con- 
gressman M.  C.  George,  in  1885,  was  practically  com- 
pleted in  1891,  at  a  cost  of  $2,000,000.  This  jetty  has  proved  of  inestimable  value 
to  Astoria,  as  it  changed  an  18- foot  channel  (low- water  measurement)  across  the  bar 
to  a  channel  of  a  minimum  depth  during  the  lowest  tides  of  30  feet.  The  new  chan- 
nel is  perfectly  straight,  three  miles  in  width,  and  leads  to  a  well  sheltered  and 


U.  S.  Light  House,  point  Adams 


't 


V 

f 

■  1,1 

L             1 

I' 

) 

298 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Light  House,  C«pe  Dis*pi>ointment,  WAtHiNQTON 


large  harbor  inside  the  bar.     It  is  as  a  seaport  that  Astoria  lays  her  chief  and  best 
founded  claim  for  future  greatness.     It  is  worthy  of  note  that  there  are  really  but 

three  first-class  inlets  on  the  Pacific  coast  shore-line 
of  the  United  States.  These  are  the  Golden  Gate,  at 
San  Francisco,  the  Columbia  river,  and  the  Straits  of 
Fuca,  leading  into  Puget  Sound.  The  waters  of  none 
of  these  inlets  drain  as  large  or  as  rich  a  section  ot 
country  as  does  the  Columbia.  Deep-draught  ocean 
vessels  now  ascend  this  stream  and  the  Willamette 
to  Portland,  i  lo  miles  inland,  without  the  least  diffi- 
culty, at  all  seasons,  and  river  steamers  have  a  clear 
water-course  from  Astoria  to  the  Cascades,  a  distance 
of  nearly  150  miles.  From  the  Cascades  to  The 
Dalles,  a  distance  of  nearly  50  miles,  the  river  is  navigable  for  large  steamers. 
Above  The  Dalles  is  a  series  of  obstructions  which  can  be  easily  overcome  by  the 
construction  of  a  canal  and  locks.  Above  these  obstructions,  on  the  Columbia  and 
Snake,  the  latter  being  the  chief  tributary  of  the  Columbia,  the  river  is  navigable 
to  l/cwiston,  in  Idaho,  a  distance  of  over  400  miles  from  the  Columbia's  mouth 
Boats  ply,  however,  on  the  upper  Snake  hundreds  of  miles  east  of  Lewiston,  and  the 
upper  Columbia,  even  into  the  British  possessions,  carries  a  sufficient  volume  of 
water  to  float  steamers  of  large  tonnage,  and  this,  too,  at  a  distance  of  1,000  miles 
or  more  from  the  point  where  the  waters  of  this  noble  stream  join  the  salt  waters 
of  the  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  at  the  gateway  of  this  vast  empire  that  Astoria  is  located, 
and  it  is  the  development  of  the  varied  resources  of  this  wonderful  region,  coiiipris 
ing  thousands  of  square  miles  of  territory,  that  will  some  day  make  .\storia  one  of 
the  large  cities  of  the  continent. 

The  great  pressing  need  of  Astoria  at  the  present  time  is  railroad  connection 
with  Portland  and  the  interior  cities  of  the  state.  Oft  repeated  efforts  have  been 
made  by  prominent  citizens  looking  to  the  consummation  of  this  great  work,  but 
although  work  has  several  times  been  commenced  on  railroad  lines  leading  out  from 
Astoria,  that  city  is  still  denied  the  railroad  connection  she  has  so  loug  sought.  A 
line  of  road  now  runs  from  Astoria  to  Clatsop  Beach  points,  a  distance  of  20  miles. 
It  is  the  hope  of  Astoria  people  that  arrangements  have  at  last  been  completed  which 
will  result  in  the  city's  securing  the  much  coveted  rail  connection  with  Portland  and 
the  leading  points  of  the  Willamette  valley.  A  land  subsidy  has  been  subscribed 
and  this  has  been  accepted  by  a  gentleman  representing  a  very  wealthy  syndi- 
cate. It  is  expected  to  have  the  line  between  Astoria  and  Portland  in  operation  by 
October  of  the  present  year,  [1894].  The  completion  of  this  road  would  mean  much 
to  both  Astoria  and  Portland  and  it  is  grati- 
fying in  this  connection  to  say  that  any' 
steps  looking  to  its  early  completion  would 
receive  the  cordial  support  of  the  leading 
men  in  both  cities. 


Clatsop  Uoaoli,  Oregon. — I'rom 
Fort  Stevens,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Colum- 
bia river,  ot\  the  Oregon  side,  south  to  Tilla- 
mook Head,  a  distance  of  20  miles,  there 
extends  the  unbroken  line  of  shore  beach  known  as  Clatsop.     For  evenness  of  surface 


v.- .  ■  r-    <• ./ . 

Surf-Bathino  on  the  Oregon  Coast 

*} 


Astoria,  Ortf^oii. 


li'l'J 


NccANicuM  River,  Clatsop  Beach. 


and  attractiveness  of  immediate  surroundings,  this  shore  has  few  equals  iu  the 
United  States.  Its  advantages  for  summer  resort  purposes  are  now  so  well  appre- 
ciated that  numerous  hotels  and  cottages  have  been  built  at  different  points  along  the 
higher  points  above  tide  level,  and  this  beach  is  now  annually  frequented  by  thous- 
ands of  pleasure  seekers  who  find  here  relief  from  the  heal  of  the  interior  during  the 
summer  months,  and  relaxation  from  the  cares  of  city  life. 

Clatsop  Hcach  points  are  reached  from  Portland  by  the  Union  Pacific  line  of 
steamers  and  the  steamer  Telephone  of  the  Columbia  River  &  Pucet  Sound  Nav.  Co., 
which  connects  at  Astoria  with  the 
Astoria  &  South  Coast  railroad.  After 
leaving  Astoria  (icarhart  Park  is  the 
first  point  on  Clatsop  Beach  reached 
bj'  the  cars.  The  Gearhart  hotel  here 
is  located  in  a  beautiful  grove  just 
back  of  the  Ixncli.  This  house  offers 
all  the  com!  )rts  and  conveniences 
uusally  found  in  any  of  the  Atlantic 
beach  resorts.  The  Chataucjua  circle 
meets  here  every  summer  and  a  num- 
ber of  excursion  parties  regularly  make  Gearhart  Park  their  objective  point  during  the 
open  season.  Seaside,  located  at  the  terminus  of  the  railroad,  is  quite  a  settlement.  It 
has  made  a  steady  growth  during  the  past  few  seasons  and  is  now  one  of  the  promi- 
nent coast  points  frequented  by  pleasure-seekers.  At  Seaside  is  found  a  wide  beach 
which  slopes  gradually  back  from  the  ocean.  The  bathing  here  is  absolutely  safe  at 
all  stages  of  the  tide.  Back  of  this  beach  are  pleasant  {proves  intersected  by  roman- 
tic, shaded  pathways,  affording  occasional  glimpses  of  the  winding  Necanicum,  one 
of  Oregon's  famous  trout  streams.  Only  a  short  distance  to  the  south  of  Seaside  the 
eye  rests  upon  the  rugged  head  of  Tillaniook,  which  stretches  far  out  to  sea  and  forms 
an  effectual  barrier  to  the  south  beyond  this  point.  Summer  guests  at  Seaside  find 
an  ever  unending  round  of  pleasure  in  excursions  to  the  interior,  trout  fishing,  clam 
digging  and  bathing,  and  this  is  rapidly  becoming  one  of  the  most  popular  resorts  of 
the  coast. 

The  Seaside  Opera  House. — The  growth  of  Clatsop  Beach  in  favor  as  a 
seaside  resort  has  made  the  location  of  a  public  hall  or  social  club-room  at  this  point 

almost  a  necessity.  To  meet  this  want,  Mr. 
R.  L.  Eberman,  son  of  a  Clatsop  county 
pioneer  of  '42,  who  is  still  living,  opened 
the  Seaside  Opera  House  in  1893.  The 
building  is  a  neat  two-story  frame  structure, 
surrounded  by  a  delightful  grove.  The 
upper  floor  is  an  airy,  well-ventilated  hall, 
48  X  24  feet  in  size,  and  is  devoted  to 
theatricals,  dances,  literary  and  other  socie- 
ties. It  is  only  rented  for  respectable 
assemblages  and  adds  its  quota  to  the  enjoy- 
ment of  the  seaside's  summer  residents. 
,.,  The  ground  floor  is  used  for  saloon  purposes 

Seaside  Opera  House,  Seaside,  Clatsop  Beach.  and      for     private     Card-rOOmS     and     SUpper- 


PHOTo.  ay  towne. 


■^^H 

1 

H^^«^4 

^ 

^i<  1 

(■ 

■* 

! 

B' 

■    '^ 

i 

■ii 

If 


800 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northsvest. 


PHOTO.    BY   TOWNE. 


iM-^*^ 


Grimes  House   Seaside,  Clatsop  Beach. 


rooms.  Visitors  who  y-arn  for  an  occasional  returr.  to  city  pleasures  will  find  here 
excellent  billiard  and  pool  tables  as  well  as  choice  imported  wines,  liquors  and 
cigars.     In  the  adjoining  grove  are  tables  for  outside  wine  parties  or  clambakes. 

The  Griiues  House,  Seaside.— E.  M.  Grimes  located  at  Seaside,  Clatsop 
Beach,  with  his  father  in  1S71.  Their  intention  ^t  the  time  was  to  build  up  a  sea- 
side resort  at  this  point,  and  the 
reputation  earned  by  the  Grimes 
House  attests  the  successful  out- 
come of  their  efforts.  Located 
in  a  grove  on  the  picturesque 
banks  of  the  Necanicum  and 
within  easj'  reach  of  the  ocean, 
nature  has  doi.e  much  here  to- 
wards creating  an  ideal  sum- 
mer resort.  Mr.  Grimes  leaves 
no  stone  unturned  in  adding 
needed  artificial  improvements 
to  nature's  own  handiwork  at 
this  point.  The  Grimes  House  is  annually  the  summer  home  of  hundreds  of  weary 
city  dwv'llers  from  Portland  and  other  cities  who  find  here  all  the  cou. forts  of  their 
own  homes  combined  with  bracing  air  and  delightful  surf-bathing  on  a  beach  as 
smooth  and  hard  as  a  floor  of  asphalt.  Mr.  Grimes  served  i  ,500  meals  in  one  day 
duringth/:  "Elks"  picnic  to  the  seaside  in  1892.  This  is  an  evidence  of  the  capacity 
of  his  house  and  of  the  ability  of  the  caterer  who  has  so  long  presided  over  its 
destinies. 

Tlie  MeGiiii'e  House,  Seaside. — Genial  C.  A.  McGuire,  known  to  friends 
and  patrons  as  "Judge,"  conducts  the  well-known  and  popular  McGuire  House  at 
Seaside  on  Clatsop  Beach.  This  house  is  open  throughout  the  year.  The  number 
of  winter  guests  at  the  house  annually  becomes  greater  as  the  pleasure  of  seaside  life 
during  this  season  of  the  year  be- 
comes better  known  and  appre- 
ciated. It  is  during  the  summer 
that  The  McGuire  is  at  its  zenith 
of  popularity.  During  the  long 
days  the  house  is  crowded  to  its 
full  capacity,  and  it  is  worthy  of 
note  that  the  same  guests  return 
season  after  season  to  enjoy  its 
comfortable  quarters  and  bounte- 
ous fare.  The  house  is  located  on 
a  beautiful  drive  extending  along 
the  Necanicum  and  it  is  within 
three  minutes  walk  of  the  beach.  An 
cigars  and  liquors,  is  run  in   connection 


PHOTO.   BY  TOWNE. 


MCGUIRE'S  HOTEL   SEASIDE. 


excellent   bar,    well  supplied    with    choice 
with  The  McGuire.      The  bar,  however,  i^ 

in  a  separate  building  from  the  main  house  so  that  it  can  not  possibly   prove  of  th<- 

least  annoyance  to  lady  patrons. 

Seaside  llesorts  of  Paclfle  Coimtj',  \VasliIiij»;ton. --Commencing  at 

Ilwaco  on  Baker's  Bay,  which  is,  properly  speaking,  a  part  of  the  mouth  of  the  Col- 


Seaside  Resorts  of  Pacific  County,  Washington, 


801 


utnbia  river,  on  the  Washington  side, 
and  running  north  for  about  20  miles 
to  Willapa  Harbor  (formerly  known 
as  Shoalwater  Ea>  ),  is  t^ie  half-sandy 
and  half-wooded  peiiinsula  which, 
spoken  of  in  its  entirety,  is  referred  to 
as  North  Beach.  This  is  in  contra- 
distinction to  the  beaches  on  the  Ore- 
gon side  and   south  of  the  Columbia 


PHOTO.    By  TOWNE. 


Mi^vV/^^ll^fe^C^^  ,lil%* 


PHOTO.    BY  TOWNE. 


U.  S.  Life  Saving  Chew,  long  Beach. 


;VVSv^:: 


BATHING  HOUR,    LONG  BEACH. 

river  which,  taken  together,  bear  the  name  of  South 
Beach.  Nature  evidently  intended  the  peninsula  to 
the  north  of  the  Columbia  river  for  summer  homes, 
and  during  the  p-^st  few  years  the  entire  North  Beach 
may  be  said  to  have  been  devoted  to  seaside  resorts 
for  the  crowded  cities  of  the  interior. 

Foreseeing  the  growth  which  the  peninsula  was 
certain  to  enjoy  in  the  future  as  an  ideal  summer  re- 
sort, a  few  capitalists,  prominent  among  whom  may  be  mentioned  L.  A.  Loomis 
of  Ilwaco,  and  Jacob  Kamm  of  Portland,  some  years  since  formed  the  Ilwaco 
Railway  &  Naviga- 
tion Company.  The  ._      ..,.:-...... 

plans  ot   the   com-  ' .-:•■.:.:. 

pany  included  the 
establishment  of  a 
perfect  system  of 
water  and  rail  com- 
m  u  n  i  c  a  ti  o  n  be- 
tween Portland  and 
the  beaches  of  the 
peninsula,  with  an 
ocean  terit\inus  at 
Sealand  l.he  most 
northerly  settle- 
ment on  tl  e  penin- 
sula. This  company 
is    now    operating 

two  boats  daily  between  Astoria  and  Ilwaco.  These  boats  run  the  year  round  and 
connect  with  trains  at  Ilwaco  for  Sealand  and  all  intermediate  beaches.  These 
boats  are  the  Ilwaco  and  the  beautifully  modelled  and  fleet  little  naptha  launch, 
U",  In  addition  to  this  regular  service  the  company  in  189 1  built  the  magnificent 
sidewheel  steamer  Ocean  Wave,  which  now  plies  regularly  between  Portland  and 
Ilwaco  during  the  summer  season.  This  may  be  said  to  be  the  popular  route  to  the 
coast  as  it  is  the  only  line  making  close  connection  by  rail  for  all  beach  points,  and 
thousands  oi  pleasure-seekers  crowd  the  decks  of  the  Ocean  Wave  during  the  heated 
season.  This  elegant  steamer  is  215  feet  in  len'jth,  with  30-feet  beam,  and  is  fully 
equipped  with  all  of  the  latest  improvements  intended  in  any  way  to  add  to  the  com- 
fort or  enjoyment  of  passengers.  A  trip  to  the  coast  on  the  Ocean  Wave  affords  a 
delightful  initiation  to  the  subsequent  pleasures  of  a  summer  outing  at  the  seaside. 
Ilwaco,  on  Baker's  Hay,  may  propel ly  be  called  the  gateway  through  which  all 


-ilssss- 


I.  R.  A  N    Co   s  NAPTHA  Launch  Iris,  Astoria   Ilwaco. 


m 


302 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


travel  must  pass  to  reach 
the  beaches  beyond.  This 
is  an  attractive  little 
town  of  about  400  popu- 
lation. The  principal  in- 
dustries of  the  place  are 
fishing  and  lumbering, 
and,  during  the  summer 
months,  the  entertain- 
ment of  Seaside  visitors, 
many  of  whom  prefer  the 
attraction  of  this  point  to 
those  of  points  further  up 
the  coast.  The  culture  of 
cranberries  is  yearly  re- 
ceiving increased  attention  on  the  marsh  lands  near  Ilwaco,  and  with  excellent  re- 
sults. The  Pacific  Cranberry  Company  of  California 
own  about  2,000  acres  of  marsh  land   here  of  which 


-iSC-'S?"^-:: 


I.  R.  4  N.  CO  '8  Steamer,  Ocean  wave,  Portland- Ilwaco. 


about  40  acres  have  already  been  planted  to  cranber- 
ries. The  improvements  already  made  b}'  the  com- 
pany have  involved  an  outlay  of  about  f4o,ooo.  It 
is  estimated  that  with  two  canneries,  the  lumbering, 
cranberry  and  railroad  interests  centering  at  Ilwaco 
annually  put  into  circulation  at  this  town  about 
$600,000.  This  is  a  solid  town  and  is  entitled  to  the 
attention  of  all  visitors  to  Washington's  coast. 

About  one  mile 


Myi^^mi^' 


i;*4,''- 


FORT  CANBV. 

north  of  Ilwaco  is  North  Beach 
the  nearest  beach  property  to  Baker's  Bay.  This 
has  one  great  advantage  over  some  of  the  other 
beaches  in  the  abundant  supply  of  spring  water  ob- 
tained from  an  adjoining  butte  or  knoll.  This  water 
flows  through  piping  by  force  of  g-avity  alone  into 
all  the  summer  cottages  at  this  point.  This  feature 
of  North  Beach  undoubtedly  influenced  the  late  W.  S. 
Ladd,  Judge  Whalley,  Mrs.  R.  W.  Holnian  and  others 
in  selecting  North  Beach  for  their  summer  homes, 
fhe  five-acre  butte  at  North  Beach  would  make  a 
commanding  eminence,  well  adapted  for  the  erection 
of  a  fine  hotel.  A  well-built  picturesque  plank  road 
connects        Ilwaco 


BiQ  Gun  and  light  House,  Fort  Canby. 


with  North  Beach, 
thus  affording  a 
delightful  driveway  between  the  two  points. 
The  two  places,  as  before  stated,  are  also  con- 
nected by  the  railroad  of  the  Ilwaco  Railway  tS: 
Navigation  Company  whose  cars  stop  at  Butte 
Station.  The  celebrated  rocks  of  the  peninsula, 
so  popular  for  deep-sea  fishing,  are  nearer  to  North 
Bea^h  than  they  are  to  any  of  the  points  along 
the  peninsula. 


South  Battery,  Fort  Canby. 


Seaside  Resorts  of  Pacific  County,   Washington. 


803 


The  Ilwaco  Railway  &  Navigation  Company  operates  i8  miles  of  railroad  between 
Ilwaco  and  Sealaud.  The  broad  expanse  of  old  ocean  with  the  white-capped  surf 
and  glistening  sands  of  the  beach  are  in  s\glit  of  the  traveler  over  this  line  for  nearly 
the  entire  distance  between  the  two  points.  The  first  stopping  place  of  importance 
made  by  the  train  is  Seaview.  At  this  point  was  located  the  famous  Stout's  hotel, 
erected  by  Mr.  Stout,  the  pioneer  settler  of  the  peninsula.  This  hotel  was  destroyed 
by  fire  in  1891.  Here,  as  elsewhere  along  this  beach,  are  found  delightful  groves  or 
natural  parks,  which  form  a  pleasing  background  to  a  wide,  hard  beach  offering 
advantages  for  bathing  not  excelled  by  the  beaches  of  any  of  the  Atlantic  coast 
resorts.  Seaview  was  selected  by  the  Hon.  H.  W.  Corbett  as  the  most  desirable  site 
for  the  erection  of  his  handsome  two-story  summer  residence,  which  occupies  a  block 
adjacent  to  the  depot  and  which  is  also  in  full  view  of  the  roaring  sea  beyond.  A 
few  moments  after  leaving  Seaview  by  rail  another  collection  of  prett)-  cottages  is 
reached.  This  settlement  is  known  as  Long  Beach,  Many  prominent  Portland 
families  own  cottages  here,  and  I^ong  Beach  may  be  said  to  be  the  center  of  popula- 
tion on  the  peninsula.  Throughout  the  season  a  greater  number  of  people  may  be 
seen  sauntering  along  the  beach  or  enjoying  the  benefits  of  surf  bathing  at  Long 
Beach  than  at  any  other  place  on  the  peninsula.  Social  gatherings  both  indoors  and 
on  the  beach  are  of  daily  occurrence  at  this  point  during  the  summer,  and  many 
excursion  parties  from  other  seaside  points  select  Long  Beach  as  their  objective 
point.  It  is  here  that  the  famous  "  East  Portland  Camp  "  is  located,  and  it  is  here 
that  some  of  the  most  pleasurable  features  of  a  sojourn  at  the  seacoast  are  indulged  in. 

Tinker's,  Long  Be.\ch. — This  popular  resort  at  Long  Beach,  the  center  of 
summer  population  on  the  peninsula,  is  managed  by  the  owner,  Mr.  H.  H.  Tinker,  a 
gentleman  who  has  done  much  towards  building  up  the  reputation  of  the  Pacific 
County  seashore.     Tinker's,  a  household  word  with  summer  ramblers,  is  surrounded 

by  many   of  the   cottages   of    Portland's 


PHOTO.    By  TOWNE. 


.^1^"^ 


Long  Beach  hotel  Itinker'sK  lono  Beach. 


wealthiest  citizens,  and  it  is  equally  ac- 
cessible to  shady  groves  and  dashing 
breakers.  The  house  contains  40  bed- 
rooms, but  so  great  have  l)een  the  de- 
mands on  Mr.  Tinker's  popularity  dur- 
ing the  past  season  that  he  found  it  nec- 
essary to  secure  50  extra  rooms  in  out- 
side cottages  to  accommodate  his  patrons. 
The  beach  in  front  of  Tinker's  is  a  center 
of  attraction  during  the  summer  season. 
A  thousand  people  congregated  here 
during  bathing  hours  is  not  an  unusual  sight.  Tinker's  has  an  established  repu- 
tation   for  first-class  accommodations,  excellent  table  and  reasonable  rates. 

LoNC  Beach  Hot  and  Cold  Sea  Baths. — Invalids,  or  those  who  are  not 
strong  enough  to  withstand  the  chill  attendant  on  a  plunge  in  the  ocean,  can  find 
a  pleasant  suV)stitute  for  surf  bathing  at  the  hot  and  cold  sea-water  baths  established 
at  Long  Beach  by  Mr.  P.  Kohl.  Water  for  these  baths  is  drawn  direct  from  the 
Pacific  ocean,  and  is  heated  to  any  temperature  desired  by  the  bather.  Cleanliness 
is  the  leading  feature  at  Mr.  Kohl's  establishment.  The  rooms,  tubs  and  towels  are 
all  carefully  l<>)ked  after.  The  health-giving  results  obtained  by  bathing  in  warm 
sea-water  are  testified  to  by  all  physicians.     Invalids,  or  those  who  desire  private 


!    ill 


1    i 


304 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacihc  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BV  TOWNE. 


baths  in  water  he-  ted  to  suit  their  pleasure  and  comfort  shouhl  call  at  this  sani- 
tarium. 

The  next  station  beyond  Long  Beach  on  the  line  of  road  is  Tioga,  which  is 
owned  by  a  Portland  syndicate,  and  a  little  beyond  Tioga  is  Pacific  Park.  This  latter 
place  is  another  very  popular  resort  and,  like  the  other  beaches,  has  its  votaries  who 
claim  that  here  is  to  be  found  the  best  bathing,  the  largest  clams  and  the  most 
exhilarating  breezes  of  the  coast  in  Pacific  county. 

The  "  Sea  Breeze  "  Pacific  Park. — On  the  whole  peninsula  known  as  Long 
or  North  Beach,  there  is  no  more  beautiful  location,  or  one  affording  more  advan- 

'  .  tages,  than  the  Hotel  Sea   Breeze,    at 

Pacific  Park  Station,  and  conducted 
by  Mrs.  A.  E.  Stout,  so  long  con- 
nected with  the  hotel  at  Sea  View. 

This  house,  in  its  present  enlarged 
and  improved  state,  was  thrown  "^pen 
to  the  public  in  the  summer  of  1893. 
It  enjoys  the  patronage  of  many 
prominent  Portland  families,  as  well 
as  the  best  class  of  tourist  patronage. 
It  is  located  in  a  large  pleasure  grove 
containing  190  acres.  It  embraces 
among  its  many  attractions  natural 
picnic  liowers,  lakes  where  boating 
and  fishing  are  free  to  guests,  rare 
glimpses    of     lake     and      woodland 


8f»  Breeze  hotel  IMrs.  Stout's',  Pacific  park. 


PHOTO.    BY  TOWNE. 


jiii/iCi 


;^^glmmamm>tMii 


?F!v 


% 


Wf 


scenery,  and  patches  of  lawn 
for  croquet  and  other  out-of- 
door  games.  The  lieach  is 
very  accessible,  and  leaves  noth- 
ing to  be  desired  for  lovers  of 
surf-bathing.  The  furniture  of 
the  "»Sea  Breeze"  is  new,  and 
aV  its  appointments  are  neat 
and  tasty.  Mrs.  Stout  takes 
special  pride  in  her  table,  which 
is  abundantly  supplied  with 
fruit  and  vegetables  from  her 
own  gardens.  The  prime  beef, 
veal,  mutton  and  chickens 
which  she  serves  to  guests 
are  also  raised  on  the  premises. 
Guest's  horses  and  carriages  can  be  cared  for  in  the  commodious  stables 
connected  with  the  hotel!  The  beef  used  is  from  imported  thoroughbred  short- 
horn stock.  These  fine  animals  can  be  purchased  from  Mrs.  Stout  from  her  annual 
spring  raising.  The  cream  dinners  for  which  Mrs.  Stout  has  won  an  enviable  repu- 
tation, are  supplied  to  parties  of  any  size  on  short  notice.  Lots  in  the  park  adjoin- 
ing the  hotel  are  sold  at  reasonable  figures  and  on  easy  terms  to  those  who  desire 
to  erect  summer  cottages  at  this  ideal  resort.  The  "  Sea  Breeze  "  is  open  the  year 
round. 


Clear  Laki-,  near  sea  Breeze  Hotel,  Pacific  Park. 


Sealand,   Washington. 


306 


As  the  truin  sped  northward  Ocean  Park  soon  hove  in  sight.  This  point  is  12 
miles  north  of  Ilwaco,  and  a  little  beyond  where  the  railroad  makes  a  turn  across 
the  peninsula  to  its  terminus  at  Sealand  on  Shoalwater  Bay.  Ocean  Park  was 
selected  as  a  location  for  a  seaside  resort  by  the  Methodists  in  1883.  An  association 
of  prominent  members  of  this  denomination  determined  that  here  was  an  advan- 
tageous site  for  the  establishment  of  a  semi-religious,  semi-social  summer  home. 
Rev.  Wm.  B.  Osborn,  who  years  ago  selected  the  ground  and  presided  over  the  open- 
ings of  the  famous  Ocean  Grove  near  Long  Branch  on  the  New  Jersey  coast,  picked 
out  this  location  and  was  instrumental  in  securing  its  adoption  by  the  Methodists  of 
the  Pacific  Northwest  for  a  summer  home.  The  grounds  here  have  been  beautifully 
laid  out  on  a  liberal  scale  as  to  parks,  broad  avenues,  etc.,  and  weighing  all  the 
advantages  offered  for  summer  residences  here  there  is  perhaps  noplace  on  the  entire 
peninsula  which  presents  greater  attractions  than  does  Ocean  Park.  The  sea-bathing 
here  is  unsurpassed  for  enjoyment  and  safety.  The  beach  here  has  a  very  gradual 
descent  into  the  ocean  so  that  it  is  impossible  for  a  bather  to  find  himself  suddenly  in 
water  over  his  depth.  There  is  also  no  undertow  here.  A  short  distance  beyond 
Ocean  Park  is  the  town  of  Sealand,  the  northern  terminus  of  the  line.  This  town  is 
located  on  Shoalwater  Bay  directly  south  of  Oysterville,  and  is  the  headquarters  for 
clams  and  oysters.  These  delicious  bivalves  are  shipped  from  here  to  all  parts  of  the 
coast,  and  they  enjoy  an  excellent  reputation  in  both  Washington  and  California. 

This  short  sketch  but  poorly  portrays  the  advantages  and  delights  of  North  Beach 
resorts.  It  can  be  stated,  however,  that  thia  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  beaches  on 
the  coast,  and  the  thousands  of  people  who  annually  congregate  here  furnish  ample 
evidence  of  the  appreciation  of  the  merits  of  this  beach  by  the  residents  of  the 
states  of  Oregon,  Washington  and  Idaho. 

Sealand,  Washington. — There  is  perhaps  no  part  of  the  entire  Pacific  county 
peninsula  which  presents  greater  attractions  than  does  Sealand,  the  terminus  of  the 
Ilwaco  Railway  &  Navigation  Company's  line.  The  advantages  of  Sealand  have 
been  considerably  overlooked,  while  those  of  other  beaches  north  of  Ilwaco  have 
been  constantly  exploited  and  made  prominent. 

It  is  certainly  time  that  Sealand  and  the  many  conspicuous  advantages  it  pos- 
sesses, which  are  lacking  at  other  places,  should  be  fairly  and  fully  presented  to  the 
public,  and  especially  to  those  who  meditate  the  purchase  of  seaside  property,  either 
as  an  investment  or  for  the  erection  of  summer  homes,  Sealand  is  located  on 
Shoalwater  Bay,  now  known  as  Willapa  Harbor,  within  easy  reach  of  the  ocean, 
which  thus  gives  it  double  advantage  as  a  bathing  resort.  Those  who  like  the  tur- 
bulent tossing  of  the  ocean  surf,  and  arc  sutliciently  hardy  to  withstand  the  effects 
of  its  chilly  waters,  can  bathe  here  as  their  desires  prompt  them,  while  those,  and 
there  are  a  large  number  at  the  beach  every  summer,  who  find  the  temperature  of 
the  waters  of  the  Pacific  and  the  buffeting  of  the  waves  too  much  for  their  endur- 
ance, can  find  calmer  waters  and  waters  of  a  temperature  many  degrees  warmer 
than  those  of  the  main  body  of  the  ocean  washing  the  shores  of  Shoalwatei  Bay, 
at  Sealand.  Here  one  can  swim,  which  is  out  of  the  question  in  the  ocean,  or 
otherwise  disport  oneself  in  the  water  for  half  an  hour  or  more  at  a  time  and  come 
out  refreshed,  invigorated  and  without  the  slightest  chill  or  unpleasant  after  result. 
Here,  also,  both  razor-shell  and  Eastern  clams  are  found  in  abundance,  while  at 
other  beaches  the  rnzor-shells  are  practically  exhausted,  and  the  Eastern  clams  are 
not  found  at  all.     An  excellent  hotel,  the  Morrison  house,  is  found  at  Sealand,  and 


i  ,  1 


J 


§ 


m 


306 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest, 


a  number  of  excellent  stores  at  which  to  purchase  the  commodities  of  life.  An 
investment  in  a  few  lots  at  Sealand  now  will  be  the  cause  for  congratulation  later 
when  its  advantages  are  understood  and  lotd  have  advanced  to  double  and  treble 
the  price  at  which  they  can  now  be  obtained. 

Catlilaniet,  Washington. — Cathlamet,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Wahkiakum 
county,  Washington,  is  situated  on  the  Columbia  river,  71  miles  from  Portland  and 
17  miles  this  side  of  Astoria.  It  is  a  thriving  little  town  of  about  200  inhabitants  and 
is  one  of  the  older  established  settlements  along  the  river. 

The  principal  industries  of  Cathlamet  are  lumbering  and  salmon  canning. 
Located  near  are  four  large  logging  camps.  One  of  the  logging  companies  operates 
about  four  miles  of  railroad  for  hauling  logs  from  the  camps  to  the  river.  These 
logs  are  floated  principally  to  the  large  sawmills  at  Portland.     The  Warrens'  salmon 

cannery,  located  at  Cathlamet,  is  one  of  the  largest  on  the 
river.  Cathlamet  has  a  good  school  house  and  an  excellent 
system  of  public  instruction  is  maintained.  Several  large 
business  houses  are  located  at  this  point.  The  town  is  ex- 
ceptionally well  supplied  with  hotels.  The  McGrath  House 
here,  containing  25  rooms,  is  located  within  easy  distance  of 
the  steamboat  wharves,  on  high  ground,  and  is  supplied  with 
pure,  spring  water  conducted  to  the  house  through  pipes. 
The  transient  rates  at  this  house  are  $1  a  day,  with  a  rate  to 
permanent  guests  of  $5  a  week.  The  Columbia  Hotel  has 
32  bedrooms,  besides  a  bar  and  billiard  room.  An  excellent 
home  table  is  set  at  this  hotel  and  special  attention  is  paid  to 
Transient  rates  at  the  Columbia  are  from  |i  to  I1.50  a  lay, 
with  special  rates  to  permanent  guests  of  from  I4.50  to  $5.50  a  week. 

Cathlamet  is  reached  by  two  steamers  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  also  by  the  Tele- 
phone and  Lurline  which  ply  regularly  between  Portland  and  Astoria  daily. 

Kalama,  WaHhington. — Kalama,  the  county  seat  and  chief  city  of  Cow- 
litz county,  enjoyed  the  distinction  at  one  time  of  being  the  rival  of  Portland.  It 
was  at  this  point  that  many  speculators  selected  a  site  for  building  one  of  the  lead- 
ing cities  of  the  Northwest.  This  was  at  the  time  that  the  Northern  Pacific  rail- 
road was  being  constructed  between  Kalama  and  Tacoma.  The  Columbia  river 
between  Kalama  and  the  sea  is  navigable  for  deep-draught  vessels,  and  at  the  point 
vhere  this  great  transcontinental  line  of  railroad  reached  the  Columbia,  it  was  hoped 
'  build  up  a  great  shipping  and  commercial  center.  In  pursuance  of  this  hope  a 
■  'wnsite  was  platted  here  covering  a  distance  of  about  three  miles  back  from  tht- 
ri^  front.  Lots  went  off  rapidly  to  eager  purchasers  and  the  erection  of  a  large 
nninber  of  buildings  was  commenced.  Kalama  never  attained  metropolitan  great- 
ness, but  is  still  a  town  of  perhaps  200  population  and  it  enjoys  considerable  tra.'e 
with  a  prosperous  tributary  section. 

Many  thousands  of  cases  of  salmon  are  annually  forwarded  from  Kalama  by 
means  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  to  New  York  and  other  eastern  markets. 
The  industries  of  the  town  at  the  present  time  consist  of  two  fisheries  engaged  in 
the  business  of  forwarding  fresh  Columbia  river  salmon,  sturgeon,  smelt  and  other 
fish  to  interior  and  Eastern  markets.  These  shipments  are  packed  in  ice  and  reach 
their  destination  in  as  fresh  a  condition  as  they  were  when  first   taken  out  of  the 


Cutting  Timber  near  C*thl»met. 


commercial   travelers. 


of  life.  An 
ulation  later 
;  and   treble 

tVahkiakuin 
ortland  and 
abitants  and 

in   canning, 
les  operates 
'er.      These 
2ns'  salmon 
■gest  on  the 
u  excellent 
iveral  large 
town  is  ex- 
rath  House 
distance  of 
pplied  with 
ugh  pipes. 
;h  a  rate  to 
Hotel  has 
II  excellent 
n  is  paid  to 
1.50a  lay, 

r  the  Tele- 

r, 

y  of  Cow- 
rtlaud.  It 
f  the  lead- 
icific  rail- 
nbia  river 
;  the  point 
was  hoped 
lis  hope  a 
from  the 
of  a  large 
tan  great- 
able  traJe 

alama  by 
markets. 
1  gaged  in 
and  other 
ind  reach 
ut  of  the 


Vancou ver,  Wa shingt on . 


307 


water.  In  addition  to  the  fishing  company  is  a  sawmill  which  is  supplied  with  logs 
cut  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  town.  Kalama  contains  a  number  of  stores  and 
two  hotels.  Recently  the  discovery  of  gold-bearing  quartz  at  different  points  on  the 
Kalama  river,  varying  from  13  to  18  miles  distant  from  the  town,  has  stirred  up  some 
little  excitement  in  the  place.  A  milling  district  has  been  formed  here  and  good 
results  are  looked  for  on  a  fiiiler  development  of  the  many  promising  quartz  ledges 
located  here. 

Kalama  is  now  reached  from  Portlani  either  by  the  cars  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
or  by  any  of  the  numerous  lines  of  steamers  plying  on  the  lower  Columbia  river  and 
connecting  with  Portland.  The  town  i'^,  38  miles  distant  from  Portland  by  the  river 
route,  and  40  miles  by  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad.  All  tr-  1  over  the  Northern 
Pacific  for  Portland  are  ferried  across  the  Colum- 
bia at  this  point,  the  huge  ferry  with  a  carrying 
capacity  of  a  full  train  making  close  connection 
between  Kalama  and  Hunters,  on  the  opposite 
side  of  the  Columbia. 


M*iN  Street,  Looking  South,  Vancouver. 


Clarke  County  Court  House, 
vancouver. 


Vancouver,  Washington.— Vancouver, 

the  seat  of  justice  of  Clarke  county,  Washington,  is 
located  on  the  Columbia  river  a  short  distance 
above  its  junction  with  the  Willamette.  The  town 
was  named  after  the  early  explorer  and  navigator, 

Captain  George  Vancouver,  and  it  possesses  considerable  his- 
toric interest.  Quite  a  settlement  was  established  here  25  years 
before  Portland  was  thought  of,  and  many  things  pointed  at 
that  time  to  the  selection  of  Vancouver  as  the  future  metropolis 
of  the  Northwest.  Portland  soon  forged  to  the  front,  however, 
asjthe  coming  great  city  of  the  district,  and  Vancouver  remained 
the  site  of  the  fort  established  here  by  the  United  States  gov- 
ernment, and  the  trading  center  of  a  large  and  rich  section  of 
tributary  country. 
In  1823  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  selected  this  locality 
for  the  establishment  of  one  of  their  main  supply  head- 
quarters. Representatives  of  this  great  trading  company 
made  Vancouver  their  home.  The  growth  of  Vancouver, 
has  been  slow  and  conservative.  It  is  18  miles  distant  from 
Portland  by  water  and  but  seven  miles  by  land.  Numerous 
lines  oT  steamers  ply  regularly  between  the  two  points  and 
a  finely  equipped  electric  line  of  road  runs  from  Portland^l 
to  the  shore  of   the  Columbia  river  opposite  Vancouver. 

The  Columbia  river  terminus  of 
this  road  has   connection  with 

Vancouver  by  a  fast  steam  ferry  which  makes  frequent 
trips.  Portland  is  now  built  down  the  peninsula  nearly 
to  the  ferry  landing  on  the  Columbia  river,  and  it  will 
perhaps,  be  but  a  few  years  more  until  Vancouver  will 
become  one  of  the  important  suburbs  of  this  great  city. 
Vancouver  now  contains  a  population  of  about  5,000. 
The  leading  industry  of  the  section  of  country  tributary 


Public  School,  Vancouver. 


School  tor  deaf  Mutes.  Vancouver. 


'i 


-  i 


I'   i 


\m 


308 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


.^^^^9B^^^, 


School  for  feeble-minded,  Vancouver. 


to  Vancouver  is  the  raising  of  fruit.  Clarke  county  is 
already  noted  for  its  fruit  product,  especially  its  Italian 
prunes,  and  some  of  the  largest  and  best  bearing  orchards 
of  this  fine  fruit  are  now  found  in  the  vicinity  of  Van- 
couver. In  the  county  close  to  the  city  are  also  found 
fine  forests  of  timber.  Four  large  sawmills  are  in  opera- 
tion at  this  point  and  the  output  of  these  mills  is  sold  to  a 
wide  market  The  city  owns  its  electric  light  plant  and 
excellent  water  is  piped  into  all  its  stores  and  dwellings.  A 
noticeable  feature  of  Vancouver  is  the  number  and  the  archi- 
tectural beauty  of  its  public  buildings.  Among  these  struc- 
tures are  state  schools  for  defective  and  feeble  minded  youth, 
located  here  ;  the  Clarke  county  court  house,  erected  at  a  cost 
of  $75,000 ;  the  fne  Catholic  cathedral;  the  Catholic  school 
for  girls,  and  a  school  conducted  by  the  same  denomination  for 
boys ;  the  city  hall  and  other  notable  buildings. 

Main  street,  beginning  at  the  wharves  on  the  Columbia 
river,  is  the  principal  business  street  of  Vancouver.  It  is  built 
up  solidly  on  both  sides,  is  well  paved  with  cedar  blocks,  and  it 


St.  James  Cathedral,  Vancouver. 


presents   a 
quarter    of 


Interior,  Cathedral,  Vancouver, 

are  kept  in  perfect  or- 
der, equal  to  that  of 
any  Eastern  pleasure 
park.  In  addition  it 
possesses  attractions  in 
the  different  phases  of 
military  life  which 
pleasure  parks  are 
lacking  in.  Vancouver 
Barracks      has      been 


lively  appearance  during  business  hours.      The    residence 
the  city  is  back  from  the  river.      Handsome  and  attractive 
homes  are  a  feature  of  Vancouver  which  cannot  fail   to  im- 
press a  stranger  favorably.     These  homes  are  generally  sur- 
rounded by  spacious  and  well  laid  out  grounds,  ornamented 
with  flowers  and  fruit  trees.    Vancouver  has  one  of 
the  finest  driving  parks  in  the  state.  Annual  races  are 
held  here  and   they   are  attended  largely  even  by  the 
people   of    Portland.     The  park    is  [located  on  Van- 
couver Heights,  about  one  mile  back  from  the  river. 
The  mile  track  in  this  park  is  considered   by  horse- 
men as  one  of  the  finest  tracks  in   the    West.      The 
park  has  stable  accommodations  for  200  horses. 

I  Adjoining  Vancouver  on  the  east   is  the   United 

I  States  military  reservation  known  as  Vancouver  Bar- 
racks. This  embraces  one  square  mile  of  territory 
and  it  divides  with  the  Presidio  at  San  Francisco  the 
honor  of  being  the  finest  laid-out  military  reservation 
in  the  United  States.  The  parade  grounds,  lawns, 
flower  gardens  and  serpenti..    roads  of  the  reservation 


OFFICERS'  Quarters,  Vancouver  Barracks. 


steai 

here 

are 

Van| 

ant 

hap^ 
ver. 
PapJ 
a  lai 
licat 


Washouffal,  Washington. 


309 


steadily  occupied  by  United  States  troops  since  1849.  The  present  garrison  stationed 
here  numbers  all  told  about  1,000  people.  Military  drills  accompanied  by  fine  music 
are  of  daily  occurrence  here  and  they  afford  a  pleasant  diversion  for  the  citizens  of 
Vancouver  as  well  as  for  visitors  from  Portland  who  throng  the  grounds  on  pleas- 
ant days. 

IjaCanias,  Washliiprton. — The  most  important  manufacturing  town,  per- 
haps, on  the  Columbia  river,  in  Washington,  is  LaCamas,  14  miles  east  of  Vancou- 
ver. This  is  the  seat  of  the  great  manufacturing  industry  of  the  Columbia  River 
Paper  Company, with  head  offices  in  Portland.  This  company  conducts,  at  LaCamas, 
a  large  paper  mill,  which  now  makes  the  paper  for  nearly  all  the  leading  daily  pub- 
lications of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

The  country  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  LaCamas  is  rich  in  resources.  All  of 
Clarke  county  is  especially  adapted  to  the  growing  of  fruits,  and  some  of  the  most 
productive  farms  and  most  highly  cultivated  orchards  in  the  state  are  situated  near 
LaCamas.  Special  attention  is  paid  in  this  section  to  the  cultivation  of  prunes. 
Another  rich  resource  of  this  section  is  lumber.  The  forests  back  of  LaCamas  con- 
tain large  quantities  of  fir  and  other  woods  of  great  commercial  value.  LaCamas, 
at  the  present  time,  contains  two  sawmills,  and  considerable  lumber  is  shipped  from 
this  point.  Near  the  town  are  streams  and  lakes  which  furnish  a  valuable  water 
power  here.  This  water  is  conducted  direct  to  the  place  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses, and  this  power  is  now  largely  utilized  by  the  factories  in  operation  here. 

Congress  has  granted  the  right  to  bridge  the  Columbia  river  at  LaCamas.  The 
bridge  will  probably  be  built  by  one  of  the  great  transcontinental  lines  of  railroad 
LaCamas  has  daily  connection  with  Portland,  32  miles  distant,  by  water,  steamboats 
running  regularly  between  these  points.  Its  present  population  is  between  400  and 
500. 

Washougal,  Waslilngton.— Eighteen  miles  east  of  Vancouver,  on  the 
Columbia  river,  in  Washington,  is  the  town  of  Washougal.  It  is  also  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Washougal  river,  which  joins  the  Columbia  at  this  place.  The  Washougal 
river  here  furnishes  an  available  power  for  manufacturing  purposes.  Washougal  is 
in  the  center  of  a  rich  agricultural  and  timber  section.  The  chief  pursuits  followed 
by  the  residents  of  this  section  are  dairying,  fruit  culture  and  agriculture.  A  daily 
line  of  boats  plies  regularly  between  Washougal  and  Portland,  the  distance  between 
the  two  points,  by  water,,  being  36  miles.     Washougal  contains  about  100  people. 

Ooldemlale,  Waslilngton. — Goldendale  is  the  judicial  seat  of  Klickitat 
county.  It  is  located  12  miles  north  of  the  Oregon  state  line  at  the  Columbia  river. 
The  town  is  reached  by  stage  from  Grant's  Station,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad,  12  miles  distant,  daily  connection  being  made  between  these  two 
points.  A  daily  stage  line  also  runs  from  The  Dalles  to  Goldendale,  the  distance 
being  25  miles. 

The  present  population  of  Goldendale  is  about  i  ,000.  The  town  is  situated  in 
the  rich  Klickitat  valley,  on  the  river  of  the  same  name.  This  stream  affords  ample 
water  power,  at  Goldendale,  to  run  a  large  number  of  factories,  but  this  large  power 
is  row  only  used  by  a  single  flouring  mill  located  here,  which  has  a  daily  capacity  of 
75  barrels.  Another  flouring  mill  is  located,  however,  some  distance  back  from  the 
river.  This  larger  mill  is  operated  by  steam  power.  The  other  manufacturing  enter- 
prise located  at  Goldendale  is  a  small  sash  and  door  factory.     Goldendale  is  a  trad- 


11  ( 


Ml 


E  ;i  f-r' 


1 1' 


14. 

if 


810 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


■!! 


I|! 


Ill  j-llit 

■i 


i,tii 


ing  point  for  a  section  that  is  rich  in  agricultural  products  and  stock,  and  it  is  quite 
a  flourishing  town. 

Goldendale  was  almost  entirely  destroyed  by  fire  some  three  years  ago.  Hand- 
some one  and  two-story  brick  buildings  have  taken  the  place  of  the  old  wooden 
structures  which  formerly  lined  the  business  street  here,  and  the  town  is  now  in  a 
far  more  prosperous  condition  than  it  was  before  the  fire.  The  various  lines  of  busi- 
ness are  well  represented  here,  and  the  largest  stores  carry  very  heavy  lines  of  goods. 
A  very  strong  bank,  the  First  National,  is  located  here.  This  bank  was  established 
in  1888,  with  a  capital  of  $50,000.  Its  present  officers  are  :  John  G.  Maddock,  presi- 
dent; Hugh  Fields,  vice-president,  and  O.  D.  Sturgess,  cashier.  Four  teachers  are 
employed  in  the  public  schools  here,  which  are  attended  by  an  average  of  about  200 
pupils.  Five  church  organizations  are  maintained  in  the  town,  and  each  of  these 
worships  in  its  own  building.  The  denominations  represented  are  the  Presbyterian, 
Baptist,  Primitive  Baptist,  Methodist  and  Christian.  Goldendale  supports  two 
weekly  newspapers,  T/ie  Seniinel  and  The  Courier.  Two  public  halls  are  maintained 
here,  and  the  town  contains  three  hotels  and  three  livery  stables.  Considerable 
money  has  been  spent  on  a  complete  system  of  water  works  here,  and  an  efficient 
fire  department  is  maintained.  The  assessed  valuation  of  town  property,  in  1892, 
was  $272,000,  and  the  bonded  indebtness  carried  was  $12,500,  this  indebtedness  hav- 
ing been  incurred  in  the  construction  of  the  water- works  system. 

The  principal  products  of  the  Klickitat  valley,  of  which  Goldendale  is  the 
trading  center,  are  grain  of  all  kinds,  fruits,  wool  and  live  stock.  The  area  of  the 
valley  is  about  100  square  miles,  and  it  is  fast  settling  up  with  a  thrifty  class  of 
farmers,  , 

Kelso,  Washington. — Kelso  is  a  small  but  prosperous  town,  located  in  Cow- 
litz county,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  51  miles  north  of 
Portland  and  94  miles  south  of  Tacoma.  In  addition  to  the  transportation  facilities 
by  rail,  Kelso  has  the  benefit  of  a  daily  line  of  steamers  to  Portland  by  way  of  the 
Cowlitz,  Columbia  and  Willamette  rivers,  the  former  stream  running  through  the 
center  of  the  town  and  navigable  to  Kelso  throughout  the  year. 

The  present  population  of  Kelso  is  about  Soo.  The  town  is  located  in  the  midst 
of  a  rich  district.  The  principal  industries  followed  in  this  section  are  diversified 
farming  and  lumbering.  The  lumber  interests  of  Kelso  are  heavy,  two  large  saw- 
mills being  operated  at  this  point,  in  addition  to  which  industries  are  two  shingle 
mills  whose  product  finds  a  ready  sale  in  Portland  and  in  the  markets  to  the  north 
and  south  of  Kelso.  The  forests  of  valuable  fir,  cedar  and  hemlock  surrounding 
Kelso  are  easily  accessible,  and  the  sawing  of  this  timber  will  prove  one  of  the  most 
valuable  industries  of  the  town  for  many  years  in  the  future. 

Kelso  supports  two  banks  which  are  on  a  good  financial  footing,  two  schools  are 
maintained  here,  the  town  has  two  churches  of  the  Methodist  and  Presbyterian 
denominations  respectively,  and  one  good  weekly  newspaper.  The  Courier,  is  pub- 
lished at  this  point.  The  town  was  first  settled  in  1884,  and  is  one  of  the  compari- 
tively  new  towns  along  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  between  Portland  and 
Tacoma. 

Castle  Rock,  Washington. — Castle  Rock  is  located  on  the  line  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  railroad,  6r  miles  north  of  Portland  and  84  miles  south  of  Tacoma. 
It  is  also  located  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Cowlitz  river,  a  navigable  branch 


of  tt 

the 

atcdl 

larg^ 

sawij 

mini 

offic^ 

600, 

The  I 

the 

tain^ 

news 

lent 

sentd 


Th« 
Jul 

wit 
im 
of 
se£ 

aci 
va 
H' 


quite 


Winlock,  Washington. 


311 


Metmooist  Church,  Castle  Rock. 


of  the  Columbia,  and  a  Hue  of  steamers  is  operated  throughout 
the  year  between  Castle  Rock  and  Portland.  The  town  is  situ- 
ated in  the  midst  of  a  vast  forest  of  the  finest  timber,  and  a 
large  area  of  rich  agricultural  country  is  also  tributary.  The 
sawing  of  lumber  is  an  important  industry  here  and  five  saw- 
mills and  two  shingle  mills  are  located  at  this  point. 

The  present  population  of  Castle  Rock  is  about  900.  The 
official  census  of  1S90  credited  the  town  with  a  population  of 
600,  but  there  has  been  a  large  growth  here  since  that  time. 
The  town  is  the  trading  point  for  the  valleys  of  the  South  and 
the  Arkansas  rivers,  where  lumbering  is  done  on  an  extensive  scale.  Castle  Rock  con- 
tains one  bank,  a  neat  opera  house  with  a  seating  capacity  ot  600,  and  a  weekly 
newspaper  is  published  at  this  point.  The  people  here  have  the  benefit  of  an  excel- 
lent public  school  system,  which  is  in  charge  of  four  teachers.  The  churches  repre- 
sented at  Castle  Rock  are  of  the  Methodist,  Christian  and  Presbyterian  denominations. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Castle  Rock  are  large  and 
valuable  deposits  of  lignite  coal.  The  property  of 
the  Castle  Rock  Coal  Company  is  connected  with 
the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  by 
a  spur  track  2^2  miles  in  length.  The  coal  is  now 
being  mined  and  shipped  to  distant  points.  Mr. 
George  F.  White  is  a  resident  owner  of  part  of  the 
coal  property  and  is  also  largely  interested  in 
Castle  Rock  realty.  This  gentleman  is  the  oldest 
real  estate  dealer  and  surveyor  in  Cowlitz  county. 
Silver  Lake,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water,  six 
miles  in  length,  is  situated  five  miles  distant  from 
Castle  Rock.  The  lake  teems  with  many  varieties 
of  gamy  fish,  and  it  is  a  favorite  resort  for  sports- 
men. 

Castle  Rock  has  the  distinction  of  having 
within  its  corporate  limits  the  pioneer  shingle  m  11 
in  the  state  of  Washington.  Mr.  John  Robin  erected 
this  mill  in  1883,  and  he  is  engaged  in  operating  it 
at  the  present  time.  The  plant  has  a  daily  capacity 
of  50,000  shingles,  and  the  number  of  shingles 
manufactured  in  1892  amounted  to  12,000,000 
The  first  carload  of  cedar  shingles  shipped  east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  left  this  mill 
July  4.  1885- 

Winlock,  Washington.— The  town  of  Winlock,  surrounded  by  hills  covered 
with  fine  timber,  is  picturesquely  located  on  Olequa  creek,  in  Lewis  county.  It  is  an 
important  station  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  77  miles  north 
of  Portland,  68  miles  south  of  Tacoma,  and  14  miles  south  of  Chehalis;  the  county 
seat. 

In  the  valley  of  the  Cowlitz,  a  few  miles  distant  from  Winlock,  are  some  20,000 
acres  of  rich,  black  prairie  land  adapted  to  the  highest  state  of  cultivation.  This 
valley  commands  a  full  view  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  extending  from  Mount  St. 
Helens  to  Mount  Rainier,  and  it  is  one   of   the  most  attractive  spots   in  Western 


Geo.  F.  White.  Castle  Rock. 


;  1  : 
■  i  . 


'J   L 


312 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  0.   K.  MONO. 


School  House,  Winiock 


Washington.     Located  in  this  tract  is  the  old  mission  of  St.  Francis  Xavier,  founded 
by  the  Jesuits  in  1830.     The  Green  river  country,  near  Mount  St.  Helens,  where  gold 

has  been  found  in  paying  quantities,    is  some  40  miles 
distant  from  Winiock,  which  is  the  nearest  and   most 
»^  P  accessible  outfitting  point.      The  reports  of  experienced 

prospectors  indicate  that  this  region  will  eventually 
become  a  great  mining  district.  Capitalists  are  now- 
engaged  in  developing  the  mines  of  the  Green  river 
district  where  placer  mining  is  carried  on  to  a  considera- 
ble extent  at  the  present  time. 

Fields  of  an  excellent  quality  of  potters'  clay  are 
located  near  Winiock,  and  a  company  is  now  engaged 
at  this  point  in  the  manufacture  of  fire  brick  and  terra 
cotta  pipes. 

Winiock  claims  a  large  and  handsome  school  building.  The  public  schools  here 
are  in  charge  of  a  corps  of  experienced  teachers.  The  town  has  one  good  bank, 
hotels  equipped  with  all  modern  improvements,  and  it  supports  one  ably  conducted 
weekly  newspaper.  The  Methodist,  Baptist  and  Christain  denominations  own  houses 
of  worship  here. 

Winiock  contains  today  a  population  of  about  900.  In  addition  to  being  the 
trading  center  of  a  large  mining,  timber  and  agricultural  district,  it  is  also  the  sup- 
ply .point  for  22  inland  villages.  Two  sawmills  are  in  operation  at  Winiock.  The 
largest  of  these  mills  is  owned  by  the  Capital  Lumbering  Company,  which  is  incor- 
potated  with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000.  This  is  one  of  the  largest  mills  in  the  sec- 
tion of  the  ;5tate  in  which  it  is  located.  It  has  a  daily  capacity  of  45,000  feet  and  its 
annual  output  amounts  to  10,000,000  feet  of  lumber.  N.  A.  Metzger  is  the  president 
of  the  company,  A.  T.  Dix,  .'ice-president,  and  D.  Gubs;;  r.  secretary  and  treasurer. 

Winiock  offers  certain  attractions  that  will  appeal  w.:h  particular  force  to  the 
tourist.  Good  trout  fishing  is  found  in  the  vicinity  of  tho  town,  and  back  from  this 
point  in  the  foothill  districts  large  game  is  still  plenf  ifa!. 

Chelialis,  Washington. — A  glance  backwards  to  the  early  history  of  that 
part  of  Lewis  county  where  Chehalis  now 
stands,  will  enable  the  reader  to  better 
understand  the  origin  and  steady  growth 
of  a  city  at  this  point.  Located  at  the 
junction  of  the  Chehalis  and  Newaukum 
valleys,  the  present  townsite,  originally 
formed  part  of  the  donation  land  claims 
of  S.  S.  Sanders  and  Eliza  Sanders,  cover- 
ing a  space  ol  one  square  mile  of  ground. 
These  claims  occupied  the  very  heart  of 
the  valley,  and  any  person  blessed  with  a 
reasonable  amount  of  foresight  would  have 
predicted,  even  back  in  the  50's,  the  de- 
velopment of  an  important  distributing 
point  at  the  present  site  of  Chehalis  at  some 
future  time  when  railroads  and  the  conse- 
quent   increase  of    population  in    the  sur- 


PHOTO.  BV  H.  SHEANE 


\5>«r'k;_'s^'' 


1  lundl 
aroun^ 
place. 


Public  School,  Chehalis 


Chchalis,   Washington. 


313 


?  junding  country  would  support  such  a  trading  center.  The  valleys  spread  out 
around  Chehalis  and  the  slopes  of  the  rich  tributary  section  all  incline  towards  the 
place. 

The  old  Sander's  farm-house,  the  precursor  of  the  many  buildings  in  this  locality 
which  followed  it,  is  still  standing  in  sufficiently  good  condition  for  occupancy  at  the 
edge  of  the  present  townsite.  The  first  business  structure  erected  in  Chehalis  was  a 
grain  warehouse,  built  in  1872.  Th :  Northern  Pacific  was  then  running  trains  over 
the  present  Kalama-Tacoma  route  with  a  stiition  at  Newaukum,  which  they  favored 
for  a  town.  The  officials  of  the  road  instructed  the  farmers  of  this  section  to  haul 
their  grain  to  Newaukum  and  the  road  would  ship  it  for  them.  No  better  evidence 
of  the  natural  selection  o''  .he  present  site  of  Chehalis  can  be  found  than  the  rebellion 
of  the  farmers  of  this  section  in  1872  against  the  fiat  of  the  railroad  company.  The 
farmers,  taking  the  reins  in  their  own  hands,  clubbed  together  and  erected  a  ware- 
house at  the  point  most  convenient  for  shipping  their  produce,  although  in  doing 
this  they  were  compelled  to  get  along  without  the  accommodations  of  a  station  and 
to  flag  reluctant  trainmen  to  enable  them  to  market  their  products  by  railroad.  The 
erection  of  a  building  for  a  general  merchandise  store  by  an  old  settler  named 
George  Hogue  soon  followed.  The  farmers  here  could  not  only  then  find  storage 
room  for  their  products,  but  they  could  also  purchase  at  the  present  site  of  Chehalis 
the  staple  articles  of  subsistence.  A  place  of  trade  and  barter,  an  infant  city  was 
thus  created.  The  embryo  town  was  christened  Sandersville,  a  name  which  can 
still  be  found  on  old  plats  in  the  recorder's  office.  In  1875,  the  proud  distinction  of 
a  county  seat  was  secured,  and  Chehalis,  named  after  an  old  Indian  chief,  sprung 
into  existence.  Here  again  the  manifest  destiny  of  the  town  was  made  apparent. 
Against  opposition,  and  by  pledging  his  word  that  the  court  house  should  not  be  an 
expense  to  the  territory,  the  representative  from  this  section  obtained  this  building 
at  Chehalis  by  special  legislation,  which  had  not  then  fallen  into  disuse.  The  farm- 
ers again  drew  from  their  coin  stockings  and  a  public  building  was  erected  at  Che- 
halis by  individual  subscriptions  alone. 

Strong  in  a  population  of  about  100  sturdy  citizens  and  in  the  undisputed  posses- 
sion of  the  court  house,  Chehalis  was  incorporated  and  advanced  to  the  first  place  in 
Lewis  county.  The  growth  of  the  old  town  of  Sandersville,  with  its  single  ware- 
house and  one  store,  was  proportionate  to  the  importance  of  the  days  in  which  the 
town  flourished.  Such  a  continued  growth  has  ever  been  characteristic  of  Chehalis. 
Booms  have  at  divers  times  struck  other  Washington  towns  and  in  due  season  burst 
from  their  own  distention.  Chehalis  has  escaped  both  booms  and  boomerangs. 
Quietly  keeping  pace  with  the  growth  and  requirements  of  its  tributary  country,  it  is 
today  a  prosperous,  self-supporting  city  of  3,000  population.  These  figures  are  con 
servative,  and  good  judges  at  Chehalis  say  that  3,500  population  is  a  fairer  estimate 
of  the  city. 

Each  successive  year  shows  an  increase  in  the  freight  shipments  from  Chehalis, 
both  in  bulk  and  value  and  the  mercantile  trade  of  the  city  grows  in  proportion.  In 
the  matter  of  ample  transportation  facilities  Chehalis  is  especially  favored.  It  is 
located  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  and  is  on  the  surveyed  route  of  the 
Union  Pacific.  It  is  also  the  western  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific  branch  road 
to  South  Bend,  on  Willapa  Harbor,  a  road  that  was  opened  to  traffic  in  December, 
1892,  and  that  is  now  doing  a  good  business. 


,,rA 


i' 


814 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BV   r.     SHEANE. 


Barrett  Block,  Chehalis. 


PMO'O.    BY  R.   SHEANE 


In  1892  Chehalis  was  visited  by  two  disastrous  fires  which  swept  awa'-  36  bnild- 
ings.  This  fire,  however,  inaugurated  the  era  of  brick  buildings,  only  a  few 
of  which,  had  been  erected  previous  to  the  fire.  Among  the  fine  brick  structures  of 
the  city  today  may  be  mentioned  the  handsome  three-story  brick  Barrett  block,  built 

at  a  cost  of  $36,000,  and  the  substantial  brick 
and  stone  building  of  the  First  National  Bank 
of  Chehalis,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $23,000.  The 
Barrett  block,  depigned  for  a  hotel,  was  built 
with  a  view  of  the  easy  escape  of  its  inmates 
in  case  of  fire.  Its  wide  hallways  and  easily 
accessible  staircases,  together  with  several  reels 
of  hose  and  attachments  in  the  ofFi«.e  and  in  the 
upper  story,  renders  all  danger  from  a  fatality 
in  case  of  fire  in  the  building  a  practical  nul- 
lity. The  First  National  Bank  building  is  the 
finest  structure  occupied  by  any  financial  in- 
stitution between  Portland  and  Tacoma.  The 
portion  of  this  building  not  used  by  the  spacious 
bank  offices  and  vaults  is  used  for  store  and  ofrice  purposes.  Also  well  worthy  of  men- 
tion is  the  new  stone  and  brick  building  of  the  Commercial  State  Bank,  completed  in 
the  spring  of  1893  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.  T^ui.i  is  admitted  to  be  the  most  artistic  piece 
of  architecture  in  Chehalis.  The  Chehalis  Improvement  Company,  incorporated  in 
1 89 1,  with  a  paid-up  capital  of 
$125,000,  finishel  two  fine  brick 
blocks  in  Chehalis  at  a  cost  respec- 
tively of  $17,000  and  $14,000,  about 
the  time  of  the  completion  of  the 
Commercial  State  Bank  building. 
The  Gem  drug  store,  L.  C.  Faulk- 
ner proprietor,  a  leading  pharmacy 
of  Chehalis,  occupies  a  cornet  in 
tlie  more  imposing  of  the  two 
structures  with  a  frontage  on  two 
main  thoroughfares.  Messrs.  John 
D   Rice  and  W    M    Urouhart   two  chehalis  improvement  ccs  building,  chehalis. 

pi(  liter  merchants  of  the  town,  are  building  and  will  occupy  an  imposing  brick 
ai.d  stone  block  adjoining  the  First  National  Bank  building.  These  two  struct- 
ures present  a  solid  frontage  of  150  feet,  with  125  feet  of  depth,  and  are  really 
creditable  to  the  city.  Messrs.  Urquhart  and  Rice  repre,sent  the  oldest  mercantile  estab- 
lishments of  Chehalis,  Mr.  Urquhart  having  established  himself  in  business  here  in 
1880,  and  Mr.  Rice  started  in  the  place  a  short  time  after  this.  .\n  indication  of  the 
good  feeling  existing  between  the  different  citizens  of  Chehalis  is  the  slatemei't  that 
Messrs.  Rice  and  Urquhart,  both  in  the  same  line  of  business,  general  nierclmn Ris- 
ing, should  erect  and  occupy  a  building  in  common  and  engage  only  in  generous 
rivalry.  The  firm  of  Maynard,  Everett  &  Co.,  carrying  hardware  and  electrical 
goods,  the  largest  and  best  stock  of  goods  in  this  line  carried  by  any  firm  in  Lewis 
count",  own  the  property  adjoining  the  Rice-Urquhart  building  and  it  is  their  inten- 
tion to  begin  in  the  near  future  construction  work  on  a  similar  block. 

The  imp'ovpments  noted  above  represent  only  a  few  of  the  many  leading  enter- 


prises! 
growtl 

tI 

the  eel 

the  pil 
town.f 
was  tl 
of  th« 
a  paic 
porat(i 

N. 
Dobsc 
of  Chi 
son  BJ 
Bostol 
Coffu 
p.-esic 
John 
1892. 
and  tl 
count 
there 


Chehalis,  Washington. 


315 


?«s:.s;t5 


f  1R3T  National  B*nk,  chehalis. 


PHOTO.    BY   R.   9HEANE. 


prises  of  Chehalis,  but  they  tend  to  show  the  steady  advauce  of  the  city  in  material 
growth  and  solid  prosperity. 

To  properly  attend  to  the  fin.  ncial  interests  of  the  country  of  which  Chehalis  is 
the  center,  banking  houses  early  became  a  necessity  it  this  point.  For  many  years 
the  pioneer  banking  house  of  N.  B.  CofFman  fully  met  this  demand  in  the  young 
town  The  outgrowth  of  this  early  venture 
was  the  incorporation  in  December,  1889, 
of  the  Fi'st  National  Bank  of  Chehalis  with 
a  paid-i,p  capital  of  150,000.  The  incor- 
porators and  stockholders  of  the  bank  were 
N.  B.  Coffman,  W.  M.  Urquhart,  John 
Dobson,  D.  C.  Millett  and  Francis  Donahoe 
of  Chehalis,  Walter  J.  Thompson  and  Nel- 
son Bennett  of  Tacoma  and  B.  ^,ombard  of 
Boston.  The  officers  elected  were  N.  B. 
Coffman,  president ;  W.  M.  Urquhart,  vice- 
p.'esident,  and  J.  Y.  CofFman.  cashier.  Mr. 
John  Dobson  took  Mr.  Urquhart's  place  in 
1892.  The  capital,  surplus  and  undivided  profits  of  the-  bank  now  amount  to  $90,000, 
and  the  deposits  a^  eras>^e  $200,000.  In  1S91  the  increasing  vvsalth  of  the  city  and 
county,  with  the  consequent  incre:.3e  in  financial  transactions  made  it  apparent  that 
there  was  room  at  Chehalis  for  another  bank.     Iii   that   year  the  Commercial  State 

Bank  was  iu  jorporated  in  the 
city  with  a  capital  of  $50,000  all 
paid  up,  by  the  following  ^gen- 
tlemen :  M.  L.  Holbrook,  Wm. 
West,  Jas.  S,  Greig,  Jno.  T. 
Newland  and  F,  M.  Wade. 
M.  L.  Holbrook  was  elected 
president  and  Ja.-^.  C.  Oreig  cash- 
ier. This  new  institution  has 
made  very  rapid  strides  since  it 
was  organized,  ample  evidence 
of  the  confidence  it  merits  from 
the  people.  The  surplus  and 
undivided  profits  of  the  bank 
now  amount  to  nearly  $6,000 
and  the  deposits  average  about 
$75 ,000.  Both  banks  loan  money 
liberally  on  good  security,  allow  interest  on  time  deposits  and  render  such  accom- 
modations to  their  patrons  as  the  wise  administration  of  banking  affairs  will  adiun. 

The  industries  of  Chehalis  in  the  line  of  manufacturing  include  the  large  saw- 
mill of  The  Mealy-Lacy  Co.,  the  sash  and  door  factory  of  Luedinj;haus'  Bros  ,  Sny- 
der &  F'rost's  shingle  mill,  the  Gates  shingle  mill,  the  Seymour  siiingle  mill  and  the 
Chehalis  flouring  mill,  the  latter  with  a  capacity  of  60  barrels  per  day. 

The  forests  of  Lewis  ccunty  supply  all  the  logs  used  in  the  factories  and  mills 
at  Chehalis,  and  even  with  the  hcvy  united  output  of  these  plants  maiiv  _ytars  of 
constant  cutting  will  not  materially  affect  this  heavy  supply. 


Commercial  State  Bank,  Chehalis. 


hM 


li    I 


it? 


1 

3  *     '■ 


316 


The  Ore^onian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  public  improvements  in  Chehalis  take  a  high  rank  among  the  cities  of  the 
same  size  on  the  coast.  The  public  school  of  the  city  was  erected,  in  i888,  at  a 
cost  of  $i2,ooo,  and  is  admirably  adapted  to  educational  purposes.  Professor  J. 
T.  Forrest,  the  principal,  has  inaugurated  an  excellent  graded  system  in  the  school, 
and  with  his  efficient  corps  of  eight  experienced  teachers,  he  presides  over  a  school 
of  500  bright  and  happy  pupils  of  both  sexes.  A  finely  equipped  electric  light 
plant  supplies  Chehalis  with  both  arc  ana  incandescent  lamps,  the  former  being 
used  for  street  lighting,  and  the  Jiatter  in  stores,  factories  and  in  the  hotels.  The 
people  of  Chehalis  boast,  with  a  pardonable  degree  of  pride,  of  their  efficient  water 
system.  Both  in  the  quality  of  water  supplied  and  in  the  pressure  obtained,  this 
system  is  certainly  not  excelled  anywhere.  The  water  is  brought  in  flumes  from 
the  Newaukum  river,  seven  miles  distant,  and  by  an  ingenious  combination  of 
water-wheel  and  pump,  at  a  point  one  and  one  quarter  miles  dislant  from  the  city, 
the  water  is  thrown  into  a  reservoir  of  560,000  gallons  capacity,  and  located  on  an 
eminence  adjacent  to  Chehalis.  The  pressure  obtained  in  the  city  mains  is  from  Soto 
90  pounds  to  the  square  inch.  Had  these  water  works  been  completed  at  the  time 
of  the  great  fire  in  1892,  no  such  a  disastrous  conflagration  as  visited  the  town  then 
would  have  been  possible. 

A  glance  at  the  '  diied  interests,  agricultural  and  mineral,  of  Lewis  county,  all 
of  which  is  tributary  to  Chehalis,  and  must  continue  to  be  in  the  future,  not  only 
reveals  the  cause  of  the  present  prosperit>  of  the  city,  but  p.lso  supplies  an  argu- 
ment for  the  continued  growth  of  the  place.  Hops,  hay  and  oats  are  the  leading 
products  of  the  soil  of  this  section.  Wheat  thrives  equally  as  well  on  the  lands 
of  the  county,  but  the  farmers  of  this  section  were  not  long  in  discovering  that  the 
first-named  crops  paid  the  best,  and  as  a  result  wheat  growing,  as  a  leading  indus- 
try on  these  lands,  was  abandoned  in  favor  of  the  more  profitable  productions. 
Hops  are  raised  in  great  abundance  here,  and  of  superior  quality.  They  are  grown 
on  low,  sandy  soil,  and  the  annual  product  of  this  staple,  in  Lewis  county,  is  very 
large.  Washington  hops  enjoy  a  deservedly  high  reputation  in  Eastern  markets,  and 
the  Chehalis  valley  hops  are  graded  with  the  best.  Reliable  reports  place  the  pro- 
».  uc*^  of  hops  on  lands  of  the  county  at  from  three-fourths  to  one  and  one-half  tons 
per  acre,  according  to  locality  and  the  care  exercised  in  cultivation.  Fine  hay  crops 
are  also  the  rule  in  this  section,  and  yields  of  from  one  to  two  and  one-half  tons  per 
acre  of  fine  timothy  are  common  here.  In  a  period  of  30  years  crops  have  never 
been  known  to  fail  here. 

Fruit  growing  is  now  attracting  considerable  attention  in  Lewis  county.  The 
uplands  of  the  county  are  found  well  adapted  for  orchards  of  pru-e,  plums,  apples, 
pears  and  cherries  and  trees  here,  which  have  already  reached  a  bearing  age,  are 
giving  fine  results,  both  in  quality  of  fruit  produced  and  the  quantity  of  this  same 
fruit. 

The  time  is  hardly  ripe  for  any  extended  notice  of  the  mineral  resources  ot 
the  county,  ^t  is  certain,  however,  that  valuable  veins  of  precious  metais  a*i"i  <  oal 
exist  in  the  slopes  of  Mount  St.  Helens,  and  many  claims  have  a' read  ,  leen  huvl 
in  this  section  with  a  view  of  their  speedy  development.  The  lumbemg  intfvf  '.;. 
of  the  county  and  adjoining  counties  are  now  second  to  those  of  no  other  part  of 
the  Northwest.  Many  years  must  elapse  before  the  billions  of  feet  of  yellow  fir 
and  cedar  now  standing  in  these  forests  can  be  exhausted. 


Ti 
leading 
tion, 
Lacy, 
gentler 


41 


South  Bend,   Washington. 


817 


PHOTO.  BY  R.  SHEANE. 


The  Mealy-Lac^.'  Company. — The  Mealy-Lacy  Company,  proprietors  of  the 
leading  lumbering  industry  of  Chehalis  and  its  tributary  section,  is  not  a  corpora- 
tion, but  a  co-partnership,  embracing  the  following  membership  :  A.  Mealy,  F.  C. 
Lacy,  G.  S.  Lacy,  C.  Leeper,   C.  M.  Mackintosh  and  R.  W.  Shotts.     All  of  these 
gentlemen  were,  until  recently,  engaged  in  the  lumbering  business  in  Pennsylva- 
nia,   and    they    brought    with 
them  to  Washington  the  prac- 
tical knowledge  of  the  business 
which    experience    alone     im- 
parts.      The    moving      causes 
which  induced  them   to  leave 
the  Atlantic  for  the  Pacific  coast 
were  the  growing  l  "arcity  of  the 
timber    in   the   East,    and  the 
keen    business   sagacity  which 
told  them  that  now,  if  ever,  the 
time  had  come  to   secure  tim- 
ber  lands  in  the  great  North 
western     timber    belts.       The 
Mealy-Lac/      Company     was 
formed    in    August,    1891,    and 
the  books  of  the  company  show 
that  their   output   for  the   first   18  months  they  were   in   business  was  4,500,000 
feet  of  lumber.     The  plant  of  the  company  at  Chehalis  covers  about  12  acres  of 
land  lying  along  the  Chehalis  river,  and  includes  sawmills,  drj'-kilns  and  the  best 
impro  eci  machinery  for  turning  act  rough  and  dressed  lumber.     They   use   both 
the    l-\ivi   and  air  process  for  drying,    bur  they  prefer  the   latter   for  best  results 
o1'*  ■;!'&!. 

(  hi-'ii  IS,  at  the  present  time,  is  worthy  of  the  attention  of  manufacturers  and 
capi^  ,  .i\,  The  manufacturing  possibilities  of  the  city  are  good,  and  the  extent  and 
richnes..  j"  ae  tributiry  section  will  always  support  at  this  point  a  large  and  pros- 
perous population. 


Mill  Boom,  Me»l^-Lacy  compaky,  Chehalis. 


FACir/C    '.     OrCAN 


South  Bend,   Wasliliigton.— S^uth  Bend, 

the  seat  of  j'  1  ,  of  Pacific  county,  WashingL'^n,  and 
one  c'  "le  pi  ■"'  )al  cities  of  Southwestern  Wash- 
i:  \  ton,  is  located  near  the  mouth  of  the  Willapa 
-"er,  iS  milesi  distant  "rom  the  Pacific  ocean. 

i'he  commercial  importance  of  the  site  on  which 
iSonVv.  '?  ".(]  is  located  was  first  recognized  in  1889,  at 
th-.-  hue  when  attention  was  first  diverted  from  Puget 
Sound,  and  increasmg  interest  began  to  be  manifested 
in  the  advantages  of  Southwestern  Washington.  Willapa  Harbor,  formerly  known 
as  Shoalwater  Bay,  has  long  been  recognized  as  one  of  the  bes^  natural  harbors  in 
the  United  States.  Satisfying  themselves  of  this  fact  a  large  number  of  promoters 
vrA  speculators  at  once  began  the  search  frr  an  eligible  townsite  on  its  shorcc. 
In  the  fall  of  1889,  South  Bend  was  platted.  There  were  at  that  time  about  150 
people  living  in  the  vicinity  of  the  proposed  town,   principally  engaged  in  farming 


Map  of  willapa  Bay,  Washington 


:    { 


1: 


818 

and  lumbering. 


PHOTO.    BV  «.   OYLFE. 


PHOTO,    or  *.   GrLFE. 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

From  the  beginning  of  1890  South  Bend  entered  upon  an  era  of  rapid 
■  "^  growth.     Capitalists  and  home  seekers  flockeu 

to  the  new  seaport  in  great  numbers  and  as  a 

result    of  this  rapid   inflow  the  United  States 

census    of    March, 

1890,  accredited 

South  Bend  with  a 

population  of  836. 

This  population 
')een  largely  in- 
.ed  since  that 

tii-ic,   and  it    is 

claimed  today  that 

the  city  contains  at 

least  3,500    inhab- 


Scene  *t  Docks,  South  Bend. 


itants. 


K»LLS  OF  p*Lix  River,  ne*r  South  Bend. 


photo,  by  gylFe. 


South  Bend  is  located  on  Willapa  river,  iS  miles  from 
the  Pacific  ocean.  It  is  as  a  seaport  that  the  city  makes 
its  chief  claim  to  future  importance.  The  Willapa 
river  u*  this  point  is  from  700  to  1,600  feet  wide  and  has 
a  depth  varying  from  22  to  38  feet  at  the  lowest  tide. 
This  harbor  offers  safe  anchorage  to  the  largest  ships 
afloat,  and  has  ample  accommodations  for  all  the  ship- 
ping that  will  ever  visit  the   state   of  Washington.     A 

deep  and  ne: '  .y  straight  channel  leads  from  South 
Rend  in  the  river,  and  through  Willapa  Harbor  to 
the  sea.  There  are  two  channel  entrances  into  the 
bay  from  the  ocean.  These  channels  are  shown 
by  the  government  survey  of  1891  to  possess  a 
depth  of  18  and  2?  feet  respectively  at  low  tide, 
with  an  average  daily  rise  of  8  feet.  Smooth 
water  is  found  in  these  entrances  in  all  weather 
and  they  offer  safe  and  easy  navigation. 

Its  harbor  advantages  attracted  the  attention 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  to 
South  Bend  in  1890  and  the  company  at  once  de- 
cided to  make  this  point  a  Pacific  ocean  terminus 
of  the  road.  A  branch  has  since  been  constructed 
from  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  at  Che- 
halis  to  South  Bend ,  a  distance  of  58  miles.  This  road  was 
completed  and  thrown  open  to  travel  in  the  spring  of 
1893,  thus  ' affording  direct  all-rail  communication  be- 
tween South  Bend,  all  parts  of  Washington  and  Oregon, 
and  the  East.  The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company 
contemplates  extending  this  line  beyond  Chehalis  to 
North  Yakima,  thus  affording  facilities  for  the  transpor- 
tation the  of  wheat  and  other  produce  of  Eastern  Wash- 
ington to  South  Bend.  This  will  be  a  great  saving  in 
^-'istance  over  the  present  circuitous  route  the  road  follows  Fn*^KLlN  block,  south  bend. 


Public  School,  South  bend. 


PPOTO.  BY  OYLFE. 


South  Bend,   Washington. 


819 


PHOTO.    By  QYLFE. 


^f€m. 


Ho  let.  wiLL*pA,  South  Bend. 


PHOTO,    BY  A.   GVLFE. 


to  Puget  Sound.  South  Bend  is  now  also  reacfted  from  Astoria  by  the  I.  R.  &  N. 
Co.'s  line.  This  road  runs  from  Ilwaco  to  Sealand.  At  the  latter  point  connection 
is  made  with  steamers  for  South  Bend.  Num- 
erous vessels  also  ply  regularly  between  South 
Bend  and  Astoria,  Portland  and  San  Francisco, 
thus  affording  a  third  route  for  reaching  this 
prospf;rcus  point. 

The  building  of  a  substantial  city  and  the 
establishment  of  industries  at  South  Bend  have 
kept  pace  with  its  increase  in  population. 
The  city  now  contains  four  banks,  six  hotels, 
two  newspapers,  and  a  large  number  of  pros- 
perous mercantile  houses.  The  Hotel  Willapa, 
intended  to  accommodate  the  tide  of  summer 
travel  which  flows  annually  to  South  Bend,  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  |i  00,000.  The  Allbee, 
a  handsome  and  well-equipped  hotel,  is  open  the  year  round,  and  it  is  highly  spoken 
of  by  tourists.  Comfortable  rooms,  a  first-class  table  and  careful  attention  to  the 
wants  of  guests  are  recognized  features  of  the  house.     The  judicial  seat  of  Pacific 

county  was  removed  from  Oysterville  in  1893  to 
South  Bend.  Among  the  improvements  con- 
templated at  South  Bend  in  the  near  future  is 
the  erection  of  a  fine  court  house.  The  public 
school  building  hi  e  is  a  fine  structure,  erected 
at  a  cost  of  $10,000.  Among  the  public  im- 
provements of  the  city  may  be  mentioned  miles 
of  graded  and  planked  st^-eets,  electric  lights 
and  an  excellent  system  of  water  works.  Relig- 
ious services  are  conducted  in  seven  churches 
of  as  many  different  denominations. 

Manufacturing  industries  at  South  Bend 
are  represented  by  the  Willapa  Harbor  Tannin 
Extract  Company,  the  Northwestern  Lumber 
Company,  two  other  large  sawmills,  a  sash  and 
door  factory,  a  planing  mill  and  a  salmon  can- 
nery. The  Willapa  Harbor  Tannin  Extract 
Company  is  a  new  enterprise,  but  it  has  already  established  a  substantial  reputation 
and  the  demand  for  its  products  is  rapidly  increasing.  The  tanuin  produced  by  the 
company  is  considered  superior  to  that 
heretofore  brought  into  Washington  from 
the  Eas-t.  The  works  are  under  the  direct 
superintenaence  and  management  of  Mr.  T. 
Cooper.  The  Northwestern  Luml)er  Com- 
pany at  South  Bend  is  a  large  concern.  It 
owns  an  extensive  plant  and  wharfage  facili- 
ties on  the  shores  of  the  Willapa  river.    The 

headquarters    of    the  company  are  at  San       willapa  h*hbob  tannin  extract  co.'s  plant,  south  beno. 
Francisco  and  the  resident  manager  at  South  Bend  is  Mr.  R.  B.  Dyer.     The  immense 
annual  output  of  the  company  is  shipped  principally  to  San  Francisco.     The  wharf- 


The  Allbee,"  South  Bend,  J.  G.  Heim,  proprietor. 


Photo   bv  a.  gvlfe. 


■    ■■ ., ii|i''i;iiii'ifiiiiiiiHMi!.ipIwjwii-*' 


'i^:-  i 


820 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  A        VLFE. 


age  facilities  of  South  Bend  along  the 
Willapa  river  are  ample  for  the  ac- 
commodation of  the  large  commerce 
which  frequents  the  city.  The  har- 
bor has  recently  been  deepened  by 
dredging  at  a  cost  of  $500,000.  The 
sand  taken  from  the  river  bed  was 
used  to  fill  in  and  render  available  for 
building  a  large  tract  of  tide  land  flats. 

PHOTO.   BY  A.  OYLFE. 

.  ..r  1,;"!  ■■ 


Plant,  South  Bend  Lumber  s.  Mfg.  Co.,  South  Bend 


PHOTO.    BY  T.   R.   WILLIAMS. 


Northwestern. Lumber  Co.'S  Mills,  South  bend. 

These  former  flats  now  form  a  most 
important  part  of  the  townsite.  Di- 
rectly tributary  to  South  Bend  is  the 
rich  Willapa  valley,  traversed  by  the 
railroad  terminating  here.  This  furn- 
ishes homes  for  a  prosperous  farming 
community.  Parts  of  it  are  covered 
with  a  fine  growth  of  heavy  timber, 
and  with  its  diversified  resources  it  is 
one  of  the  most  inviting  sections  of 
Washington. 


Centralia,    Washington.— 

Centralia  is,  as  its  name  implies,    a 
central   city.       This   position   is  not  fixed  so  much  by  geographical  location   as  it 
is  by  the  central  position  which  the  town  occupies  in   the  rich   agricultural,  timber 

and  coal  section  of  Southwestern  Washington,  and  also  by 
the  right  which  the  place  justly  claims  to  of  being  a  rail- 
road center  of  considerable  importance.  Centralia  is  on  the 
main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  94  miles  from  Portland, 
and  51  miles  from  Tacoma.  It  is  the  diverging  point  for 
the  two  important  lines  of  railroad,  one  running  from 
Centralia  to  the  coal  mining  center  of  Florence  and 
the  other  running  to  Ocosta  on  Gray's  Harbor.  It  is 
at  Centralia  that  the  Tacoma,  Olympia  &  Chehalis 
Valley  railroad  connects  with  the  main  line  of  the  Northern 
Pacific.  Cars  are  now  running  out  from  Centralia  over 
this  new  road  as  far  as  Florence  coal  mine,  about  five 
miles  distant.  It  is  the  intention  to  push  this  line 
through  to  a  connection  with  some  important  railroad 
line  east  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  at  some  time  in  the 
near  future.  In  addition  to  the  above  roads  now  pass 
ing  and  centering  at  Centralia,  the  Union  Pacific  has 
secured  the  right  of  way  for  a  line  paralleling  the  Nor- 
thern Pacific  and  running  from  Portland  to  the  Sound, 
which  line  will  make  Centralia  one  of  its  important 
stations.  Vast  sums  of  money  have  already  been  ex- 
pended on  the  roadbed  of  this  new  road,  and  the  feeling 
is  general  that  the  line  will  be  completed  and  in 
running    order  sometime  in    the  near    future.       The 


Centralia's  Only  School  House. 
January  1,  1889. 


PHOTO.   BY  T. 


Grea 

very 

ment 

the! 

thel 

Soun 

have 

road, 

and 

train 

senge 

in 

Seatt 

ing 

the 

from 

impc 


NORTH  SCHOOL,  CENTRALIA 


Centralia,   Washington. 


321 


PHOTO.   BY  T.   R.   WILLIAMS. 


H,  STREET  School,  Centralia. 


PHOTO.    QY  T.   R.   WILLIAMS. 


Great  Northern,  which  now  has  its  western  terminus  at  Seattle,  is  reported  as  being 
very  anxious  to  get  to  Portland,  and  it  is  not  improbable  that  satisfactory  arrange- 
ments may  be  made  between  the  Great  Northern  and 
the  Union  Pacific  to  run  the  cars  of  both  roads  over 
the  latter  company's  line  between  Portland  and  the 
Sound.  Should  this  be  brought  about,  Centralia  will 
have  the  benefit  of  three  transcontinental  lines  of 
road,  thus  affording  this  point  unequaled  passenger 
and  freight  accommodations.  Two  through  passenger 
trains  over  the  Northern  Pacific  and  one  local  pas- 
senger train  running  between  Portland  and  Tacoma, 
in  addJtioii  to  a  passenger  train  from  Chehalis  to 
Seattle,  are  now  run  each  way  over  the  main  line  pass- 
ing Centralia  daily,  and  this  service,  together  with 
the  trains  over  the  branch  lines  of  road  running  out 
from  this  point,  gives  Centralia  the  appearance  of  a  railroad  center  of  considerable 
importance. 

The  pioneer  settler  on  the  site  now  occupied  by  Centralia  was  a  colored  man, 
who  is  still  living,  and  who  bears  the  distinguished  name  of  the  father  of  his  country, 
George  Washington.  Born  in  Virginia  in  1817,  the  principal  aim  of  the  young  man 
was  to  escape  beyond  the  limitations  of  the  white  man's  control.  His  adventurous 
wanderings  finally  led  him  to  the  junction  of  the  Chehalis  and  Skookumchuck 
rivers  in  Southwestern  Washington.     Here  be  took  up  a  claim  and  settled  down  to 

hard  work  and  finally  to  reap  the  benefits  of  afflu- 
ence which  a  future  civilization  had  in  store  for  him 
at  this  point.    George  Washington  is  today  one'of  the 
richest  men  in  Lewis  county.      Somewhat  bowed  by 
age,  he  is  a  prominent  figure  on  the  streets  of  Cen- 
tralia.    He  gives  his  principal  attention  to  the  collect- 
ing of  his  rents  and  looking  after  his  large  property 
interests,  he  keeps  a  horse  and  buggy  for  his  own 
private  use  and  he  is  today  one  of  the  most  highly 
respected  citizens  of  the  place  he  has  seen  grow  from 
nothing  to  a  commercial  center  of  considerable  promi- 
nence.    Another  pioneer  of  Centralia  is  Henry  Hanson,  a  native  of  York,  England, 
who  bought  40  acres  of  land  at  this  point  in  1882  for  $1 ,000.     This  land  is  now  city 
property  and  has  made  the  owner  of  it  rich  beyond  his  fondest  anticipations. 

The  site  on  which  Centralia  is  built  is  well 
adapted  for  the  location  of  a  city.  It  is  level,  and 
a  gravel  subsoil  affords  an  easy  and  safe  drainage. 
West  of  Centralia  lies  the  fertile  Chehalis  valley, 
while  stretching  away  to  the  south  is  the  equally 
rich  Salzer  valley.  These  two  valleys  contain  some 
of  the  richest  land  in  the  state  of  Washingion. 
Back  of  Centralia  grow  the  virgin  forests  of  Lewis 
and  Chehalis  counties  containing  inexhaustible 
supplies  of  the  finest  timber.  Logs  from  this  tim- 
ber belt  are  easily  floated  to  the  mills  at  Centralia  on 
the  waters  of  the  Chehalis  river  passing  this  point.  denton  block,  centralia. 


Iron  and  Brass  Foundry,  Centralia. 


PHOTO.   BY  T.   R.  WILLIAMS, 


'1.1 


',-M 


4  u 


*    i.fi 

'  { 

i-iH 

'if^ 

1 

^ 

V,  fWi 

t   V  t3 

"^-^ 

1,  51 

'  1'     tm 

It  M 

1 

flM 

h 

if  (  ml 

,H 

'  )i^^ 

!f| 

1  ^Ml 

f 

'.t  ^xSksM 

1, 

,1>^^ 

'4f^^ld 

1 

i^^^ 

s 

322 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO,    BY  T,    R.  WILLIAMS. 


Ellsbury  Block,  Centrali*. 


Centralia  dates  its  growth  from  1889.     In  January  of  that  year  the  population  of 
the  place  was  about  700.     Centralia  claims  today  a  population  irom  between  3,50oand 

4,000,  and  ranks  amonjj  the  10  largest  cities  of 
Washington.  Tower  avenue,  the  main  business 
street  of  the  city,  is  a  long  thoroughfare,  lined  on 
both  sides  with  many  handsome  and  substantial 
brick  structures.  Among  these  fine  buildings  may 
be  mentioned  the  First  National  Bank,  the  Binkley 
block,  the  Ellsbury  block,  the  Denton  block  and 
the  Lioug  block.  Other  equally  as  fine  structures 
as  the  above  are  now  in  course  of  erection.  The 
two  well  established  banks  at  Centralia,  the  First 
National  and  the  Bank  of  Commerce  insure  the 
financiai  -j'liJic'.ng  of  the  city.  The  First  Nat- 
ional Bank  of  Centralia  is  the  result  of  the  i:malgamation  of  the  old  Lewis 
County  Bank,  which  was  incorporated  u.  1889  with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  and  the  First 
National  Bank.  When  the  Lewis 
County  Bank  was  incorporated  the  de-  •'"•^^°  «"  '■ "  *'^^'*"'; 
posits  by  noon  of  the  first  day  the  bank 
opened  its  doors  to  business  amounted 
to  $15,000.  The  First  National  Bank 
is  today  strongly  entrenched  in  the 
confidence  of  the  people  of  Centralia 
and  Lewis  county,  and  its  business 
shows  a  steady  growth  with  each  suc- 
cessive year.  The  officers  of  the  First 
National  are :  Chas.  Gilchrist,  presi- 
dent ;  Frank  Hense,  vice-president  ; 
and  E.  L.  Bickford,  cashier.  The 
statement  made  by  the  bank  in  J  uly  of 
last  year  made  the  following  show- 
ing:   capital,  $50,000;  surplus,  $4,000. 

The  'educational  facilities  of  Centralia  are  something  unusual  for  a  place  of  the 
age  of  the  city.  Centralia  supports  two  good  public  schools  which  occupy  two  hand- 
some and  well  appointed  buildings,  and  the  average 
daily  attendance  at  these  schools  is  over  700  pupils. 
The  first  public  school  was  opened  in  Centralia  in 
April,  1889,  with  an  enrollment  of  50  scholars.  The 
school  was  held  at  that  time  in  a  little  primitive 
building  that  was  taxed  beyond  the  accommodation 
afforded  even  the  limited  number  of  pupils  in 
attendance.  In  addition  to  the  good  public  schools, 
Centralia  is  the  seat  ofthe  Grace  Seminary,  founded 
by  the  Baptists.  The  citizens  of  Centralia  contrib- 
uted $10,000  in  cash  and  gave  the  building  site  to 
secure  the  location  of  this  school  at  this  point. 
The  college  occupies  a  bandsome  four-story  b'lild- 
ing  erected  at  a  cost  of  $17,000  and  it  is  comp  x  in 
every  particular  for  school  purposes.     The  curricu- 


pjlj^^s^fesifei^'^S::'''-^^ 


First  National  Bank  Building,  Centralia. 


PHOTO,    BY  T.    n.   WILLIAMS. 


ll 

Ic 
a 

IV 


Opace  Seminary,  Centralia. 


Centralia,   Washing-ton, 


323 


lum  of  this  school  includes  both  the  normal  and  academic  courses  of  study.  Pupils 
leaving  this  school  are  fully  prepared  for  either  teaching  or  for  business  life,  and  they 
are  sufficiently  advanced  to  successfully  pass  the  examination  for  a  collegiate  course. 
Music  and  art  are  also  embraced  in  the  curriculum  of  the  school. 

Centralia  has  a  good  water-works  plant  and  also  an 
efficient  electric  light  plant.  The  hotel  accommodations 
of  the  city  have  not  been  overlooked  by  the  enterprising 
citizens.  The  Hotel  Centralia,  which  is  now  under  con- 
struction, will  cost  when  completed  and  fully  furnished 
between  $25,000  and  130,000.  It  will  contain  all  the  im- 
provements essential  to  comfort  and  luxury.  The  Park 
Hotel  at  Centralia,  which  is  now  run  under  the  able  man- 
agement of  Captain  Robinson,  was  built  by  Col.  Geo.  H. 
Ellsbury  and  stands  high  for  the  excellence  of  its  cuisine 
and  for  the  attention  paid  to  the  requirements  of  its 
patrons. 


■'mmsi^ij^^^S^ 


hotel  centralia,  centralia. 
(from  plans.) 


PHOTO.    BY  T, 


Centralia  is  now  the  seat  of  a  considerable 

coal  industry.     The  Florence  mine  which  yields 

a  superior  grade  of  bituminous  coal  lies  about 

five  miles  east  of  Centralia.     The  output  of  this 

mine  which  amounted  to  4,000  tons  in  1892,  is 

shipped  from  the  mine  to  Centralia  over  the 

line  of  the  Tacoma,  Olympia  &  Chehalis 

Valley  railroad  and  reshipped  from  this 

city  to  different  points  on  the  Northern 

Pacific  railroad. 

The  industries  of  Centralia  are  num- 
erous and  diversified.  These  include  lum- 
ber and  shingle  mills,  brick  yards,  a  brass 
and  iron  foundry  and  a  furniture  factory. 
The  largest  of  these  manufacturing  plants 
are  the  two  mills  operated  under  the  man- 
agement of  the  Centralia  Lumber  Ex- 
change, which  is  the  combination  of  the 
interests  of  the  two  firms  of  Birge  &  Leitch  and  H.  H.  Martin  &  Son.  The  Exchange 
opened  its  office  in  Centralia  in  1891,  and  its 
business  is  shared  between  the  two  compan- 
ies which  it  represents.  The  joining  of  the 
interests  of  these  old  firms  has  led  to  excel- 
lent results.  The  value  of  the  shipments 
made  through  the  Exchange  in  1892,  in 
direct  transactions  with  the  jobbers,  with- 
out the  aid  of  agents,  was  |6o,ooo.  The 
Exchange  is  prepared  to  furnish  all  grades 
oflum'ifrand  shingles  on  short  notice  and 
keeps  a  large  stock  of  these  lines  constantly  i 
on  hand. 


park  HOTEL,  CENTRALIA, 


PHOTO.    BY  T.   R.   WILLIAMS. 


:-'li\'';^^,.*« 


Mill,  Biroe  t.  Leitch,  ccntralm. 


'!' 


I  I    I 


;•! 


The  Birge  &  Leitch  mill  is  located  on  the  Chehalis  river  and  its  supply  of  logs  is 


M 


. 


^ 


824 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.  BY  T.    R.   WILLIAMS. 


H.  H.  Martin  .t  Son's  Mill,  Centralia. 


floated  down  this  stream  and  its  tributaries.  The  capacity  of  the  mill  is  40,000  feet 
per  day.  The  output  of  the  mill  for  1892,  running  105  days,  was  2,410,000  feet.  H. 
H.  Martin  &  Son  run  both  saw  and  shingle  mills.     The  capacity  of  the  lumber  mill 

of  this  company  is  30,000  feet  a  day.  The 
output  of  this  mill  for  1892,  ruuning  150 
days,  was  2,500,000  feet.  The  shingle 
plant  of  the  company  was  started  to  running 
in  November,  1892.  It  has  a  capacity  of 
90,000  shingles  a  day  and  the  output  up  to 
January  i,  1893,  reached  3,500,000.  The  shin- 
gle mill  is  located  on  the  Skookumchuck  river 
near  its  confluence  with  Hanuaford  creek. 
Mr.  Martin  states  that  there  is  bufficicnt  Ai 
timber  reached  by  the  waters  of  this  creek 
to  keep  his  mill  running  constantly  for  50 
years  in  the  future. 

The  Tower  Lumber  and  Manufacturing  Company's  plant  occupies  a  site  along 
the  track  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad.  George  H.  Ellsbury  is  president  of  the 
company,  and  George  Davies  is  secre- 
tary. The  capacity  of  the  mill  is  30,000  ''"°'°-  '■  "•  "''''*"'• 
feet  per  day.  The  output  for  1892  was 
6,500,000  feet.  This  company  now  has  a 
contract  with  the  Northern  Pacific  to  cut 
30,000,000  feet  of  lumber  on  the  lands  of 
the  latter  corporation.  The  Centralia 
Furniture  Company  is  the  same  estab- 
lishment that  was  formerly  located  at 
Milwaukie,  six  miles  above  Portland. 
This  company  was  induced  to  move  their 
plant  to  Centralia  by  the  offer  of  a  lib- 
eral subsidy.  The  company  does  a  large 
business,  and  is  rarely  without  advance  orders.  Their  annual  pay-roll,  outside  of 
piece  work,  is  between  |i2,ooo  and  $13,000.  Two  brickyards  do  a  flourishing  busi- 
ness at  Centralia.  The  clay  found  in  the  vicinity  of 
Centralis  is  of  a  superior  quality  for  brick-making. 
The  fine  brick  blocks  at  this  place  were  erected  of 
brick  made  at  the  home  yards,  and  these  yards  also 
supplied  the  brick  used  in  the  construction  of  the 
finest  buildings  of  the  Gray's  Harbor  towns.  In  addi  • 
tion  to  the  manufacturing  industries  enumerated 
above,  Centralia  supports  a  number  of  smaller  fac- 
tories, all  of  which  contribute  largely  to  the  prosperity 
of  this  most  favorably  located  point. 

The  Gray's  Harbor  Country.— The  large  pear-shaped  inlet,  or  bay,  known 
as  Gray's  Harbor,  is  located  on  the  southwest  coast  of  Chehalis  county,  go  miles 
south  of  Puget  Sound,  and  about  40  miles  north  of  the  entrance  to  the  Columbia 
river.  Accident  led  to  the  discovery  of  Gray's  Harbor  about  a  century  ago.  Cap- 
tain Robert  Gray,  ot  the  ship  Columbia,  from  Boston,  a  vessel  engaged  in  the  fur 


The  Tower  Lumber  and  Mfg.  Co.,  Centralia. 


photo,    by  T.    R.    WILLIAMS. 


^  — ...  J*."!*-' 


Furniture  Factory,  Centralia. 


Gray^s  Harbor  Country,   Washington. 


325 


MAP,  CRAY'S  HARBOB. 


trade,  sighted  the  inlet  to  the  har- 
bor on  April  7,  1792.  He  turned 
the  prow  of  his  ship  towards  the 
land  and  proudly  sailed  into  the 
harbor.  His  entry  on  the  log-book 
was  to  the  effect  that  he  found  a 
commodious  bay  well  sheltered 
from  the  sea  by  long  sandbars  and 
spits.  He  christened  the  bay  Bull- 
finch Harbor,  in  honor  of  a  friend. 
Subsequently,  however,  the  inlet 
was  named  after  its  gallant  discov- 
erer, and  it  has  since  been  known  to  the  world  as  Gray's  Harbor. 

The  entrance  to  Gray's  Harbor  from  the  ocean  is  i^  miles  wide.  The  extreme 
length  of  the  harbor  is  18  miles,  and  its  greatest  width  14  miles.  Old  sea  captains 
say  that  before  the  time  antedating  "  appropriations,"  they  considered  Gray's  Har- 
bor a  good  haven  to  sail  for  in  foul  weather.  The  bay  is  almost  completely  land- 
locked, the  narrow  entrance  alone  affording  ingress  from  the  ocean.  A  ship  at 
anchor  in  the  harbor  is  as  safe  from  the  storms  which  beat  outside  of  the  heads 
as  she  would  be  in  the  Willamette  at  Portland.  The  area  of  the  harbor  approxi- 
mates 100  square  miles.  The  estimated  anchorage  area  of  the  harbor  is  over  4,500 
acres.  An  appropriation  has  recently  been  made  by  the  government  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  lighthouse  at  the  entrance  to  Gray's  Harbor,  but  so  far  not  a  dollar  has 
been  spent  by  the  government  for  the  improvement  of  this  important  inlet  from 
the  ocean. 

Small  steamers  and  lumber  schooners  of  large  tonnage  now  enter  the  harbor 

in  all  kinds  of  weather.  These  vessels  run  up  as 
far  as  Cosmopolis,  located  on  the  Chehalis  river, 
and  at  the  high  stages  of  water  even  as  far  inland 
as  Montesano,  the  seat  of  Chehalis  county.  Prac- 
tical and  experienced  seamen  b  V''"ve  that  the  ex- 
penditure of  $250,000  in  in'  vjtnents  to  the 
harbor  would  open  it  to  vessels  of  the  largest  ton- 
nage. The  experiment  of  opening  this  harbor  to 
vessels  of  the  deepest  draught,  is  worthy  of  at 
least  a  trial.  The  obstructions  found  in  the  har- 
bor at  the  present  time  consist  of  a  well  defined 
bar  at  the  entrance,  and  two  minor  bars  inside 
the  bay.  Three  larger  chaimels  carry  the  great 
body  of  water  seeking  an  outlet  to  the  ocean  through 
Gray's  Harbor — the  north,  south  and  middle  chan- 
nels. By  confining  the  great  flow  of  .yater  to  any 
one  of  these  channels,  on  a  principle  easily  under- 
stood by  all  practical  engineers,  a  depth  could  be 
easily  secured  here  that  would  float  the  very  larg- 
est vessels.  The  Chehalis,  Hoquiam,  Wishkah, 
Humptulips,  Charlies,  Neuskahl,  John's  and  Elk 
rivers  all  empty  their  waters  into  Gray's  Harbor. 
Bio  TIMBER  NBAR  ABERDEEN.  Thcse   streams  drain  over  2,000  square  miles  of 


PHOTO.    BY  PRATSCH  i  CO. 


iiWJi: 


:-  \\ 


826 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


territory,  and  the  volume  of  water  which  they  carry  is  sufficient,  if  properly  directed, 


I 


to  remove  all  the  bars  in  the  harbor 
least  30  feet  at  mean  low  tide. 


and  to  maintain  at  the  entrance  a  depth  of  at 


PHOTO.    BY  PRAT9CH  «  CO. 


The  vast  area  drained  by  the  numerous 
streams  pouring  into  Gray's  Harbor  is  covered 
with  a  heavy  growth  of  the  finest  fir,  spruce, 
cedar,  alder  and  hemlock  timber.  The  wealth 
of  the  timber  alone  found  in  this  district,  is  a 
sufficient  claim  on  the  government  for  the  im- 
provement of  Gruy's  Harbor.  The  district  has 
been  settled  since  1855,  and  it  is  today  one  of 
the  richest  parts  of  the  state  of  Washington  in 
the  assured  promises  of  future  rapid  and  sub- 
stantial growth.  The  country  back  of  the  har- 
bor is  not  only  rich  in  the  resources  of  avail- 
able timber  alone,  but  it  also  contains  thou- 
sands of  acres  of  the  finest  agricultural  land 
in  the  Northwest,  which,  when  fully  settled, 
will  support  a  large  and  prosperous  population. 
Five  towns  are  today  located  on  the  shores 
of  Gray's  Harbor  and  the  banks  of  that  part  of 
the  Chehalis  river  navigable  for  ocean-going 
vessels.  These  are  Ocosli,  Hoquiam,  Aberdeen, 
Cosmopolis  and  Montesano.  Each  of  these  towns  receives  special  mention  in 
connection  with  the  present  article,  and  these  notices  of  the  individual  settlements 
of  the  section,  together  with  this  introductory  article  on  Gray's  Harbor,  will  furnish 
the  reader  with  a  valuable  fund  of  information  on  a  part  of  the  state  of  Washington 
that  is  certain  to  show  a  most  substantial  development  during  the  next  few  years. 


DENSE  Timber  near  Aberdeen. 


Th 
tio 
ye£ 

gu 
nis 
lib 
pie 


PHOTO      BY  A     J      MERWIN. 


Montesnno,  Wasliliigrton. — Montesano,  the  county  seat  of  Chehalis  county, 
Washingtcii,  possesses  several  decided  advantages  of  location.  In  the  many  changes 
which  must  take  place  before  the  rel- 
ative position  of  the  leading  and  per- 
manent cities  of  Washington  can  be 
once  firmly  settled,  many  advantages 
will  doubtless  be  considered  in  favor 
of  Montesano  for  a  I'uture  large 
growth  and  solid  prosperity. 

The  old  settlement  of  Montesano 
[mountain  of  health]  was  firsi  estab- 
lished on  the  opposite  side  of  tLe 
Chehalis  river  from  the  present  town- 
site  in  1862.  Later  the  present  site  of 
the  city  was  discovered  to  be  a  better 
location  for  the  establishment  of  a 
town,  and  in  order  to  keep  the  county 
seat  for  the  place  the  name  Monte- 
sano was  retained  for  the  new  town.  residence,  c.  n.  byles,  montesano. 


Montesnno,   Washington. 


827 


PHOTO  BV  A.  J.    MEHWIN. 


The  townsite  of  the  present  city  was  first  platted  by  C.  N.  Byles  in  1882.  Incorpora- 
tion followed  in  1883.  The  town  made  a  steady  though  slow  progress  from  this  latter 
year  until  1890,  when  the  first  important  enterprise  in  Montesano's  history  was  inau- 
gurated. This  was  the  completion  of  a  lumber  railroad  to  Montcsano,  which  fur- 
nished an  outlet  for  the  rich  timber  belt  of  this  district.  The  citizens  subscribed  a 
liberal  subsidy  to  insure  the  choice  of  route  in  the  location  of  this  road,  and  its  com- 
pletion was  found  to  be  of  incalculable  benefit  to  the  town.  At  a  later  period  this 
line  of  road  came  into  the  possession  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company, 
and  is  now  one  of  the  most  important  feeders  of  the  trunk  line  of  the  entire  system. 

The  official  census  of  1890  placed 
the  population  of  Montesanoatover  1,700. 
The  best  informed  citizens  of  Montesano 
claim  today  a  population  exceeding  2,000 
for  their  city.  This  point  is  the  head  of 
navigation  on  the  Chehalis  river,  and  is 
really  the  highest  point  reached  by  water 
in  the  entire  Gray's  Harbor  district.  Ves- 
sels of  large  aggregate  tonnage  yearly 
land  at  Montesano's  docks.  The  depth 
of  water  in  the  river  up  to  this  point  will 
be  greatly  increased  by  future  improve- 
ments, and  this  will  always  remain  the 
farthest  point"  inland  to  which  ships  can 
ascend  and  make  connection  with  the  land  transportation  lines  centering  at  this  place. 

Ships  now  regularly  ply  between  Montesano  and  San  Francisco,  and  also  between 
Montcsano  and  Portland.  The  water  front  of  the  town  affords  excellent  opportuni- 
ties for  the  location  here  of  manufacturing  plants.  Thus  early  in  the  growth  of  the 
place  a  large  number  of  factories  are  operated  here.     These  include  Stetson's  mill, 


Public  School,  Montesano. 


The  Montesano 
Sash  &  Doc  r  Fac- 
sano  Tannery  and 
sano  are  the  most 
Promising    as    are 


PHOTO.     BY 
A.   J.    MERWIN 


Mill  &  Water  Co.'s  mill.  The  Montesano 
tory,  Ayer's  Furniture  Fictory,  The  Monte- 
two  brick  yards.  The  brick  yards  at  Monte- 
successful  operated  in  Chehalis  county, 
the  future  possibilities  of  Montesano  for  ship- 
ping and  manufacturing,  the  future  of  the 
place  will  be  largely  dependent  upon  the 
growth  and  increase  in  wealth  of  the  rich 
tributary  agricultural  district.  Very  reliable 
estimates  place  the  number  of  acres  of  good 
agricultural  land  in  Chehalis  county, of  which 
Montesano  occupies  about  the  geographical 
center  from  east  to  west,  at  about  300,000. 
About  40,000  acres  of  this  land  are  already  in 
cultivation.  The  figures  given  below  regard- 
ing the  average  yields  are  made  from  careful 
inquiries  among  the  practical  farmers  of 
this  section  and  can  be  accepted  as  reliable 
The  average  growth  of  hay  on  this  laud  is  about  three  tons  to  the  acre.  The 
yield  per  acre  of  the  cereals  is  as  follows  :  wheat,  35  bushels ;  oats,  60  bushels  ; 
barley,  54  bushels;  peas,  48  bushels;  rye,  40  bushels.     The  root  crops  and  vegetables 


COURT  HOUSE,  Montesano. 


i  Mm 

HM 

li 


I'l 


!!■:[ 


A 


<il 


11-     tS^ 


J^ 


i  J-. 


828 


The  Oregonian^s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  A.    J.    MERWIN. 


make  the  following  showing  ptr  acre :  potatoes,  308^  bushels ;  carrots,  760 
bushels  ;  parsnips,  545  bushels  ;  beets,  950  busbeis  ;  rutabagas,  1,050  bushels  ;  turnips, 
1,000  bushels,  and  all  other  vegetables  'I''  equally  as  well.  Cabbages  grown  here 
have  trcquently  been  exhibited  measuring  three  feet  in  diameter  and  weighing  as  high 
as  30  pounds.  This  soil  is  especially  adapted  to  the  growing  of  hops,  and  the  yield  of 
this  product  is  about  1.800  pounds  to  the  acre. 

The  lumber  interests  of  the  entire  Gray's  Harbor  district  are  large,  and  are 
touched  on  to  considerable  extent  in  a  separate  article.  The  country  immediately 
tributary  to  Montesano  is  rich  in  the  finest  supply  oi^  fir,  spruce,  cedar  and  hemlock, 
and  cutting  this  timber  into  lumber  is  now  (and  it  promises  to  make  wonderful  devel- 
opment in  the  future)  one  of  the  principal  manufacturing  industries  of  the  place. 

The  growth  of  Moutesano  has  been  steady,  but  not  at  a  pace  beyond  the  possi- 
bilities of  the  town  for  self-support.  The  public  improvements  at  Montesano  are 
fully  in  keeping  with  ..le  commercial  prominence  of  the  town.  The  streets  are 
thoroughly  lighted  by  electricity,  and  the  local  plant  also  supplies  power  for  interior 
lighting  by  the  incandescent  sysiem.  The  water-works  system  of  the  city  is  especi- 
ally worthy  of  notice.  The  extraordinary  pressure  of  105  pounds  to  the  square  inch 
is  maintained  in  the  city's  mains,  while  the  pressure  in  the  mains  of  the  average 
water  system  varies  from  90  to  100  pounds. 

The  people  of  Montesano  are  justly  proud  of 
their  elegant  public  school  building  which    was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  f6,ooo.     They  also  point  with 
pride  to  the  fine  court  house  located  at  this  point. 
Among   the    many    other  fine  buildings  of 
the  cit}'  is  tlie  elegant  edifice  occupied  and 
owned    by   the    Bauk    of  Montesrano.     This 
building    cost    |25,coo    and  is    one  of   the 
liandsomest  structures  in  Chehalis  county. 
It   is   occupied    by  the  Bank  of  Montesano 
one  of  the  oldest  banking   houses  in  South- 
western Washington.     The  Bank  of  Monte- 
sano is  the  outgrowth  of  the  old  Ijank- 
ing  ho'jse  of  Byles  &  Co.,  composed 
of  C.  N.  Byles,  of  Montesano,  and  I. 
N.  C  ise,  of  Astoria.     Mr.  Case  is  still 
a  stoi'kholder  in  the  Bank  of  Moute- 
sano.     The  officeis  of  the  bank  at  the 
present  writing  are  C.  N.  Byles,  presi- 
dent ;    J.   E.   Metcalf,  vice-president, 
and    H.    L.    Gilkcy,     cashier.       The 
financial  statement  of  the  bank  is  as 
follows  :  capital,  $75,000 ;  undivided  profits,  $8,000. 

A  strong  banking  house  that  is  comparatively  new  here  is  the  First  National 
Bank  of  Montesano.  This  latter  institution  opened  its  doors  to  business  in  August, 
1892.  H.  B.  Marcy  is  president,  Dr.  F.  L.  Carr  is  vice-president,  and  J.  P.  Carson  is 
cashier.  The  capital  stock  of  the  bank  is  $50,000;  deposit-s,  $35,892.12,  and  undivir'.  4 
profits,  $1,987.93- 


BANK  OF  MONTESANO  BVILDING,  MONTESANO. 


pro 

city 
met 
r'^sic 
the 


j  ..Ml 


Cosmopolis,   Washington. 


329 


PHOrO   BY  ».    J.    MERWIN. 


FWiT  NATIONAL  Bank,  Montesano. 


The  assessed  valuation  of  Montesano 
property  today  is  about  $1,000,000.  As  a 
city  of  homes  the  place  is  well  worthy  of 
mention.  Among  the  many  elegant  private 
r'^sidences  of  the  city,  the  illustrsliou  of 
the  home  of  C.  N.  Byles,  the  pioncor 
fcivider  of  Montesano,  is  found  especially 
worthy  of  publication  in  connection  with 
the  present  article.  The  father  and  mother 
of  Mr.  Byles  were  the  first  settlers  in  the 
southwestern  part  of  Washington  who  came 
direct  to  the  territory  from  the  East, 
their  pre'^.ecessors  having  reached  Washington  by  way  of  the  route  through  Oregon, 

Ihe  sanitary  conditions  of  Montesano  are  unsurpassed.  The  town  is  really 
built  on  a  succession  of  three  terraces  rising  one  above  the  other,  thus  affording  a 
natural  and  perfect  system  of  dra-.mge.  The  climate  here  is  equable  to  a  degree  that 
can  be  said  to  be  practically  without  sudieu  and  great  changes  of  temperature,  and 
this,  with  the  mauy  avenues  of  wealth  and  p  osperity  which  are  open  to  the  citiz-jns 
of  the  plai  ',  will  make  Montesano,  in  the  near  future,  one  of  the  important  cities  of 
Southwestc  in  Washington. 

Cosmopolis,  Wa,8hliigton, — Cosmopolis,  a  thriving  little  town  of  about  500 
population,  is  located  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  Chehalis  river  froni  Aberdeen, 
and  a  few  miles  further  up  the  stream.  The  sito  is  a  good  one  for  the  location  of  a 
town.  Cosmopoli.s  has  about  one  and  one-half  miles  of  water  front,  especially 
adapted  to  wharfage  use.  The  Chehalis  carries  a  depth  oi"  about  30  feet  of  water 
along  this  entire  city  frontage,  with  deep  places  in  the  river  where  the  water  attains 
a  d<;pth  of  60  feet. 

The  Gray's  Farbor  Commercial  Company  is  an  important  factor  in  the  prosper- 
ity of  Cosmopolis.  The  extensive  lumber  mill  plant  of  this  company  is  the  only 
industry  at  the  present  time  located  at  this  point.  In  addition  to  their  large  saw- 
mill the  company  also  conducts  at  Cosmopolis  a  large  ^  neral  merchandise  business 
They  also  operate  a  line  of  steamers,  giving  emplc  nient  to  several  boats,  on  the 
river  and  harbor.  The  largest  single  day's  output  b  the  plant  of  the  company  at 
Cosmopolis  during  1892  was  222,000  feet  of  lumber,  which  can  be  taken  as  an  indi- 
cation of  the  e^:tent  of  this  great  industry  at  Cosmopolis.  The  company  employs  in 
its  mill  and  store  hereovcr  100  men.  Loafers  and  unemployed  men  are  not  found  in  this 
community.  Cosmopolis  has  a  pleasing  air  of  thrift.  A  good  public  school  build- 
ing, erected  at  a  cost  of  $4,500,  and  a  line  city  hall,  which  cost  about  $3,500,  are 
claimed  for  the  town.  The  place  also  has  the  advantages  of  a  good  'ater-works 
sy,stem  and  an  efficient  and  well-conducted  electric  light  plant.  Cobmopolis  is 
entirely  free  from  debt.  The  foundation  of  the  town  is  the  solid  one  of  manufac- 
turing industry  and  legitimate  trade  and  it  presents  every  evidence  of  a  substantial 
growth. 

Aberdeen,  Waslitiijyton. — Aberdeen  is  both  the  center  of  a  great  industry 
and  a  shipping  point  of  no  mean  importance.  These  two  advantages  in  the  hands 
of  an  enterprising  population  that  is  usually  located  in  a  coast  town  of  any  promi- 


;, 


1 

! 

\ 

•    4l- 


I'MJ^ 


4  m 


I  '! 


8       !  t        '1  1"    I 


1' 


ill 


330 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


nence,  can  be  made  stroug  levers  in  lifting  a  town  out  of  obscurity  to  a  position  of 
wealth  and  importance,  and  it  may  be  stated  here  for  the  benefit  of  the  outside 
world  that  Aberdeen's  citizens  have  neither  been  derelict  in  the  exercise  of  intelli- 


PHOTO.    BY  P.    F.    FINCH. 


^fT^g"^^ 


View  of  Abehdeen  and  harbor. 


PHOTO   BY   PRATSCH  A  CO. 


gence  in  watching  the  interests  of  their  town  or  in  pushing  it  to  the  front  as  a  coming 
place  of  importance  on  Gray's  Harbor. 

In  1855,  Samuel  Benn,  the  pioneer  resident  of  Aberdeen,  located  a  ranch  on  the 
site  now  occupied  by  the  flourishing  young  city.  Mr.  Benn  is  still  alive  and  is  one  of 
the  best-known  citizens  of  the  town  for  whose  birth  he  was  responsible  and  whose 
interests  he  has  done  so  much  to  advance.  The  townsite  was  platted  in  1883  and  con- 
tained at  that  time  45  blocks.  The  room  provided  for  in  the  original  plat  was  inade- 
quate to  meet  the  demands  of  the  rapidly-growing  population,  and  since  that  time 
additions  to  Aberdeen  have  been  laid  out  until  the  site  of  the  city  proper  now  covers 
a  considerable  area.  The  place  is  compactly  built  and  it  has  every  appearance  of  a 
wide-awake  and  prosperous  town. 

The  population  of  Aberdeen  today  is  about  2,000.  The  county  census  taken  in 
the  spring  of  1892  showed  1,860  actual  residents  within  the  precincts  of  Aberdeen, 
and  the  vote  polled  in  the  fall  of  the  same  year  at  the  town  was  514.  The  popula- 
tion of  2,000  for  Aberdeen  at  the  present  writing  is  made  on  a  conservative  basis. 

It  was  a  wise  foresight  which 
chose  the  site  of  Aberdeen, 
located  as  it  is  at  the  junction 
of  the  Chehalis  and  Wislikah 
rivers,  near  the  point  where  the 
latter  stream  enters  Gray's  Har- 
bor. The  harbor  at  Aberdeen  is 
land-locked,  and  the  depth  of 
water  on  both  sides  of  the  town 
is  sufficient  to  float  the  largest 
vessels.  The  Chehalis  river  at 
this  point  is  2,700  feet  wide  and 
maintains  an  average  depth  in 
front  of  the  town  of  over  30 
feet.  The  Wishkah  river,  which 
bisects  the  town,  is  200  feet 
wide  at  this  point,  and  at  high 
tide  carries  a  depth  of  about  30  feet  of  water  for  some  distance  from  its  mouth. 
These  two  deep-water  frontages  afford  ample  wharfage  facilities  for  the  shipping 
of  Gray's  Harbor,  and  the  depth  of  water  is  such  that  vessels  of  any  tonnage  will 
always  be  able  to  reach  the  docks  here  without  the  least  lifficulty. 


MAIN  STDIIT,  AeeRDEEN. 


Sol 
of  Abe^ 
a  well- 
anelecj 
ment 
school 
limits, 
nishinj 
The    bl 
what  isl 
very  el| 
been  cc 
districti 
breathf 
every 
commu 
On 
the  oce 
the  mo 
Puget  £ 
of  this 
capable 
ernmer 
seat  of 
and  all 
Cisco, 
advanci 
tion  to 


Aberdeen,  Washington. 


331 


PHOTO,    at   PRATSCM  i  CO. 


'?!^**-^»i^^^' 


High  School,  Aberdeen. 


Some  time  since  the  enterprising  citizens 
of  Aberdeen  constructed  and  are  now  operating 
a  well-equipped  water-works  system  and  also 
an  electric  light  plant.  In  this  line  of  improve- 
ment they  also  erected  a  handsome  public 
school  building  on  a  sightly  knoll  in  the  city 
limits.  This  building,  including  cost  of  fur- 
nishing, represents  a  total  outlay  of  $29,000. 
The  best  residence  ponlcn  of  the  place  is 
what  is  known  as  North  Aberdeen,  where  some 
very  elegant  private  residences  have  already 
been  constructed.  The  air  of  both  the  business 
district  and  the  residence  portion  of  the  town 
breathes  of  prosperity,  and  Aberdeen  bears 
every  evidence  of  a  wealthy  and  progressive 
community. 

On  the  Pacific  coast  there  are  but  five  indentations,  exclusive  of  Coos  Bay,  from 
the  ocean  which  form  easy  and  safe  anchorage  for  shipping  of  large  tonnage.  Among 
the  most  important  of  these  harbors,  outside  of  Coos  Bay,  the  Columbia  river  and 
Puget  Sound,  is  Gray's  Harbor,  on  which  Aberdeen  is  loc  led.  The  country  back 
of  this  harbor  is  rich  in  all  the  varied  products  of  forests,  mines  and  soil,  and  it  is 
capable  of  supporting  a  large  and  dense  population  Cray's  Harbor,  without  gov- 
ernment improvements,  is  now  entered  by  vessels  deep  draught,  and  it  is  the 
seat  of  large  shipping  interests.  Regular  lines  of  ^^  ids  ply  between  Aberdeen 
and  all  coast  ports,  including  Portland,  the  points  on  Puget  Sound  and  San  Frni 
Cisco.  In  1892  161  sailing  vessels  and  55  steamers  left  Aberdt-  us  wharves,  ii  .^rtat 
advance  in  the  tonnage  which  came  to  this  port  during  the  previous  year.  In  idti- 
tion  to  the  finest  of  facilities  for  shipping  by  water  enjoyed  b\'  Aberdeen,  the  town  is 

within  easy  communicating  distance  of  the  regu 
lar  passenger  and  freight  trains  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad  Company,  whose  lin-  is  now 
completed  to  that  part  of  the  town  lying  along 
the  south  shore  of  Gray's  Harbor,  connecting 
with  all  parts  of  the  United  States.  It  is  ho  d 
that  by  the  time  this  book  is  ready  for  tli<  ess, 
the  cars  of  this  road  will  be  running  along  the 
north  shore  of  the  harbor  on  which  Aberdeen  is 
located. 

The  most  important  industry  at  Aberdeen, 
today,  is  the  sawing  of  lumber.  The  people  of 
the  Gray's  Harbor  district  claim,  and  it  would 
seem  with  some  little  justice,  a  part  of  the  wheat 
shipments  of  the  rich  Palouse,  Big  Bend  and 
Potlatch  sections  of  Eastern  Washington  and  Ida- 
ho, which  now  find  an  outlet  at  Puget  Sound  and 
Portland.  On  the  consummation  of  the  railroad 
enterprises  now  on  foot,  which  will  advance  the 
interests  of  the  entire  Gray's  Harbor  country, 
SALMON  iNou.7Ry,  akcroien,  thc  predictiott  is  doubtless  a  safe  one  that  Aber- 


photo  by  PRATSCH  i  CO. 


1' 


'  il 


t'     ►  t 

U        I 


]'■' 


>)< 


f 


' 


332 


The  Ore^onian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  PR«TSCH   i  CO. 


THE  J.    M.   WEATHERWAX    LUMBER  CO.'S  SAWMILL,   ABERDEEN. 


deen,  in  t^^ime,  will  become  an  important  shipping  point  for  a  part  of  the  wheat  and 
other  rich  crops  of  the  great  state  of  Washington. 

The  Michigan  Lumber  Company,  of  Aberdeen,  is  authority  for  the  statement 

that  there  is  no  finer  or  more  acces- 
sible belt  of  merchantable  timber  on 
the  coast  than  is  found  along  the 
numerous  streams  wh'ch  form  the 
water-courses  of  the  Gray's  Harbor 
district.  jiaguificent  forests  of  fir, 
cedar,  spruce  and  hemlock  of  coiossai 
growth ,  can  be  easily  floated  to  the 
mills  at  Aberdeen.  A  conservative 
estimate  of  the  extr.nt  of  this  timber 
belt  places  the  measurement  of  lum- 
ber at  1 80, oo'",  JOG, cor  feet.  The  coast, 
South  American  and  Australian  de- 
mand for  this  lumber  is  even  now 
great,  and  with  the  increased  de- 
mands for  lumber  which  are  constant 
ly  being  made  in  all  parts  of  the  world,  the  great  belt  of  the  finest  timber  within  easy 
reach  of  the  sawmills  at  Aberdeen  will  not  long  remain  untouched. 

There  are  now  located  at  Aberdeen  three  large  sawmills.  The  output  of  these 
mills  for  1892  was  as  follows  :  The  J.  M.  Weatherwax  mill,  22,500,000  feet ;  the  West 
mill,  10,000,000  feet,  and  the  Wilson  mill,  6,800,000.  The  output  of  the  four  large 
shingle  mills  located  at  Aberdeen  aggregated,  for  the  first  six  months  of  the  year, 
68,100,000  shingles. 

In  addition  to  the  lumber  and  shingle  mills  at  Aberdeen,  there  are  also  located 
at  this  point  a  large  sash,  door  and  box  factory,  operated  by  Whitehouse,  Crimins 
&  Co.,  and  a  factory  devoted  to  the  manufacture  of  furniture  and  fixtures,  operated 
by  A.  Damitio.  .\berdeen  would  furnish  an  advantageous  site  for  the  establishment 
of  a  paper  mill,  as  the  fibrous  spruce  timber 
which  is  found  in  inexhaustible  quantities 
in  this  .section  is  especially  adapted  to  the 
manufacture  of  wood  pulp.  Aberdeen 
would  also  furnish  an  excellent  site  for  the 
establishment  of  tanneries  on  a  large  scale, 
as  the  finest  hemlock  used  in  this  industry 
can  be  obtained  in  any  quantity  desired,  at 
this  point,  at  a  minimum  cost. 

The  J.  M.  Weatherwax  Lumber  Com- 
pany have  already  presented  the  strongest 
possible  argument  in  favor  of  Aberdeen  as 
a  most  favorably  located  point  for  ship- 
building on  a  large  scale,  by  constructing, 
at  their  mill  yards,  a  staunch  .schooner, 
which  is  now  engaged  in  the  coast  trade. 
This  vessel  was  launched  at  Aberdeen,  amid  the  enthusiastic  rejoicings  of  the 
citizens  of  the  place.      This  vessel  is  one  of  the  largest  and  best  appointed  boats 


PHOTO.    By   PHATSCM  «  CO. 


Mill  Boom,  j.  m.  Weatherwax  Lumber  co.,  Aberdeen. 


Hoquiam,  Washington. 


333 


of  her  kind  ever  bull*-  on  the  coast.  She  has 
a  carrying  capacity  of  550,000  feet  of  lumber, 
and  is  both  a  matter  of  pride  and  a  standing 
advertisement  for  the  entire  Gray's  Harbor 
section  of  county. 

With  the  expenditure  of  a  reasonable  ap- 
propriation for  improvement,  Gray's  Harbor 
can  be  made  to  rank  with  even  the  Colum- 
bia river  or  Puget  Sound  as  an  accessible  har- 
bor for  the  largest  shipping.  With  the  con- 
stantly increasing  importance  of  the  shipping 
interests  of  this  section,  congress  will  doubt- 
less be  willing,  before  many  years  iiave  passed, 
to  make  the  improvements  needed  at  Gray's 
Ha'-bor   to   cause  it  to   equal   any  of  the  finest 

harbors 


PHOTO.   BY  PHATSCH  A  CO. 


'"^^S^r--' 


D^A 


PHOTO.    BY  PRATSCH  «  CO. 


Launch  of  the  »i  M.  Weatherwax,  Aberdeen. 

on   the  coast,    both   in  ease  of 


St.  JOSEPH'S  HOSPITAL,  ABERDEEN. 


access  and  in  depth  of  water. 

An  institution  located  at  Aberdeen 
that  is  a  great  source  of  pride  to  the 
people  of  that  town  is  the  fine  hospital 
conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  Cath- 
olic vSisters.  Two  strong  local  banks,  the 
Aberdeen  Bank  and  First  National, 
each  with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  carry  suffi- 
cient money  at  all  times  to  meet  the 
legitimate  demands  of  the  people  here. 
The  mercantile  interests  are  weM  repre- 
sented at  this  point  and  the  number 
of  storc'.«5  is  constantly  increasing  with 
the  growt'-  in  population  and  wealth  of 
the  town. 

Ho<iulatn,  Washington. — Hoquiam,  an  enterprising  town  of  1,150  inhabi- 
tants, is  situated  on  the  north  side  of  Gray's  Harbor,  19  miles  from  the  bar  at  the 
entrance.  The  town  sprung  into  existence  at  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  the 
Northwestern  I^umbcr  Co.'s  mill  at  this  point  in  1882,  For  years  previous  to  that 
time  Hoquiam  had  been  known  as  a  place  of  considerable  industry,  but  was  desig- 
nated with  other  points  of  the  section  simply  as  a  "sawmill  town." 

In  1890,  when  the  first  authentic  information  of  early  connection  of  Gray's  Har- 
bor with  the  outside  world  by  rail  reached  the  people  of  the  older  settled  communi- 
ties of  the  coast,  Hoquiam  took  a  new  lease  of  life  and  the  growth  of  the  place  from 
that  time  forward  was  rapid  and  of  a  substnntial  nature.  The  population  of  Hoquiam 
in  1889  did  not  exceed  400 ;  today  the  poj  lation  of  the  town  is  no  less  than  1,200 
and  this  population  is  constantly  incr.  asing. 

The  location  of  Hoquiam  at  the  mouth  of  the  Hoquiam  river  and  also  on  the 
deep-water  frontage  of  Gray's  Harbor  is  favorable.  The  best  oi  wuciiiage  facilities 
for  shipping  are  afforded  at  this  point,  and  anchorage  in  the  harbor  in  front  of  the 
city  is  both  safe  and  easy.  The  Hoquiam  river  .uns  between  unusually  steep  banks 
and  it  carries  a  depth  of  30  feet  of  water  from  the  point  where  it  joins  the  waters 


H 


'I' 


i  : 


884 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  PaciBc  Northwest. 


of  Gray's  Harbor  for  a  distance  of  three  miles  inland.  While  it  is  navigable  for 
deep-water  vessels  but  for  this  latter  distance  above  Hoquiam,  steamers  of  light 
draught  ascend  the  stream  for  a  lU  ."Tnce  of  lo  miles  above  the  deep-water  ship- 
ping point. 

The  people  of  Hoquiam  express  a  confidence,  that  with  the  growth  of  that  part  of 
Southwestern  Washington  bordering  on  Gray's  Harbor,  Hoquiam  will  become  one  of 
the  important  maritime  towns  of  this  part  of  the  state.  It  is  already  the  seat  of  con- 
siderable manufacluring,  and  these  industries  arc  constantly  increasing.  The  North- 
western Lumber  Company's  mill  is  one  of  the  best  equipped  lumber  plants  in  the 
state.  When  run  to  its  full  capacity  this  mill  can  cut  about  31,000,000  feet  of  lum- 
ber annually.  Slade's  mill,  as  it  is  now  known  to  the  people  of  Gray's  Harbor  and 
conducted  by  Mr.  Kellogg,  of  Aberdeen,  is  the  second  largest  industry  of  Hoquiam. 
A  site  has  been  purchased  and  the  machinery  Is  now  on  the  way  from  San  Fran- 
cisco for  the  establishment  at  Hoquiam  of  a  large  basket  factory.  Mr.  Carlson,  who 
will  be  the  resident  manager  of  the  latter  company,  will  look  to  Portland  princi- 
pally as  a  market  for  his  product. 

Hoquiam  has  good  hotel  accommodations  in  the  Hotel  Hoquiam,  a  very  credit- 
able structure  for  a  town  of  1,200  population.  It  is  well  conducted  and  is  the  pride 
of  the  citizttns  of  the  place. 

Excellent  hunting  and  fishing  are  found  within  easy  distance  of  Hoquiam,  The 
streams  which  join  the  waters  of  the  Hoquiam  river  within  an  easy  walk  of  the  town 
teem  with  trout,  there  is  good  salt-water  fishing  in  the  harbor,  and  the  adjoining 
hills  furnish  fine  sport  for  elk,  bear  and  deer  shooting.  During  the  season  the  lakes 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  are  covered  with  ducks,  including  mallards,  canvas-back, 
teal,  etc.,  as  well  as  geese  and  swan,  the  shooting  of  which  furnishes  excellent  sport 
for  the  hunters  of  water  fowl. 

Ocosta,  Washington. — "  Ocosta  by  the  Sea."  This  is  the  somewhat  poetic 
designation  given  to  Ocosta  by  its  enthusiastic  and  romantic  citizens.  Of  the  right 
of  the  citizens'  claim  to  this  title  for  their  town  no  one  is  disposed  to  contend.  On 
entering  Gray's  Harbor  from  the  sea,  Ocosta  on  South  Bay  is  :he  first  town  sighted, 
and  it  is  the  last  on  which  the  gaze  of  the  outgoing  mariner  lingers  as  his  vessel 
speeds  seaward.  South  Bay  and  a  narrow  strip  of  land  in  shape  something  like  the 
index  finger  alone  separate  the  town  from  the  waters  of  the  ocean  itself. 

It  was  not  a  reliance  on  picturesque  surroundings  alone  that  created  Ocosta. 
The  management  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  in  their  search  for  an 
ocean  terminus  for  their  line  on  Gray's  Harbor  favored  Ocosta  with  the  choice. 
J.  W.  Kendrick,  chief  engineer  of  the  road,  made  the  preliminary  surveys  for  the 
line,  skirting  the  shores  of  Gray's  Harbor,  and  apparently  having  satisfied  himself 
fully  of  the  advantages  of  Ocosta,  selected  this  place  as  the  terminal  point.  The  Gray's 
Harbor  braiich  of  the  Northern  Pacific  was  completed  to  Ocosta  in  June,  1892.  The 
completioii  of  the  road  to  this  point  found  a  good-sized  town  awaiting  the  arrival  of 
the  iron  horse,  and  since  the  driving  of  the  last  spike  the  town  has  made  consider- 
able advancement  in  a  material  way. 

The  population  of  Ocosta  today  is  perhaps  about  500.  A  sawmill  and  flouring 
tnill  are  already  located  at  this  point  and  other  manufacturing  industries  are  con- 
templated. Iviberal  subsidies  have  been  offered  at  Ocosta  for  the  establishment  of 
factories,  which  can  be  taken  as  an  indication  of  the  wide-awake  policy  of  the  place. 


Sever 
ity  of 
the  vi 

O 
perfec 
devel 
poiut. 

T 
sport 
They 
of  nea 
style 
houses 
never 
carvin 
to  cut 


Olympia,  Washington. 


836 


Several  mills  are  located  in  the  vicinity,  industries  that  add  directly  to  the  prosper- 
ity of  tbe  place.  The  town  claims  one  brewery  whose  product  finds  i  large  sale  in 
the  vicinity, 

Ocosta  is  still  too  young  to  own  a  street-lighting  plant  and  wate;  works,  but 
perfection  of  plans  for  the  establishment  of  these  important  industries  in  municipal 
development  will  doubtless  soon  be  considered  by  the  enterprising  people  at  this 
point. 

The  shooting  of  fine  mallard,  canvas-back,  sprig  and  teal  ducks  affords  fine 
sport  on  South  Bay  in  front  of  Ocosta,  and  these  ducks  are  exceedingly  palatable. 
They  are,  singularly,  entirely  free  from  the  rank,  fishy  taste  which  taints  the  flesh 
of  nearly  all  fowl  killed  on  salt  water.  Visitors  to  the  bay  are  served  in  truly  royal 
style  with  the  fattest  of  ducks  browned  to  a  turn,  and  the  lult  at  all  of  the  public 
houses  of  the  section  is  "a  duck  apiece  for  every  guest. ' '  Th*;  people  of  Ocosta 
never  do  things  by  halves,  and  they  place  implicit  reliance  in  the  knowledge  of 
carving,  which  every  enlightened  man  is  supposed  to  possess,  by  making  no  attempt 
to  cut  a  duck  for  a  man  who  is  hungry  enough  to  eat  a  whole  ore. 

Bucoda,  Washinjj^toii. — Bucoda  is  :>n  important  town  in  Thurston  county, 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  about  20  miles  south  of  Olympia,  five  miles 
south  of  Tenino,  the  junction  of  the  main 
line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  and  the  Port 
Towasend  Southern  branch  to  Olympia. 
It  is  43  miles  south  of  Tacoma  and  102 
miles  north  of  Portland.  The  population 
of  Bucoda  by  the  U.  S.  official  census  of 
iS90was945.  The  principal  reliance  of 
the  town  'or  support  is  the  large  mine  of 
the  Buco(  a  Coal  Company,  located  at  this 
point.  T  lis  mine  has  a  daily  capacity  of 
500  tons  and  large  shipments  of  this  coal 
are  made  regularly  from  Bucoda  to  Port- 
land and  other  points  on  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific.  Immense  deposits  of  lig- 
nite coal  are  found  in  the  immediat'i  vicinity  of  Bucoda  and  the  mining  of  this  coal 
will  always  be  one  of  the  leading  industries  here. 

Bucoda  contains  one  bank  witli  $25,000  capital,  a  fine  school  house  the  erection  of 
which  involved  an  outlay  of  f6,ooo,  a  good  opera  house  with  a  seating  capacity  of 
400,  it  supports  one  good  weekly  newspaper  and  two  churches,  the  Methodist  and 
Baptist.  One  large  sawmill  and  a  shingle  mill  are  located  at  this  point.  Along 
Skamokawa  creek  in  the  vicinity  of  Bucoda  several  companies  are  engaged  exten- 
sively in  logging,  vast  forests  of  the  finest  fir  and  cedar  being  directly  tributary  to 
the  place.  Good  agricultural  land  is  also  found  in  large  bodies  near  the  town. 
Bucoda  is  a  well  built  town,  it  contains  a  number  of  good  stores  and  well  constructed 
private  residences  and  it  is  perhaps  one  of  the  largest  inierior  shipping  points  of 
the   Northern  Pacific   railroad  in  Western  Washington, 

Olympia,  Washington.— Olyn.pia,  the  cr.pitaT  of  the  ttate  of  Washington, 
and  the  county  seat  of  Thurston  county,  is  located  at  the  head  of  Puget  Sound,  on 
an  arm  of  this  great  inland  body  of  water  known  as  Budd's  Inlet.  The  Sound  is  nav- 
igable for  deep-water  vessels  to  this  point. 


Water  Power,  ciucoda. 


<    <il 
'     t  1 


il 


836 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    By  ROGERS. 


^=iFt!=W5u=ai^'iSt>. 


Olvmpia,  Lookinq  down  the  Sound. 


The  old  Smith  land  claim  was  located 
in  1846,  and  the  present  site  of  Olympia 
was  formally  dedicated  as  a  townsite  in 
1850.  The  town  was  christened  Olympia, 
by  Colonel  I.  N.  Ebey,  a  name  suggested 
by  the  snow-capped  peaks  of  the  Olympic 
range,  which  rise  abruptly  to  the  north, 
and  also  by  a  happy  recurrence  at  the  time 
to  the  following  lines  of  poetrj  : 


•'Afar  their  crystal  summits  rise 
Like  gems  against  the  sunset  skies, 
While  far  below  the  shadowy  mist, 
In  waves  of  pearl  and  amethyst, 
'Round  stately  fir'and^sombre  pine. 
Its  dewey-jeweled  fingers  twine  ; 
Olympia's  gods  might  view  with  grace 
Nor  scorn  so  fair  a  dwelling  place." 


Olympia  is  a  beautiful  city,  both  in  the 
site  it  occupies  and  in  its  surroundings. 
The  broad  stretch  of  the  waters  of  Puget 
Sound  spreading  out  before  the  city,  with 
its  constantly  moving  shipping  forms  a 
changing  panorama  that  claims  the  attention 
of  all  visitors  to  Washington's  capital.  The 
skirting  forests  and  towering  hills  back  of 
the  place  set  off  to  good  advantage  a  picture 
that  is  as  rich  in  colors  as  only  nature  in 
her  happiest  mood  can  paint  them.  The 
beauty  in  location  doubtless  had  some- 
thing to  do  in  determining  the  selection  of 
Olympia  as  the  state  capital,  and  the  growth 
these  same  beautiful  surroundings. 


PHOTO.   Br  ROGERS. 


MAIN  Street,  Olympia. 


of  the  place  is,  in  a  measure,  due  ta 


PHOTO.    BY  ROGERS. 


For  many  years  after  the  era  of  railroads  in  the  Northwest,  the  growth  of  Olym- 
pia, in  comparison  with  the  other  large  cities  of  the  Sound  district,  was  slow.  During 
the  past  few  years,  however,  much  substantial  improvement  has  been  made  at  this 

point,  and  Olympia  now  occupies  a  position  of  consider- 
able commercial  importance.  During  this  time  a  num- 
ber of  very  handsome  public  buildings  have  been 
erected  here,  and  the  numerous  fine  brick  blocks  on 
Main  street  attest  the  confidence  of  Olympia's  citizens 
in  the  future  growth  of  their  city.  The  Thurston  county 
court  house,  recently  built  at  Olympia,  is  one  of  the 
handsomest  public  buildings  in  thest  ate.  It  is  built  entire- 
ly of  Bellingham  Bay  blue  sandstone,  and  in  point  of  con- 
struction and  as  a  handsome  piece  of  architecture,  it 
outshines  any  county  court  house  in  Washington  or  Ore- 
THURSTON  COUNTY  COURT  HOUSE,  ocYMPiA.    g^"  ^oday.    Thc  ccst  of  this  maguificeut  building  wa& 


'm- 


Olympia,  Washington. 


337 


m 


$140,000.  The  four  stories  of  the  building  furnish  ample  room  for  the  various  county 
officers  and  for  the  halls  of  justice.  The  interior  finishing  is  in  keeping  with 
the  Very  handsome  appearance  of  the  exterior.  Surmounting  the  structure  is  a 
lofty  octagon-shaped  tower.  In  each  of  the  eight  faces  of  this  tower  is  placed  a 
large  clock  dial,  and  this  clock  furnishes  a  correct  timepiece  for  all  Olympia.  In 
addition  to  the  magnificent  court  house,  Olympia  has  two  elegant  brick  and  stone 
school  buildings.  The  regular  daily  attendance  at  the  public  schools  of  the  city  is 
about  1,500.  In  addition  to  the  fine  public  schools,  the  Collegiate  Institute,  under 
the  auspices  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  church,  and  the  Providence  Academy,  con- 
ducted by  the  sisters,  are  located  at  this  point. 

Private  enterprise  has  not  been  remiss  in  furthering  Olynipia's  interests.  The 
McKenny  block,  the  Chilberg  block,  the  First  National  Bank  building,  the  Hotel 
Olympia,  the  opera-house  block  and  other 

fine  structures  have  all   been   erected   here  ^  a  m  "•■w 

during  the  past  two  years.  Noticeable  among 
these  fine  buildings  is  the  McKenny  block, 
located  on  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Main 
streets.  This  was  erected  in  1890  by  Mr. 
T.  I.  McKenny,  at  a  cost  of  $80,000.  It 
is  four  stories  in  height,  and  has  a  front- 
age of  60  feet  on  Main  street,  with  a 
depth  extending  back  on  Fourth  street  of  -1 
120  feet.  The  material  used  in  its  con- 
struction is  brick,  with  massive  stone  trim- 
mings, and  it  presents  to  the  eye  every  ap- 
pearance of  solidity  and  grace  of  outline.  mckennv  block,  olympia. 
The  finely  finished  woodwork  of  the  interior  of  the  building  vies  with  the  best  inte- 
rior finishing  of  any  of  the  finest  buildings  of 
the  Northwest.  The  building  is  well  heated, 
and  every  attention  has  been  paid  to  perfect 
lighting.  The  three  upper  stories  of  the  Mc- 
Kenny block  are  now  occupied  by  the  various 
state  departments  of  Washington,  pending  the 
erection  of  the  capitol  at  Ol.vmpia.  The  state 
pays  $6,600  a  year  for  these  quarters,  and  the 
stores  on  the  ground  floor  br'ng  the  owner  $5,000 
a  year  more.  The  erection  of  such  fine  struc- 
tures at  Olympia,  as  the  McKenny  block,  marks 
an  epoch  in  the  growth  of  the  city,  and  it  was 
just  such  enterprise  as  was  shown  in  putting  up 
this  building  here  that  so  often  crowds  places 
less  favored  in  location  than  Olympia  to  the 
front. 

Two  strong  banks  are  located  at  Olympia, 
the  First  National  and  the  Capital  National 
Bank.  The  First  National  is  the  oldest  national 
bank  in  the  city,  having  been  established  in 
1884.      It  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  old  banking 


First  national  bank,  Olvmpia. 


PHOTO     ar  ROGERS 


i  \^\ 


■  't 


\''.?:m 


I 

f 

f 

i^ 

■> 

'.  ,n 

ll' 

' 

r 

1;     < 

i' 

-* 

1  ' 

t 

4m 


}M. 


Ik 


k 


338 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY   HOQERS. 


Lincoln  school,  Olympia. 


PHOTO.   BY  ROGERS. 


firm  of  George  A.  Barnes  &  Co.,  afterwards  merged  into  the  business  of  Hoy  t,  Phillips 
&  Co.  The  directors  of  the  First  National  having  determined  to  erect  a  building  suit- 
able for  the  requirements  of  the  bank,  finally  accepted  the  plans  of  the  present  structure 

which  they  occupy.  The  building  now  occupied  by  the  First 
National  is  a  model  of  the  tasteful  in  architecture,  and  it  is 
elegant  in  design.  The  foundation  is  cf  stone,  and  the  two- 
story  superstructure  is  composed  of  brick  with  stone  trim- 
mings and  terra  cotta  facade.  Although  the  building  is  only 
30x90  feet  in  size,  its  erection  involved  an  outlay  of  $20,000, 
as  no  expense  was  spared  by  the  bank  either  in  the  exterior 
or  interior  finish.  The  present  officers  of  the  First  National 
are  as  follows  :  president,  A.  A.  Phillips  ;  vice-president,  John 
F.  Gowey ;  cashier,  L.  W.  Ostrander ;  assistant  cashier,  Henry 
P.  Lee.  The  following  is  the  report  of  the  condition  of  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Olympia,  Washington,  at  close  of  business  July  12,  1893  : 
Resources — Loans  and  discounts,  $261,275.68;  overdrafts,  I154.66 ;  United  States 
bonds  to  secure  circulation,  $25,000;  premiums  paid, 
$850  ;  real  estate,  furniture  and  fixtures,  $42,533.40  ;  cur- 
rent expenses  and  taxes  paid,  $6,996.85  ;  cash  on  hand, 
$43,907.41  ;  due  from  banks,  $22,925.99 ;  due  from  United 
States  treasury,  $1,125  ;  total,  $404,768.99.  Liabilities — 
Capital  stock  paid  in,  $100,000;  surplus,  $35,000 ;  undi- 
vided profits,  $12,919.25;  circulation,  $22,500;  deposits, 
$234,349-74;    total,  $404,768.99. 

Among  the   leading    industrial    establishments    of 

Olympia  may  be  mentioned  the  Olympia  Door  and 
Lumber  Company,  the  West  Side  Mill  and  the 
Puget  Sound  Pipe  Company.  The  present  popu- 
lation of  the  city  is  about  6,000.  A  large  propor- 
tien  of  the  citizens  own  their  own  homes.  Some 
of  the  finest  of  these  private  residences  are 
perched  on  a  high  hill  which  commands  a  fine 
view  of  the  business  district  of  the  city,  and  also 
of  the  entire  bay  in  front.  A  number  of  very  fine 
residences  arS  also  located  on  the  west  shore,  op- 
posite the  main  part  of  the  city.  •  A  long  liridge, 
spanning  the  inlet  intervening,  connects  with  the 
business  part  of  the  town.  On  the  hill,  which 
furnishes  a  site  for  some  of  the  finest  residences,  is  located  St.  Peter's  hospital, 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $20,000.     It  is  in  charge  of  the  Catholic  Sisters, 

Extensive  improvements  are  now  being  made  to  the  harbor  at  Olympia,  under 
the  direction  of  the  government,  which  made  an  appropriation  of  $35,000  for  this 
purpose.  This  improvement  is  badly  needed,  as  the  water  formerly  became  so  shal- 
low at  the  city's  docks,  during  low  tide,  that  it  was  difficult  for  deep-water  vessels  to 
approach  these  landings.  The  expenditure  of  this  money  on  harbor  improvements 
here,  however,  will  entirely  remedy  this  trouble.  The  Northern  Pacific  Railroad 
Company  now  runs  daily  trains  south  from  Olympia  to  Portland,  north  to  Seattle 
and  Tacoma,  and  east  and  southwest  to  the  lower  Chehalip  valley  and  to  Gray's 
Harbor  by  connection  at  Centralia.     Connection  between  Olympia  and  Tenino,  a  dis- 


ST     PETER'S  HOSPITAL,  OLYMPIA. 


PHOTO.  BY  ROGERS. 


HOTEL  OLYMPIA,  OlvMPIA. 


Tumwater,   Washington. 


339 


PHOTO     BY  R0QER9. 


W^^^mf^ 


YOUNG'S  HOTEL,  OUYMPIA 


tance  of  15  miles,  is  made  by  the  Port  Townsend  &  Southern.  The  steamer  Multno- 
mah makes  round  trips  daily  between  Olympia  and  Seattle,  touching  both  ways  at 
Tacoma.  The  steamer  Willie  plies  between  Olympia  and  Shelton,  making  two  round 
trips  between  these  points  daily.  Olympia  now  has  as  good  transportation  facili- 
ties as  any  city  on  the  Sound,  and  these  facilities  are  being   constantly  improved. 

By   an  act  of  congress  the  state  of  Washington  was  endowed   with   a  dona- 
tion  of  132,000  acres  of  land   when  the  state   was  created.     The  proceeds  of  this 
laud  were  to  be  devoted  to  the  erection  of  suitable  capitol  buildings.    As  the  value 
of  this  land  is  now  estimated  to  be  about 
$2,500,000,  the  erection  of  fine  state  build- 
ings at  Olympia,  in  the  near  future,  is 
assured,  and  it  is  probable  when  the  time 
comes  to  build  these  fine  edifices  for  state 
purposes,  that  special  attention  will  be 
paid  to  making  them  the  most  creditable 
public  buildings  on  the  coast. 

Young's  Hotei^. — Among  the  his- 
toric landmarks  of  Olympia  spared  by  the 
effacing  ravages  of  time.  Young's  hotel, 
on  the  corner  of  Second  and  Main  streets, 
is  worthy  of  special  mention.  The  building  now  occupied  by  the  hotel  was  finished 
away  back  in  1849,  and  under  its  original  name  of  the  Washington  hotel  attained  a 
degree  of  celebrity  in  the  early  50's,  still  remembered  by  the  pioneer  settlers  of 
Olympia  and  Tumwater.  It  was  the  first  house  of  refreshment  in  the  capital  city  and 
for  a  long  time  after  its  erection  the  only  one.  Its  patrons  embraced  the  names  of 
all  the  public  men  famous  in  the  formative  period  of  the  territorial  government  of 
Washington.  Many  of  these  old  patrons  of  the  Washington  hotel  have  long  since 
paid  their  last  debt  to  nature,  leaving  behind  them  nothing  but  a  shadowy  memory 
of  their  accomplishments  on  earth,  but  not  a  few  still  survive  to  recall  the  old-time 
discussions  to  which  the  walls  of  the  Washington  once  echoed ;  discussions  on  'opics 
then  instinct  with  life  but  today  so  long  since  forgotten  that  even  an  argument  on 
ihe p70S  andi  cons  oi  African  slavery  would  sound  recent  and  fresh  by  comparison. 
In  1873  the  old  Washington  hotel  passed  into  the  hands  of  E.  T.  Young  and  its  name 
was  changed  by  the  new  proprietor  to  Young's  hotel.  The  house  has  been  enlarged 
from  time  to  time  under  Mr.  Young's  proprietorship,  and  today  it  is  capable  of  enter- 
taining 120  guests.  It  has  lost  none  of  its  old-time  popularity  in  the  hands  of  E.  T. 
Young,  who  is  an  ex-mayor  of  Olympia,  and  who  for  many  years  was  a  prominent 
member  of  the  common  council  of  the  city.  Large,  well-ventilated  rooms,  fine 
brands  of  wines,  liquors  and  cigars,  sample  rooms  for  commercial  travelers  and  all 
the  old-time  attention  to  comfort  of  guests  still  make  Young's  hotel  a  drawing  card 
•with  the  general  public. 

Tuniveatei*,  Washington. — Tumwater,  a  suburb  of  Olympia,  enjoys  the 
distinction  of  having  been  the  first  settlement  in  the  Puget  Sound  country.  It  is 
located  on  the  Des  Chutes  river,  about  i^  miles  south  of  Olympia,  and  is  connected 
with  the  big  city  by  an  electric  railway  line.  The  town  enjoys  the  benefits  of  a  vast 
water  power  in  Tumwater  falls,  which  lend  their  unceasing  roar  to  the  business  life 
of  the  place.  Power  for  operating  the  electric  line  and  also  for  running  the  street- 
lighting  plant  at  Olympia  is  obtained  from  these  falls.     The  power  of  the  falls  wa 


^^^1 


\i'\ 
:!*i| 


11- 


Ri;;: 


f-' 


I'j  ••) 


-If 


840 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


formerly  utilized  for  running  a  large  flouring  mill  at  Tumwater,  but  a  disastrous  fire 
in  1892  destroy  ed  the  plant,  and  owing  to  general  depression  in  business  the  mill  has 
not  yet  been  rebuilt.  The  falls  here  are  formed  by  the  entire  body  of  the  Des  Chutes 
river  plunging  over  rocky  lec'gcs  at  this  point,  making  a  total  descent  of  82  feet. 
The  different  falls  are  three  in  number,  making  a  perpendicular  fall  of  20,  16  and  26 
feet  respectively.  Rapids  inter  •  ne  between  each  fall.  The  short-sighted  policy  of 
the  original  owners  of  the  water  power  at  this  point  greatly  retarded  what  would 
otherwise  have' been  a  great  development  at  Tumwater.  This  is  one  of  the  most 
available  and  most  easily  controlled  water  powers  of  the  state  and  it  will  some  day  be 
the  scene  of  considerable  activity  in  manufacturing  development. 

Tumwater  contains  today  about  5'K)  people,  many  of  the  residents  doing  business 
in  Olympia.  It  is  on  the  line  of  the  Port  Townsend  &  Southern  railway  running 
between  Olympia  and  Tenino,  and  it  is  also  on  the  direct  line  of  the  proposed  Union 
Pacific  line  between  Portland  and  Puget  Sound.  It  is  a  favorably  located  point  for 
building  a  prosperous  town  at  some  time  in  the  future. 

81ielt<)n,Wasllilijtj:t<>n. — Shelton,  the  judicial  seat  of  Mason  county,  is  located 
on  the  arm  of  Puget  Sound  known  as  Hammerton's  Inlet.  Almost  all  of  Mason  coun- 
ty's area,  consisting  of  900  square  miles,  is  mountainous  and  is  covered  with  vast 
forests  of  fir,  pine  and  cedar.  Millions  of  feet  of  lumber  are  now  annually  logged 
in  this  county  and  floated  in  rafts  to  the  different  seats  of  the  sawmill  industry  on 
Puget  Sound.  Shelton  is  practically  the  center  of  this  great  logging  industry  and  it 
is  the  supply  station  of  the  various  logging  camps  located  in  the  county. 

The  present  population  of  Shelton  is  about  600.  The  greater  part  of  the  popula- 
tion is  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  lumber  corporations  having  interests  at  this 
point.  Two  logging  railroads  are  operated  in  Mason  county  with  Shelton  as  the 
terminus.  The  Washington  &  Southern  Railway  Company  operates  about  36  miles 
of  railroad,  inchuhng  side-tracks,  in  the  county,  and  the  Shelton  &  Southwestern 
Railway  Company  has  now  laid  about  nine  miles  of  road.  This  latter  company 
expects  to  extend  its  road  to  an  ultimate  connection  with  the  Gray's  Harbor  branch 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  at  Elma.  The  extension  of  this  road  will  prove  of  great 
benefit  to  Shtlton,  as  it  will  op.n  up  all-rail  communication  between  the  town  and 
all  parts  of  the  country.  Shelton  is  22  miles  northwest  of  Olympia,  from  which 
point  it  is  reached  by  steamboat  which  makes  two  round  trips  a  day  between  the 
two  places. 

Tacoma.,  Waslllnjytoii.— Tacoma,  the  chief  industrial  city  and  the  most 
important  seaport  of  Washington,  is  located  on  that  part  of  the  headwaters  of  Puget 

Sound  known  as  Commencement  Bay.  This 
bay  is  an  indentation  of  Admiralty  Inlet, 
the  largest  and  most  important  branch  of 
Puget  Sound. 


PHrrO.   BY  FRENCH. 


FIBST  POSTOFFICE  IN  T»COM». 


backed    by    statistics,  cannot 
Handbook." 


The  rapid  rise  of  Tacoma  from  mere 
village  conditions  to  the  position  of  one  of 
the  most  progressive  cities  of  the  coast 
makes  it  one  of  the  remarkable  cities  of 
modern  times.  The  record  of  this  marve- 
lous growth  accurately  portrayed  in  words 
fail   to   be  of  great  interest  to  the  readers  of  "The 


Tacoma ,  \Vi>  hington. 


341 


•.1! 


PHOTO.    BY   FRENCH. 


'fsf:....^.v 


-*♦!» 


IS 


An  Histohic  Church,  Tacoma. 

vast    forest,    the 


The  great  inland  sea  called  Puget  Sound,  with  its  forest-lined  shores  .shadowed 
by  the  mighty  peaks  of  the  Cascade  and  Olympic  Mountains,  remained  practically 
an  unknown  region  until  early  in  the  50's,  when  a  few  hardy  pioneers  cut  their  way 
through  the  dense  forests  and  established  a  settlement  on  the  shores  of  KUiot  Bay,  the 
presentsitc  of  the  flourishing  city  of  Seattle.  Occasionally, 
before  that  time,  a  venturesome  ship  with  a  foreign  flag  flying 
c  its  mast  head  had  sailed  through  the  Straits  of  Fuca  into 
Puget  Sound  in  search  of  spars  and  timber.  The  crews 
of  these  ships  doubtless  told  in  distant  lands  that  far  to  the 
westward  lay  a  beautiful  inland  body  of  water  bluer  than 
the  Aegean  Sea.  But  even  the  stories  of  Puget  Sound,  em- 
bellished by  a  sailor's  vivid  imagination,  could  hardly  do 
th>"  region  justice.  No  other  section  of  equal  extent  in  the 
world  contains  as  much  natural  wealth  as  does  the  coun- 
try bordering  on  Puget  Sound.  Embraced  in  this  region  is 
the  greatest  forest  on  the  continent,  the  most  extensive  coal 
■"^|.  sures  in  the  United  States,  millions  of  acres  of  fertile 
land,  and  mountains  that  contain  enormous  deposits  of 
gold,  silver,  copper,  lead  and  iron-bearing  ores.  Stretching 
back  from  the  water's  edge  at  Tacoma  to  the  foothills 
of  the  mountain  peaks,  covered  with  perennial  snow, 
monarchs  of  which  lift  their  green-crowned  heads  as  high  as  400  feet  above  the 
ground.     Beyond  this  forest,  and  towering  to  a  height  of  nearly  15,000  feet  is  a  great 

white  glacier-covered  dome  which  bears  the  Indian  name 
of  Tacoma.  Beneath  the  summit  of  Mount  Tacoma  and 
extending  away  for  miles  until  lost  to  the  view  of  the 
beholder,  is  a  series  of  snow-capped  peaks  of  the  Cascade 
Mountains.  Trickling  down  the  mountain  sides  are  hun- 
dreds of  little  creeks  which  finally  unite  and  form  the 
several  rivers  which  empty  into  Puget  Sound.  One  of 
these  rivers,  the  Puyallup,  flows  through  an  exception- 
ally fertile  valley  and  enters  Commencement  Bay  in 
front  of  the  city  of  Tacoma.  In  the  valley  of  this  river 
are  the  most  productive  hop  fields  in  the  world,  surpass- 
ing in  almost  every  respect  the  famous  hop  yards  of  Kent,  England. 

It  is  not  to  be  wondered  at  that  when  men  learned  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil  01 
this  region,  its  matchless  resources  and  mild  and  salubrious  climate  they  were  will- 
ing to  suffer  privations  and  undertake  long  hazardous  journeys  to  reach  the  shores  of 
Puget  Sound.     The  location  of  Tacoma, 
the  birth  of  the  present  city,  and  its  foun- 
dation  date   from    ]868,    when    General 
Matthew  M.    McCarver,    a    well-known 
California    pioneer,    arrived    on     Puget 
Sound,    and    platted  about  60  acres  on 
what  is  now  called  the  original  townsite 
of  Tacoma,      In  the  same  year  Charles 
Hanson  built  the  Tacoma  mill.     For  15 
years  or  more  this  sawmill  was  practically 
the  main  support  and  the  only  industry 


Oldest  Church  on  Puget  Sound. 

auILT    BY   REV.    DE  VORE  IN    185^. 


VW 


-■■1 


im 


t  1 


i  w 


SAWMILL  SCENE  AT  TACOMA. 


:w 


■\m 


T   ii 

U 


m 


HI   I 
1     : 


m 


342 


The  Ort'gonian's  Handbook  oi  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PMOTO.    BY    FUENCH. 


Indian  Canoes  at  Tacoma. 


of  the  village.  It  is  now  one  of 
the  largest  sawmills  in  the 
.United  States.  At  '■■-. dockf  can 
be  seen  vessels  hailing  from  all 
ports  of  the  Pacific  and  Atlan- 
tic oceans.  In  the  early  years 
of  the  settlement  of  Tacoma, 
a  boat  arriving  at  this  mill  from 
some  outside  port  was  welcomed  by  the  entire  population  of  the  village. 

Tacoma  remained  a  comparatively  unknown  town  until  1873.  Up  to  that  time 
the  prediction  that  Tacom«A  would  ever  conta-n  a  population  of  i,ocjo  people  would 
not  have  been  considered  by  any  resident  of  the  place.  In  1873  an  event  occurred 
that  not  only  amazed  the  people  of  the  village  but  which  also  msde  Tacoma  a  place 
of  great  promise.  In  that  year  Tacoma  was  selected  and  put  down  on  the  maps  as 
the  western  terminus  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad.  Before  this  s  .lection  was 
annoimced  the  company  had  quietly  acquired  possession  of  nearlj-  all  the  land  for  a  dis- 
tance of  two  or  three  miles  back  from  and  a'ong  the  water  front  of  the  village.  Unlike 
many  speculators  the  men  who  at  that  time  controlled  the  Y  ■  rthcrn  Pacific  did  not  wait 
until  some  one  else  had  made  improvenunits  beforo;  taking  .  prominent  part  in  pub- 
lic matters  themselves.  They  at  once  went  to  work,  alter  acquiring  title  to  the  land, 
felling  the  mighty  forests,  and  among  the  stumps  and  underbrush  laid  ,#» 
out  wide  business  streets  and  residence  avenues.  It  was  the  purpose  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  to  establish  here  a  large  and  beautiful  city,  and 
although  the  project  was  delayed  for  some  years,  it 
was  6ubsec[uently  carried  out  on  a  much  larger  scale 
than  was  first  contemplated.  The  delay  in  building 
the  city  was  caused  by  the  Cascade  Mountains  pre- 
senting a  seemingly  impassable  barrier  to  the  path- 
way of  the  railroad  to  Pugct  Souud.      The  mountains 

turned  the  line  of  road  to  the  south  so  that  in  reaching  the  Pacific  ocean 
was  forced  to  make  connection  with  the  Oregon  Railway  &  Navigation  Com- 
pany's line  down  the  Columbia  river  to  Portland.  In  1.SS8,  however,  ;-;kiJl- 
ful  engineering  demonstrated  that  the  road  could  be  built  over  ard  through  the  Cas- 
cades. The  great  Stampede  tunnel  was  subsequently  built  and  the  Northern  Pacific 
completed  its  main  line  to  Taccma,  The  advent  of  the  railroad  to  Tacoma  was  fol- 
lowed by  a  period  of  great  activity  in  the  growth  of  tiie  city,  a  growth  that  has  sel- 
dom been  equaled  in  city  building  in  the  United  Slates. 

The  Northorn  Pacific  in  building  to  the  rb.ores  of  Puget  Sound  opened  up  for 
settlement  the  vast  area  of  country  surrounding  this  inlar'^  body  of  water,  and  it 
caused  its  matchless  resources  to  become  known  to  the  world.  A  great  Ptream  of 
:m:nigrntiori  finding  its  source  .1  the  states  of  the  East  and  South  at  once  commenced 
to  tlow  into  the  Northwest.  Two  years  afier  the  completion  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
to  Puget  Sound  the  cities  of  Tacoma.  .Seattle  and  Spokane  had  j^rowu  to  important 
centers  c-f  trade  and  of  a  population  of  about  i^^ooo  each.  Houses  could  not  be  built 
fast  cnoi'gh  at  Tacoma  to  shelter  the  incoming  multitude.  Capital  poured  into  the 
city  by  millions  and  'c  was  immediately  employed  here  in  the  erection  of  dwelling 
houses  and  substantial  business  blocks.  Mills,  factories,  warehouses  and  elevators 
began  to  fill  up  the  low  ground  at  the  waters'  edge,  and  stores  and  offices  multiplied 


r 


ww"rt'.t.'iUL«t 


P.  R.  R.  Co. '8  Car  Shops,  Tacova. 


It 


Tacowa,  Washington. 


343 


IN1ERI0H.  N.  P.  R.  R.  Machine  Shops,  Tacom*. 


on  the  business  streets.  The  Northern  Pacific  built  extensive  side-tracks  and  gave 
the  city  terminal  rates  which  placed  it  at  an  advantage  over  all  other  points  on  Puget 
Sound.  It  is  due  to  these  rates  that  Tacotna 
has  handled  most  of  the  wheat  of  the  state  of 
Washington  shipped  from  Puget  Sound  ports. 
The  growth  of  Taconia  has  not  only 
been  phenouieual,  but  in  many  respects  it 
has  been  the  most  marvelous  of  the  growth 
of  any  American  city.  Since  the  comple- 
tion of  the  Northern  Pacific  over  27,000  peo- 
ple have  arrived  in  Tacoma  and  made  the 
city  their  p(.'rn:anent  home.  The  United 
States  census  or  i8t;o  placed  the  census  of 
Tacoma  at  36,200.  This  rapid  increase  of 
population  is  still  taking  place,  for  the  care- 
fully compiled  directory  of  1S93  showed 
that  Tacoma  and  its  suburbs  ai  that  time 
contained  about  49,000  people. 

The  location  of  Tacoma  and  the  beauty  of  its  surroundings  make  it  one  of  the 
mo'jt  attractive  of  residence  cities.  Tacoma  is  built  upon  a  peninsula  which  runs  to 
a  point  forming  a  triangle.  The  highest  point  of  this  promontory  is  its  center,  a 
hip^  plain  extending  its  entire  length,  ending  at  its  extreme  norther"  boundary  in 
?.n  abrupt  precipice.  This  is  Point  Defiance.  F'rom  the  water  front  and  the  tide 
fl:.ts  covering  three  and  one-half  square  miles  and  lying  below  and  in  front  of  the 
city  the  land  rises  gradually  and  in  natural  terraces.  The  summit  of  the  slope  is 
about  300  feet  above  the  waters'  edge.  The  ea.st  and  west  streets  ascend  the  hill  at 
easy  grades  and  the  main  avenues  running  north  and  south  stretch  along  the  natural 
benches  of  the  hillside  for  miles,  forming  magnificent  drives.  The  residence  district 
o.'  the  city  is  situated  on  the  high  lands  where  the  windows  of  nearly  every  house 
command  a  magnificent  view  of  the  romantic  mountain  scenery.  In  this  part  of  the 
city  arc  many  costly  mansions  surrounded  by  beautifully  laid-out  lawns  and  gardens. 
The  rippling  waters  of  Commencement  Bay,  with  its  high  promontories  and  the 
irregular  contour  oi  its  thickly  wooded  shore  line,  form  a  picturesque  foreground  foi 

the  fir-clad  sljpes  and  great  snow-capped  peaks  of  the 
Cascade  Mountains.  Surmounting  this  range,  and  in 
plain  view  of  Tacoma,  is  Mount  Tacoma,  the  monarch 
of  the  Cascades.  This  superb  peak,  clad  in  robes  of 
virgin  white,  incomparable  in  its  beauty  and  grandeur, 
towers  14.444  feet  above  sea  level.  Encircling  its  slopes 
is  a  system  of  enormous  glaciers  and  ice  fields  presenting 
an  almost  impassable  obstacle  in  the  pathway  of  the 
Alpine  climber  attempting  to  scale  its  heights.  Beyond 
the  tide  lands  beneath  the  city  the  Puyallup  river  can  be 
seen  winding  its  way  through  the  dense  forest  and  thick 
underbrush  of  the  Puy.Uup  Indian  reservation,  emerg- 
ing from  which  it  flows  a  short  distance  and  empties  its 
waters  into  the  bay  in   front  of  the  city. 

It  is  on  the  low  lands  bordering  the  tide  flats  that  many  of  the  city's  industrial 
plants  are  located.     These  include  woolen  mills,  foundri^c,  match,  soap,  furniture, 


Mt.  Tacoh*  (rainier)  from  tacoma. 


I 


V,     .1^^ 


r 


844 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


\l 


PHOTO.   BY  FRENCH. 


Co*L  Bunkers,  T..com*. 


I'HOTO.    BY  FRENCH. 


box  and  cracker  factories,  stockyards,  iron  and 
boiler  works,  breweries  and  sawmills.  Among  the 
latter  is  the  extensive  plant  of  the  St.  Paul  and 
Taconia  Luniber  Conipau)-.  This  is  one  of  the 
largest  plants  of  the  kind  on  the  coast.  Further 
oown  the  bay  is  the  terminal  yard  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  railroad.  Next  come  the  bijf  ocean  wharves 
and  coal  bunkers.  From  here  down  to  a  point 
near  Point  Defiance  the  shore  is  lined  with  great 
elevators  and  warehouses,  large  flouring  mills  and 
saw  and  shingle  mills.  Just  outside  the  city  limits  and  before  the  end  of  the  peninsula 
is  reached  is  the  Tacoma  smelter.  This  is  the  largest  plant  of  the  kind  on  the  coast. 
Ores  are  received  here  from  Alaska,  British  Columbia,  California  and  Mexico.  In 
1892  this  smelter  turned  out  14,861  ounces  of  gold,  528,060  ounces  of  silver  and 
4,176,803  pounds  of  lead.     This  output  was  worth  $937,740. 

Tacoma  is  essentially  a  manufacturing  city.  From  manufacturing  alone  it 
derives  a  large  part  of  its  revenue.  The  products  of  its  mills  and  factories  are  staple 
articles  of  commerce  in  the  cities  of  South  America,  Oceanica  and  the  Orient.  It 
has  been  within  the  past  five  years  that  Tacoma  has 
showed  its  remarkable  conmiercial  developments. 
Starting  with  a  few  .sawmilLs,  it  now  has  within  its 
limits  manufactories  representing  $9,400,000  of  in- 
vested capital.  These  industries  employ  3,500  men 
and  their  output  for  1893  aggregated  over  $9,000,000. 
The  advantageous  location  of  Tacoma,  at  the  head  of 
deep-water  navigation  on  Puget  Sound,  makes  it  a 
natural  manufacturing  center.  At  its  very  thresh- 
hold  are  resources  that  would  support  a  city  of  large 
population.  The  future  of  Tacoma  rests  alone  on  the 
development  of  these  great  resources  which  today  ofler  splendid  opportunities  for 
the  investment  of  capital. 

The  coal  fields  of  Pierce  county  are  the  most  important  in  the  state.  This  coal 
makes  a  coke  equal  to  that  of  the  famous  Connelsville  coke  of  Pennsylvania.  At 
Wilkinson,  a  few  miles  from  Tacoma,  60  coke  ovens  are  now  in  full  blast.  The  im- 
portance of  the  proximity  of  this  coking  coal  to  Tacoma  cannot  be  overestimated,  in 
its  bearing  on  the  future  prosperity  of  the  city.  In  the  manufacture  of  iron  alone  it 
will  play  an  important  part  here.  The  mountains  of  Western  Washington  contain 
inexhaustible  quantities  of  the  best  iron  ores,  and  it  is  but  a  question  of  a  few  years 
when  this  ore  will  be  converted  into  pig  iron  at  Tacoma.  The  vast  and  almost 
unbroken   forests  surrounding   Puget  Sound  are  the  greatest  of  America's  timber 

reserves.  This  forest  contains  the  finest  timber  in 
the  world  for  general  building  purposes.  The  manu- 
facture of  lumber  is  now  and  will  be  for  years  the 
most  important  industry  of  We.stern  Washington. 
Tacoma  is  the  greatest  lumbering  center  in  the  state, 
jlJ^i^k  and  Pierce  county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice, 
contains  millions  of  feet  of  the  finest  timber.  The 
agricultural  lands  adjacent  to  Tacoma  produce  30,000 
bales  of  hops  per  year.      Of  the   wheat  crop  of  the 


LOADING  LUMBE't,  TACOMA. 


PHOTO.  BY  FRENCH. 


Ship  Bjildinq,  Tacoma. 


'B--^^Mfi 


Tacoma,  Washington. 


846 


PHOTO     OV   FRENCH. 


State  Insane  Asylum,  Steilacoom. 


PHOTO.    BV   FRENCH. 


State,  estimated  for    1893    at    22,000,000 

bushels,    nearly    one-half  is  brought  to 

TacoDia  for  shipment  to  foreign   ports. 

Another  great  industry  that  contributes 

to  Tacoma' s  prosperity  are  the  fisheries 

of  Puget  Sound.      This  inland  sea  teems 

with  the  best  of  food  fishes.     Oti'  Cape 

Flattery   the   halibut    fishing    surpasses 

that  off  New  F'oundland.     These  fish  are 

brought  to  Tacoma  in  small  sailing  craft  and  from  this  point  they  are  shipped  to 

Eastern  and  interior  points. 

The  suburbs  of  Tacoma  contain  manj'  interesting  and  picturesque  points  which 
are  reached,  as  are  all  parts  of  the  city,  by  a  well-equipped  and  perfectly-managed 
rapid-transit  system.  There  are  now  60  miles  (f  electric  lines  and  two  miles  of 
cable  road  in  operation  at  Tacoma.  The  Tacoma  Railway  &  Motor  Company,  with 
a  capital  stock  of  $2,000,000,  has  an  equipment  of  52  first-class  cars  and  employs  150 
men.  It  operates  49  miles  of  street  railway.  The  company  makes  its  own  cars 
which,  in  workmanship  and  finish,  are  equal  to  the  most  expensive  cars  manufac- 
tured in  the  East.     The  Eleventh-street  cable  road,  operated  by  this  company, 

forms  a  connection  with  a  motor  line  run- 
ning to  American  I/ake,  a  beautiful  sheet 
of  fresh  water  four  miles  in  length.  From 
the  lake  the  line  runs  to  Fort  Steilacoom, 
15  miles  distant  from  Tacoma.  This  old 
abandoned  fort,  now  the  site  of  the  state 
insane  asylum,  was  established  as  an  out- 
post of  the  Hudson's  Ray  Company,  and 
later,  in  1849,  it  was  garrisoned  by  a  company  of  United  States  artillery.  The  his- 
torical traditions  that  surround  it  make  it  a  spot  of  great  interest.  It  was  here  that 
General  Sherman  and  other  noted  soldiers  gained  their  first  experience  in  actual 
warfare.  The  first  term  of  court  held  north  of  the  Columbia  river  convened  at  this 
point  in  October,  1849.  This  court  tried  and  convicted  two  Indians  of  the  Snoqual- 
mie  tribe,  who  had  led  an  attack  on  Fort  Nisqually,  and  these  Indians  were 
luinged  here. 

The  Point  Defiance,  Tacoma  and  Edison  Railway  Company  is  cai?italized  for 
$50o,ijoo.  It  operates  an  electric  line  13  miles  in  length.  This  line  runj  from  the 
suburban  part  of  the  city  called  Edison  to  Point  Defiance,  located  just  beyond  the 
western  limits  of  Tacoma.  At  Point  Defiance  the  city  maintains  a  magnificent 
natural  park  of  over  700  acres  in  extent.  This  park  is  beautifully  situated  on  a  high 
and  broad  plateau  which  slopes  down  to  the  wide,  sandy  and  pebble-strewn  beach  of 
Commencement  Bay.  In  it  are  great  pyramidal 
forest  trees,  numerous  rivulets  and  miniature 
waterfalls,  and  in  the  summer  a  bewildering 
confusion  of  ferns  and  wild  flowers.  In  1893, 
seven  miles  of  drives  were  laid  out  here,  and 
50,000  trees  and  shrubs  were  planted  in  the 
park.  A  walk  15  miles  in  length  is  now  being 
built  around  the  beach.      There  a  number  of 


.^sm;f^-i'." 


Point  Defiance,  Puget  Sound. 


photo,    by  FRENCH. 


41W*' 


Wriqmt  Park,  tacoma. 


m 


II 


11 


346 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 


PHOTO.    BY  FRENCH. 


C  Street  Business  Blocks,  Tacom*. 


Other  public  parks  in  the  city  that  are  much  frequented  by  residents  and  visitors. 
The  largest  of  these  is  Wright  Park,  a  tastily  arranged  and  designed  tract  of  land 
containing  27  acres,  located  in  the  heart  of  the  residence  portion  of  the  city. 

When  the  Northern  Pacific  F  ailroad  Company  determined  to  make  Tacoma  its 
terminal  city,  its  engineers  were  instructed  to  forget  the  wilderness  that  covered  the 
prospective  site  of  the  city,  and  to  bear  in  mind  only  its  future  greatness.     These 

instructions  were  carefully  carried  out  and  today  Tacouia 
presents  the  appearance  of  one  of  the  most  splendidly 
planned  cities  on  the  continent.  The  spirit  of  having  every- 
thing connected  with  Tacoma  done  on  a  most  magnificent 
scale  has  always,  dominated  the  actions  of  its  citizens,  and 
nearly  every  public  or  private  enterprise  has  been  planned 
and  matured  with  an  idea  of  the  future  greatness  of  the 
city  constantly  in  view.  The  business  streets  of  Tacoma 
are  built  up  with  fine  blocks  of  brick  and  stone  that  in 
architectural  design,  appointments  and  cost  are  not  sur- 
passed by  the  finest  structures  of  any  cii.y  on  the  continent.  Commencing  in  1888, 
with  the  advent  of  the  railroad,  business  blocks  and  residences  multiplied  at  a 
remarkably  rapid  rate.  In  carrying  on  these  extensive  building  operations,  the 
citizens  entered  into  a  friendly  rivalry  in  their  attempts  to  make  each  other's  build- 
ing surpass  in  point  of  architectural  beauty  and  solidity  the  class  of  buildings  that 
had  preceded  it.  This  public-spirited  rivalry  has  resulted  in  making  Tacoma  a  com- 
pactly and  attractively  built  city.  Nearly  all  the  buildings  that  line  its  business 
streets  are  of  the  most  modern  style  of  architecture,  being  of  brick  and  stone  and 
they  are  ecjuipped  and  furnished  in  the  most  approved  style. 

The  four  principal  business  thoroughfares  of  Tacoma — Pacific,  Railroad 
and  Tacoma  avenues  and  C  street — run  parallel  to  each  other.  Tacoma  avenue, 
which  is  at  an  elevation  of  about  200  feet  or  more  above  Pacific  avenue,  is  paved 
with  asphalt,  and  is  lined  with  small  retail  shops  and  stores. 
At  the  head  of  C  street  is  the  new  Chamber  of  Commerce 
building,  an  imposing  brick  and  stone  structure  six  stories 
high,  and  which  cost  $150,000.  The  Tacoma  Chamber  of 
Commerce  is  a  representative  body  of  business  men  who 
zealously  guard  the  city's  interests.  The  Chamber  acts  as 
an  intelligence  body  in  answering  questions  pertaining  to 
Tacoma,  or  the  country  of  which  the  city  is  the  commer- 
cial center,  and  all  letters  addressed  to  this  body  will  re- 
ceive the  most  prompt  attention. 

Pacific  avenue,  the  principal  retail  business  street,  is 
120  feet  wide,  and  extends  from  a  point  north  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific    depot    to  the  ocean  wharves.       Occupying    a 

T  ..  A    it         1  1         r   ii   •  •        ii  -i  City  Hal.,  Tacoma. 

commanding  site   at  the  head   of  tins  avenue    is   the  city 

hall,  one  of  the  most  imposing  municipal  buildings  occupied  for  municipal  purposes 
in  the  West.  It  is  built  of  Roman  brick,  and  its  construction  involved  an  outlay  of 
1300,000.  Another  public  building  here,  the  finest  of  its  character  in  the  Northwest, 
is  the  Pierce  County  court  house.  ''  ais  stately  stone  edifice  cost  about  $450,000.  It  is 
the  handsomest  building  in  ti?e  city.  A  large  quantity  of  the  stone  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  the  court  house  was  turnisiied  by  the  Pittsburg  Stone  Company,  which 
owns  an  extensive  blue  sandstone  quarry  at  Burnett,  Washington.     The  stone  of  this 


PHOTC.    BY  FRENCH. 


FHOTO.    BY   FRENCH. 


LOADING  Wheat,  Tacoma. 


PHOTO.   8Y  FRENCH. 


Tacoma,   Washington.  847 

quarry  is  in  great  demand,  owing  to  its  cheapness  and  superior 
quality.  It  has  been  extensively  used  in  the  be>t  structures 
of  Tacoma  and  Seattle.  The  Pittsburg  Stone  Company,  with 
offices  at  Tacoma,  are  prepared  to  fill  orders  for  promiscuous 
blocks,  dimension  and  rubble  stone,  and  sawed  stone. 

On  the  eastern  side  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  beyond 
the  broad  Columbia  river,  lay  the  great  wheat  fields  of  Wash- 
ington. The  prolific  soil  of  this  region  annually  yields  over 
20,ooo,ooc:)  bushels  of  wheat.     This  wheat  is  shipped  by  vaiP'"" '=™'"" -^"""^  "™5'' "'=°"* 

to  Tacoma  and  there  loaded  in  vessels  for  shipment 
to  different  parts  of  the  world.  The  first  wheat  ship- 
ment made  from  Tacoma  was  made  in  1881,  by  the 
American  ship  Dakota.  This  was  the  beginning  of  a 
commerce  which,  in  12  years,  has  made  Tacoma  one 
of  the  greatest  grain-exporting  ports  of  the  Pacific, 
and  the  only  point  on  Puget  Sound  from  which  for- 
eign shipments  of  grain  are  made.  The  wheat  is 
handled  in  Tacoma  by  four  elevators,  with  a  total 
storage  capacity  of  2,500,000  l)ushels.  This  will  be 
increased,  in  1894,  by  the  erection  of  a  1,000,000  bushel  elevator 
by  a  combination  of  the  farmers  of  Eastern  Washington.  The 
carrying  of  this  wheat  to  Tacoma  for  shipment  has  resulted  in 
the  establishment  here  of  four  large  flouring  mills,  whose  com- 
bined output,  in  1893,  was  valued  at  about  ;J2, 000,000.  Of  this 
flour  70  per  cent  is  exported  to  China  and  Japan.  That  Taioma 
is  fast  becoming  one  of  the  important  seaports  of  the  world  is 
shown  by  the  wheat  and  flour  shipments  from  this  place  since 
1881.  The  first  cargo  of  wheat  for  foreign  ports  from  Tacoma 
was  valued  at  $51,000.  During  the  next  season,  1882-3,  the 
American  ships  Gregory  and  Iroquois,  took  away  an  aggregate  of 
129.000  centals  of  wheat,  valued  at  |;207,Stxj.  The  following  sea- 
sons the  British  ship  Hecla  cleared  with  a  cargo  of  44,923  cen- 
tals, valued  at  $67,384.  In  1885  three  ships  car- 
ried away  from  Tacoma  140,920  centals,  val-* 
ued  at  $185,860.  During  the  season  of  1887-8 
Tacoma  shipped  ii  cargoes,  containing  717,510 
centals,  valued  at  $894,583.  In  the  season  of 
18S8-9  27  cargoes  cleared  from  Tacoma,  aggre- 
gating 1,774,139  centals,  valued  at  $1,522,140, 
The  next  season's  shipments  showed  a  large 
increase.  In  1890  i  45  vessels  cleared  from 
Tacoma  with  2,150,776  centals  of  wheat,  valued 
at  $3,593,440.  A  recapitulation  of  the  custom- 
house reports  shows  that  during  the  season 
of  1891-2  there  left  Tacoma  48  cargoes,  containing  an  aggregate  of  2,152,016 
centals  of  wheat  and  90,393  barrels  of  flour,  of  a  total  value  of  $3,658,146.  At  the 
present  writing  seven  ships  are  loading  wheat  at  Tacoma,  and  a  fleet  of  eight  more 
is  on  its  way  to  the  city.  The  following  table  gives  the  name  of  each  ship  loaded 
with  flour  or  wheat,  its  tonnage,  amount  of  value  of  each  cargo  and  tonnage  which 
left  Tacoma  between  vSeptember  10,  1892,  and  September  2,  1893  : 


Discharging  Tea,  Tacoma. 


PHOrO.    BY   FRENCH. 


■^s 


Wharf  Scene,  iacoma. 


'i      'tW    \ 
,U 


i 


348 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


DATE 


Sept.  10 
Sept.  27 
Sept.  21t 
Oct.  (I 
Oct.  15 
Oct.  15 
Oct.  15 
Oct.  15 
Oct.  -22 
Oct.  22 
Oci  22 
Oct.  27 
Oct.  21» 
Oct.  ;!0 
Nov.  2 
Nov.  8 
Nov.  (t 
Nov.  12 
Nov.  12 
Nov.  15 
Nov.  17 
Nov.  20 
Nov.  21 
Dec.  H 
Dec.  !5 
Dec.  S 
Dec.  i> 
Dec.  II 
Dec.  15 
Dec.  22 
Dec.  21 
Dec.  20 
Jan.  3 
Jan.  7 
Jan.  12 
Jiui.  18 
Jan.  20 
Jan.  24 
Jan.  21 
Jan.  28 
Kel).  rf 
Feb.  It 
Feb.  15 
Feb,  15 
Feb.  21 
.Feb.  20 
Fcl>.  28 
Mar.  10 
Mar.  15 
MRr.  2."> 
Mar.  20 
Mar.  20 
Mat.  21) 
Apl.  20 
Apl.  21 
May  8 
May  10 
June  10 
June  30 
July  1 
July  22 

Auk.  '•^- 
Sept.  2 
Sept.    2 


RIG 


Br.  S.  S 

nr.  S.  S 

Dr.  Uark 

Br.  Ship 

Hr.  Ship 

Hr.  Ship.  ... 

Hr.  Ship 

Hr.  S.  S ;. 

Br.  .Ship 

Br.  Bark 

Ur.  Ship 

Hr.  Bark 

Hr.  Ship 

Br.  Bark 

Hr.  Bark 

Br.  Ship 

Hr.  Ship 

Hr.  Bark 

Bi.Ship 

Br.  S.  S 

Br.  Ship 

Oer.  B:irk 

Br.  Sliip 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  Ship 

I'r.  Ship 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  Sh.p 

Br.  S.  S 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  Bark 

Br.  Sliip 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  S.  S 

Br.  Ship 

Hr.  Ship 

Hr.  Ship 

Br.  Ship 

Am.  snip.... 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  Ship 

Hr.  S.  S 

Hr.  Ship 

Hr.  S.  S 

Ocr.  Ship 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  Ship. 

Br.  S.  S.. 

Br.  Ship. 

Br.  Ship.. 

Br.  Ship. 

Br.  S.  S..  

Br.  Ship 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  S.  S 

Br.  S.  S 

Br.  Ship 

Br.  S.  S 

Br.  S  S 

Br.  S.  S 

Am.  Ship 

Br.  Ship 


NAME 


Phra  Nang 

Victoria 

F;Uiot 

Uarty  Lawrence 

Ft'.rest  Hall 

B;n  Nevi.4 

Aiulreta 

1,0c  Sok 

Recoi  .i 

Inveresk 

Colony — 

I.ucipara 

Wynnstay 

Ariadne 

Karl  Derby 

North  Riding 

Mylometie 

Flarnsclifl 

Drumburtou 

Zambesi 

Star  of  Italy 

(;ut?ii')nrg 

Diiu.sdale 

Fingal 

Hawksdale 

Timandra 

l,aily  l.sabella 

Ventura 

Victoria 

Annc.sley 

luvermark 

MacMillan 

Persian  l<;inpire 

Lindisfanie 

Tacoma 

British  Commodore. 

Pass  of  Brander 

Middlesex 

Pass  of  Melfort 

*Abner  Coburn 

(5alatea 

Mtlrfuope 

Flintshire 

Centurion 

Victoria 

ICmin  P.'isha 

Crown  of  F;ngland.., 

City  of  Delhi. 

Dalgonar 

Tacoma 

Archdale 

St.  Moiian 

Andora 

Mogul 

Oarsdale 

Drumclifl'. 

Victoria 

Tacoma 

Kcclefechan 

Mogul 

Victoria 

Tacoma 

tC.  S.  Bement 

Glenalvon 


REG 

WHKAT 

FLOUR 

TOMS 

CEHTALS 

BBLS. 

1,021 

8,850 

1,1H)2 

5,750 

1,0<!6 

17,(W0 

1,107 

47,405 

i.mm 

70,81)0 

1,061 

32,!!03 

1,708   : 

00,210 

1012 

125 

1,722 

01,111 

1,297 

61,727 

1,W)4   ! 

50,225 

1,8(W 

(i4,818 

1,573   ! 

53,700 

1,107 

ll),()83 

iHii 

32,310 

1,371 

44,1)1)0 

l,!i00    ! 

07,02i-. 

1,875   ' 

(i;{,074 

1,840   1 

(J6,I25 

1,505   1 

14,713 

1,571    i 

41),57(i 

027   j 

22,2,{2 

1,771)   1 

02  21)4 

2,488 

88,175 

1,723 

01,8111 

1,5(M) 

50,1K)5 

l,4(i2 

51,01)4 

l,(i()it 

57,320 

l,iM)2 

10,875 

l,5i)l 

5:1,155 

1,331 

20,085 

1,450 

4l),(i83 

1,5.T2 

40,217 

l,(i(iO 

r)8,210 

l,«(il 

6,102 

1,31K) 

45,008 

1  0!)3 

75,85(i 

1,(11)2 

5S,251 

2,llMi 

84,8;!0 

1,8711 

40,841 

1,01)4 

55,652 

l,(i08 

47,(WO 

2,«)4 

10,250 

1,701 

02,088 

1,1)1)2 

9,500 

l,5(f7 

54,351 

1,703 

01,443 

l,l!ll) 

38,088 

2,5(15 

87,31)0 

l.(Hil 

5,050 

1,471) 

54,280 

1,4')3 

48  052 

1,070 

50,1)80 

1,827 

;      1,4(H) 

l,(l(li') 

57,105 

2,408 

83,101) 

1,1)1)2 

0,512 

1,001 

1     7,380 

2,031 

06,1)50 

1827 

3.7r)0 

1,1)02 

2,050 

1,001 

0,472 

1,8!M) 

58,255 

2.072 

72,800 

S  !W,280 
29,375 
-().4(K» 
58  000 
85,000 
4(),0(K) 
76  000 
015 
77, (XX) 
05,520 
70,3(H) 
■SO.OOO 

00  (X)0 
«2,l)7(i 
40,100 
56,0(K) 
84,500 
78,(MX) 
81,405 
58.K52 
(H),318 
28,(XX) 
75.0(X) 

110,(HK) 
74, (XX) 
(il.(HX) 
(i3,()00 
7(),0(X) 
38,002 
0«,0(H) 

100,(XK) 

01  (XX) 
5I,(XK) 
(i8,0tX) 
10  32(1 
55,0(X) 
S9,0(X) 
08,000 

1(X).(XX) 
65.000 
(i5,(XX) 
58,(XX) 
60,842 
75,(i(H) 
30,1)57 
(6,000 
73.0(X) 
47(K;0 

102,(XX) 
20,2(X) 
00,015 
60,000 
00,000 
4,4;iO 
(10,500 
1)8,500 
20.8:18 
23,010 
70,(XX) 
11,812 
(i  OiVi 
m),074 
50,(XXJ 
73, (XX) 


DESTINATION 


Hong  Kong 
Hong  Kong 
Limerick 
U.  K.  1.  o. 
('.  K.  I.  o. 
U    K.  f.  o. 
Gloucester 
Hong  Kong 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
II .  K.  f.  o. 
U.  K.  f  o. 
London 
II.  K.  f.  o. 
U.  K.  1.  o. 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
Bristol 
V.  K.  f.  o. 
Hong  Kong 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
U.  K.  ».  o. 
II.  K.  {.  o. 
Antwerp 
Anlwerj) 
I'lyniouth 
Cork 
Cork 

Hong  Kong 
U.  K.  r.  o. 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
Cardiff 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
II.  K.  f  o. 
Hong  Kong 
U.  K.  1.  o. 
U.  K.  f  o. 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
Liverpjol 
U.  K.  t.  o. 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
Hong  Kong 
I'.  K.  f.  o. 
I  long  Kong 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
IT.  K.  f.  o. 
IT.  K.  f.  O. 
Liverpool 
Hong  Kong 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
U.  K.  f.  o. 

K.  f.  o. 

ng  Kong 

K.  f.  Q. 

K.  f.  o. 
Hong  Kong 
Hong  Kong 
U.  K.  f.  o. 
Hong  Kong 
Hong  Kong 
Hong  Kong 
Liverpool 
U.  K.  f.  o. 


V. 
H 
V. 
U. 


•  Also  11,010  cases  .salmon,  value  $44,(XX). 
t  Also  10,6(U  cases  .salmon,  value  J47,500. 


Tacoma,    Washington. 

The  exports  from  Tacoma  are  not  exclusively  con- 
fined to  wheat  and  flour.  Long  before  a  bushel  of 
whea.  was  shipped  from  this  port  an  industry  sprung 
up  at  Tacoma  which  in  subsequent  years  proved  to  l>e 
the  most  potent  cause  of  the  city's  rapid  develop- 
ment. This  industry  was  the  manufacture  of  lum- 
ber. It  is  estimated  that  the  forests  of  which  Tacoma 
is  the  lumbering  center  contain  1,500,000,000  feet  of 
lumber.  Of  this  60  per  cent,  is  fir,  a  wood  more  valu- 
able than  pine  and  as  durable  as  oak.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  remaining  woods  of  this  vast  forest  is  red 

cedar.      From   this   wood 


;u» 


"MOTO.    BY   FRENCH. 


Te«  Steameh  at  t*com»  Wharves. 


PHOTO     BY   FRENCH. 


....^i^ 


Pacific  Avenue  from  1;ith,  tacoma. 


Pacific  Avenue  from  Ninth,  Tacoma. 


PHOTO.  BY   FRENCH. 


there   were  manufactured   in 

1H93  over  125,000,000    shingles.      The   lumber  industries 

doing   business   in    Tacoma  have  an   aggregate  capital 

invested  of  14,600,000  and  they  employ  1,235  men.     The 

total  output  of  the  Tacoma  sawmills  in  1892  was  153,137,- 

840  feet  of  lumber.     Among  the  sawmills  of  Tacoma  are 

two    of   the    largest    in  the 

United   States.       These   two 

mills  alone  shipped  by  water 

in     1892    59,744,218    feet    of 

lumber  and  20,ck;o,ooo  laths. 

The  same   causes  which    have    combined  to    make 

Tacoma    an    important    manufacturing    city    have    also 

tended  to  make  it  one  of  the  leading  jobbing  centers  of 

Puget  Sound.     With  the  advantages  of  shipping  facilities 

both  by  rail  and  by  water  and  with  cheap  freight  rates  to 
local  and  distant  points,  Tacoma  holds  the  key  to  the  trade 
of  the  rich  and  boundless  expanse  of  country  surrounding 
it  and  stretching  away  far  to  the  east.  The  success  and 
rapid  growth  of  Tacoma's  wholesale  trade  almost  surpasses 
belief  From  a  business  of  $2,500,000  in  1888  the  trade  of 
the  city  increased  to  $io,o<k),ooo  in  1890,  and  to  over  |i 8,000,- 
000  in  1893.  This  is  a  record  that  has  never  been  equaled 
in  the  Union.  There  are  today  in  Tacoma  107  firms  doing 
a  jobbing  business.  These  houses  employ  84  traveling 
salesmen   and  2,544  other  men. 

The  extensive  car  shops  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company  are  located  in 
the  suburban  part  of  the  city  called  Edison.     The.5e  comprise  a  substantial  group  of 
buildings  covering  about  60  acres  of  land.     The 
total     cost    of    this    immense    plant    was    about 
1850,000.       The    monthly  payroll  of   these  shops 
amounts   to  over  $40,000,    and  the   manufactured 
product    coming  from  them  consists    of  engines, 
boilers,  cars  and  everything  connected   with    the 
operating  of  a  railroad.      During  1892  these  shops  ^ 
turned  out  200  patent  stock  cars,  and  65  engines. 
Arrangements  are  now  being  made  for  manufac- 
turing here  nearly  all  the  passenger  coaches  used 


Eleventh  Street,  Tacoma. 


PHOTO.    BY   FRENCH. 


r;;:;;;i;!i::!!;it';''""" 


|; 


iU 


I  >i 


^'im 


ji- 


:; 


C  STREET  FROM  UNION  CtUB,  TACOMA. 


350 


The  Orefionian' s  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


DRV  Dock.  Tacom*. 


PHOTO.    BY  FRENCH. 


The  Whitma'  School,  Tacom*. 


by  the  company.  The  iron-working  establishments 
represent  $275,000  invested  capital.  They  employ  260 
men  and  the  value  of  their  product  is  about  |8o5,ooo. 

The  public  school  system  of  Tacoma  is  an  admir- 
able one  The  parsimonious  policy  of  some  com- 
munities in  providing  narrow  halls  and  poorly  venti- 
lated rooms  has  not  prevailed  in  Tacoma.  On  the 
contrary,  the  city  has  large  modern  school  buildings 
which  present  a  fine  architectural  appearance.  These 
buildings  are  furnished  with  every  convenience  for 
the  comfort  and  health  of  the  pupils.  Tacoma  has 
closely  followed  the  most  approved  methods  of  edu- 
cation from  other  cities.  In  1885  the  school  property 
of  Tacoma  was  valued  at  $30,000,  and  the  average  daily  attendance  at  the  public 
schools  at  that  time  was  600.  At  the  present  time  over 
5,500  pupils  receive  instruction  in  the  15  handsome  and 
commodious  school  buildings  of  the  city,  and  these  build- 
ings are  valued  at  $379,oco.  These  buildings  contain 
furniture  worth  '$45, coo,  and  the  grounds  they  occupy 
are  worth  $285,000.  This  makes  the  total  valuation  of 
all  school  property  in  the  city  $609,600.  The  Tacoma 
high  school  is  an  excellent  institution,  and  its  graduates 
enter  college  without  additional  preparation  or  study. 
The  names  of  the  different  public  schools  and  their  respective  cos  .  are  as  follows  : 
Bryant,  $61,000  ;    Central,  $30,000 ;    Emerson,  $34,000;    Edison,  $12,000;    Franklin, 

$27,000;      Hawthorne,    $31,000;     Irving,    $30,000; 
$12,500;     Longfellow,    $15,000;     Lowell,    $47,000; 
$10,000;    Sherman,    $28,000 ;     Sheridan,    $10,000 ; 
$32,000. 

The  growth  of  the  churches  of  Tacoma  has 
with  the  growth  of  the  other  interests  of  the  city, 
church  organized  in  Tacoma  was  the  St.  Peters  Episcopal, 
V-  the  congregation  of  which  is  still  holding  services  in  the 
quaint  old  church  building  with  its  detached  wooden  bell- 
tower  erected  in  1857.  There  are  now  54  churches  in  Tacoma. 
They  have  an  aggregate  membership  of  7,500.  The  Sunday  schools  and  mission 
organizations  fostered  by  the  stronger  churches  will 
add  almost  as  many  members  more.  The  Young  Mens' 
Christian  Association  was  organized  in  Tacoma  in  1883. 
Since  that  time  it  has  rendered  valuable  practical  aid 
to  hundreds  of  young  men  in  the  city.  The  association 
is  now  perfecting  plans  for  the  erection  of  a  large 
building,  which  when  completed  will  give  the  institu- 
tion the  best  equipment  of  any  association  on  the  coast. 

The  shrewd  business  man  is  aware  of  the  fact  that 
banks  always  indicate  accurately  the  financial  condi- 
tion of  a  community  in  which  they  do  business.  Hence 
statistics  of  banks  and  banking  of  any  community  fur-  ,„,„q  8<.„ool,  tacoma. 


photo,    by   FRENCH. 


Lincoln, 

Oakland, 

Whitman, 

kept  pace 
The  first 


Lowell  School,  Tacoma. 


photo,  by  FRENCH. 


Tacoma,  Washing-ton. 


351 


PHOTO.  BY  FRENCH. 


PHOTO.  BY  FRENCH. 


nish  nnqueslioned  statistics  of  the  city's  standing.  The  remark- 
able growth  of  Tacoma  is  shown  by  the  volume  of  business  trans- 
acted by  its  financial  institutions.  From  comparative  poverty  of 
a  few  years  ago,  Tacoma  has  grown  to  be  one  of  the  great  money 
centers  of  the  West.  There  are  now  doing  business  here  20  banks, 
with  a  capital  of  $3,504,200,  and  whose  surplus  and  undivided 
profits  amount  to  $705,000.  Of  these  banks  seven  are  natioral, 
five  state,  six  savings,  and  two  are  branches  of  foreign  banks. 
The  showing  of  these  banks  is  as  follows:     Tacoma  Nation al,P''"Bi'TEni»N church, tacom« 

$200,000;  Merchants  National,  $250,000;  Pacific  Na- 
tional, $200,000;  Washington  National,  $500,000;  Na- 
tional Bank  of  Commerce,  $200,000  ;  Citizens  National, 
$ioo,coo;  Columbia  National,  $279,200;  Traders  Bank, 
$500,000  ;  Fidelity  Trust  Company,  $500,000 ;  Commer- 
cial Bank,  $200,000;  Scandinavian  Bank,  $100,000  ;  Ger- 
man American,  $60,000 ;  Tacoma  Trust  &  Savings, 
$50,000  ;  Union  Savings,  $100,000  ;  Tacoma  Building 
&  Savings  Association,  $100,- 
000 ;  State  Savings,  $75,000 ; 
Puget  Sound  Savings,  $50,- 
000  ;  Edison  Savings,  $50,000 ;  Bank  of  British  Colum- 
bia, [branch],  $3,000,000;  London  &  San  Francisco, 
limited,  [branch],  $2,450,000 ;  Metropolitan  Savings, 
$ioo,coo.  During  the  panic  of  last  year,  the  Tacoma 
banks,  like  many  other  strong  financial  institutions  of 
the  country  were  called  upon  to  meet  several  runs,  and 
as  a  result  some  of  the  banks  of  the  city  were  forced  to 
suspend  payment.  Satisfactory  steps  have  since  been 
taken  however  to  put  these  suspended  banks  in  con- 
dition   for    reopening,    and 


The   tONQFELLOW  SCHOOl-,   TACOMA. 


PHOTO.    BY  FHENCH. 


Lincoln  school,  tacoma. 


with  the  faith  which  the 
people  of  Tacoma  show  in  their  home  banks,  it  is  high- 
ly probable  that  the  affairs  of  all  the  banks  will  be  soon 
placed  in  such  shape  that  they  will  all  continue  in 
business. 

Tacoma  is  in  a  good  financial  condition.  Its  credit 
is  good,  its  bonds  rank  high  in  moneyed  circles  of  the 
East,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  recent  purchase  of  $1,750, - 
oco  of  Tacoma  water  bonds,  at  a  premium  by  one  East- 
ern capitalist.  The  city's  indebt- 
edness is  exceedingly  low  when 
extensive  public  improvement  which  the  city  has  made 
duly  considered.  The  following  figures  showing  the 
assessed  valuation  of  property  in  Tacoma  at  different  periods 
during  the  past  12  years  will  prove  interesting.  In  1882  the 
total  assessed  value  of  property  in  Tacoma  was  $75.ooo-  Five 
years  later  this  had  increased  to  $4,090,798.  During  the  next 
three  years  the  influx  of  population  and  wealth  caused  an 
increase  in  property  valuations  of  over  700  per  cent.,  and  in  1890 the  assessed  valu- 
ation of  property  amounted  to  $29,841,750.     In  January,  1893,  the  valuation  of  Tacoma 


Bryant  School,  Tacoma. 


PHOTO.    BY  FRENCH. 


the 
are 


Emerson  school,  tacoma. 


'!  ■■;■*■■' 


i    :  ■'.■■' 


\:-, 


862 


The  Oreg^oninn's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.   BY  FRENCH. 


U- 


II 

■'!. 
ill 

h  " 
<1 


The  franklin  School  Tacoma. 


PHOTO.    BY  FRENCH. 


Central  School,  Tac:)ma, 


property    as  shown   by   the    city's    assessment    roll,    wa.s 
$43,074,147. 

Tacoma  is  now  |the  only  American  competitor  of  vSan 
I'Vaiicisco  for  the  Asiatic  trade.  The  Nortliern  Pacific 
Steamship  Company  run  two  fast  passenger  steamers  and 
mail  steamers  each  month  between  Tacoma,  Hong  Kong, 
Shanghai  and  Yokohama.  This  company  also  owns  a  fleet 
of  sailing  vessels  which  ply  between  Tacoma  and  the  Orient. 
The  westward  cargoes  of  these  vessels  consist  of  liunher, 
flour,  salmon  and  general  freight.  The  return  cargoes  from 
the  Orient  are  made  up  of  silks,  rice,  jutes,  curios  and  pro- 
ducts of  Chinese  and  Japanese  skill.  The  Pacific  Steamship  Company  runs  a  line 
of  boats  between  Tacoma  and  San  Francisco.  Another  T  l-  of  steamers  plies  be- 
tween Tacoma  and  Alaska,  and  the  boats  of  the  recently 
organized  North  Pacific  Steamship  Company  run  from  Ta- 
coma to  Vancouver,  B.  C,  and  from  the  latter  port  to  Port- 
land, touching  at  Seattle  and  Port  Townsend  each  way. 
In  addition  to  the  large  fleet  of  ocean  vessels  which  touch  at 
Tacoma,  numerous  small  craft  ply  between  Tacoma  and  all 
points  on  Pugct  Sound.  The  custom's  report  of  the  Puget 
Sound  collection  district  shows  that  the  value  of  exports 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  i,  1S93,  was  15,255,966.  Of 
this  amount  $3,321,511,  or  nearly  61  ''2  per  cent.,  was  cred- 
ited to  exports  from  Tacoma.  In  1892  it  was  shown  that  416  vessels,  having  a  regis- 
tered tonnage  of  478,828,  entered  the  port  of  Tacoma,  as  against  310  vessels  of  a 
tonnage  of  384,295,  which  sailed  into  the  harbor  here  in  1891.  The  imports  to  Ta- 
coma from  China  and  Japan  for  the  six  months  ending  June 
30,  1893,  aggregated  in  value  $4,252,540. 
,nV"    1    '6^,,:^^  To  its  commerce  Tacoma  owes   much   of  its  greatness. 

It  is  here  that  the  tracks  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad 
first  reach  tide  water.  Here  the  ocean  steamers  and  wheat 
ships  which  come  ito  Pnget  Sound  reach  the  farthest  point 
inland.  It  is  at  Tacoma  that  the  riches  of  the  Ivast  meet 
in  exchange  for  the  products  of  the  West.  The  meeting 
here  of  the  iron  horse  with  the  ocean  greyhounds  forms 
the  shortest  and  most  direct  route  between  the  Atlantic  seaboard  and  the  ports  of 
Australia,  India  and  the  Orient.  I'orty  year.-,  ago  the  prophetic  finger  of  Thos. 
H.  Benton  pointed  to  this  route  as  the  American  road  to  Asia.  There  is  demon- 
strated today  what  the  utterances  of  this  far-vSeeing 
statesman  intimated  when  he  said  that  it  would  "revive 
upon  its  Hue  all  the  wonders  of  which  we  have  read 
and  eclipse  them,  and  that  the  wilderness  from  the 
Mississippi  to  the  Pacific  would  start  into  new  life 
at  its  touch."  Today  the  Asiatic  trade  is  controlled 
to  a  great  extent  by  England.  An  examination  of 
the  geographical  location  of  Puget  Sound,  and  a 
comparison  of  distances  between  it  and  Asia  and  be- 
tween Asia  and  Liverpool,  will  disclose  the  fact  that 
this  trade   naturally   belongs  to    the  United  States. 


photo,    by  FRENCH. 


Hawthorne  School,  Tacoma. 


photo,    by   FRENCH. 


■  '-'^ff^^SS^^. 


St.  JOSEPH'S  Hospital,  Tacoua. 


Tacoma,  Washington. 


3o;} 


was 


Exposition  Building,  T*com«. 


PHOTO.  BY  FRENCH. 

I'St:.- "•'■•-   • 


Puget  Souiul  is  5,iK)o  miles  nearer  IIotif(  Konj^  than  is 
Liverpool,  and  by  way  of  Tacoma,  New  York  is  brouyht 
1,400  miles  nearer  to  Canton  than  is  Liverpool.  Australia, 
Oceatiica  and  vSil)eria  are  thousands  of  miles  nearer  the  state 
of  Washiiijrton  than  they  are  to  Kngland.  It  is  impossible 
to  estimate  the  magnitude  of  the  commerce  that  will  some 
day  spring  up  between  Puget  Sound  and  the  Orient. 
In  1H93  the  city  of  Tacoma  purchased  from  a  private  corporation  a  system  of 
water  works  and  a  complete  electric  light  plant.  This  purchase  was  consummated  at  a 
cost  of  |i,75o,oo<j.  The  city  was  bonded  for  this  amount  and  it  is  a  source  of  much 
gratification  to  its  citizens  that  during  one  of  the  most  wide-spread  and  severe  busi- 
ness depressions  the  country  has  ever  experienced,  the  bonds  of  Tacoma  readily  com- 
manded a  premium  in  the  financial 
centers  of  the  Kast.  The  ciiy  now 
daily  uses  6,tx)o,ooo  gallons  of  water 
out   of  an  available  daily  supply  of 

9,000,000 gallons.    The  present  sources  ,^^^M»<^^^.j^i>'iigit0^\ 
of   supply   are    Spanaway    lake     and 
Clover  creek.      These  are  connected  by  a  rectangular 
conduit — a   flume  24  inches  scjuare,    parts  of  whic'.i 
are  now  being  replaced  by  a  22  it;ch  stave  pipe.     Tne 
system  embraces  four  dams  havii:g  a  combined  out- 
flow of  6,5oo,ocK)  gallons,  and  a  storage  oapr.city  of 
1,400,000  gallons,  and  a  reservoir  with  a  capacity  at  a 
depth  of  13   feet   of  about    i,7So,a)()   gallons.       Two 
pumping  stations,  with  a  capacity  of  3, ooo.cxx) gallons 
per  day,  send  the  water  to  elevated  parts  of  the  city, 
of  street  mains  and  245  fire  hydrants. 

Tacoma  is  well  protected  from  fire  by  a  department  that  has  achieved  a  reputation 
of  being  one  of  the  best  disciplined  and  most  efficient  organizations  of  its  kind  on 
the  coast.  The  force  consists  of  a  chief,  an  assistant  chief  and  60  men.  The  appa- 
ratus and  department  property  cost  1147,790.  It  includes  six  steam  fire  engines,  two 
chemicals,  three  hook  and  ladder  trucks,  four  hose  wagons  and  four  supply  wagons. 
The  operating  expenses  of  the  department  amount  to  about  190,000  a  year. 

Thk  Eurkka  S.\ndstone  Company. — The  most  extensive  stone  quarry  in 
Western  Washington  is  located  at  Tenino  and  is  owned  by  the  P'ureka  Sandstone 
Company  of  Tacoma.     It  is  with  one  exception    the   only  blue  sandstone  quarry  in 

Oregon  or  Washington.  The  crushing 
strength  of  this  stone  is  5,000  pounds  to 
the  square  inch.  All  the  stone  from  this 
quarry  is  quarried  and  cut  by  machinery, 
steam  channelers,  steam  derricks,  gang 
saws  and  other  improved  machinery 
being  used  for  this  purpcse.  The  stone 
is  sawed  in  all  dimensions  and  of  any 
desired  thickness.  The  daily  output  of 
the  plant  is  about  1,500  cubic  yards  of 
sawed  stone.  This  is  taken  out  of  a  solid 
EUREK*  SANDSTONE  C0..9  WORKS,  TENiNo.  wall   ofrock  ovcr  I oo  feet   high.     It  is 


AMERICAN  LAKE,  TACOMA. 


The  system  includes  67  miles 


364 


The  Oregoniati's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest, 


used  in  the  erection  of  the  finest  structtjres  of  all  the 
large  cities  of  Western  Washington  and  Oregon.  The 
new  Chamber  of  Commerce  building  of  Portland,  and 
a  part  of  the  Pierce  county  court  house  at  Tacoma, 
are  built  of  this  stone. 

John  W.  TaiT. — The  Tacoma  Business  College 
and  Normal  Training  School  is  one  of  the  best  known 
and  most  prominent  of  Washington's  private  edu- 
cational institutions.  It  is  managed  by  Professor 
John  W.  Tait,  an  able  and  widely  known  instructor. 
The  pupils  attending  this  college  come  not  only  from 
Tacoma,  but  also  from  the  smaller  cities  and  rural 
districts  of  the  state. 

The  business  course  at  this  school  includes  in- 
struction in  commercial  law,  book-keeping,  penman- 
ship, actual  business  and  office  practice  and  com- 
mercial correspondence.  The  normal  course  is  especially  adapted  to  those  who 
desire  to  become  teachers.  The  English  course  prepares  students  for  admission  to 
Eastern  universities.  Besides  these,  elocution  and  shorthand  are  taught.  The  tui- 
tion fees  are  very  moderate.  Circulars  explaining  the  systems  taught  at  the  col- 
lege will  be  sent  by  Professor  Tait  on  application. 

The  Tacoma  School  or  Shorthand.— The  Tacoma  School  of  Shorthand  and 
Typewriting  is  one  of  the  few  permanent  institutions  of  its  kind  on  the  coast, 
curriculum    of   the    school  embraces    a 


Prof.  j.  w.  t»it,  t»com», 
(tacoma  business  college.) 


The 


photo,    by   FRENCH, 


thorough  and  systematic  course  in  sten- 
ography, the  system  taught  being  ba.sed 
upon  simple  principles  of  brief  phonetic 
writing  which  are  easily  mastered  by  the 
student. 

A  course  of  three  months,  in  this 
school  qualifies  the  student  to  do  satis- 
factory work  as  an  amanuensis  or  sten- 
ographer. The  terms  of  tuition  and  cir- 
culars will  be  sent,  on  application,  by 
Mrs.  A.  C.  McGiven,  the  principal  of  the 
school.  This  lady  is  widely  known,  not 
only  as  a  teacher,  but  as  a  charming 
hostess.  The  school  has  night  classes  which  pupils  can  attend  without  neglecting 
their  business.     Graduates  of  this  school  are  assisted  in  securing  positions. 

Puyallup,  Wash  iniyf  ton. — Puyallup,  located  on  the  mainline  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific,  nine  miles  east  of  Tacoma,  and  near  the  junction  of  the  Seattle  and 
Tacoma  branch  of  the  same  road,  is  easily  the  banner  city  of  the  rich  tributary 
hop  and  farming  district  from  which  it  takes  its  name.  Puyallup  occupies  a  site 
on  the  banks  of  the  Puyallup  river,  and  is  the  banking  and  commercial  center  of 
one  of  the  best  parts  of  the  state  of  Washington. 

Watered  by  the  Puyallup  and  Carbon  rivers,  the  Puyallup  valley  is  unsurpassed 
in  richness  by  any  of  the  other  famous  valleys  of  the  Northwest.  It  is  3  miles  wide, 
and  its  length  is  about  20  miles.     Practically  every  acre  of  this  valley  land  is  unex- 


Tacoma  School  of  Shorthand,  Tacoma. 


Puyallup,  Washington. 


866 


PHOTO.    BY  H.    SICWEHf. 


FIH8T  Nat'l  bank  Block  and  Opera  House,  Puyallup. 


PHOTO.    BY  H.  SIEAbRT. 


^i.-;:^v*%&5 


celled  for  hop  and  fruit  growing,  and  it  is  this 
valley  which  is  today  one  of  the  greatest  hop 
gardens  of  the  world. 

Puyallup  was  first  settled  in  1861.  It  was  not 
until  1SH9,  when  the  wonderful  development  of  the 
hop  fields  of  this  section  made  the  estahlishment 
of  a  trade  center  here  imperative,  that  Puyallup  be- 
gan to  make  any  substantial  advancement  in 
growth  and  material  development.  Since  that 
time  the  growth  of  the  place  has  been  rapid,  but 
by  no  means  phenomenal  when  the  many  natural  advantages  of  its  location,  its 
wonderfully  rich  tributary  district,  and  last,  but  not  least,  the  energy  and  pluck  of 
its  inhabitants  are  duly  considered.  Viewed  from  any  other  standpoint  than  that 
of  Western  progress,  where  cities  are  expected  to  grow  if  they  ever  get  started  in 
the  right  channel,  the  increase  in  population  and  wealth  of  Puj'allup,  during  the 
past  four  years  has  been  phenomenal,  and  in  this  time  a  city  has  sprung  up  where, 
before  the  era  of  progress  began,  nestled  a  small  village  of  but  little  commercial 

importance.  Since  1889  hopyards  at  the  present  site  of 
Puyallup  have  been  replaced  by  well  paved  streets  and 
solid  business  blocks,  and  where  farms  were  cultivated 
a  few  years  back  is  now  the  site  of  the  residences  of  the 
best  people  of  a  flourishing  young  city. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  the  citj^  property  in  Puy- 
allup today  is  $1,910,000,  and  the  population  is  upwards 
of  2,000.  The  city  is  perfectly  lighted  by  electricity,  a 
good  water-works  system  is  maintained,  and  excellent 
protection  is  afforded  against  fire  by  a  well  trained  fire 
department.  The  city  has  good  schools,  well  supported 
churches,  and  has  all  the  evidence  of  a  prosperous 
and  wide-awake  community. 

Puyallup  is  especially  favored  in  the  matter  of  transportation  facilities  afforded 
its  business  men.  The  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  passing  this  point  fur- 
nishes direct  connection  between  Puyallup  and  all  points  in  Eastern  Washington 
and  Eastern  Oregon,  as  well  as  with  the  East,  while  connection  with  Western  Wash- 
ington, Western  Oregon  and  California  on  the  south  is  made  by  the  same  line. 
Puyallup  also  has  direct  connection  with  Seattle  by  rail.  Eighteen  passenger  trains 
stop  at  Puyallup  every  day  in  the  year,  and  in  addition  to  this  a  proportionate  iium- 
ber  of  local  and  through  freight  trains  also  register  at 
the  city  depot.  This  statement  in  itself  is  sufficient  to 
establish  Puyallup's  claims  as  a  prominent  railroad 
center.  This  rapid  and  frequent  train  service  over  the 
line  passing  Puyallup  affords  the  best  of  shipping  facili- 
ties to  the  place.  Hops,  the  staple  product,  are  shipped 
direct  from  Puyallup  to  all  parts  of  the  United  States, 
while  the  perishable  fruit  and  vegetable  products  of  the 
tributary  district  are  easily  shipped  from  here  to  all  ^ 
the  principal  points  of  the  Sound,  where  they  find  a 
ready  sale. 

Residence,  Ezra  Meeker,  Puyallup. 


Bank  of  Puyallup  Building,  Puyallup. 


PHOTO,    by  H.   SIEWERT. 


I       'i| 


I! 


h 


.h 


356 


The  Orcgoniav's  HnmUmok  of  the  Pacihc  Noritixv'^it. 


■m 


PHOTO.    8V 
,    9IP.WERT 


^»«^fiii 


SriNNINO  bLOr.K..   PUYALLUP. 


PHOTO.    BY  H.   StEWERT. 


The  kailiii).;  pul)lic  schcxjl  buildii!}^  of  Puyallup  is  a  handsome  structurt,  the 
construction  of  whicli  involvKci  an  outlay  of  ^g.txx).     The  school  is  presidt-d  over  by 

conii)etent  teachers,  and  the  daily  attendance  is 
318  pupils.  In  addition  to  the  excellent  public 
school  system  of  the  city,  Puyallup  supports  two 
other  schools  of  a  semi-private  nature,  which  are 
doing  excellent  educational  work.  Seven  relig- 
iouj;  organizations  own  their  own  church  build- 
ings at  Puyallup  The  Unitariati  church  has  re- 
cently dedicated  its  vestry  for  free  library  and 
reading-room  purposes.  Residents  and  strangers 
alike  are  welcome  at  all  times  to  the  library,  and 
they  are  offered  Here  every  facility  for  general  reading  and  self-improvement. 
Already  the  library  is  in  receipt  of  some  70  of  the  leading  periodicals  of  Europe 
and  America,  and  it  is  the  hope  of  the  leading  spirits  in  this  commendable  enter- 
prr^e  to  have  the  iibrar/  stocked  with  about  i,oix>  volumes  of  the  standard  works 
some  time  during  the  present  year. 

Among  the  leading  business  houses  of  Puyal- 
lup, the  Irirge  general  merchandise  store  of  J.  P. 
Stewart  1;'^  Son  easily  takes  the  lead.  This  firm 
occupies  its  own  spacious  and  elegant  two-story 
brick  building,  72  feet  wide  by  no  feet  deep,  which 
was  erected  jit  a  coat  of  $27,000.  The  Puyallup 
Hardware  Company,  located  in  the  First  National 
Bank  Building,  Ezra  Meeker  &  Co.,  leading  hop- 
growers  and  mercbant.-i  are  also  representative 
firms  of  the  city  who  have  done  much  to  advance 
the  general  prosperity  of  Puyallup,  One  strong 
bank  is  located  at  Puyallup. 

.Among  the  many  handsome   and   substantial 
buildings  of  Puyallup,  the  Spinning  block,  erected 
hy  Prank  R.  Spin  ling  at  a  cost  of  |2o,qoo,  is  worthy 
of  :;pec       mentio  1.     The  upper  .33  rooms  of  this 
elegant  structure  f.re  occupied  as  a  well  conducted 
family   hotel,   under   the  name   of    the   Spinning 
House,      Clean  beds,  well-kept  apartments  and  an 
excellent  table  have  earned  for  the  Spinning  House 
a  high  reputation,  among  the  city  people  of  Puyal- 
lup and  transient  guests  alike.     Five  large  rooms 
on  the  ground  Hoor  of  the  Spinning  block  are  oc- 
cupied for  store  purposes.       Other  fine  building.'* 
of  Puyallup  are  the    Bank  of  Puyallup,  the  J.  P. 
Stewart  Idock,  the  First    National    Bank  building 
and  the  Opera  House,  the  latter  of  which  has  a 
seating  capacity  of  600. 
The  one  crop  which  has  made  famous  the  Puyallup  valley  and  the  city  which  i,i 
the  commercial  cente.  ^f  this  woiulerfuUy  rich  district  is  that  of  hops.     In  an  able 
article  on  hops  and  hop  calture,  written  by  the  Hon.   P>.ra  Meeker  and  publislied  in 
connection  with  the  present  article  on  Puyallup,  will  be  found  a  great  fund  of  infor- 


J.   p.    STEWART  BUjOK,    PUYAllUP. 


BY   H     fifEWEflT. 


CtNTBAI.  SCHOOL,   PUyAII.UP. 


Hops  ami  their  Culture. 


3*); 


mation  on  one  of  the  most  important  industries  of  the  great  state  of  Washington. 
Jacol)  R,  Meeker,  the  father  of  Kzra  Meeker,  was  the  pioneer  liop-grower  of  the 
Puget  Sound  country  and  the  latter  gentleman  is  today  regarded  everywhere  on  the 
coast  as  one  of  the  best  authorities  on  the  subject  of  hops  in  the  I'niled  States.  The 
raising  of  hops  in  this  section  is  the  leading  industry  for  the  one  reason  that  hops 
have  always  paid  better  than  aiiy  other  crop.  The  highly  productive  soil  of  the 
lauds  of  the  I'uyallup  valU'v,  together  wit.,  the  equable  climate  of  this  .sectio!',  the 
abundant  rainfall  and  the  heavy  dews  all  cv-nibine  to  make  this  one  of  Uie  best  fruit 
and  vegetable-producing  districts  of  the  stale.  Vegetables  atid  fruit  from  the  I'uy- 
allup  valley  can  be  placed  in  the  Tacoina  market  in  about  half  an  hour  after  they 
are  gathered,  and  in  a  little  over  an  hour  they  can  be  placed  on  sale  in  the  stores  of 
Seattle.  Berries  of  all  kinds  do  well  here,  and  berry  raising  in  tlie  valley  is  now  a 
most  profitable  industry.  Strawberries,  under  the  warm  sun  of  this  section  and  in  the 
rich,  well  watered  soil  attain  a  size  here  that  seems  almost  incredible  to  those  who 
have  seen  this  fruit  raised  in  other  sections.  Kach  hill  of  strawV)eiry  i)lants  in  the 
Puyallup  valley  is  relied  upon  to  yield  a  (juart  of  fruit  a  season  and  the  flavor  of  this 
delicate  fruit  is  unsurpassed.  In  addition  to  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  Puy- 
allup  valley,  the  lumbering  interests  of  the  section  fortn  a  most  important  industry. 
Near  Puyallup  are  large  forests  of  fine  fir  and  cedar,  together  with  an  ample  supply 
of  timber  suitable  (or  sawing  into  the  finest  finishing  woods.  The  output  of  the 
Hastie  Lumber  Company  located  at  Puyallup  for  1S92  was  3,ocx),ooo  feet  of  lumber 
and  3,ooc),ocK)  shingles.  Stevenson  Bros.,  located  at  the  same  i)lace,  turned  out  at  their 
mill  during  1S92  i,5cx),ooo  feet  of  lumber. 

A  creditable  weekly  paper,  VVie  Citizen,  is  published  at  Puyallup  under  the  edi- 
torial charge  of  H.  H.  LeP'evre.  With  good  schools,  wideawake  people  and  a  per- 
fect climate.  Puyallup  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  places  in  Washington  for  a  per- 
manent residence  and  with  the  growth  of  one  of  the  richest  sections  of  the  state 
tributary,  will  come  an  increase  in  Puyallup's  population  and  wealth  that  will  always 
maintain  for  this  point  a  place  among  the  leading  commercial  centers  of  Western 
Washington. 

Hops  ami  Their  Culturo.— [  By  E.  Meeker,  of  Puyallup,  Washington.] 
For  centuries  past  hops  have  been  used  for  brewing  beer  and  ale  and  have  always 
been  esteemed  the  best  material  for  the  manufacture  of  the  lighter  beverages  coming 

under  the  head  of  "  malt  licjuors. "  In  addition 
to  their  use  by  brewers,  the  tender  shoots  of  the 
young  hop  plant  have  been  used  as  an  article  of 
food,  the  surplus  hop  vines  are  fed  to  stock  and  the 
leaves  and  roots  of  the  plant  are  valuable  for  tan- 
ning purposes. 

In  olden  times  hops  were  much  used  for  medi- 
cine. Of  late  years  the  use  of  hops  in  the  medical 
profession,  while  not  particularly  discouraged,  has 
not  kept  pace  with  the  demand  for  other  herbs  for 
their  corrective  powers  on  the  system,  and  the 
hop  today  is  chiefly  valuable  for  brewing  purposes. 
The  earliest  mention  of  the  cultivation  of  hops 
of  which  any  accurate  account  of  the  crop  was  made 

PlONtEH  Hop  H0U5E,  State  OF  WASHINQTOh,  PUV«LLUl>.  .  ,  ,,,.  >i<i.;.,    „  ,„      <     „l.«       „    «t.,.t    »u« 

^su,LT  Br  E^RA  MEEKER.)  w^s  giveu  by  Pluiy.      1  his  account  shows  that  the 


Photo,  by 

M.  SlEWERT. 


..  J.UL.JU  HUM 


858 


The  Orcgoiiiau' s  Handbook  oi  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Romans  were  acquainted  with  the  virtue  of  lupulin  or  "hop  dust."  In  the  eighth  ami 
ninth  centuries  mention  was  made  of  the  "  hop  gardens"  in  France  and  Germany,  but 
it  was  not  until  the  beginning  of  the  17th  ceu''-'-v  that  the  cultivation  of  hops  assumed 
suflicient  importance  to  attract  general  attent  .n  ui  Europe.  It  has  only  been  within 
a  period  covered  by  the  life  of  the  writer,  betwc^^'  ^30  and  the  present  time,  that 
hop  culture  in  the  United  States  has  been  recognu;?d  as  an  important  industry  of  the 
country.  In  1840,6,000  bales  of  hops  were  produced  in  the  United  States.  The 
product  reached  a  total  of  5o,cxx3  bales  in  i860.  In  1870  the  hop  product  of  the 
country  'eached  a  total  of  125, ckx)  bales,  and  for  the  years  1890  and  1S91  the  annual 
yield  reached  the  enormous  quantity  of  200,000  bales.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  one- 
fifth  of  the  entire  hop  product  of  the  country  during  the  last  two  mentioned  years 
was  raisFil  in  the  young  state  of  Washington. 

The  first  hops  known  to  have  been  grown  in  Oregon  or  Washington  for  commer- 
cial use  were  raised  by  my  father,  Jacob  R.  Meeker,  on  his  farm  in  the  Puyallup  val- 
ley, about  three  miles  from  the  site  of  the  present  flourishing  city  of  Puyallup. 
This,  if  my  memory  serves  me  right,  was  in  the  year  1866.  From  a  small  planting 
among  the  trees  in  his  young  orchard  the  first  crop,  equivalent  to  one  bale  of  180 
pounds,  was  cured  over  the  kitchen  fire  and  was  marketed  in  small  sacks  at  Olympia. 
The  purchaser  of  this  crop  was  Chas.  Wood,  a  small  brewer  of  that  city,  who  paid  85 

cents  a  pound.  This  crop  was  eclipsed  20 
years  later  by  one  of  50,000  bales,  or  in 
round  numbers  9,000,000  pounds,  but  the 
price  of  hops  has  never  been  exceeded  but 
once  over  what  was  received  by  my  father 
for  his  first  picking,  and  this  was  in  the 
famous  year  1882,  when  for  a  short  period 
sales  were  made  at  I1.05  a  pound,  thus 
yielding  to  the  hop.  grower  a  clear  profit 
of  nearly  $2,000  per  acre.  The  first  crop 
raised  in  the  Puyallup  valley  was  followed  the  next  season  by  a  larger  one  which 
aggregated  a  few  bales.  This  was  cured  in  an  outhouse  which  was  subsequently 
remodeled  into  a  primitive  hop  house.  This  old  building  is  still  standing  near  Puy- 
allup as  a  memento  of  the  early  attempts  at  hop  raising  in  Washington. 

My  first  planting  of  hops  as  a  field  crop  was  made  in  1867.  This  resulted  in  a 
yield  the  first  year  of  17  bales  or  about  3,000  pounds.  Gradually  increasing  the 
amount  of  ground  each  successive  year  planted  to  hops,  by  1884  I  had  170  acres  in 
hops,  from  which  I  harvested  and  sold  over  168  tons.  This  was  an  average  yield  of 
nearly  a  ton  to  the  acre.  The  consumption  of  hops  in  the  United  States  when  my 
first  yard  was  planted,  a  site  that  is  now  covered  with  the  fine  brick  blocks  of  Puy- 
allup, was,  quoting  from  memory,  about  the  quantity  which  would  l)e  required  in  the 
manufacture  of  6,000,000  barrels  of  beer.  Notwithstanding  the  great  temperance 
reform  of  later  times  the  consumption  of  ale  and  beer  in  the  United  States  now 
attains  the  enormous  amount  of  32,000,000  barrels  every  year,  and  the  demand  for 
these  fermented  drinks  is  steadily  increasing  at  the  rate  of  over  2,000,000  barrels  a 
year.  These  figures  will  give  the  reader  a  faint  conception  of  the  extent  and  value 
of  the  brewing  industry  to  the  country  and  also  of  the  importance  which  the  culture 
of  hops  must  attain  here  in  the  near  future.  Nearly  one-half  of  the  hops  raised  in 
the  United  States  are  from  the  Pacific  coast,  the  greater  part  of  the  product  being 
from  Washington  and  Oregon. 


Hop  house,  E.  Meeker  A  Co.,  Kent,   (built  in  isHa.) 


Hops  and  their  Ctilttire. 


aj}> 


■  '^rtllfi^, 


¥lmm 


Hop  Fteuo  between  Tacoma  and  Semtle. 


The  effect  of  the  large  plantings 
of  hops  ill  the  newer  fields  of  the 
coast  has  been  to  discourage  in- 
creased planting  in  the  older  hop 
fields  of  the  world.  There  has  been 
an  actual  diminution  of  acreage 
planted  to  hops  in  Kngland,  and  a 
neglect  of  the  yards  in  many  of  the 
districts  of  the  old  world,  and  even 
on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  especi- 
ally in  New  York.  The  decrease  in 
the  acreage  planted  to  hops  in  Kng- 
land alone,  where  actual  statistics  are  given,  was  over  5,ocx)  acres  prior  to  1890, 
since  which  time  the  former  steady  decline  of  hop  raising  has  been  arrested. 

In  hop  raising  the  yards  of  Washington  have  given  some  remarkable  yields.  lu 
891  I  produced,  harvested  and  sold  over  5,000  pounds  of  choice  hops  from  one  acre 
jf  ground.  Were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  this  statement  can  be  verified  by  responsible 
living  witnesses  the  writer  would  almost  shrink  from  giving  this  publicity.  I  have 
never  heard  of  this  being  equaled  anywhere  in  the  world,  but  several  cases  have 
come  under  my  direct  observation  where  the  yield  of  4,000  pounds  has  been  har- 
vested from  a  single  acre.  It  is  average  results  in  raising  any  crop  that  count  for  the 
most.  Although  I  have  not  the  advantage  of  exact  statistics  at  my  disposal,  I  know 
that  the  average  yield  of  hops  in  the  state  as  a  whole  has  never  been  less  than  from 
1,600  to  1,700  pounds  per  acre,  counting  of  coun-e  from  one  year  to  another.  This 
showing  is  in  sharp  contrast  to  the  yields  of  all  the  old  hop-growing  centers  of  Ger- 
many, England  and  the  United  States,  where  the  average  crop  as  shown  by  statistics 
does  not  exceed  600  pounds  to  the  acre. 

The  cost  of  the  production  of  hops  in  the  slates  of  Washington  and  Oregon  will 
compare  favorably  with  the  cost  of  raising  this  crop  in  any  other  part  of  the  world. 
In  Germany  the  cost  of  growing  hops  can  no  more  be  computed  than  can  the  cost  of 
eggs  marketed  from  the  r'arm.  for  there  hops  are  grown  in  small  gardens,  cultivated 
and  packed  by  families  owning  their  own 
ground  and  who  do  not  even  know  the 
average  annual  yield,  to  say  nothing  of  the 
cost  of  raising  theni  until  the  crop  is 
marketed  after  being  partially  dried  in  open 
lofts.  In  Hnglaiid  the  cost  of  raising  hops 
is  stated  by  conservative  writers  to  be  not  fai 
from  an  average  of  20  cents  per  pound, 
counting  the  cost  of  tithes,  rents,  fertilizers, 
washing,  spraying,  etc.  In  New  Vorii  the 
cost  may  be  stated  at  about  14  cents  a  pound, 
while  in  Washington  hops  can  be  success- 
fully raised,  as  s>.  wn  by  careful  experiments,  at  a  cost  of  nine  cents  a  pound. 
Thus  it  will  be  readily  noted  that  the  vantage  ground  in  hop  culture  lies  within 
the  limits  of  the  two  favored  states  of  the  Northwest,  at  least  so  far  as  the  cost  of 
production  is  concerned. 

The  co.st  of  planting  hops  and  stocking  the  yard  with  poles  aftc-  " -^  land  has 
been  made  ready  for  the  plow,  is  from  f 40  to  $65  an  acre.     The  cc       r.  providing 


({"If 


PHOTO     BV  H.   SIEWERT. 


Picking  Hops,  Puvallup. 


i 


I 


3ti0 


Tlw  Orc^onlun's  Ilaiidhook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


suitable  buildings,  hop-presses,  boxes,  etc.,  is  about  $60  an  acre  additional.  The 
cost  of  starting  a  hopyard  on  a  successful  scale  is  thus  seen  to  be  i'rom  $100  to  |i2o 
an  acre.  This,  of  course,  is  independent  of  the  value  of  the  land,  which  varies 
greatly  according  to  (luality  of  the  .soil  and  locality.  The  cost  of  hop  land  can  be 
roughly  stated,  however,  at  from  $40  to  $300  per  acre. 

In  the  older  hop-gi  owing  districts  of  the  United  States  and  Kurope  a  newly 
planted  hopyard  will  yield  nothing  the  first  year,  but  half  a  crop  the  second  sea- 
son, and  not  come  into  full  bearing  condition  until  the  third  year.  From  my  own 
experience,  gained  by  hard  work  in  the  fields  of  Washington,  I  can  confidentl}'  state 
that  we  are  sure  here  of  at  least  half  a  crop  the  first  year,  planting  in  April  and 
harvesting  in  October.  This  would  mean  at  least  an  average  of  800  pounds  of 
hops  the  first  season.  From  first  plantings  made  in  March  1  have  harvested  the 
following  October  a  ton  to  the  acre.  The  second  year  all  the  new  plantings  yield 
a  full  crop  in  Washington. 

Tlie  average  life  of  a  hopyard  in  the  older  districts  of  the  world  is  not  more 
than  12  years,  and  by  some  conservative  o))servers  is  placed  at  even  less  than  what 
I  have  quoted.  In  the  deep  alluvial  soils  of  the  best  parts  of  Washington  hopyards 
planted  20  years  ago  are  yet  strong  and  vigorous,  and  seem  to  have  still  a  centur}- 
of  life  before  them.  In  certain  favored  spots  in  Europe  where  mild  climate  and 
deep  soils  are  especially  conducive  to  the  best  results  of  hop  raising,  are  hop  gar- 
dens 150  years  old,  and  I  see  no  reason  for  expecting  any  degeneration  in  the  pres- 
ent hopyards  of  Washington  during  the  lifetime  of  the  oldest  hopyards  in  the  old 
world. 

As  I  have  before  stated,  the  average  cost  of  raising  hops  in  this  state,  put  up 
into  bales  ready  for  market,  is  about  9  cents  a  pound.  This  cost  is  distributed  as 
follows:  cultivating,  i  '2  cents;  picking  and  delivering  to  the  kiln,  5  cents;  curing 
and  baling,  I'/i  cents.  Interest  and  deterioration  of  perishable  property  is  included 
in  cost  of  baling  and  curing.  For  three  years  past  the  hoj)  fields  of  lioth  Oregon 
and  Washington  have  been  attacked  by  the  hop  louse,  and  great  ravages  have 
resulted  during  the  pafit  two  seasons  from  this  pe^t,  thus  reducing  the  yield  and 
lowering  the  quality  of  the  product.  Following  the  example  of  the  luiglish  hop- 
growers,  the  farmers  in  this  section,  in  many  cases,  immediately  declared  war  on 
the  hop  louse,  and  they  made  extensive  preparations  for  spraying  the  vines.  The 
cost  of  spraying  adds,  on  an  average,  about  i  cent  a  ix)und  to  the  cost  or'  raising  the 
crop.  The  first  year  of  spraying,  two  horse-power  sprayers  were  brought  over  from 
Kngland.  These  proved  too  heav\',  cumbersome  and  expensive,  and  Yankee  fjenius 
was  called  upon   to   perfect  a  machine  that  would    ao  the  work  succe<!sl»3I> .     A 

machine  was  made  here  which  can  K  m«ir.wiuotur*si  at 
a  third  the  cost  of  tne  English  .sprayf.  Tt  lioes  more 
than  twice  the  amount  of  work,  ami  sa^«es  'ully  one-half 
the  emulsion  used  in  the  old  macho'**:.  '^Mie  conse- 
quence is  that  the  dismay  and  disc<:*aragement  which 
met  the  hop-growers  here  on  the  first  announcement 
that  the  hop  louse  had  come  to  this  ]'Hrt  of  the  world 
to  stay,  has  given  way  to  one  of  cheerfulness  and  con- 
fidence, and  today,  instead  of  growers  talking  about  re- 
ducing their  acreage,  thev  show  their  ability  to  compete 

PurALLUP  Roller  Sprayer,  Solo  bv  Puvallup   -.i  .1  •   j   ,     •        '.  ,       1  ■    ,     '   1  i-x- 

HARDWARE  CO.,  puyAL..up.  With  this  destroyiug  agent  by  making  large  additions  to 


PHOTO  BY 
H    8IEWERT. 


Sumner,    Wnshington. 


•M\\ 


T-O 


their  hop  fields,  in  both  Oregon  and  Washington.  In  order  lo  give  the  render 
ail  intelligent  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  preparations  made  hore  to  fight  the 
hop  louse,  it  is  only  necessary  to  state  that  nearly  400  of  these  horse-power 
sprayers  have  been  manufactured  and  sold  here  in  addition  to  numerous  hand 
sprayers,  and  190  tons  of  quassia  wood  have  been  imported  from  South  Anu'rica  with 
which  to  "dose  "  the  lice  should  tl'e  pest  appear  here  again.  It  has  been  demon- 
strated, bejond  all  question,  that  tne  crop  here  can  be  saved  from  the  ravages  of 
the  pest,  and  this,  too,  as  before  stated,  at  a  cost  not  exceeding  i  cent  a  pound  for 
spraying. 

The  net  profit  of  any  crop  is,  after  all,  the  great  absorbing  question.  It  mat- 
ters not  bow  large  a  yield  of  any  crop  the  farmer  can  obtain  from  an  acre  of 
ground,  if  the  crop  does  not  pay  he  turns  his  attention  to  raising  something  else. 
The  growing  of  hops  has  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  most  fluctuating  pur 
suits  connected  with  farming.  Of  late  years  there  seems  to  have  been  more  steadi- 
ness in  the  hop  market  (since  the  great  high-priced  year  of  1S82).  Ever  since  the 
production  of  my  second  crop  of  hops  I  have  had  an  abiding  faith  in  the  ultimate 
successful  outcome  of  hop  growing.  Acting  on  this  assumption,  I  have  regularly 
increased  mj^  acreage  in  hops  with  each  succeeding  year,  and  I  know  that  this  will 
always  continue  to  be  one  of  the  principal  and  profitable  industries  of  the  state  of 
Washington. 

Henry  Weinhard,  the  great  Portland  brewer,  after  having  practically  tested  my 
second  crop  of  hops,  frankly  told  me  their  great  inl-Misic  value,  and  showed  his 
faith  in  their  worth  by  purchasing  liis  supply  of  hops  for  his  brewery  from  me  for  14 
consecutive  years  following.  The  hops  grown  in  Washington  and  Oregon,  when 
properly  treated,  /.  r.,  when  they  are  fully  ripened  and  thoroughly  cured  at  a  low 
temperature,  make  the  best  "summer-use  hops"  in  the  world.  It  is  this  that  has 
made  it  possible  to  build  up  the  great  export  trade  in  these  hops  that  followed  their 
first  introduction  ir  lie  l^oiidon  market.  As  before  stated,  it  is  I)ecause  of  their 
keeping  qualities  that  our  hops  have  found  such  favor  in  England,  and  while  the 
climate  and  soil  have  much  to  do  in  determining  the  (piality  of  hops  grown,  yet 
without  proper  care  in  curing,  the  cpiality  is  much  impaired,  and  sometimes,  even, 
entirely  ruined  for  first-class  hops. 

With  the  completion  of  the  Nicaragua  canal,  thus  cheapening  freights  to  the 
Old  World,  or  with  the  lowering  of  the  present  rail  rates,  now  abnormally  high,  to 
the  Atlantic  seaboard,  the  hop  fields  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  with  conceruvi, 
intelligent  action  by  the  growers,  are  destined  to  prove  a  formidable  rival  to  the  old 
fields  of  Europe,  and  practically  revolutionize  the  sale  of  hops.  Even  today  the 
extent  of  the  hop  fields  of  the  Northwest  is  constantly  being  iiu  leased,  but  with  the 
lowering  of  freight  charges  on  exports  this  industry  would  suddenly  become  one  of 
the  most  important  agricultural  pursuits  on  the  coast. 

Siiiiinor,  Wasliinjifton. — Sumner,  Pierce  county,  Washington,  is  a,town  of 
1,000  inhabitants  as  shown  by  the  poll  of  279  votes  in  the  election  of  November,  1H92. 
It  is  located  on  Stuck  river,  between  which  stream  and  the  Puyallup  river  at  this 
point  only  a  few  hundred  yards  of  meadow  land  intervene.  It  is  rtached  by  the 
Northern  Pacific  Company's  road  which  connects  Taconia  with  Seattle.  The  town  is 
12  miles  northeast  of  Tacoma,  two  miles  north  of  the  main  line  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  at  Meeker  Junction  and  29  miles  south  of  Seattle.  The  products  of  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  rich  district  of  the  Puyallup  and  Stuck  valleys  find  a  narket 
place  at  Sumner,  and  the  place  is  a  trading  point  of  considerable  importance. 


il 


f^  ^:^ 


of    I* 


tiJ'i! 


'IS' 


I 
i 


3G2 


The  Oreffonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Hops  furnish  the  great  staple  product  of  this  section,  and  a  number  of  very  large 
hop-growers  make  their  headquarters  at  or  near  Sumner.  The  large  acreage  of  the 
Puyallup  and  Stuck  river  valleys  is  annually  being  increased,  both  by  the  old  growers 
of  the  section  and  by  new  comers.  Sumner  is  cssentinlly  a  hop  town  and  evidence  of 
this  is  seen  in  the  patches  of  towering  hop  vines  which  are  cultivated  in  the  very 
yards  surrounding  vSumner's  residences.  During  1892,  1,137  bales  were  shipped  from 
Sumner,  a  very  light  aggregate  shipment  as  compared  with  the  total  shipments  of 
former  years.  This  falling  off  in  the  number  of  bales  handled  at  this  point  in  1892 
was  due  directly  to  the  ravages  of  the  hop  lice  which  invaded  the  hop  fields  of  both 
Oregon  and  Washington  during  that  year.  Mffective  means  for  destroying  this  pest 
have  now  been  devised,  however,  and  hop  lice  in  the  future  will  not  fare  very  sumptu- 
ously on  the  growing  hops  of  the  Northwest. 

Another  important  industry  of  the  Puyallup  and  Stuck  valleys  is  the  growing  of 
fruit  and  vegetables  for  the  Tacoma  and  Seattle  markets.  The  whole  country  is  an 
ideal  truck  garden,  and  the  fruits  and  vegetables  grown  here  vie  in  size  and  quality 
with  the  best  productions  atiy where.  The  soil  here  is  of  unknown  depths,  it  is  well 
watered  and  it  is  easily  cultivated.  Strawberries  grown  in  this  section  photographed 
side  by  side  with  the  American  dollar,  outshine  the  coin  of  the  realm  in  size,  and 
their,  flavor  is  excellent.  Sumner,  owing  to  its  proximity  to  both  Seattle  and  Tacoma, 
and  the  means  of  communication  afforded  between  these  places  and  Sumner  by 
me.tns  of  the  Northern  Pacific  trains,  was  chosen  as  a  most  available  site  for  the 
'■voa;ion  of  the  Whitworth  College,  which  is  now  conducted  at  the  latter  point  under 
their  auspices. 

Whitworth  Cor.r^KC.K. — This  is  a  college  open  to  both  sexes,  and  it  is  one  of 
the  best  conducted  educational  institutions  of  the  state.  The  curriculum  of  the 
school  includes  classical,  scientific  and  business  courses,  as  well  as  a  preparatory 
department.  Telegraphy,  typewriting  and  short  land  are  taught  at  the  college,  and 
special  attention  is  also  paid   to  a  thorough  instruction  in  vocal  and  instrumental 

music,  as  well  as  in  elocution  and  art.  The 
charges  for  tuition  and  board  at  the  school  are 
extremely  moderate,  and  the  att' ndance  at  the 
college  is  cf>jistantly  increasing. 

The  building  occupied  by  Whitworth  Col- 
lege is  a  fine  structure,  heated  by  steam,  well 
furnished,  and  containing  all  modern  appoint- 
ments and  conveniences.  The  locativ>n  ol  the 
school  is  particularly  favorable.  U  vs  on  the 
line  «1  the  Northern  Pacific  raihxvad,  nearVv 
midway  between  Tacoma  and  Seattle.  The 
location  is  in  one  of  the  garden  spots  o(  Wash- 
ington, and  all  the  surroimdings  of  the  school 
are  health  fid  and  pleasant.  The  purest  and  coldest  water  taken  fn^ni  the  f\H>thills  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains  is  supplied  for  college  use. 

Rev.  Calvin  M.  Stewart,  D.  D.,  is  president  of  Whitworth  CoUvk^n  and  Rev.  A. 
T.  P'ox,  B.  L.  B.  D.,  is  vice-president.  Both  of  these  gentlemen  H«HVe  had  large  ex- 
perience in  educational  work,  and  under  their  conH\>l  the  inslitvvlion  is  rapidly 
coming  to  the  front  as  one  of  the  foremost  colleges  of  the  Norlhwvst.  Parents  and 
guardians  will  do  well  to  correspond  with  the  officers  of  Whitworth  College  with 
reference  to  the  education  of  their  children  of  either  sex.     It  is  the  intention  of  the 


Whit^ohth  Colleqe,  Sumner. 


ik 


Kent,  Washington. 


mA 


authorities  of  this  college  to  provide  facilities  for  ati  education  here  that  will  eiual 
in  every  way  the  opportunities  afforded  by  the  best  Kastern  colleges,  and  at  a  .nod- 
erate  cost. 


The  public  schools  of  Sumner  are  conducted  in  a  creditable  structure.  The 
system  of  public  instruction  at  this  point  is  elhcient,  and  the  youth  of  this  growing 
town  are  afforded  by  the  good  public  schools  of  Sumner  and  in  the  Whitworlh 
College  the  means  of  obtaining  a  thorough  education  without  being  put  to  the 
necessity  of  leaving  home. 

Kent,  WashlnjJTton. — The  town  of  Kent,  named  after  the  leading  hop  cen- 
ter of  Great  Britain,  is  situated  in  King  county,  on  the  I'uget  vSound  Ijranch  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  railroad  running  between  Tacoma  and  Seattle.  It  is  but  i6  miles 
by  rail  from  Kent  to  Seattle  on  the  north,  and  Tacoma  is  25  miles  distant  by  rail  to 
the  south.  Kent  is  the  principal  trading  point  of  the  fertile  While  River  valley,  near 
the  center  of  which  the  town  is  located.  The  land  of  this  valley  is  especially  adapted 
to  hop  culture,  and  over  3,000  acres  of  this  land  are  today  devoted  to  the  cultivation 
of  this  staple  product  of  Western  Washington. 

The  rapid  development  of  the  hop  industry  of  the  section  now  tributary  to  Kent 
some  time  since  necessitated  the  establishment  of  a  town  of  considerable  importance 
at  this  point,  For  a  considerable  time  after  the  town  was  laid  out,  the  growth  of 
Kent  was  extremely  rapid,  and  the  population  of  Kent  increased  within  the  short 
space  of  two  months  from  700  to  1,500.  This  growth  was  due  to  the  luxuriant  hop 
harvests,  immunity  from  hop  lice  and  good  prices  for  the  product  of  the  hop  fields, 
together  with  the  efforts  to  push  the  town  to  the  front.  As  an  instance  of  the  enor- 
mous profits  which  rewarded  the  hop  growers  of  this  section  during  the  palmy  days 
of  the  early  history  of  the  town  the  two  following  cases  can  be  cited:  One  was  where  a 
sinjilc  hop-grower  sold  over  |i4,ooo  worth  of  hops  from  seven  acres  of  land,  and  the 
other  where  the  hop  yield  of  121  acres  in  this  same  valley  for  a  single  season  brought 
a  return  of  $"o,(.xxj.  With  the  lower  prices  for  hops  now  prevailing,  and  the  expense 
incurred  in  Ughling  hop  lice,  which  succeeded  in  gaining  a  foothold  in  this  !-ection, 
hop  growing,  while  still  a  lucrative  calling  does  not  yield  the  profits  of  former  years, 
when  growois  became  rich  out  of  a  single  sea,son's  crop.  The  tendency  of  this 
depreciation  in  prices  for  the  staple  ])roduct  of  this  section  has  been  to  bring  trade 
down  to  a  normal  basis  at  Kent,  and  where  the  population  of  the  town  was  1,500  a 
few  years  ago,  it  does  not  today  exceed  1,000  people. 

The  White  River  valley  is  adapted  to  raising  all  kinds  of  fruit  and  vegetables  as 
well  as  are  the  rich  lands  of  the  Pnyallup  and  Stuck  valleys  to  the  south.  The  sec- 
tion of  which  Kent  is  the  trading  center  is  rich  in  resources,  and  a  good  town  will 
always  be  supported  at  this  point.  Kent  now  boasts  of  a|i2,ooo  school  house,  three 
fine  brick  blocks  and  a  good  bank.  It  supports  five  churches  and  has  a  good  system 
of  public  instruction. 

The  King  County  Pair  Association  have  laid  out  extensive  grounds  at  Kent, 
including  a  one  mile  kite-shaped  track.  The  stables  in  connection  with  the  racing 
track  contain  2cx)  box  stalls  and  all  necessary  equipments.  It  is  hoped  to  make  this 
one  of  the  prominent  racing  centers  of  the  state. 


{■ 


J.    !' 


11.        L 


s-s 


8<j4 


77r"  Orcf^uniiin's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


w 


'\  'lii! 


j  i 


PHOTO.    BV  LA  ROrME. 


Chief  Seattle. 

(after  whom  SEATTLE   WAS  NAMED.) 


PHOTO.    BY  MC  CLAIRE. 


WcattU',   Wsishiiijjftoii. — Seattle,  the  metropolis  of  Washinj^toii.  is   located 
in   King  county,  and  on  Klliot  Hay,  an  indention  in    the  east   shore  of  Admiralty 

Inlet,  the  most  important  part  of  that  great  inland  body 
of  salt  water  known  as  Pnget  Sound.  The  phenomenal 
and  unprecedented  growth  of  vSeat.tle,  combined  with 
its  beauty  of  location,  and  the  marvelous  progressive 
spirit  which  its  people  have  always  shown,  afford  inci- 
dents for  a  story  unparalleled  in  the  annals  of  American 
cities. 

The  events  connected  with  the  early  settlement  of 
Seattle  are  but  memorable  records  of  the  long  and  hard 
struggles  of  courageous,  far  seeing  and  ambitious  men, 
who  always  showed  what  might  be  termed  almost  a  sub- 
lime confidence  in  the  future  of  the  town  they  had  found- 
ed. A  notable  feature  connected  with  the  growth  of  all 
the  vSound  cities  is  the  spirit  of  loyalty  to  home  inter- 
e.'^ts,  which  the  people  here  have  always  shown.  The 
people  who  live  in  Seattle  are  no  exception  to  this  rule. 
A  Seattle  man  firmly  believes  that  his  city  is  destined 
some  day  to  be  one  of  the  greatest  centers  of  popula- 
tion and  wealth  on  the  coast,  and  it  may  be  remarked 
here  that  it  is  this  enthusiastic  forecast  of  future  possi- 
bilities which  has  been  one  of  the  most  important  factors 
in  the  growth  of  both  Seattle  and  Tacoma.  Seattle  is  an 
old  settlement,  but  its  substantial  growth  has  all  been 
made  within  a  period  of  eight  years,  and  in  this  short 
time  a  cit}'  has  been  built  that  in  metropolitan  appear- 
ance vies  with  San  Francisco,  and  in  push  and  enterprise 
does  not  lag  behind  even  Chicago. 

Prior  to  1884,  Seattle  was  a  comparatively  un- 
known and  isolated  town  enjoying  a  small  trade 
with  the  sparsel}'  settled  parts  of  Washington  bor- 
dering on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound.  The  historj' 
of  Seattle  dates  back  to  the  autumn  of  i<S5i,  when 
A.  A.  Denny,  C.  D.  Boren  and  the  Terry  brothers 
located  on  what  is  now  known  as  Alki  point,  near 
the  present  site  of  the  business  district  of  the  Queen 
City,  as  Seattle  is  called.  In  the  month  of  Feb- 
ruary following,  these  men  began  to  look  around 
for  desirable  claims,  and  they  finally  selected  sites  on  the  shores  of  Elliot  Bay,  where 
Seattle  now  stands.  This  was  the  initial  stage  of  Seattle's  future  greatness,  and 
thus  was  the  town  born.  The  town  was  named  after  a  powerful  and  friendly  Indian 
chieftain,  who  with  his  tribe,  lived  just  across  the  inlet  from  the  new  settlement. 
Soon  after  the  location  of  the  claims  by  the 
founders  of  Seattle,  families  began  to  settle 
around  them,  and  in  May,  1853,  A.  A.  Denny 
and  C.  D.  Boren  filed  the  first  plat  of  the 
townsite  of  Seattle.  In  1852,  Henry  L.  Yesler 
had  built  a   sawmill   at   this  point,    the  first  harbor,  Seattle. 


First  house,  Seattle,  built  at  Alki  Point 
IN  185t. 


,  .2r*? 


Front  and  James  Streets,  Seattle,  1859. 


Seattle,   Washinf^'^ton. 


866 


H.  A.  Smith,  Seattle. 


PHOTO.    BY  LA   ROCHE. 


steam  sawmill  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound,  and  soon  after  the  filing  of 
the  first  tovvnsite  plat,  ships  began  to  visit  Seattle  for  the  fine  hnnher  which 
was  sawed  here.  The  small  colony  which  settled 
here  soon  began  to  receive  accessions  to  their 
ranks  Among  these  early  additions  was  Dr.  H. 
A.  Smith,  an  honored  citizen  of  Seattle  at  the 
present  time.  During  1S52  and  1853  the  little 
band  here  suffered  m-my  privations.  But  few  ves- 
sels visited  the  settlement  during  these  years,  and 
as  a  result  provisions  were  scarce,  and  the  prices 
asked  for  the  staple  articles  of  every-day  con- 
sumption were  fabulous.  Salt  pork  sold  as  high 
as  I45  a  barrel,  and  flour  brought  $35.  For  a 
short  time  during  this  period  of  suffering,  neither 
of  these  commodities  could  be  obtained  at  any 
price.  During  these  two  years  the  pioneers  of 
Seattle  were  hemmed  in  by  impenetrable  forests, 
they  lacked  all  means  of  commuuicating  with  the 
outside  world  by  water,  and  the  general  air  of  confidence  in  the  future  which  the 
handful  of  men  never  failed  to  show,  was  in  marked  contrast  to  the  loneliness  of 
their  position  and  the  prospect  for  immediate  relief. 

During  11855  and  1856  the  Klickitat  and 
Duwamish  Indians  caused  much  trouble  in  this 
part  of  the  state.  On  January  26th  of  the  latter 
year,thc  savages  after  murdering  isolated  set- 
tlers and  burning  a  number  of  houses,  landed 
in  a  large  body  on  the  western  shores  of  Lake 
Washington,  The  people  of  Seattle  sought 
safety  in  a  stockade,  where  with  the  assistance 
of  the  government  sloop  of  war,  Decatur, 
anchored  in  the  harbor  at  that  time,  they  re- 
pelled the  attack  of  the  savage  horde.  The  war 
with  the  relentless  Indians  continued,  how- 
ever, until  the  fall  of  1856,  and  during  this 
every  vestige  of  improvement  in  King  county  was 
reigned  after  this  time,  it  was  not  until  about  i860 
that  the  people  of  this  sparsely  settled  portion  of  the  West  fully  recovered  from  the 
depredations  committed  by  the  Indians  during  the  two  years  they  were  on  the  warpath. 
For  the  10  years  following  the  conflict  with  the  Indians,  Seattle's  advancement 
was  scarcely  noticeable.  The  first  important  step  in  the  commercial  growth  of  the 
town  was  made  in  1867,  when  the  wagon  road  was  com- 
pleted, which  opened  communication  between  Seattle 
and  the  rich  part  of  Washington  lying  east  of  the  Cas- 
cade Mountains.  For  the  next  eight  years  the  people 
here  followed  along  in  the  even  tenor  of  their  way,  reach- 
ing out  for  trade  wherever  possible,  and  adding  grad- 
ually to  the  wealth  of  the  town.  In  1875  an  era  of  great 
activity  in  Seattle  and  the  tributary  coal  districts  was 
inaugurated  by  the  completion  of  26  miles  of  the  Seat-  water  front,  Seattle 


WATER  Front,  Seattle. 


period   of  savage    warfare, 
obliterated.       While  peace 


photo,   by  LA  ROCHE. 
J      '     I 


in 


86(5 


The  Orcginiiiin's  Iluudhouk  ai  the  I'ncific  Xorthwest. 


PHOTO,   ir  LA  HOCHI, 


Front  Street,  Se»ttle. 


PHOTO.    BY  LA  ROCHE. 


tie  &  Wallii  Walla  railroad,  which 
tapped  the  rich  coal  mines,  the 
product  of  which  is  now  among 
the  largest  and  most  important 
outputs  of  coal  on  the  coast.  vSoon 
after  this  the  people  of  Seattle 
made  strenuous  efforts  to  induce 
the  managements  of  other  lines  of 
railroads  to  build  to  this  point.  An 
immense  sum  of  money  was  off- 
ered the  Northern  Pacific  to  make 
its  western  terminus  here,  but  the 
effort  miscarried  for  reasons  which 
are  well  understood  by  everyone 
who  has  even  a  smattering  knowl- 
edge of  the  early  history  of  the 
Puget  Sound  cities.  Denied  proper  transportation  facilities  with  the  interior  by 
rail,  the  effort  to  build  a  city  here  for  a  time  was  an  unequal  one.  A  period  was 
finally  reached,  however,  where  Seattle's  im- 
portance as  a  commercial  center  demanded  atten- 
tion from  the  railroads,  and  it  is  in  the  events 
which  led  up  to  making  Seattle  the  great  railroad 
center  of  Puget  Sound,  and  which  will  be  treated  -?[! 
of  in  a  succeeding  chapter,  that  forums  \h^  most  !jj 
important  part  of  the  city's  history. 

On  January  13,  1SS2,  an  event  occurred  in 
Seattle  which  indicated  clearly  the  spirit  of  the 
people  who  had  struggled  to  build  a  city  at  this 
point.  For  some  months  previous  to  that  time 
many  dastardly  and  open  acts  of  violence  had 
been  committed  by  the  vicious  elenunts  which 
had  found  lodgment  here.  At  length  the  wrath 
of  the  people  was  fully  aro  •  ed  by  a  most  cow- 
ardly murder  vhich  was  committed  on  one  of  the  main  thoroughfares  of  the  town. 
No  time  was  wasted  on  making  out  commitment  papers  or  in  serving  wairants. 
On   the  date  mentioned  above,  the  men  who  had  committed  this  last  deed  of  violence 

— ^Janies  Sullivan,  William  Howard  and  Benja- 
min Payne — were  lynched  in  the  heart  of  the 
city  without  ceremony.  This  proved  a  lesson 
to  wrongdoers,  which  had  a  most  salutary  effect, 
and  it  is,  perhaps,  not  necessary  to  state  that 
a  city  where  the  people  thus  plainly  intimated 
that  they  would  stand  no  trifling  from  law- 
breakers, enjoyed  a  long  period  of  safety  and 
security  from  the  open  acts  of  the  vicious 
element. 

Another  period  of  disturbance  commenced 
with  the  agitation  against  the  employment  of 
cheap  Chinese  labor,  during  1885.     This  agita- 


Seconc  Street,  Seattli;. 


PHOTO.   BV  LA  ROCHE. 


Second  Street,  Seattle. 


I  »;■= ; ^  j%j: 


Seattle,  Washingtov. 


mi 


A  Prominent  Cohns 


PHOTO.    By  LA  ROCHE. 


i5-#*S 


tion  finally  led  to  the  well-retnembered  outbreak  pmoto.  by  la  hocmi 
at  Rock  Springs,  Wyoming,  in  which  much  prop- 
tTty  of  the  Chinese  was  destroyed  and  in  which 
many  Chinamen  were  injured.  The  feeling  against 
the  employment  of  Chinese  finally  culminated  in 
the  Chinese  riots  of  l-'ehruary  7,  1.SS6,  in  that  city. 
A  large  mob  had  collected  for  the  express  pur- 
pose of  deporting  all  the  Chinese  in  the  city,  and' 
in  accordance  with  their  preconceived  plans  of 
ejectment,  the  mob  took  practical  possession  of 
the  city   and  commenced   the    work  of  removing 

the  Chinese  from  their  houses.  The  local  militia  was  called  out  to  quell  the  dis- 
turbance, which  they  finally  succeeded  in  doing  after  killing  one  of  the  mol-  atid 
injuring  a  number  of  other  lawbreakers.  With  the  exception  of  the  two  ca.ses  noted 
above,  Seattle  has  been  singularly  free  from  mob  violence,  and  the  people  here  have 
always  been  as  law-abiding,  and  have  shown  as  great  respect  for  the  mandates  of 
the  law,  as  have  the  people  in  any  of  the  older-settled  cities  of  the  United  »States. 

Railroads  and  water  lines  of  transportation 
do  much  to  advance  the  interests  of  any  com- 
munity. Under  the  head  of  "Railroads,"  in 
another  part  of  this  article,  will  be  found  a 
complete  resume  of  the  excellent  transporta- 
^\  tion  facilities  which  Seattle  now  enjoys,  and 
under  this  head  will  be  given  a  history  of  the 
struggles  which  Seattle's  people  were  com- 
pelled to  make  to  secure  for  them  the  many  ad- 
vantages they  now  enjoy  in  perfectly  equipped 
railroad  and  steamship  lines  which  now  touch 
at  this  point. 

Following  the  completion  of  the  railroad 
which  tapped  the  rich  coal  mines  back  of 
Seattle,  the  town  made  steady  and  substantial  growth  as  a  manufacturing  point. 
Sawmills,  factories,  and  other  industrial  plants  sprung  up  here  along  the  water 
front,  and  following  the  construction  of  these  manufacturing  industries  came  fine 
business  blocks,  elegfj:'.  3  iivate  dwellings  and  hotels.  People  flocked  to  Seattle  from 
all  quarters,  and  the  incr  .se  in  population  was  rapid.  The  suburbs  and  outlying 
districts  of  the  city  \inciev",;ent  a  transformation  that  converted  dense  forests  into 
sightly  gardens,  and  c.i  the  ,e  erstwhile  timber  lands  handsome  houses  were  erected, 
and  the  suburbs  became  the  homes  of  hundreds 
of  contented  families.  Soon  outside  capital  began 
to  be  attracted  to  the  place.  Speculation  was  rife  ; 
schemes  involving  the  expenditure  of  millions 
were  put  into  operation  here,  and,  as  a  consequence, 
the  real  estate  market  assumed  a  stage  of  feverish 
activity.  No  one  will  dispute  that  Seattle  really 
enjoyed  a  boom,  but  that  the  city  has  not  suffered 
in  material  wealth   by  the  bursting  of  the   bubble 

must  be  taken  as  evidence  of  the  varied  resources         y      1'''   '  '  "* 

which  have  built  a  city  here,  and  of  the  latent  third  street,  seaitle. 


Seattle  after  the  Fire,  1889. 
South  from  Second  and  James  Streets. 


1'!  . 


'.    If  I 


m 


ij-.,„.t 


^ 

IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


V 


/, 


I 


{./ 


/ 


(A 


fe 
^ 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


•-  m 

1.' 


ill 


M 

22 


lis  IIIIIM 


1.8 


lA.  Ill  1.6 


V] 


/}. 


'^^V 
^ 


7 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


lO^ 


iV 


^\ 


<^ 


v^^  4^^ 


73  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4S03 


I 


^'/'"W 


m 


^ 


<^ 


ms 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.  BT  L*  ROCHE. 


A  Prominent  Business  Block,  Seattle. 


PHOTO.    BY  LA  ROCHE. 


Strength  of  the  conditions  here  for  maintaining  a 
city.  On  June  6,  1889,  occurred  the  evet-memorable 
fire,  which  practically  destroyed  the  entire  business 
district  of  Seattle,  burned  up  a  mile  of  wharves,  and 
involved  a  loss  of  over  $10,000,000.  The  burnt  dis- 
trict covered  an  area  of  65  acres.  The  history  of 
Chicago  after  the  great  fire,  was  repeated  at  Seattle. 
For  a  number  of  months  after  the  holocaust  in  Seat- 
tle the  business  of  the  city  was  done  under  tents. 
During  this  period,  however,  plans  were  fully  matured 
for  rebuilding  the  city  on  a  more  extensive  scale  than 
before,  streets  and  avenues  were  widened,  and  in  less 
than  12  months  after  the  city  was  leveled  to  the  ground,  many  fine  busi- 
ness blocks,  of  brick  and  stone,  buildings  that  in  architectural  design  and  finish  are 
not  surpassed  by  any  of  the  finest  structures  of  Chicago,  were  ready  for  occupp:;cy 
in  Seattle,  and  the  city  was  once  more  in  the  race  for  supremacy.  Seattic'cs  busi- 
ness streets  are  now  built  up  solid  with  imposing  blocks  or  brick,  stone  and  iron  ; 
the  city  has  fine  and  commodious  hotels  within  the  corporate  limits,  and  miles  of 
well-paved  streets,  lined  on  each  side  '  ith  handsome  private  residences,  and  the 
city  bears  every  aspect  of  a  rich  and  prosperous  commercial  center  and  a  great 
shipping  port. 

The  following  figures,  compiled  from  sources  of  unquestioned  authority,  will 
show  conclusively  the  wonderful  advancement  Seattle  has  made 
during  the  past  13  years.  In  1870  the  United  States  official  cen- 
sus gave  Seattle  a  population  of  1,107.  The  territorial  census  of 
1875  credited  Seattle  with  1,512  people.  The  government  returns 
of  the  census  of  1880  found  3,533  souls  within  the  corporate  limits 
of  the  city.  Three  years  later  the  territorial  canvass  showed  that 
Seattle's  population  had  increased  to  6,645,  a"tl  in  1885  another 
canvass  made  by  the  territory  gave  Seattle  a  population  of  9,786. 
In  1887  Seattle,  on  the  basis  of  the  names  in  the  city  directory 
of  that  year,  contained  12,167  people,  and  the  city  census  of  the 
year  followikig  found  that  the  population  had  increasea  to  19,116.  *''°"'"  ""'"'"'"'•  *""'•• 
In  1889  another  census  was  taken  by  the  territory  which  showed  that  26,740  people 
found  homes  in  Seattle.  The  official  government  census  of  1890  made  the  city's 
population  42,837,  and  the  directory  of  1893  established  Seattle's  claim  to  58,126 
people  who  lived  v/ithin  the  limits  of  the  ci^v. 

Seattle  is  now  us  compactly  b-iilt  as  are  many  of  the  large  cities  of  the  East. 
The  two  principal  retail  business  streets,  Front  and  Second,  run  parallel  with  the 
water  front,  and  both  thepe  streets  are  lined  with  as  fine  a  class  of  buildings  as  aie 
found  in  any  city  of  the  West.  These  buildings  are  all  modern  in  their  appoint- 
ments and  are  equipped  with  fast-running  elevators,  arc  lighted  by  electricity,  and 
are  heated  by  steam.  Poth  of  these  streets  bustle  with  life  and  they  serve  as  arteries 
into  which  most  of  the  traffic  from  other  parts  of  the  city  naturally  flows.  One  and 
one-half  miles  of  warehouses  and  wharves  extend  along  the  water  front.  On  the 
water  front  are  also  located  a  large  number  of  leading  jobbing  houses  of  the  city. 
The  principal  business  houses  of  Seattle  carry  large  stocks  of  goods  and  the  trade 
which  the  city  enjoys  is  large  and  on  the  most  satisfactory  of  footings. 


Seattle,   Washington. 


SUtf 


will 


PHOTO.    B»  L»  HOCHC. 


Kino  county  Court  House,  Seattle. 


A  number  of  suburban  towns  of  Seattle,  towns  under  separate  municipal  gov- 
ernments, are  really  a  part  of  the  city  itself.  Ballard,  Kirkland,  Fremont  and 
Latonia  are  all  connected  with  Sea'.tle  by  well  equipped  electric  lines  of  road,  and  it 
is  only  a  few  minutes'  ride  to  cithtr  of  these  places. 
At  Ballard,  on  Salmon  Bay,  five  miles  distant  from 
Seattle,  are  located  shingle  mills  whose  combined 
daily  capacity  is  2,000,000  shingles,  while  the  sawmills 
at  the  same  place  have  a  capacity  of  280,000  feet  of 
lumber  a  day.  Also  located  at  Ballard  are  a  steel  mill 
and  extensive  yards  for  the  construction  of  wooden 
vessels.  Covering  Jail  of  these  outside  points  as  well 
as  all  the  outlyi  ag  districts  of  Seattle  is  one  of  the 
most  extensive  and  perfectly  equipped  rapid  transit 
systems  in  the  United  States.  The  primitive  horse 
car  is  entirely  unknown  on  Seattle's  streets.  Thirteen 
different  cable  and  electric  railway  companies,  with  an  aggregate  capital  stock  of 
$7,470,000,  have  in  operation  at  Seattle  and  in  the  suburbs  34  miles  of  cable  road  and 
65  miles  of  electric  lines,  making  a  total  of  99  miles  of  street-car  tracks  covering  the 
city  and  reaching  out  from  this  point.  This  mileage  exceeds  that  of  23  cities  in  the 
United  States  which  have  a  larger  population  than  Seattle.  The  city  is  completely 
gridironed  with  a  network  of  tracks,  and  the  remotest  suburban  point  is  brought 
by  means  of  these  roads  within  a  few  minutes'  ride  of  the  business  district  of 
Seattle.  Five  of  these  lines  run  north  of  the  city,  four  lines  extend  out  south, 
and  four  lines  of  road  run  out  to  Lake  Washington,  a  fine  body  of  fresh  water  to 
the  east.  Three  of  the  city  roads,  the  Madison  Street,  Union  Trunk,  and  Seattle  City 
Railway  Companies  own  and  maintain  splendid  parks  which  are  much  frequented  by 
residents  and  visitors  to  the  city.  The  Rainier  Avenue  electric  line  runs  in  a  south- 
easterly direction  and  reaches  out  as  far  as  the  south  end  of  Lake  Washington.  The 
West  Street  and  North  End  lines  run  from  the  business  center  of  the  city  in  a  north- 
westerly direction  along  the  shores  of  Elliot  Bay  to  Ballard,  5}4  miles  distant.  The 
Grant  Street  line  runs  to  the  race  track  in  South  Seattle.  The  Green  Luke  road 
runs  through  Fremont  and  around  the  eastern  side  of  Green  Lake,  which  is  four 
miles  distant  from  the  city.  The  Woodlawn  Park  line  follows  the  same  course  and 
terminates  on  the  western  shore  of  Green  Lake.  The  equipments  of  all  these  lines 
are  of  the  very  highest  order  and  service  is  excellent,  frequent  and  rapid  trips  [being 
made  between  all  points.  The  following  is  the  capitalization,  mileage  and  number 
of  cars  of  the  different  street-railway  svstems  of  Seattle  : 

Front  Street  Cable  Railway  Company, 
capital  $600,000,  mileages,  number  of  cars  16  ; 
Grant  Street  Electric  Railway  Company,  capi- 
tal $200,000,  mileage  7,  number  of  cars  4  ;  Green 
Lake  Electric  Railway  Company,  capital 
$70,000,  mileage  4}4,  number  of  cars  2  ;  Madi- 
son Street  Cable  J.ailway  Company,  capital 
$750,000,  mileage  7,  number  of  cars  16;  Rainier 
Avenue  Electric  Railway  Company,  capital 
$250,000,  mileage  8,  number  of  cars  4  ;  North  Seattle  Cable  Railway  Company,  capital 
$^00,000,  mileage  2  [uses  Front  street  cars]  ;  Rainier  Power  &  Electric  Railway  Com- 


PHOTO.    aV  LA  ROCHE. 


YESLER  Avenue,  TitHi  Park,  Seattle 


^ 


If-* 


870 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    8Y  LA  ROCHE. 


A  will-Known  Corner,  Seattle. 


pany,  capital  |5oo,cxx),  mileage  6,  number  of  cars  8  ;  Seattle  City  Railway  Company, 
(Cable),  capital  $1,000,000,  mileage  5,  number  of  cars  16;  Seattle  Consolidated  Rail- 
way Company  (Electric),  capital  $1,200,000,  mileage  i2yi,  num- 
ber of  cars  30;  South  vSealtle  Railway  Company  (Electric), 
capital  $450,000,  mileage  5,  number  of  cars  2  ;  Union  Trunk 
Line  (Electric  and  Cable),  capital  $1,000,000,  mileage  11,  num- 
ber of  cars  18;  West  Seattle  Cable  Railway  Company,  capital 
$150,000  mileage  4,  number  of  cars  4  ;  West  Street  &  North 
End  Railway  Company  (Electric),  capital  $1,000,000,  mileage 
10,  number  of  cars  14.  This  makes  a  grand  total  of  $7,470,000 
invested  in  Seattle  street  railways  ;  99  miles  in  operation,  on 
which  134  cars  are  used. 
In  counection  with  the  perfect  railway  systems  of  Seattle,  something  may  be  said 
regarding  the  site  the  city  occupies.  Elliot  Bay,  on  the  shores  of  which  Seattle  is 
located,  has  an  area  of  over  20  square  miles  and  furnishes  safe  anchorage  for  the  largest 
of  deep-water  vessels.  The  city  extends  back  froi-  the  bay  over  a  rise  of  easy  grades 
to  Lake  Washington,  four  miles  distant.  This  lake  is  a  magnificent  body  of  fresh 
water  over  20  miles  in  length  and  varying  in  width  from  i>^  to  3  miles.  The  streets 
of  the  city  extending  east  and  west  are  graded  through  from  Elliot  Bay  to  Lake 
Washington,  terminating  on  salt  water  on  one  end  and  reaching  out  to  the  fresh- 
water reservoir  at  the  other.  In  the  northern  part  of  the  city  is  Lake  Union  and 
beyond  this  latter  body  of  water  in  the  same  direction  is  Green  Lake,  both  of  which 
while  much  smaller  than  Lake  Washington,  are  equally  as  attractive  as  the  larger 
body  of  water. 

Seattle  is  built  on  a  series  of  terraces  rising  above  the  harbor  to  a  considerable 
altitude.  From  the  crest  of  the  slope  is  a  broad  plateau  which  stretches  eastward 
almost  to  Lake  Washington.  It  is  on  the  higher  terraces  and  on  this  plateau  that 
the  best  residences  of  the  city  are  built.  These  homes  are  far  removed  from  the  busi- 
ness activity  of  the  city  below  and  from  the  sites  which  they  occupy  is  commanded  a 
view  of  magnificent  scenery  not  offered  to  the  residents  of  any  city  in  the  Union. 
Across  the  harbor  from  Seattle  is  seen  the  long  stretch  of  the  waters  of  Admiralty 
Inlet,  beyond  which  rise  the  rugged  and  snow-capped  peaks  of  the  Olympic  range  of 
mountains.  To  the  west  the  view  is  even  more  impressive  than  the  panorama  pi*e- 
sented  to  the  vision  of  the  sight-seer  looking  west.  The  tranquil  waters  of  Lake 
Washington  form  a  fitting  foreground  to  the  thickly  wooded  shores  beyond,  while 
far  in  the  distance  the  eye  follows  the  course  of  the  Cascades  for  miles,  one  of  the 
most  important  rangrs  of  mountains  on  the  continent.  Surmounting  this  chain  of 
mountains,  in  plain  iew  of  Seattle,  is  the  snow-capped  peak  of  Mt.  Rainier,  one  of 
the  monarchs  of  the  Cascades,  while  to  the 
north,  100  miles  distant,  rises  in  plain  view  the 
lofty  peak  of  Mt.  Baker,  which  is  also  covered 
with  perennial  snows.  The  effects  of  sunrise 
and  sunset  over  the  distant  peaks  seen  from 
Seattle  baffle  description.  Seattle  itself  and  the 
country  immediately  surrounding  form  one  of 
the  most  picturesque  spots  in  America.  The 
suburbs  present  at  once  a  combination  of  wild 
and  rugged  mountain  scenery,  pastoral  landscapes,  dense  forests  and  the  rippling 
waves  of  both  tide  and  fresh  water. 


PHOTO.    BT  LA  ROCHE. 


Coal  BuNKENa,  Seattle. 


Seattle,  Washington. 


ot 


1 


PMO^O.   er  MOORE. 


Seattle  offors  many  features  of  interest  to  the  visitor.  In  addition  to  the  enjoy- 
ment of  a  ride  on  the  numerous  car  lines  of  the  city,  a  number  of  public  parks  are 
maintained  in  which  are  found  great  pyramidal  trees,  high  bluffs  and  deep  canyons 
and  extensive  and  diversified  views  and  vistas  through  thick  forest  foliage,  the 
natural  wildncss  of  the  whole  being  softened  by  artificial  walks,  fountains  and  flower- 
beds. The  parks  owned  by  the  city  cover  64  acres  while  the  private  parks  open  to 
the  public  embrace  75  acres  additional.  Seattle  is  especially  fortunate  in  having  fine 
public  buildings.  The  King  county  court  house,  located  here,  is  a  handsome  stone 
structure  of  the  Doric  style  of  architecture,  as  shown  by  the  illustration  accompany- 
ing this  article.  Its  cost  was  about  $500,000.  It  is  fitted  with  safes,  vaults  and  other 
safeguards  for  the  protection  of  public  records.  Seattle  has  also  a  fine  Chamber  of 
Commerce  building,  city  hill,  fine  schools,  elegant  churches  and  other  buildings, 
which  will  receive  suitable  mention  under  the  proper  headings  in  another  part  of  this 
article. 

During  the  history  of  the  King  county  bar,  many  brilliant  and  profound  lawyers 
have  been  heard  pleading  before  its  tribu- 
nals, and  today  it  occupies  a  high  place  in 
estimation  of  the  legal  profession.  Judge  John 
J.  McGilvra,  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  dis- 
tinguished practitioners  in  Washington,  is 
recognized  as  the  father  cf  the  Seattle  bar. 
Ju Jge  McGilvra  was  born  in  Livingston  county, 
N.  Y. ,  July  II,  1827.  He  afterwards  removed 
to  Illinois,  and  was  admitted  to  the  bar  in 
Chicago  in  1853.  In  1861  he  was  appointed 
United  States  attorney  for  the  territory  of 
Washington.  After  discharging  the  duties  of 
the  office  for  five  years  he  declined  a  reappoint- 
ment. He  was  also  city  attorney  of  Seattle  in 
1876-7.  His  greatest  legal  triumph  was  in  in- 
ducing Congress  to  restore  5,000,000  acres  of 
land  for  settlement,  land  which  the  Northern 
Pacific  Railroad  had  forfeited. 

It  is  said  that  the  character  of  the  people 


Hon.  j.  j.  Mc\<ii  "i«,  Seattle. 


rippling 


RltioiNCl,  Mm,  M.  0.  YESLEit,  Seattle. 


residing  in  a  city  is  indicated  to  a  large  extent 
by  their  homes.  If  this  is  true,  Seattle  pos- 
sesses many  wealthy  and  cultured  citizens, 
for  the  many  elegant  private  residences  which 
line  its  streets  will  compare  favorab'  ith  the 
best  homes  in  the  fashionable  residt:^  *ction 
of  any  large  city.  The  illustration  '  je  resi- 
dence of  Mrs.  Minnie  Yesler,  the  /  of  the 
late  Henry  L.  Yesler,  who  during  his  lifetime, 
was  one  of  Seattle's  foremost  citizens,  is  a  type 
of  many  of  the  best  houses  of  the  city.  An 
illustration  of  Mrs.  Yesler's  elegant  residence 
is  shown  in  connection  with  the  present  article. 
In  addition  to  the  homes  of  the  wealthy,  Seattle 


1: 


372 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.   Br  L*  HOCHC. 


Offices,  Board  of  Education, 
Seattle. 


PHOTO.  BV  la  ROCHE. 


contains  hundreds  of  neat  and  cosy  cottages,  occupied  largely  by  the  working  classes, 
who  enjoy  in  this  Western  city,  comforts  that  are  de  lied  the  laboring  man  in  most 
of  the  cities  of  the  East. 

Seattle,  in  keeping  with  its  spiritof  advancement,  has  the  best  of  public  school 
systems.  The  schools  here  are  in  charge  of  trained  and  able  teachers.  The  facili- 
ties afforded  here  for  obtaining  a  thorough  and  systematic 
education  are  unexcelled,  and  in  the  support  of  the  public 
schools,  the  citizens  of  the  city  have  always  manifested  a 
laudable  progressive  spirit  and  liberality.  In  1887  the  city 
owned  but  three  school  buildings,  and  the  average  daily 
attendance  of  scholars  was  about  2.000.  Today  16  large 
school  buildings  are  found  to  be  barely  adequate  to  hold 
the  rapidly  increasing  school  population.  A  large  appro- 
priation has  been  made  for  the  construction  of  additional 
buildings  for  school  purposes,  and  it  is  expected  that  before 
the  close  of  the  present  year  the  number  of  school  buildings  here  will  be  increasi^d 
to  20.  The  present  va)ue  of  the  school  property  of  Seattle  now  amounts  to  $756,cxx), 
divided  as  follows:  buildings,  11416,238;  real 
estate,  $3001000;  furniture,  $40,000.  At  the 
close  of  5893,  over  7000  pupils  were  in  regular 
attendance  at  the  Seattle  public  schools.  In 
addition  to  teaching  the  elementary  studies, 
music,  drawing,  languages  and  manual  training 
are  included  in  the  curriculum  of  the  public 
schools  here,  and  in  the  high  school  course  a 
thorough  collegiate  preparatory  course  is  given. 
The  names  of  the  different  public  schools  of 
Seattle,  their  cost  and  average  attendance  are 
as  follows : 

Central,  cost,  $85,290;  attendance,  1,227;  South, 
cost,  $61,950;  attendance,  420  ;  Denny,  cost,  $64,788.65; 
attendance,  996  ;  Mercer,  cost,  5(134,964  ;  attendance,  712; 
Columbia,  cost,  $27,735  ;  attendance,  570 ;  T.  T.  Minor, 
cost,  $23,750,  attendance,  875  ;  Rainier,  cost,  $35,774  ; 
attendance,  556  ;  Olympic,  cost.  $6,158.88;  attendance, 
235  ;  Queen  Anne,  cost,  $500 ;  attendance,  40 ;  Randell, 
cost,  $500;  attendance,  41 ;  Green  Lake,  cost,  $1,372; 
attendance,  42;  Latonia,  cost,  $3,720;  attendance,  190; 
Ross,  cost,  $964.45;  attendance,  59;  Salmon  Bay,  cost, 
$952  ;  attendance,  65  ;  B.  F.  Day,  cost,  $24,994  ;  attend- 
ance, 348;  Pacific,  cost,  $42,800;  attendance,  40;  Depot 
Street,  Night  and  Senior  Grammar  have  an  attendance  respectively  of  69,  201  and 
291,  making  a  total  attendance  of  6,877. 

In  addition  to  the  public  school  system,  there  are  a  number  of  important  private 
institutions  of  learning  located  at  this  point.  Among  these  private  institutions  are 
excellent  Catholic  parochial  schools  and  seminaries,  a  Methodist  university,  and 
i^everal  academies. 

The  University  of  Washington,  located  at  Seattle,  is  situated  on  a  beautiful  tract 


,,,:vni'f,ns, 


i.^i^ 


South  School,  Seattle. 


PHOTO    BV  LA  ROCHE. 


Central  School,  Seattle. 


Seattle,  Washington. 


373 


Denny  School,  Scattli. 


PHOTO.    Br  L*  ROCHI. 


of  land  containing  lo  acres,  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  ""hoto.  by  l*  rocmi. 

Three  hundred  pupils  regularly  attend  the  university, 
which  ranks  with  the  highest  seats  of  learning  in  the 
country.  By  setting  aside  lo  per  cent  of  the  amount 
collected  in  fines  and  licenses  the  city  has  provided 
for  a  liberal  library  fund,  which  has  already  resulted 
in  establishing  a  free  library.  The  library  now  con- 
tains about  8,900  volumes,  which,  with  the  periodicals 
and  fixtures,  have  involved  an  outlay  of  about  $18,400. 
The  income  available  for  library  purposes  now  amounts  to  about  $1,200  a  month. 

Seattle  has  a  distinctly  moral  tone.  The  first  church  building  erected  in  the 
town  was  a  modest  little  structure,  put  up  by  the  Methodist  Episcopal  denomina- 
tion, in  1855.  As  the  city  grew  the  erection  of  edifices  for 
public  worship  kept  pace  with  the  increase  in  population, 
and  today  the  city  contains  52  church  buildings,  with  a 
valuation  of  church  property  of  $700,000.  In  addition  to  the 
regular  churches,  an  organization  of  the  Young  Men's 
Christian  Association  is  maintained  here,  with  a  member- 
ship of  500.  The  latter  organization  now  occupies  quarters 
which,  with   the  ground  it  stands  on,  is   valued   at  over 

$6o,OOQ. 

One  of  the  most  noted  humanitarian  institutions  in 
Washington  is  located  at  Seattle,  at  604  Columbia  street, 
and  also  at  Spokane.  This  is  the  Keeley  Institute,  where 
the  most  desperate  cases  of  the  liquor,  morphine,  opium, 
chloral,  cigarette  and  tobacco  cases  are  permanently  cured 
in  from  three  to  five  weeks'  time  by  the  administration  of 
the  famous  d'juble  chloride  of  gold  remedies.  The  Seattle 
and  Spokane  institutes  are  branches  of  the  celebrated  Keeley  Institute,  at  Dwight, 
Illinois.  All  the  medicines  used  come  fron'  the  great  Keeley  laboratory  at  Dwight, 
and  are  administered  by  skilled  physicians,  trained  for  this  particular  work  by  Dr. 
Keeley  himself.  The  great  results  obtained  in  the  treatment  of  liquor  and  kindred 
habits  by  the  chloride  of  gold,  or  Keeley  cure,  furnishes  one  of  the  marvels  of  the 
age.  Of  over  150,000  patients  treated  in  the  past  eight  years,  less  than  5  per  cent 
have  lapsed,  and  these  delinquents  have  only  fallen  back  to  their  old  habit  through 
deliberation,  and  not  through  any  de- 
sire for  stimulants.  The  Keeley  work 
is  the  greatest  temperance  movement 
ever  inaugurated. 

Seattle  is  amply  supplied  with  the 
best  of  amusement  facilities.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  cheaper  places  of  resort, 
the  city  boasts  cf  one  of  the  finest 
and  best  appointed  opera  houses  on 
the  coast.  This  is  the  Seattle  theater, 
which  is  under  the  management  of 
Mr.  John  W .  Hanna.  This  is  one  of  the 
neatest  and   most  thoroughly  equip-  ,„„,o,,  8.„tle  op.-*  Houit. 


! 


Congregational  Chunch,  Seattle. 


i 


-vT 


374 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


J.  T.  Minor  School,  Seattle, 


ped  opera  houses  in  the  West.  The  building  is  situated  on  the  corner  of  Third  and 
Cherry  streets.  It  has  a  frontage  of  80  feet,  and  is  five  stories  high.  The  architect- 
ural design  is  after  the  Italian-Renaissance  style,  which  i?  .arried  out  in  buff  pressed 
brick,  with  stone  trimmings.  The  interior  is  elaborately  lecorated.  The  floors  are 
of  tile,  the  windows  of  stained  glass,  and  the  interior  woodwork  is  all  finished  in 
quartered  oak.  The  chairs  in  all  parts  of  the  house  have  leather  seats  and  plush 
backs.  The  decorations  of  the  proscenium  arch,  foyers,  boxes  and  the  fronts  of  both 
the  balcony  and  gallery  are  done  in  a  very  artistic  manner,  and  the  colors  used  are 
all  in  harmony  with  the  interior  fittings  of  the  theater. 

The  stage  is  80x40  feet  in  size,  and  is  fitted  with  the  most  approved  mechanical 
accessories.  Mr.  Hanna  books  the  very  best  companies,  and  his  efforts  receive  sub- 
stantial encouragement  from  the  amusement-loving  public  of  Seattle. 

Seattle  has  now  reached  a  position  from  which,  judg- 
ing by  the  growth  of*  other  cities,  there  can  be  no  retro- 
gressive movement.  The  era  of  wild  real  estate  specula- 
tion here  is  past  and  the  city  now  depends  on  the  de- , 
velopment  of  the  matchless  resources  of  the  tributary 
section  for  future  advancement.  Even  during  the  dull 
period  of  the  past  two  years  Seattle  has  continued  to  in- 
crease in  both  population  and  wealth,  and  the  city  is  now 
on  a  stronger  footing  than  it  ever  was  before.  The  number 
of  buildings  which  have  been  erected  here  since  the  fire  furnish  satisfactory  evidence 
of  the  substantial  growth  of  the  city  during  the  past  four  years.  From  July  i,  1889,  to 
July  I,  1893,  6,358  brick,  stone  and  frame  buildings  were  erected  in  Seattle  at  a  cost  of 
$13,892,450.  Considerable  activity  in  building  is  now  noted  in  Seattle,  especially  in 
the  jobbing  district  where  the  increased  trade  of  the  city  makes  the  demand  for 
additional  quarters  an  imperative  one. 

Many  improvements  of  a  public  nature  are  now  nearing  completion  in  Seattle. 
Work  on  the  most  important  of  these  improvements  has  not  yet  been  inaugurated. 
This  is  the  construction  of  a  short  ship  canal  to  connect  Puget  Sound  with  Lake 
Washington.  Congress  has  for  a  number  of  years  past  had  this  measure  under 
advisement  and  it  is  believed  that  the  government  will  soon  make  an  appropriation 
for  building  this  canal.  When  this  great  enterprise  shall  once  have  been  carried  to  a 
successful  termination  Seattle  can  justly  lay  claim  to  having  the  finest  harbor  facilities 
in  the  world.     Lake  Washington  has  a  shore  line  of  over  100  miles,  and  it  presents  a 

sufficient  area  of  surface  to  float  all  the  ships  that 
will  ever  visit  the  Pacific  coast.  With  the  com- 
nletion  of  this  canal  Seattle  will  possess  the  ad- 
vantage of  a  double  harbor,  the  salt  waters  of 
Elliot  Bay  touching  the  city  on  the  west  and  the 
deep  fresh  waters  of  Lake  Washington  on  the  east 
forming  excellent  ingress  to  that  part  of  the  city. 
The  advantages  of  a  fresh-water  harbor  for  salt- 
water vessels  are  fully  appreciated  by  all  sea-far- 
ing men,  and  in  the  minds  of  men  who  engage  in  shipping,  Seattle's  claim  for 
national  supervision  of  the  great  work  of  digging  this  canal  is  one  that  demands 
the  most  earnest  consideration  of  the  government. 


Day  school  (fmmont),  Siattli. 


a^ 
tl 

is 

St 

ai 
tl 

w 
w 

P 
w 

01 

di 
w 
tl 


Seattle,   Washing-ton. 


375 


SOME  OF  SEATTLE'S  SCHOOLS 


Pacific  School. 


,  i 


IUi>iiiii  School. 


'   > 


Olympia  School. 


rHOTO.    tV  LA  ROCHE. 


;  ; 


cotMtau  School. 


MtRCtR  School. 


PHOTO.  IT  swu*. 


Seattle  contains  90  miles  of  graded  streets,  30  miles  of  which  are  planked.  The 
average  width  of  the  streets  is  66  feet,  but  some  of  the  main  thoroughfares  are  wider 
than  this,  some  of  the  principal  avenues  being  K6  feet  wide.  The  width  of  sidewalks 
is  from  8  to  12  feet,  and  in  the  principal  l)usincss  district  most  of  the  sidewalks  are  of 
stone.  Seattle  is  now  expending  over  |2oo,ooo  in  perfecting  the  sewerage  system, 
and  a  large  sum  of  money  is  also  being  expended  in 
the  opening  and  grading  of  new  streets. 

Seattle,  following  the  course  pursued  by  other 
wide-awake  cities,  now  owns  and  operates  a  fine 
water-works  system.  There  has  been  expended  on  this 
plant  to  date  the  sum  of  {1,250,000.  The  supply  of 
water  is  obtained  from  Lake  Washington,  on  the  shores 
of  which  reservoirs  and  pumping  stations  having  a 
daily  capacity  of  10,000,000  gallons  are  located.  The 
water,  which  is  of  the  purest  quality,  is  distributed 
through  the  city  by  means  of  94  miles  of  pipes.  ,,„  o,„,„,„  „.,noo«T.«..  s,attl,. 


876 


The  Oreffonian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Engine  House  No.  3,  Seattle, 


PHOTO.    BV   BRAAS. 


PMOTo.  BY  8HAAS.  Just  sftcr  tfac  grcat  fire  of  June  6,  1889,  the  citi.;ens 

of  Seattle  commenced  the  work  of  reorganizing  the  city 
fire  department.  In  the  eflficicncy  of  its  members  and  in 
appliances  for  fighting  fire  Seattle's  fire  department  ranks 
with  the  best  of  the  country.  The  paid  department,  which 
was  created  in  1890,  occupies  six  handsome  and  commo- 
dious engine  houses,  and  on  the  harbor  is  kept  a  fire  boat 
to  protect  the  heavy  shipping  interests  along  tne  water 
front.  During  1892  the  maintenance  of  this  department  cost 
192,000.  The  total  valuation  of  the  property  belonging  to 
the  fire  department  of  the  city  is  1299,452.  The  fire  equip- 
ment is  as  follows  :  one  fire  boat,  six  steamers,  six  hose 
wagons,  one  hose  carriage,  one  aerial  truck,  one  hook  and  ladder,  three  chemical 
engines,  one  supply  wagon.     The  total  number  of  full-paid  men  on  the  force  is  75. 

The  lighting  of  the  city  at  the  present  time  is  done  by  a  private  company  who 
furnish  an  excellent  service.  Electricity  is  used  for  lighting  purposes  and  arc  or 
incandescent  lamps  are  found  on  every  corner  in  the  city  proper  and  in  its  suburbs. 
There  are  in  use  in  Seattle  16,000  iucandescent  lamps  of  16  candle  power  each  and 
1,290  arc  lamps  of  2,000  candle  power  each.  Of  this  num- 
ber 115  arc  and  600  incandescent  lamps  are  used  for  street 
lighting. 

The  early  railroad  history  of  Seattle  is  replete  with  bit- 
ter disappointments,  long  and  vexatious  delays,  antagonism 
and  discrimination.  These  obstacles,  however,  were  all  in 
time  surmounted,  and  this,  too,  without  outside  assistance, 
and  the  city  with  its  unexcelled  location  and  commercial 
importance,  has  forced  every  railroad,  operating  lines  in 
Washington  to  enter  Seattle  and  compete  for  a  share  of  the  patronage  of  the  city. 

For  10  years  Seattle  practically  lived  upon  the  hope  that  the  Northern  Pacific 
would  make  this  city  its  western  terminus,  but  when  the  tracks  of  this  road  finally 
reached  Puget  Sound  in  1883,  it  halted  at  Tacoma.  This  was  a  sore  disappointment 
to  Seattle,  but  with  an  enterprise  seldom  paralled,  its  people  set  to  work  to  build  a 
railroad  themselves.  This  resulted  in  the  construction  of  a  short  line  of  road,  but 
before  the  system  was  completed  it  was  absorbed  by  the  Northern  Pacific.  In  1886 
the  Northern  Pacific  completed  its  line  across  the  Cascade  Mountains  which  furnished 

direct  connection  between  Eastern  Washington  and  the  East 
with  Puget  Sound.  At  the  same  time  the  road  made  arrange- 
ments for  entering  Seattle  by  constructing  a  short  line  of  road 
from  the  main  line  north  to  Stuck  Junction,  where  connection 
was  made  direct  for  Seattle  by  a  track  which  had  been  built  by 
another  company.  This  gave  Seattle  its  first  through  transcon- 
tinental line  of  road.  Following  in  the  wake  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  other  great  railroad  companies  began  to  turn  their  eyes 
toward  Seattle.  The  year  1893  witnessed  the  completion  of 
the  Great  Northern  railroad  from  St.  Paul  to  Seattle,  its  west- 
ern deep-water  terminus.  This  road  opened  up  the  vast  agri- 
cultural belt  lying  in  Washington  east  of  the  Cascades  as  well 
8Noo.Au«,E  FALL,,  NEAR  SEATTLE.    ^^  tfae  woudcrfully  rich  mlucral   and  timber  belt  west  of  the 


F(HE  Boat,  Seattle. 


Seattle,  Washington. 


877 


Indian  Canoes  lanoinq  Seattle. 


mountains,  resources  that  have  already  added  greatly  to  Seattle's  prosperity.  The 
Great  Northern  has  already  invested  large  sums  of  money  in  obtaining  proper  ter- 
minal facilities  at  Seattle  p.nd  the  company  is  also  building  a  line  of  steamers  to  ply 
between  Seattle  and  the  Orient. 

The  Canadian  Pacif.c  railroad  gains  an  entrance  to  Seattle  from  Sumas,  B.  C, 
over  the  Belliugham  Bay  &  British  Columbia  railway  to  New  Whatcom,  and  from 
this  latter  point  over  the  Sound  branch  of  the  Great  Northern.  The  Columbia  & 
Puget  Sound  railroad  connects  Seattle  with  the  rich  coal-mining  districts  of  Frank- 
lin, Black  Diamond,  Newcastle  and  Talbot  and  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern 
running  through  the  rich  agricultural  district  east  of  the  city  forms  a  connection  at 
Snohomish  with  the  line  of  the  Everett  &  Monte  Cristo  railroad  which  extends 
from  Everett  on  the  lower  ^^nohomish  river  into  the  great  gold  and  silver-producing 
regions  of  Silver  creek  and  Monte  Cristo.  The  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern  road 
also  handles  the  hop  product  of  the  vSnoqualmic  valley,  the  output  of  the  iron  mines 
in  Skagit  county  and  is  also  the  outlet 
for  the  rich  coal  mines  of  Gilnian.  It 
•will  be  seen  from  the  above  statement 
that  Seattle  is  already  a  railroad  cen- 
ter of  considerable  importance.  The 
city  now  has  direct  connection  with 
the  East  by  three  lines  of  transconti- 
nental roads  and  direct  communica- 
tion is  afforded  with  Tacoma,  Olym- 
pia,  Portland,  all  Sound  points  and 
the  towns  of  the  interior  by  a  network  of  branch  lines  of  roads  which  now  makes  Se- 
attle the  most  important  railroad  center  of  the  Puget  Sound  country. 

Seattle  also  has  the  best  of  transportation  facilities  by  numerous  lines  of  ocean 
and  sound  steamers  which  connect  with  all  points  reached  by  water.  Large  and  fleet 
steamers  ply  regularly  between  Seattle  and  San  Francisco,  Victoria  and  Vancouver, 
B.  C,  and  Portland.  A  line  of  steamships  also  operates  between  Seattle  and  the 
Alaska  ports.  Conmiencing  some  time  during  the  present  year  the  Great  Northern 
Railway  Company  will  operate  a  line  of  large  passenger  steamships  between  Seattle 
and  China  and  Japan.  Steamers,  including  side-wheel,  stern-wheel  and  propeller, 
run  from  Seattle  to  all  ports  on  Puget  Sound,  the  service  between  the  Queen  City 
and  the  largest  ports  giving  frequent  trips  and  very  fast  time.  Some  220  sailing  ves- 
sels are  now  regularlj*  engaged  in  the  carrying  trade  between  Seattle  and  outside 
ports  and  the  export  trade  now  reaches  a  large  volume  yearly. 

Passengers  and  tourists  arriving  in  Seattle  will  find  a  perfect  baggage  and  car- 
riage system  operated  by  the  Seattle  Transfer  Company.  This  company  handles  all 
the  big  excursions  from  the  East,  and  also  has  messengers  on  board  all  inconung 
trains  and  boats  to  exchange  checks  with  passengers  and  to  sec  that  baggage  is  for- 
warded to  its  destination  without  causing  the  owner  the  least  inconvenience.  The 
company  operates  20  Gurney  cabs,  10  hacks,  6  baggage  wagons  and  15  drays  and 
trucks,  and  owns  terminal  facilities  consisting  of  three  large  warehouses. 

Great  cities  are  produced  by  the  commerce  they  enjoy,  and  any  place  favorably 
located  to  command  trade  and  enjoy  exceptional  facilities  for  handling  a  large  job- 
bing and  shipping  business,  has  all  the  potency  of  greatness.  Seattle's  location 
is  not  only  favorable  for  commanding  a  considerable  share  of  the  shipping  trade 


878 


The  Oregoniati's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.   BY  LA  ROCMf . 


which  frequents  the  waters  of  Puget  Sound,  but  the  vast  section  of  country  tributary 
to  the  city  has  sources  of  natural  wealth  as  great  as  they  are  diversified.  It  is  esti- 
mated that  the  forests  of  Washington  contain  no  less  than  250,000,000,000  feet  of  mer- 
chantable timber.  Of  this  timber  belt  a  considerable  part  is  directly  within  easy  reach 
of  Seattle,  and  the  amount  of  timber  found  in  the  forests  tributary  will  not  be  exhausted 
by  constant  sawing  for  scores  of  years  in  the  future.  Vast  as  are  the  extent  of  the 
timber  resources  of  the  country  back  of  Seattle,  the  wealth  to  l)e  derived  from 
cutting  this  timber  will  doubtless  hardly  equal  the  money  which  will  be  obtained 
from  the  development  of  the  great  mineral  resources  of  this  same  district.  The  coal 
mines  of  the  Puget  Sound  basin  are  already  a  great  source  of  v^ealth  to  Western  Wash- 
ington. The  largest  and  best  developed  coal  fields  in  the  state  are  in  King  county, 
of  which  Seattle  is  the  judicial  seat  and  the  leading  jobbing  center.  These  fields 
cover  an  area  of  obout  400  square  miles.  The  total  output  of  the  King  county  coal 
mines,  in  1H9'?,  reached  the  enormous  total  of  484,000  tons.  Outside  of  the  li'r-'ted 
output  of  a  few  mines  in  Oregon  and  California,  almost  the  entire  supply  of  the 
Pacific  coast  tomes  from  the  mines  of  Washington,  and  a  considerable  part  of  this 
coal  is  shipped  direct  from  Seattle. 

Over  1,500  tons  of  coal  are  received  daily  at  the  bunkers  in  Seattle,  and  the 
shipping  of  this  coal  gives  steady  employment  to  a  large  fleet  of  coasting  vessels. 

A  detailed  and  comprehensive  description  of  the 
coal,  mineral  and  timber  wealth  of  Western  Wash- 
ington will  be  found  in  another  part  of  "  The 
Handbook." 

Seattle  is  the  distributing  point  and  base  of 
supplies  for  the  great  gold  and  silver-producing 
districts  of  Silver  creek,  Monte  Cristo  and  Sno- 
qualmie.  These  mines  are  only  partially  develop- 
ed, but  enough  has  already  been  done  in  these 
fields  to  show  conclusively  that  they,  in  time, 
will  rank  among  the  most  important  mines  in 
the  West.  Mining  in  these  districts  can  only  be  carried  on  through  the  agency  of 
expensive  machinery,  but  the  fact  that  thousands  of  dollars  have  already  been 
expended  on  these  properties,  shows  that  the  owners  have  every  reasor.  to  believe 
that  their  investments  are  judiciously  made. 

During  1892,  222  ocean  steamships,  of  a  gross  tonnage  of  280,580,  visited  Seattle, 
and  during  the  same  year  138  sailing  vessels,  of  a  gross  tonnage  of  103,768  anchored 
in  the  harbor  in  front  of  the  city.  In  1892  the  imports  received  at  Seattle,  from 
ocean -carrying  vessels,  amounted  to  67,297  tons,  and  the  exports  reached  208,333 
tons.  During  the  same  time  Seattle  shipped  to  ocean  ports  43,151,000  feet  of  lum- 
ber, and  196,146  tons  of  local  merchandise  were  haiHIed  at  Seattle's  docks  and 
wharves. 

The  volume  of  business  handled  by  the  railroads  entering  Seattle  is  great,  and 
exclusive  of  the  traffic  of  the  Great  Northern,  which  has  not  been  completed  a 
sufficient  time  to  furnish  reliable  information  on  this  subject,  these  roads  forwarded, 
during  the  first  four  months  of  1893,  313,435  tons  of  freight.  This  included  136,211 
tons  of  coal.  In  pro-rating  the  business  handled  by  these  roads  for  the  entire 
year  of  1893,  fully  20  per  cent  should  be  added  for  the  increased  traffic  of  the 
Great  Northern  and  the  increased  business  of  the  other  roads  during  the  latter 
part  of  the  year. 


Shipping  at  port  Blakelv. 


\] 


a 


Seattle,  Washington. 


879 


PHOTO,    av  LA  nOCMC. 


The  following  information  of  the  manufacturing  an-l  jobbing  interests  of  Seat- 
tle is  cumulative  to  the  foregoing  evidence  of  the  city's  commercial  standing  and  of 
its  wealth. 

The  manufacture  of  lumber  and  shingles  is,  at  the  present  time,  the  most  impor- 
tant of  the  growing  industries  of  Seattle.  The  increasing  Eastern  demand,  together 
with  the  home  consumption  of  Washington  fir  and  cedar,  taxes  the  mills  of  this 
city  to  their  full  running  capacay  Mid  hardly  a  month  passes  without  noting  the 
erection  of  a  new  lumber  plant  ht  i.his  point.  It  is  estimated  that  King  county 
alone  has  448,000  acres  of  stand iui;  timber,  and  that  60,000  acres  only  have  been 
logged  over  up  to  the  present  ime.  There  arc  now  eight  logging  companies  ope- 
rating in  this  county.  The  ^utput  of  these  camps  in  1892  was  67,5oo,(hx)  feet,  the 
average  value  of  which  was  $4  per  thousand  feet.  These  companies  employ  482  men, 
and  during  189:  their  aggregate  'riyroU  amounted  to  $161,000. 

Of  the  32  sawmills  and  shingle  plants  located  in  King  county,  21  are  claimed  by 
Seattle.  These  plants  are  valued  at  $1,201,110.  The  total  output  of  these  mills  in 
1892,  was  as  follows:  209,163,500  feet  of  lumber,  10,679,000  laths,  and  405,630,000 
shingles.  The  946  men  employed  in  these  mills  duiing  the  same  year  received  in 
wages  the  sum  of  $520,000.  The  cut  of  these  mills  during  1893  and  1894,  was  and  will 
be  largely  in  excess  of  what  it  was  in  1892. 
In  June  of  last  year  the  lumber  and  shingle 
plants  of  Seattle  had  a  daily  capacity  of 
765,000  feet  of  lumber  and  2,380,000  shingles. 
The  following  are  representative  mill  and 
lumber  lirms  of  Seattle  : 

The  Newell  Mill  Company  was  estab- 
lished on  a  small  scale  in  i88r,  by  George 
Newell,  who  arrived  in  Seattle  15  years  ago, 
with  only  $8  in  his  possession.  By  strict 
attention  to  business  details,  however,  he 
has,  since  that  time  managed  to  build  up 
a  large  and  valuable  sawmill  and  sash  and  door  factory.  The  sawmill  has  a 
capacity  of  45,000  feet  daily,  and  the  sash  and  door  factory  is  one  of  the  largest 
in  the  state.  The  plant  occupies  53  city  lots,  and  includes  a  large  boarding-house 
for  the  employes,    and  also  a  number  of  cotti  ;jes.     Mr.  Newell  is  a  thorough  and 

practical  business  man,  and 
he  successfully  manages  the 
enterprise  of  which  he  is  the 
head.  Shipments  are  made 
by  this  company  to  local  and 
foreign  forts. 

A  representative  Wash- 
ington lumber  firm  having 
excellent  facilities  'or  hand- 
ling large  Eastern  orders  and 
making  prompt  shipments, 
is  the  Allen  &  Nelson  Mill 
Company  of  Seattle.  The 
company's  plant  is  located 
ALLtN  A  Nf isoH  MILL  co.'s  SAWMILL,  MoNOMAN.  at  MoHohan  OH  Lake  Samma- 


NEwELL'a  Mill,  Seattle. 


m^':^^"^y^<^^^^'- 


^mamsmmnm 


880 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO,    BV  LA  ROCHE. 


6AWMILL,  A.  S.  Kerrv,  Seattle. 


ish.  A  modern  sawmill  with  a  capacity  for  cutting  50,000  feet  of  lumber  per  day  has 
just  been  completed  and  the  mill  is  now  running  up  to  that  output.  The  company 
owns  a  large  tract  of  fine  timber  land  adjacent  to  the  lake  from  which  logs  are 
floated  to  the  mill,  thereby  reducing  the  cost  of  lumber  production  to  a  minimum. 
Although  this  company  does  a  large  local  business  and  also  operates  a  retail  yard  at 
Snohomish,  the  bulk  of  its  trade  is  done  with  Eastern  buyers.  This  is  one  of  the 
most  importapt  lumber  firms  of  Seattle. 

The  handling  of  the  lumber  business  of  Seattle  is  not  by  any  means  entirely  in 

the  hands  of  the  old  element,  for  a  num- 
ber of  bright  and  energetic  young  men 
are  engaged  in  operating  sawmills  here. 
One  of  the  most  prominent  of  these  is 
A.  S.  Kerry,  proprietor  of  the  perfectly 
equipped  sawmill  located  at  the  foot  of 
Charles  street.  This  mill  furnishes  em- 
ployment to  60  men  and  has  a  daily  ca- 
pacity of  60,000  feet  of  lumber.  The 
manufactured  product  consists  of  all 
kinds  of  lumber,  shingles,  laths  and 
mouldings.  The  plant  is  built  on  a  wharf 
projecting  into  the  Sound,  thus  enabling  vessels  to  load  direct  from  the  mill  and 
also  facilitating  the  handling  of  logs.  Consignments  of  lumber  are  shipped  from 
this  mill  to  all  sections  of  the  East  and  a  large  btjsiness  is  also  done  with  local  points. 

Among  the  important  industrial  plants  at  Seattle  is  the  large  wood-working 
factory  owned  and  operated  by  the  Holmes  Lumber  Company.  The  factory  occupits 
an  advantageous  site  on  the  shores  of  Lake  TTr-ion.  From  it  a  dock  projects  into 
deep  water,  at  which  the  steamboats  that  ply  on  .ue  lake  receive  and  discharge  their 
cargoes. 

The  Holmes  Lumber  Company  manufacture  sash,  doors  and  n)ouldings,  and  all 
kinds  of  finishing  lumber,  counters,  shelving,  brackets,  turning,  etc.  The  company 
have  built  up  a  large  outside  business,  and  arc  prepared  to  fill  large  orders  for 
shipment  for  which  they  have  ample  facilities.  Marcus  M.  Holmes,  the  president  of 
the  company,  has  for  some  years  been  prominent  in  business  and  public  life  at 
Seattle.  All  business  transacted  by  the  company  is  attended  to  by  Mr.  Holmes 
in  person. 

Among  the  other  manufacturing  establishments  of  Seattle  are  iron  works  worth 
$310,000,  whose  output  for  the  year  1892  amounted  to  $657,000.  In  the  manufacture 
of  carriages  and 
wagons  there  is 
$48,000  of  capital 
invested,  and  the 
output  of  these 
plants  is  $96,000  a 
year,  and  they  em- 
ploy regularly 
about  75  men. 
Planing  mills,  sep- 
arate from  the  lum-  „„^^„  ,„^„„       g„,,,,. 


PHOTO.    BY  LA  ROCHE. 


Seattle,  Wcshington. 


381 


(^ 


ber  industries,  turn  out  work  annually  to  the  value  of  $1,600,000.  In  the 
16  establishments  engaged  in  cigar  manufacturing  65  men  are  employed  and 
5,000,000  cigars,  valued  at  $195,000,  are  turned  out  annually.  The  output  of  the 
Seattle  furniture  factories  is  valued  at  about  $198,200.  About  $200,000  in  capital  is 
employed  in  the  butchering  business.  This  industry  pays  out  about  $72,000  a  year  in 
wages  and  the  value  of  the  annual  output  is  about  $1,145,813. 

Another  great  industry  in  Seattle  and  in  the  immediate  suburbs  is  the  manufac- 
ture of  brick,  tiling  and  pottery.  A  fine  quality  of  potter's  clay  is  found  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  city.  One  large  concern  engaged  in  this  business  here  employs  80 
men  and  is  now  turning  out  large  quantities  of  terra  cotta  goods  and  ornamental 
pottery  ware.  There  are  also  about  50  brick  yards  in  and  near  the  city.  These 
industries  employ  900  men  and  their  output  reaches  about  120,000,000  brick  per 
annum.     The  value  of  this  annual  product  is  over  $1,400,000. 

Seattle's  manufacturing  enterprises,  large  and  small,  number  236.  The  aggre- 
gate capital  invested  in  these  plants  is  $5,110,000,  and  the  value  of  the  product  in 
1893  [approximate]  reached  $11,942,000. 

While  Seattle  has  for  many  years  past  been  a  great  emporium  for  retail  and 
jobbing  trade,  it  may  be  stated  that  the  wholesale  business  of  the  city  has  just 
begun  to  assume  proportions  of  any  considerable  magnitude.  The  volume  of  the 
business  transacted  by  the  95  jobbing  houses  of  Seattle  during  1893  has  shown  a  most 
marked  increase  over  the  business  of  the  previous  three  years.  The  aggregate  cap- 
ital now  employed  in  these  houses  is  about  $5,200,000.  Their  trade  for  1893  was 
approximated  at  $16,500,000.  The  leading  jobbing  houses  of  the  city  are  located  on 
the  water  front  where  they  are  afforded  unexcelled  facilities  for  making  and  receiv- 
ing shipments,  goods  being  landed  at  and  shipped  direct  from  their  doors  by  either 
water  or  rail. 

The  waters  of  Puget  Sound,  the  rivers  which  empty  into  this  inland  body  or 
water  and  the  banks  of  the  Pacific  ocean  off  the  Straits  of  Fuca  abound  in  numerous 
varieties  of  the  finest  food  fishes.  In  the  Sound  and  in  the  rivers  which  flow  into  it 
large  catches  of  salmon  are  made  each  year,  and  fishing  for  cod,  halibut,  herring 
and  other  fishes  forms  one  of  the  leading  industries  of  the  Sound  country  at  the 
present  time.  These  fish  are  landed  in  Seattle  a  few  hours  after  they  arc  taken  from 
the  water,  and  from  this  point  they  are  shipped  for  hundreds  of  miles  inland.  The 
total  shipments  of  fish  from  Seattle  during  1893  amounted  to  about  1,810,000  pounds. 
During  the  same  year  one  cannery  in  operation  on  the  Sound  turned  out  a  pack  of 
nearly  25,000  cases. 

At  West  Seattle,  which  lies  just  across  the  bay  from  Seattle  proper,  a  large  grain 
elevator  has  been  erected  which  has  a  capacity  of  2,000,000  bushels  of  wheat.  The 
largest  sea-going  vessels  find  easy  anchorage  alongside  this  warehouse,  and  ships  are 
loaded  direct  from  the  elevator.  This  concern  shipped  about  1,300,000  bushels  of 
wheat  in  1893.  Owing  to  the  inequalities  of  freight  rates  it  has  only  been  recently 
that  the  grain  of  Eastern  Washington  has  sought  an  outlet  at  Seattle,  but  as  rates  by 
rail  for  grain  shipments  have  been  satisfactorily  adjusted  to  favor  Seattle  the  grain 
shipments  from  this  port  are  rapidly  increasing,  and  this  is  fast  becoming  one  of 
the  principal  points  of  the  coast  for  the  handling  of  wheat  in  large  quantifies. 

The  substantial  basis  upon  which  the  business  of  a  city  is  transacted  is  best  evi- 
denced by  the  number  and  soundness  of  it3  financial  institutions.  There  are  in  Seat- 
tle today  20  banks  with  an  aggregate  cr^ital  of  $2,830,000.  The  individual  banks  of 
the  city  make  the  following  showing  : 


I, 


I 


882 


The  Oreffonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Dexter  Horton  &  Co.,  capital,  $200,000;  First  National,  capital,  $150,000,  sur- 
plus, $(50,000;  undivided  profits,  $50,000;  Puget  Sound  National,  capital,  $300,000; 
surplus,  $60,000,  undivided  profits,  $48,000  ;  Boston  National,  capital,  $300,000 ;  sur- 
plus, $16,750;  undivided  profits,  $45,000;  Merchants  National,  capital  $200,000;  sur- 
plus, $24,000,  undivided  profits,  $25,000;  Commercial  National,  capital,  $100,000,  sur- 
plus, $10,500,  undivided  profits,  $10,000 ;  Seattle  National,  capital,  $250,000,  surplus, 
$6,000,  undivided  profits,  $18,400 ;  Washington  National,  capital.  $100,000,  surplus, 
$20,000,  undivided  profits,  $36,000;  National  Bank  of  Commerce,  capital,  $300,000, 
surplus,  $12,500,  undivided  profits,  $15,000;  British  Columbia  [branch],  capital, 
$3,000,000  (estimated);  Guarantee  Loan  &  Trust  Co.,  capital,  $200,000,  surplus,  $25,000, 
undivided  profits,  $10,900;  Seattle  Savings,  capital,  $50,000;  Peoples  Savings,  capital, 
$100,000,  surplus,  $24,117,  undivided  profits,  $20,000;  Security  Savings,  capital, 
$50,000;  Seattle  Dime  Savings,  capJtal,  $50,000;  Washington  Savings,  capital, 
$100,000;  Scandinavian  American,  capital,  $75,000,  surplus  $6,ooo-  North  End,  capi- 
tal, $50,000;  Filkins  Banking  Company,  capital,  $55,000  ;  Puget  Sound  Savings,  capi- 
tal, $100,000,  surplus,  $3,600. 

Of  these  banks  il  will  be  noticed  that  eight  are  national,  six  are  private  com- 
mercial and  six  are  savings  banks.  The  number  of  savings  banks  in  Seattle  indicate 
a  thrift  and  industry     ''  the  working  people  of  the  city  that  is  commendable. 

The  oldest  bank  in  Seattle  is  that  of  Dexter  Horton  &  Co.,  founded  in  1870,  and 
the  most  recently  organized  bank  is  the  Security  Savings,  which  began  business 
June  I,  1892.  On  June  i,  1893,  the  total  deposits  in  the  Seattle  banks  were  $7,354,367, 
an  increase  since  June,  1888,  of  $3,810,367. 

That  Seattle  is  one  of  the  great  financial  centers  of  the  West  is  shown  by  the 
statement  of  the  business  transacted  through  the  clearing  house  by  months  for  the 
year  ending  April  30,  1893.     The  clearances  by  months  were  as  follows  : 

May,  1892,  #5,405.574-70;  June.  $5,110,598.67;  July,  $4,925,978.68;  August, 
$5,460,124.25;  September,  $4,670,361.69;  October,  $4,614.844.55 ;  November,  $4,786,- 

878.32  ;  December,  $5,284,472.02  ;  January,  1893, 
$4. 79S. 369-82  ;  February,  $3,923,712.13;  March, 
$5,016,136.93;  April,  $4,563,440.64.  This  made 
a  total  of  $63,560,592.40  for  the  entire  year. 
The  above  clearances  are  considerably  greater 
than  those  of  other  cities  with  a  population 
equal  to  that  of  Seattle.  There  has  never  been 
a  bank  failure  in  Seattle,  and  while  the  banks 
here  are  exceedingly  liberal  in  supporting  any 
enterprise  that  will  materially  benefit  the  city, 
on  the  whole  they  transact  business  on  a  safe 
and  conservative  basis. 

The  banking  house  of  Dexter  Horton  &  Co. , 
has  always  stood  at  the  head  of  the  financial 
institutions  of  Washington.  It  was  founded  in 
1 870  by  Dexter  Horton  and  David  Phillips  with 
a  capital  of  $50,000,  and  it  temained  a  private 
bank  until  1887,  when  it  was  incorporated  as  a 
state  bank  and  the  capital  stock  was  increased 
to  $200,000.  At  that  time  W.  S.  Ladd  was 
president,    A.    A.   Denny,    vice-president   and 


•'^M=. 


-^^:^fisiifeirt«itii[&iiiif^ 


Bank  of  Oixtir  Horton  a  Co.,  Seattlj. 


Seattle,  Washington. 


383 


&Co., 
naiicial 
nded  in 
ps  with 

private 
;ed  as  a 
creased 
dd  was 
nt   and 


J.  H.  Hoyt,  manager.  In  1887  the  latter  gentleman  resigned  and  N.  H.  Latimer 
was  chosen  manager  in  Mr.  Hoyt's  place.  For  10  years  this  was  the  only  bank  in 
the  city  and  it  is  today  the  only  bank  occupying  its  own  building.  This  building  is 
an  imposing  and  costly  structure,  six  stories  in  height,  of  a  handsome  architectural 
design  and  equipped  with  every  modern  convenience. 

The  finances  of  the  city  are  in  an  excellent  condition.  Its  bonds  command  a 
premium  in  the  money  centers  of  the  East,  and  its  indebtedness  is  comparatively 
low,  being  limited  by  the  charter  to  five  per  cent,  of  the  total  assessed  valuation  of 
city  property)  with  an  additional  five  per  cent,  if  approved  by  the  citizens.  On 
January  i,  1893,  the  interest-bearing  debt  of  Seattle  amounted  to  $3,117,730.  Of  this 
amount  $520, 180  was  a  floating  debt,  and  the  remainder  was  bonded.  The  following 
figures  showing  the  assessed  value  of  property  in  King  county  are  interesting, 
especially  when  It  is  remembered  that  a  few  years  ago  the  county  was  an  almost  un- 
broken wilderness,  and  that  even  today  its  vast  resources  are  just  beginning  to  be 
developed.  The  assessed  value  of  property  in  the  county  as  equalized  by  the  state 
board  in  1892  was  as  follows:  railroads,  $1,248,056 ;  personal  property,  $6,961,225; 
real  estate,  $39,801,571 ;  improvements,  $8,718,180,  making  a  total  of  $56,720,036,  of 
which  j|f43,852,o85  was  the  assessment  of  property  located  within  the  corporate 
limits  of  Seattle.  This  is  a  remarkable  increase  over  the  assessed  valuation  of 
property  in  the  county  in  1890,  which  then  amounted  to  $26,431,455. 

The  post  office  receipts  show  a  corresponding  increase.  In  1885  there  was  re- 
ceived at  the  Seattle  post  office  $14,076.  In  1890  the  receipts  amounted  to  $77,298, 
and  in  1892  the  receipts  footed  up  to  $97,216. 

The  Seattle  Chamber  of  Commerce  with  a  membership  of  300  energetic  business 
men  has  done  much  to  advance  the  city's  welfare.  It  makes  itself  a  clearing  house 
of  information  on  Seattle  and  its  resources,  and  any  letters  addressed  to  the 
Chamber  regarding  Seattle,  or  the  country  of  which  it  is  the  chief  commercial  center, 
will  be  cheerfully  and  promptly  answered. 

Of  Seattle  hotels,  doubtless  the  Hotel  Northern  is  the  one  best  patronized  by 
commercial  men  and  tourists.  It  is  located  in  the  business  heart  of  the  city,  con- 
veniently near  all  depots,  docks,  theaters  and  street-car  lines.  The  appointments  of 
the  hotel  are  of  the  best.  The  rooms  are  large  and  richly  furnished.  The  hotel  is 
supplied  with  elevators,  steam  heat  and  all  modern  conveniences.  The  dining  room 
is  cu  the  top  floor.  The  superior  service  and  excellent  cuisine  of  this  hostelry  have 
won  for  it  a  wide  popularity. 

The  proprietors  of  the  Hotel  Northern,  Messrs.  Dodge  &  Smith,  are  well  known 
in  hotel  and  business  circles.  The  senior  member,  Mr.  John  W.  Dodge,  was  until 
recently  the  secretary  of  the  Seattle  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Mr.  Smith  is  known 
to  the  traveling  public  as  the  former  steward  of  the  Ebbitt  House,  Cincinnati,  and 
of  the  Washington  Park  Club,  Chicago. 

This  ends  a  brief  and  summarized  description  of  Seattle.  That  the  future  of 
the  city  is  bright  is  not  questioned  bv  those  who  know  anything  of  the  possibilities 
for  the  future  growth  of  the  entire  Puget  Sound  country.  With  the  hidden  stores 
of  wealth  in  timber,  coal,  iron  and  other  metals,  in  the  agricultural  stretches  of  the 
interior,  and  with  the  matchless  opportunities  for  building  up  a  great  maritime 
trade,  Seattle  must  always  rank  among  the  great  cities  of  the  coast,  and  there  is  every 
reason  for  believing  that  a  few  years  hence  will  see  here  one  of  the  great  seaport 
cities  of  the  United  States. 


i 


384 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  T'aciGc  Northwest. 


The  illustrations  of  scenery,  buildings  and  industrial  plants  in  "The  Handbook" 
were  made  from  original  photographs,  and  while  great  credit  is  due  the  respective 
photographers  for  their  artistic  work  in  taking  these  views,  some  credit  is  also  due 
Messrs.  C.  W.  Parker  &  Co.,  of  Seattle,  dealers  in  photographic  supplies,  for  the 
materials  furnished,  which  allowed  these  excellent  negatives  to  be  taken.  This  firm 
furnishes  nearly  all  the  photographers  in  Washington  with  the  material  that  enables 
them  to  turn  out  such  excellent  work,  and  the  firm  also  carries  a  complete  stock  of 
cameras  and  amateur  outfits. 

Ballai'd,  Washington. — Ballard  is  in  King  county,  Washington,  five  miles 
distant  from  Seattle.  It  is  situated  on  the  arm  of  Puget  Sound  known  as  Salmon 
Bay,  and  has  a  deep-water  frontage  one  mile 
long,  the  depth  of  water  along  this  front  varying 
from  14  to  25  feet.  In  view  of  the  great  canal 
which  is  to  connect  Puget  Sound  with  the  fresh 
waters  of  Lake  Washington,  work  on  the  con- 
struction of  which  will  soon  be  commenced,  Bal- 
lard may  be  appropr  itely  styled  the  "Gate  City." 
All  vessels  entering  this  canal  must  first  pass 
through  Ballard's  harbor.  The  construction  of 
the  canal  will  materially  deepen  the  water  at  Bal- 
lard's docks,  and  the  completion  of  this  great 
work  will  be  of  the  most  signal  benefit  to  the 
city.  Salmon  Bay  itself  is  completely  landlock- 
ed, and  it  affords  one  of  the  safest  h  /bors  for  the 
anchorage  of  shipping  on  the  coast. 

Ballard  enjoys  the  best  of  transportation  facilities.  In  addition  to  its  fine  water 
approaches,  it  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern  railroad,  and 
is  also  passed  by  trains  over  the  Sound  division  of  the  Great  Northern.  It  is  con- 
nected with  Seattle  direct  by  an  electric  road,  which  runs  cars  for  passengers  between 
the  two  points  every  20  minutes  during  the  day,  and  which  runs  freight  cars  as 
required.  The  franchise  and  right-of-way  for  another  electric  road  to  conne.,.  ^;tl- 
lard  and  Seattle  have  been  granted,  and  this  latter  road  will  probably  be  in  running 
order  by  the  time  this  book  goes  to  press. 

Although  Ballard  is  but  five  miles  distant  from  SecHle,  it  is  more  than  a  suburb 
of  the  city.  Ballard  is  incorporated  and  has  a  present  population  of  over  2,000.  It 
is  one  of  the  most  important  manufacturing  points  in  the  state.  Considerable  ship 
building  has  been  done  at  this  point,  and  the  fastest  and  best  appointed  sternwheel 
steamer  in  the  world,  the  Bailey  Gatzert,  so  well  known  in  Pacific  coast  waters,  was 
built  here  by  the  late  Captain  J.  J.  Holland,  at  a  cost  of  $90,000.  Among  the  large 
number  of  manufacturing  establishments  at  Ballard,  the  following  are  particularly 
prominent :  the  West  Coast  Manufacturing  &  Investment  Company  ;  the  Seattle 
Cedar  Lumber  Company  ;  the  Stinson  Lumber  Company  ;  the  Auld  &  Johnson  and 
Fleming  &  Ayers  lumber  mills.  The  aggregate  output  of  the  lumber  mills  of  Bal- 
lard, for  1892,  amounted  to  31,400,000  feet  of  lumber,  and  during  the  same  time  192,- 
955,000  shingles  were  produced  at  the  same  place. 

Ballard  is  distinctively  a  progressive  town.  In  1890  the  official  census  gave  Bal- 
lard 1,178  inhabitants.  It  is  suggestive  of  enterprise  on  the  part  of  its  citizens  and 
its  natural  advantages,  that  during  the  past  two  generally  dull  years,  the  population  of 


A.  E.  Pretty,  Mayor  of  Ballard. 


Ballard,  Washingtov. 


885 


dbook" 
jpective 
ilso  due 
for  the 
his  firm 
enables 
stock,  of 

ve  miles 
Salmon 


ine  water 
-oad,  and 
It  is  con- 
between 
cars  as 
ne..   yA- 
runnitig 

a  suburb 
2, GOO.  It 
■able  ship 
ernwheel 
iters,  was 
the  large 
rticularly 
Seattle 
nson  and 
Is  of  Bal- 
ime  192,- 

^ave  Bal- 
zens  and 
ulation  of 


A  Scene  *t  Evehett. 


the  place  has  nearly  doubled.  Ballard  now  has  a  good  double  waterworks  system, 
water  for  protection  against  fire  being  drawn  from  the  bay,  while  clear  mountain 
spring  water,  for  domestic  use  is  supplied  here  in  ample  quantitj'  for  all  demands. 
Ballard  has  a  fine  schoolhouse,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $20,000,  and  the  public  schools 
here  are  presided  over  by  good  teachers.  The  city  is  lighted  by  electricity,  has  well 
stocked  stores,  and  bears  every  evidence  of  prosperity.  The  present  city  ofiicers, 
under  whose  fostering  care  Ballard's  most  substantial  progress  has  been  made,  are  : 
A.  E.  Pretty,  mayor;  John  Keene,  treasurer,  and  H.  B.  Pederson,  assessor. 

Everett,  Washington. — Everett  is  located  in  Snohomish  county,  Washing- 
ton, on  a  peninsula  lyi  miles  wide,  lying  between  the  salt  waters  of  Puget  Sound, 
and  Port  Gardner  on  the  west  and  the  Snohomish  river 
on  the  east.  It  is  one  of  the  terminal  points  of  the  Great 
Northern  railroad  lint  on  Puget  Sound.  The  distance  to 
Everett  from  St.  Paul,  the  eastern  terminus  of  the  road, 
is  1,772  miles,  about  130  miles  shorter  than  the  distance 
between  St.  Paul  and  Tacoma  by  the  Northern  Pacific. 
Everett  is  reached  from  the  south  by  the  Seattle  &  Mon- 
tana branch  of  the  Great  Northern,  this  latter  line  connect- 
ing Seattle,  33  miles  distant  on  the  south,  with  South 
Westminster,  British  Columbia,  on  the  north.  Everett  is 
also  the  terminus  of  the  Everett  &  Monte  Cristo  railroad,  which  connects  Everett 
with  the  very  rich  Monte  Cristo  mines.  An  electric  road,  seven  miles  in 
length,  connects  the  western,  or  bay  side  of  Everett,  with  the  eastern,  or  Snohomish 
river  side.     This  line  affords    rapid-transit  facilities  between  the  city  and  the  barge 

works  to  the  north  and  the  paper  mill  at  Lowell,  two 
^„  ,,.„.. ^  miles  south  of  Everett.     Several  lines  of  steamers  also 

ply  regularly  between  Everett  and  Seattle  and  between 
Everett  and  all  Sound  ports. 

Everett  was  not  in  existence  at  the  time  the  govern- 
ment census  was  taken  in  1890,  the  townsite  plat  not 
having  been  filed  until  September,  1891.  When  incorpo- 
ration was  effected  in  March,  1893,  the  population  of  the 
place  was  estimated  at  5,200.  This  population  was  on  a 
basis  of  2)^  persons  for  every  male  name  in  the  careful- 
ly prepared  directory  of  Everett  issued  by  the  well-known 
directory  publishers,  R.  L.  Polk  &  Co.,  in  January  of  that  year,  and  the  estimate 
is  believed  to  be  both  conservative  and  reliable. 

Everett  is  essentially  a  manufacturing  town.     The  Pacific  Steel  Barge  Company 
have  a  large  plant  at  Everett  for  the  manufacture  of  the  whaleback  steamships. 
They  have  $600,000  of  invested  capital  and  their  plant  here  represents  an  outlay  of 
$250,000.     They  are  now  employing  about  200 
men.      The  Puget  Sound  Wire  Nail   &  Steel 
Company,  also  located  at  this  point,  have  a  cap- 
ital of  $400,000,  and  they  have  invested  in  their 
plant  $300,000.     The  output  of  the  nail  works  is 
one  carload  of  nails  a  day.     The   Puget  Sound 
Pulp  &  Paper  Company  of  P>erett,  have  a  capi- 
tal of  $500,000.  They  have  invested  in  their  plant 
$400,000,  and  their  plant  is  now  kept  running 


Docks  and  Works,  Everett. 


A  FACTORY  AT  Everett. 


386 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY 
FRANK   PEBRY. 


day  and  night.  In  addition  to  the  above  important  works,  the  Sumner  Iron  Works 
at  Everett,  have  a  capital  of  $25,000,  and  are  doing  a  large  local  business,  and  the 
Puget  Sound  Reduction  Company  employ  regularly  about  125  men  and  are  on  a  strong 
financial  footing.  The  aggregate  capital  now  invested  in  the  different  manufacturing 
industries  at  Everett  reaches  the  grand  total  of  |i, 881, 000. 

During  the  past  two  years  a  number  of  very  fine  buildings  have  been  erected  at 
Everett.  Prominent  among  these  fine  structures  maybe  mentioned  the  Clark  block, 
erected  at  a'cost  of  $35,000;  a  public  school  building  which  cost  $30,000;  the  Wiscon- 
sin block,  the  erection  of  which  involved  an  outlay  of  $25,000 ;  the  Slack  block,  on 
which  $25,000  was  spent ;  the  Mohawk  block,  which  represents  an  outlay  of  $25,000  ; 
the  Hewitt  block,  which  cost  $20,000;  the  Swalwell  block,  at  a  cost  of  $30,000 ;  the 
Craddock  block  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  building,  each  of  which  cost  $20,000. 
In  addition  to  the  buildings  enumerat»,'(l  above,  a  large  number  of  buildings  have 
been  erected  in  Everett  during  this  same  time  at  a  cost  of  from  $5,000  to  $15,000,  and 
in  this  same  short  period  of  two  years  Everett  has  emerged  from  the  chrysalis  state 
of  a  mere  hamlet  to  its  present  important  position  as  one  of  the  most  promising 
cities  of  the  Puget  Sound  country. 

Snohomish,  Washington.— The  city  of  Snohomish  is  located  in  the  rich 
valley  of  the  Snohomish,  through  which  flows  the  river  of  the  same  name,  38  miles 

north  of  Seattle  by  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern  rail- 
road, and  42  miles  by  the  Great  Northern.  Itis  the  judicial 
seat  of  Snohomish  county  and  is  the  commercial  center  of  a 
large  district  rich  in  natural  resources.  This  section  con- 
tains prominent  features  of  interest  both  to  the  tourist  and 
to  the  man  looking  for  a  home  in  the  West,  and  it  is  one  of 
the  most  fertile  of  the  valleys  watered  by  the  many  streams 
flowing  down  from  the  Cascade  Mountains  and  emptying 
their  waters  into  the  main  body  of  Puget  Sound. 

The  Snohomish  river  is  formed  by  the  junction  of  two 
turbulent  streams,  the  Skykomish  and  the  Snoqualmie, 
which,  flowing  down  from  the  Cascades  through  narrow 
gorges  and  contracted  valleys,  finally  merge  into  a  single 
stream  at  a  point  18  miles  distant  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Snohomish.  The  latter  river  is  a  navigable  stream,  lines 
of  boats  plying  regularly  between  the  city  of  Snohomish, 
Everett  and  other  points  on  the  river,  and  Seattle,  Taconia  and  other  centers  of  pop- 
ulation of  the  Sound.  Snohomish  is  situated  on  the  river,  about  11  miles  above  its 
mouth,  and  it  is  a  point  easily  reached  from  Seattle  and  Tacoma  by  either  boat  or  cars. 
The  settlement  of  Snohomish  antedates  the  establishment  of  most  of  the  other 
cities  of  the  Sound  Co^untry.  The  first  house  was  erected  on  the  site  of  the  present 
city  in  1859  by  E.  C.  Ferguson,  the  present  mayor  of  Snohomish.  Mr.  Ferguson 
filed  a  homestead  claim  on  the  site  on  which  the  city  was  subsequently  built. 
Shortly  after  settling  here  he  opened  a  store  and  by  some  little  effort  he  induced  a 
few  people  to  settle  near  him,  thus  early  forming  the  nucleus  of  the  present  flourish- 
ing city.  The  growth  of  Snohomish  is  largely  due  to  the  energy  and  perseverance  of 
Mr.  Ferguson  himself,  who,  during  the  entire  history  of  the  city,  has  been  promi- 
nently identified  with  its  enterprises  and  public  improvements,  and  who  is  today  the 
most  prominent  citizen  of  the  place  whose  welfare  he  has  so  materially  advanced. 


Oil  well.  Snohomish  County. 


Snohomish,  Washington. 


887 


Works 
ind  the 
I  strong 
.cturing 

;ctcd  at 
t  block, 
ATiscou- 
ock,  on 
^25,000  ; 
XX);  the 

$20,CXX). 

igs  have 
000,  and 
ilis  state 
roniising 

the  rich 
38  miles 
,tern  rail- 
e  judicial 
;nter  of  a 
tion  con- 
urist  and 
,  is  one  of 
f  streams 
imptying 

m  of  two 
)qualmie, 

narrow 
a  single 
:h  of  the 
am,  lines 
ohoniish, 
s  of  pop- 
above  its 
t  or  cars, 
the  other 
e  present 
Ferguson 
tly  built, 
nduced  a 

flourish - 
?erance  of 
en  promi- 
oday  the 
dvanced. 


Mr,  Ferguson  was  a  leading  spirit  in  the  coterie 
of  adventurous  men  who  settled  in  Washington  in 
the  early  50's.  The  names  of  these  men  are  linked 
and  interwoven  with  the  history  and  development 
of  the  western  part  of  Washington.  In  i860  and 
prior  to  that  year,  Mr.  Ferguson  was  interested  in 
building  trails  through  the  dense  and  impenetrable 
forests  that  separated  the  settlements  of  the  Puget 
Sound  country.  He  was  the  first  man  to  take  a 
train  of  pack  horses  over  the  Cascade  Mountains. 
The  route  followed  by  Mr.  Ferguson  at  that  time 
was  by  way  of  Cady  Pass,  thence  down  the  We- 
natchee  river  to  the  Columbia  and  up  the  latter 
stream  to  Lake  Chelan.  Mr.  Ferguson  has  re- 
peatedly represented  Snohomish  county  in  the 
legislature,  and  has  always  been  recognized  as  its 
leading  citizen.  Every  movement  tending  to  pro- 
mote the  interests  of  Snohomish  city  and  county 
has  received  material  support  from  his  hands. 

Mr.  Ferguson  is  now  president  of  the  Snoho- 
mish L,and  Company,  and  he  also  holds  the  same 
office  in  the  Snohomish  National  Bank. 

During  the  past  three  years  Snohomish  has 
made  most  substantial  improvement.  The  popula- 
tion of  the  place  today  is  about  3,500  and  the  trade 
which  the  city  enjoys  is  on  a  most  substantial 
basis.  The  business  streets  are  compactly  built  up  with  a  good  class  of  buildings 
and  the  costly  and  beautiful  private  residences  of  the  city  attest  the  degree  of  prosper- 
ity which  has  attended  the  efforts  of  the 
citizens  who  occupy  them.  The  county  court 
house,  high  school  and  other  public  build- 
ings located  at  Snohomish  are  elegant  and 
substantial  structures  that  would  be  a  credit 
to  any  of  the  larger  cities  of  the  Sound  coun- 
try. The  city  passesses  a  fine  water-works 
and  electric  light  plant,  gas  works,  telephone 
service,  a  well  equipped  fire  department, 
one  daily  and  two  weekly  newspapers,  two 
banks,  each  capitalized  for  $50,000,  commo- 
dious hotels  and  a  good  opera  house.  During 
the  past  four  or  five  years  the  annual  ex- 
penditures for  buildi'  '  improvements  at 
Snohomish  have  averaged  a  quarter  of  a  million  dollars.  In  addition  to  this,  large 
sums  of  local  capital  have  been  spent  during  this  time  in  building  and  equipping  saw 
and  shingle  mills  and  other  manufacturing  industries  located  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
city,  enterprises  that  now  add  greatly  to  the  material  wealth  of  Snohomish. 

The  tracks  of  three  important  lines  of  railroad  pass  through  Snohomish.     These 
roads  are,  the  main    line  of  the  Great  Northern,  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern, 


i 


HON,  E.  C.  Ferguson,  Snohomish, 


RESIDENCe,  HON,  E.   C    FERQU80N,  SNOHOMISH. 


1    I 


388 


The  Oregow'an's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO     BY   FRANK  PERBV. 


;  II 


I 

1 

I 

ii 


now  operated  by  the  Northern  Pacific  and  the  recently  com- 
pleted system  of  the  Everett  &  Moute  Cristo.  The  coun- 
try surrounding  and  tributary  to  Snohomish  is  rich  in  the 
fertility  of  its  soil,  in  the  extent  of  the  forest  growth  of 
valuable  timber  and  in  deposits  of  coal  and  minerals.  At 
the  headwaters  of  the  numerous  creeks  which  feed  the 
Skykomish  and  Stillaguamish  rivers  valuable  mineral  dis- 
coveries have  been  made  which  it  is  thought  will  ultima- 
tely lead  to  considerable  mining  development. 

An  English  and  American  syndicate  is  now  spending 
several  million  dollars  in  development  work  in  the  famous 
Monte  Cristo  region  located  at  the  headwaters  of  the  Sauk 
river  in  Snohomish  county.  Mining  operations  are  also 
being  carried  on  extensively  in  the  Silver  Creek  district, 
which  is  drained  by  the  Skykomish  river.  The  entire 
mineral  district  which  can  be  made  tributary  to  Snohomish 

Giant  Ceo»«  NEAR  Snohomish.  .  ,,  ..  •  -i         \  ■,         ..        ..•  r  .•       t         • 

.« FEET  IN  DIAMETER.  IS  uow  attractmg  considerable  attention  from  practical  min- 

ing men  and  the  development  of  this  rich  section  will  do  muoh  to  advance  the  in- 
terests of  Snohomish.  The  Everett  &  Monte  Cristo  railroad,  which  now  passes 
through  the  city  and  which  has  just  been  completed,  opens  up  the  entire  mineral 
belt  referred  to  above  and  the  completion  of  this  road  has  greatly  facilitated  the  de- 
velopment of  this  district,  which  has  heretofore  been  practically  isolated  owing  to 
lack  of  opportunities  afforded  for  getting  the  product  of  the  mines  to  market. 

Six  of  the  48  shingle  mills  in  the  county  are  located  at  Snohomish  and  these 
mills  are  doing  a  good  business.  The  constantly  increasing  demand  for  red  cedar 
s^iingles  in  the  East  makes  the  industry  of  sawing  shingles  here  of  considerable  im- 
portance at  the  present  time,  and  the  business  is  a  profitable  one.  Two  large  sawmills 
are  operated  in  the  vicinity  of  Snohomish  as  are  a  number  of  other  industrial  plants. 
The  farmers  occupying  the  rich  valley  in  the  vicinity  of  Snohomish  are  prosperous 
and  some  very  fine  farms  are  seen  in  this  section.  The  staple  products  of  the  valley 
are  hops  and  fruit,  although  large  quantities  of  hay  are  also  raised  here  which  owing 
to  the  proximity  to  a  market,  always  commands  a 
good  price.  The  section  of  country  near  Snoho- 
mish is  one  of  the  most  picturesque  and  attractive 
to  tourists  in  Western  Washington.  A  leading 
feature  of  interest  in  this  section  are  the  famous 
falls  of  the  Snoqualmie  river,  which  drop  some 
268  feet  over  a  sheer  precipice.  The  country  pre- 
sents all   the  contrast    of    hill  and   valley    with 

their  variegated  coloring  and  sharp  contrasts,  and  '^^'^5%S^":^V,^^'''#^P^ 

it  is  a  part  of  the  Sound  country  that  is  worth  ^  ^..^5^^<k  i      i 

visiting  by  all  tourists  who  come  West  to  see  a 
country  that  is  some  day  to  startle  the  world  with 
a  rapid  and  substantial  growth  consequent  on  the  development  of  the  varied  material 
sources  of  wealth  which  have  so  long  laid  dormant  here. 

Mt.  Vernon,  Washington. — Mt.  Vernon,  a  rapidly  growing  town  of  1,300 
inhabitants,  is  surrounded  by  the  rich  agricultural  and  timber  section  of  Skagit 
county,  of  which  it  is  the  seat  of  justice.     It  is  built  upon  both  banks  of  the  Skagit 


PHOTO.  BV  FRANK  PERRY. 


.Ci(C:S 


Cedar  Stump  near  Snohomish,  19  feet  in  Diameter 


I 


y^'.,^-"  ,11, 


IN    DlUMETER 


SCHOOt.  HOUSE,  MT,  VmNOM. 


Mt.   Vernon,  Washington. 

river,  and  is  joined  by  a  costly  wagon  bridge,  and  is 
an  important  station  on  the  Sound  branch  of  the  Great 
Northern  railroad.  It  is  79  miles  north  of  Seattle  by 
rail.  The  Skagit  river,  on  which  the  town  is  located,  is 
the  largest  .stream  in  Washington  north  of  the  Colum- 
bia river.  The  Skagit  finds  its  source  in  the  heart  of 
the  Cascade  Mountains,  and  flowing  through  the  center 
of  Skagit  county,  empties  into  that  part  of  Puget  Sound 
known  as  Saratoga  Passage.  The  liver  is  navigable  for 
large  boats  for  75  miles  from  its  mouth,  and  for  a 
distance  of  15  miles  inland  it  is  affected  by  the  tides. 

Skagit  county,  of  which  Mt.  Vernon  is  the  principal  trading  point,  covers  an 
area  of  about  2,400  square  miles,  or  1,250,000  acres.  It  contains  55  townships,  of 
which  only  18  are  surveyed.  It  is  estimated  that  the  1,650  square  miles  of  forests  in 
the  county  contain  nearly  20,000,000,000  feet  of  timber.  About  one-half  of  this 
forest  belt  occupies  bottom  land,  which  is  capable  of  a  high  state  of  cultivation 
when  cleared.  In  the  county  are  abo'  t  200  square  miles  of  low  and  high  lands 
adapted  to  the  highest  state  of  cultivation,  as  well  as  rich  marsh  lands.  A  great 
part  of  the  latter  has  been  reclaimed  by  means  of  ditches  and  dikes.  This  land 
yields  enormous  crops,  the  average  yield  of  oats  here  being  100  bushels  to  the  acre. 
Hops  yield  an  average  of  one  and  two-thirds  tons,  hay  three  tons,  potatoes,  296 
bushels,  onions,  500  bushels,  mangel-wurzel  beets,  1200  bushels,  carrots,  1200  bushels 
and  cabbage  18^  tons  to  the  acre. 

In  the  mountainous  parts  of  the  county  are  extensive  and  valuable  deposits  of 
coal  and  iron.  The  development  of  these  latter  resources  is  described  at  length  in 
the  coal-mining  and  mineral  articles  in  another  part  of  "  The  Handbook." 

The  town  of  Mt.  Vernon  was  founded  in  1890,  and  keeping  pace  with  the  rapid 
development  of  the  surrounding  country,  has  within  the  past  three  years  grown  to  be 
the  principal  trading  and  manufacturing  point  in  the  county.  The  principal  in- 
dustries engaged  in  here  at  the  present  time  are  the  manufacture  of  lumber  and 
shingles.  In  the  vicin  ty  of  the  town  extensive  logging  operations  are  carried  on. 
Three  shingle  mills,  in  addition  to  a  large  sawmill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  50,000  feet, 
are  located  at  Mt.  Vernon.  These  mills  have  a  daily  capacity  of  250,000  sningles.  The 
town  itself  presents  an  attractive  appearance.  Its  streets  are  broad  and  well  kept. 
It  has  an  eight-room  brick  school  building,  several  churches  and  many  costly  resi- 
dences. The  streets  are  lighted  by  an  electric  light  plant,  which  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $19,000.  This  plant  is  equipped  with  one  45-arc  machine  and  two  incan- 
descent machines  with  a  capacity  of  350  lights  each. 

The  First  National  Bank  of  Mt.  Vernon,  organized  March  5,  1891,  is  now  one  of 
the  soundest  financial  institutions  in  Washington.     It  is  closely  connected  with  the 

banking  houses  of  Dexter  Horton  &  Co.,  of  Seattle,  and 
Ladd  &  Tilton,  of  Portland.  Mr.  \Vm.  M.  Ladd,  of  the  latter 
bank,  is  one  of  the  stockholders  of  the  First  National  at 
Mt.  Vernon.  Since  its  organization,  this  bank  has  remained 
under  the  same  management.  The  capital  stock  of  the 
bank  is  $50,000,  the  surplus  and  undivided  profits  on  March 
I,  1893  were  $12,434,  and  the  individual  deposits  subject  to 
„  „        check  at  the  same  time  were  $124,615.    The  officers  are  as 

Finsi  r**TiONAL  BAXK  CoRNEH,  Mt  Vernon  »-   -r.   ^^ 


m 


I 


390 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


follows  :  Geo.  D.  McLean,  president ;  F.  R.  Van  Tuye,  vice-president :  C.  S.  Moody, 

cashier.     The  directors  are  G.  D.  McLean,  P.  Halloran,  F.  R.  Van  Tuye  and  C.  S. 

Moody. 

I^a  Conner,  Waslilnjjfton. — La  Conner,  the  trading  and  shipping  point  for 

the  most  fertile  agricultural  district  in  Western  Washington,  is  located  70  miles 

distant  from  Seattle,  by  water,  on  that  part  of 
the  shore  of  Puget  Sound  known  as  Saratoga 
Passage,  which  also  sometimes  goes  under  the 
name  of  Skagit  Bay.  A  daily  steamboat  ser- 
vice connects  La  Conner  with  Seattle  and  other 
Sound  points,  and  stages  run  daily  between  La 
Conner  and  Whitney,  a  station  on  the  line  of 
the  Seattle  &  Northern  railroad,  four  miles  dis- 
tant, as  well  as  to  Mt.  Vernon,  the  county  seat, 
whet'.-  rail  connection  is  made  with  the  Sound 
The  distance  between  La  Conner  and  Mt.  Vernon, 


View  of  la  Conner 


branch  of  the  Great  Northern, 
by  stage,  is  10  miles. 

La  Conner  was  founded  in  ^^^69,  and  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  1883.  It  now 
claims  a  population  of  800,  and  is  a  thriving  and  prosperous  town  enjoying,  as  it 
does,  a  large  and  steady  trade  with  the  adjacent  rich  farming  country.  Near  La  Con- 
ner the  Skagit  river  divides  into  a  number  of  arms,  or  estuaries,  forming  the  largest 
delta  of  any  river  of  the  Puget  Sound  basin.  This  delta  is  diked  with  mud  walls 
two  or  three  feet  in  height,  and  this  section  forming  the  cream  of  an  agricultural 
belt  of  the  lands  bordering  on  Puget  Sound,  is  thickly  settled  by  prosperous  farmers, 
whose  chief  products  are  oats,  hay  and  cattle.  The  75,000  acres  comprising  the 
Skagit  delta  and  bordering  on  the  Swinanish  Indian  reservation  flats,  are  directly 
tributary  to  La  Conner.  The  productions  of  this  wonderful  belt  of  agricultural  land 
are  said  to  represent  in  volume  the  products  of  200,000  acres  of  the  best  land  any- 
where else  in  the  state.  As  an  instance  of  the  wonderful  fertility  of  this  land,  it  can 
be  stated  that  oats  yield  here  over  125  bushels  to  the  acre.  Nearly  the  entire  pro- 
ducts of  the  farms  here  find  an  outlet  at  La  Conner,  and  this  point,  outside  of  the 
large  commercial  centers,  is  one  of  the  most  important  shipping  ports  of  the  Sound. 
The  average  annual  yield  of  the  country  tributary  to  La  Conner  is  about  1,500,000 
bushels  of  oats,  12,000  tons  of  hay,  and  over  500,000  pounds  of  hops.  La  Conner  is 
founded  on  a  basis  of  the  solid  prosperity  of  the 
country  adjacent,  and  its  prospects  for  continued 
prosperity  are  absolutely  assured.  The  govern- 
ment has  made  a  $25,000  appropriation  for  the 
commencement  of  preliminary  work  in  deepening 
and  enlarging  the  channel  which  separates  Fidalgo 
island  from  the  mainland.  When  this  channel 
is  made  navigable  it  will  greatly  shorten  the  dis- 
tance between  Bellingham  Bay  and  Taconia  and 
Seattle,  and  boats  on  this  route,  after  the  com- 
pletion of  the  channel,  will  all  stop  at  La  Conner, 
as  the  latter  point  will  lie  on  the  direct  course 
between  Bellingham  Bay  and  Seattle. 

La  Conner  has  a  number  of  substantial  brick  and  wooden  business  blocks,  a 
fine  electric  light  plant,  a  weekly  newspaper,  a  bank,  and  a  sawmill  with  a  daily 


High  School,  La  Conned. 


Anacortes,  Washington. 


391 


capacity  of  20,000  feet  of  lumber.  The  town  also  contains  a  handsome  eight-room 
school  house,  a  town  hall,  several  churches,  and  just  beyond  the  town  limits  are 
large  and  well  laid-out  fair  grounds,  which  contain  a  fast  one-half  mile  course. 

The  district  in  the  vicinity  of  ha  Conner  furnishes  one  of  the  best  locations  in 
the  Northwest  for  a  seed  farm,  and  the  one  owned  and  operated  by  A.  G.  Tilling- 
hast,  at  La  Conner,  is  now  widely  known  throughout  the  entire  Pacific  Northwest 
for  the  superior  quality  of  the  seeds  it  produces.  The  seeds  grown  on  this  farm  are 
of  a  much  higher  vitality  and  make  more  vigorous  plants  than  the  Eastern-grown 
seeds.  Mr.  Tillinghast  commenced  business  in  1885,  and  since  that  date  has  built 
up  a  large  wholesale  and  retail  seed  trade.  He  ships  tons  of  seeds  to  the  East, 
and  transacts  a  retail  business  by  the  means  of  catalogues,  which  he  mails  on  appli- 
cation to  any  address. 

Sertro,  Washiiijifton. — Sedro,an  important  lumbering  town  in  Skagit  county, 
is  situated  68  miles  north  of  Seattle,  and  22  miles  east  of  Anacortes.  It  is  on  the 
Skagit  river,  one  of  the  largest  navigable  streams  in  Washington.  The  town  is  the 
junction  of  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern,  Seattle  &  Northern,  and  Fairhaven 
&  Southern  railroads.  The  last-named  road  connects  with  the  coal  mines  at  Jen- 
nings, and  the  Seattle  &  Northern  is  operated  between  Anacortes  and  Hamilton,  a 
distance  of  35  miles. 

Sedro  now  claims  a  population  of  600.  It  contains  a  large  hotel,  a  four-room 
school  house,  two  churches,  a  bank,  and  a  saw  and  shingle  mill  with  a  daily  capacity 
of  20,000  feet  of  lumber  and  100,000  shingles.  The  town  presents  an  attractive 
appearance  with  its  wide  streets,  which  are  thoroughly  lighted  after  nightfall  by 
electricity.  The  sidewalks  are  wide,  and  the  townsite  is  laid  out  on  a  liberal  plan. 
But  a  few  miles  distant  from  Sedro  are  tl—  foothills  of  the  Cascade  Mountains,  and 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  town  are  found  excellent  hunting  and  fishing. 

Anacortes,  Washington. — Lying  directly  opposite  the  Straits  of  Fuca  and 
separated  from  Bellingham  Bay  by  a  short  stretch  of  land-locked  water,  is  Fidalgo 
Island,  which  at  low  tide  is  a  penitsula  surrounded  on  three  sides  by  excellent  har- 
bors. Situated  on  the  north  shore  of  this  island  is  Anacortes,  a  rising  young  trading 
point,  and  the  site  of  considerable  manufacturing  enterprises.  The  town  was  founded 
in  January,  1890.  Anacortes  owes  its  existence  as  a  town  to  men  of  great  wealth  and 
influence.  Its  rapid  growth  was  due  primarily  to  the  wild  wave  of  speculation  which 
swept  over  certain  parts  of  the  Northwest  in  1890.  The  town  has  now  emerged  from 
the  boom  stage  of  its  existence  into  a  state  of  dependence  for  its  support  on  the 
legitimate  trade  of  a  rich  tributary  section.  The  wild  hopes  of  the  early  promoters 
of  the  townsite  here  have  been  far  from  realized.  Anacortes  is  not  today  of  ;he 
importance  that  its  promoters  hoped  it  would  be.  Some  of  its  projected  enterprises 
have  lagged,  its  business  is  slow  and  its  natural  growth  has  been  somewhat  retarded 
by  the  causes  which  are  the  outgrowth  of  any  "  busted  boom."  Anacortes,  however, 
occupies  exceptional  natural  advantages  of  location.  Its  harbor  is  easily  accessible 
at  all  times  by  the  deepest  vessels.  This  harbor  is  free  from  storms,  and  the  country 
back  of  Anacortes  is  one  of  matchless  resources.  These  advantages  backed  by  capital 
will  insure  the  town  a  prosperous  existence,  and  Anacortes  today  can  not  be  regarded 
as  one^of  the  dead  boom  towns  of  the  West. 

Anacortes  is  now  the  terminus  of  the  Seattle  &  Northern  railroad,  which  runs 
east  for  a  distance  of  40  miles  to  Hamilton.  At  the  latter  point  are  located  the  large 
coal  mines  owned  by  the  Oregon  Improvement  Company.     At  Burlington  this  road 


892 


The  Orcffonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 


connects  with  the  Puget  Sound  branch  of  the  (ireat  Northern  railway,  and  t»t  Wooley 
it  forms  a  junction  with  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Kastern  railroad,  with  its  Pacific 
coast  terminus  at  Seattle.  In  addition  to  excellent  railroad  connections,  Anacortcs 
has  the  advantage  of  numerous  steamer  lines  which  pass  this  point  daily.  These 
lines  connect  Anacortes  with  Tacoma,  Seattle,  Port  Townsend  ;  Victoria  and  Van- 
couver, British  Columbia  ;  New  Whatcom  and  Fairhaven,  on  Bellinghani  Bay,  and 
all  Sound  points. 

Anacortes  claims  a  population  of  1,200.  It  is  compactly  built,  the  principal  busi- 
ness structures  being  of  brick.  Among  the  substantial  buildings  of  the  town  are  a 
|534, 000  school  house,  a  palatial  hotel,  an  opera  house  and  three  handsome  church 
edifices.  The  people  here  have  the  advantages  of  a  fine  water-works  system,  a  well- 
equipped  electric  light  plant,  a  volunteer  fire  department  and  a  line  of  electric  street 
railway.  Among  the  industrial  plants  of  Anacortcs  arc  three  sawmills,  two  sash  and 
door  factories,  a  brick  yard  and  a  fish-packing  establishment.  As  a  sumtner  resort, 
Anacortes  is  not  excelled  by  any  point  on  Puget  Sound.  Here  there  is  a  happy  blend- 
ing of  marine  and  landscape  scenery  which,  combined  with  romantic  nooks  in  the 
vicinity  and  the  mild  and  salubrious  climate,  makes  the  town  an  ideal  spot  in  which 
to  pass  a  summer's  vacation. 


PHOTO.    BY  B.    B.    DOBBS,  NEW  WHATCOM. 


Bellinjjrliam  Bay  and  the  North  Puget  Sound  Country. — A  glance 
at  any  map  of  the  state  of  Washington  will  show  that  Bellingham  Bay  is  the  most 
northerly,  land-locked  harbor  on  the  Pacific  coast  boundary  of  the  United  States. 
This  large  inlet  is  formed  by  a  peninsula  extending  out  into  the  waters  of  Puget 
Sound  on  the  north,  and  by  Lummi  Island  on  the  south.  Between  this  peninsula 
and  Lummi  Island  is  a  deep  channel,  marked  on  the  maps  as  Hale's  Passage,  which 
affords  a  wide  and  perfectly  safe  entrance  to  the  bay  inside.  Bellingham  Bay  is  an 
ideal  harbor  of  refuge.     This  large  inlet  is  practically  entirely  land-locked,  the  high 

hills  surrounding  it  on  all  sides 
serving  as  a  perfect  protection 
against  all  high  winds.  The  sur- 
face of  the  bay  itself  is  always 
as  smooth  as  are  the  waters  of 
any  large  inland  lake.  The 
shores  of  the  bay  for  a  distance 
of  five  miles  are  suitable  for 
dockage  purposes,  and  there  is 
a  sufficient  depth  of  water  along 
this  entire  stretch  of  shore  line 
to  float  the  largest  vessels.  The 
hackneyed  expression  of  a  har- 
bor's "capacity  to  float  the 
navies  of  the  world "  is  not 
lacking  in  significance  when 
used  in  connection  with  Belling- 
ham Bay,  and  it  is  conceded  by 
all  old  Puget  Sound  navigators 
that  this  is  one  of  the  best  har- 
bors of  the  coast. 


Mt.  Baker 


Hellingham  Hay  and  North  Pufjct  Sound  Country,   Washington. 


mi 


All  the  .surroundings  of  Bellinghani  Hay  are  attractive.     The  land  washed  hy  the 
waters    of    the    bay   is    indented   in  the  shape  of  a  semi  -circle,  or  perhaps  better 
described  as  a  horseshoe.     This  land  maintains  a  general  level  for  some  distance  back 
from  the  shore  Hue       Back   of   this   level   stretch 
there  is  a  general  ri.se  in  the  surface  of  the  land 
for  a  distance  of  perhaps  one  mile,  at  which  'point 

an  elevation  of  about  200  feet  is  attained.     Beyond  _^     -  ^at" '■*.:. iK3?E''*' 

the  summit  of  this  elevation,  the  land  slopes  gradu- 
ally downwards  as  faraway  as  the  foothills  of  the 

Cascade  Mountains.     The  evergreen  fc  rests  of  fir,  _ 

cedar  and  hemlock,  with  the  perennial  snows  of  ■-~."- _' •-.   "'*^^-^^--7 

the   lofty   Cascade  Mountains  to  the  \^  est  in  sharp 

contrast  with  the  placid  waters  of  Bcllingham  Bay       "^  ^*'""'  "°"  '*°""  •'°"'''  nooks.ck  rivek. 
in  thi.  foreground,  form  a  pict*    c  that  claims  the  attention  of  even  the  tourist  who  is 
surfeited  with  scenery  and  scenic  effects  of  landscape. 

Before  the  era  of  railroad  development  in  the  West,  three  unimportant  villages 
were  located  on  the  shores  of  Bellin^ham  Bay.  These  were  Whatcom,  at  one  time 
a  trading  post  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company,  Sehome  and  Bellingham.  In  the  early 
history  of  this  section,  the  great  advantages  of  the  harbor  were  but  illy  appreciated, 
the  latent  resources  of  the  country  back  of  the  harbor  were  unknown,  and  the  popu- 
lation of  these  hamlets  was  too  small  to  allow  these  points  to  detract  in  the  least 
from  the  importance  of  the  better  settled  portion  of  the  Puget  Sound  country.  In 
1889,  the  Tacoma  capitalist,  Nelson  Bennett,  becoming  fully  convinced  of  the 
advantages  of  the  shores  of  Bellingham  Bay  for  future  great  development,  formed 

with  others,  the  Fairhaven  Land  Com- 
pany. This  company  at  once  formu- 
lated a  liberal  plan  of  development 
work,  they  cleared  away  the  forests 
skirting  the  shores  of  the  bay  and 
located  the  present  city  of  Fairhaven. 
As  the  population  of  the  section  in- 
creased, a  consolidation  between  the 
old  towns  of  Whatcom  and  Sehome 
was  effected,  under  the  corporate  name 
of  New  Whatcom,  and  today  this 
latter  city  and  Fairhaven,  with  a  com- 
bined population  of  15,000  covers  the 
entire  semi-circle,  forming  the  shore 
line  of  the  bay. 

Both  jkagit  and  Whatcom  counties  find  the  natural  outlet  for  their  products  at 
Bellingham  Bay.  Both  of  these  counties  contain  most  valuable  deposits  of  coal, 
iron,  the  base  and  precious  metals  and  stone.  The  stone  taken  out  of  the  quarries 
of  this  section  is  conceded  to  rank  as  high  for  building  purposes,  as  any  stone 
quarried  in  the  United  States,  and  large  quantities  of  this  stone  are  now  shipped  to 
all  pa'-ts  of  the  coast.  Added  to  this  hidden  wealth  are  vast  forests  of  the  finest 
merchantable  timber  and  rich  deposits  of  alluvial  soil,  adapted  to  the  highest  state 
of  cultivation.  The  timber  belt  lying  within  a  radius  of  30  miles  of  the  harbor,  and 
easily  reached  by  both  rail  and  water,  contains  unnumbered  millions  of  feet  of  fir 


TURAL  BRIDGE,  BAKER  RiVER,   NEAR  MT.  BAKER. 


-r 


804 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  FRENCH. 


BAKER  River,  near  Mt.  Baker, 


and  cedar,  as  well  as  other  valuable  woods,  which  are  yet  practically  untouched, 
although  the  logging  interests  of  this  section  are  second  in  importance  to  those  of 
no  other  part  of  the  Puget  Sound  country.  Giant  trees  are  found  iu  these  forests, 
and  even  the  large  timber  is  sound  to  the  core.     One  mighty  giant  of  the  forest 

towers  for  several  hundred  feet  above  the  waters 
of  Lake  Whatcom,  that  is  strikingly  typical  of  the 
big  trees  of  this  section.  This  tree  is  44  feet  in 
circumference  at  the  base,  and  its  rise  heavenward 
is  truly  majestic.  A  single  log  20  feet  in  length, 
taken  out  of  the  forests  back  of  Bellingham  Bay, 
scaled  11,^  "25  feet  of  lumber.  On  a  single  stump 
in  this  same  forest,  172  persons  were  photographed 
not  long  since.  These  tales  almost  rival  the 
stories  of  the  giant  red  woods  of  California,  but 
they  are  statements  easily  susceptible  of  verifica- 
tion, and  they  are  not  doubted  by  those  who  have 
had  the  pleasure  of  an  inspection  of  the  virgin 
forests  of  Western  Washington. 

In  its  coal  deposits  alone,  the  district  tributary  to  Bellingham  Bay  contains  re- 
sources that  iu  time  will  rival  those  of  even  Pennsylvania  itself.  In  Whatcom  and 
Skagit  counties  are  found  the  largest  and  most  valuable  deposits  of  coal  on  the 
Pacific  Coast.  The  presence  of  bituminous  coal  in  the  state  was  made  known  to  the 
world  by  the  opening  of  the  old  Sehome  mine  located  on  Bellingham  Bay.  This 
mine  has  long  since  been  abandoned,  as  better  and  more  extensive  deposits  of  the 
black  diamond  have  been  uncovered  in  this  section.  Two  of  the  great  developed 
coal  mines  of  the  Bellingham  Bay  country  are  the  Fairhaven  mine,  owned  by  Fair- 
haven  capitalists,  and  the  Blue  Canyon  mine,  on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Whatcom, 
eight  miles  distant  from  tide  water.  This  latter  mine  is  nearer  the  shores  of  navig- 
able salt  water  than  are  any  of  the  other  mines  of  the  Puget  Sound  basin.  The  Fair- 
haven  mine  is  located  20  miles  southeast  of  Fairhaven.  This  mine  contains  several 
veins,  varying  in  width  fiom  7  to  30  feet.  These  veins  lay  across  a  high  elevation, 
and  as  the  tunnels  run  along  the  "strike,"  the  coal  isru*i  out  of  the  mines  by  grav-ity 
alone  at  a  very  light  expense.  Careful  experimenting  has  demonstrated  the  col  ing 
qualities  of  this  coal  to  be  of  the  very  highest  standard,  as  shown  by  the  follov  ing 
table  of  comparison  between  this  coal  and  the  product  of  the  celebrated  Connels- 
ville  product.  Connelsville  coal,  carbon,  59.6;  Fairhaven  coal,  carbon,  60.70: 
Connelsville  coal,  volatile  matter,  30.0;  Fairhaven  coal,  volatile  matter,  29.00;  Con- 
nelsville coal,  ash,  8.3  ;  Fairhaven  coal,  ash,  9.10  ;  Connelsville  coal,  sulphur,  0.8  ; 
Fairhaven  coal,  sulphur,  0.6;  Connelsville  coal,  moisture,  1.3;  Fairhaven  coal, 
moisture,  0.35  ;  Connelsville  coke,  carbon,  87.6  ;  Fairhaven  coke,  carbon,  87.8  ;  Con- 
nelsville coke,  volatile  matter,  0.5  ;  Fairhaven  coke,  volatile  matter,  0.0;  Connels- 
ville cokj,  ash,  II. o;  Fairhaven  coke,  ash,  it. 2;  Connelsville  coke,  sulphur,  0.8  ; 
Fairhaven  coke,  sulphur,  0.6;  Connelsville  coke,  moisture,  c, i  ;  Fairhaven  coke, 
moisture,  0.3. 

The  superintendent  of  the  Tacoma  Coal  Company,  an  unprejudiced  and  unbi- 
ased authority  on  this  subject,  makes  the  following  statement,  in  a  written  report 
which  he  made  to  the  stockholders  of  the  Fairhaven  mine;  "  I  would  say  this  in 
regard  to  your  coal  :  I  have  been  making  coke  for  20  years  from  almost  all  the  coal 


able 


Bellingham  Bay  and  North  Puget  Sound  Country,  Washington. 


S96 


in  the  United  States.  I  have  never  found  any  coal  superior  to  yours  for  coking, 
if  properly  handled."  The  Great  Northern  Railroad  Company  is  part  owner  in  the 
Fairhaven  mine,  and  now  uses  this  coal  in  its  locomotives.  The  shipment  of  the 
coal  is  made  over  the  Skagit  Valley  branch  of  the  Great  Northern. 

The  Blue  Canyon  coal  mine  is  also  a  very  valuable  propertj-,  both  owing  to  the 
quality  of  its  product  and  to  the  accessibility  of  the  mine  to  deep  water.  The  out- 
put of  this  mine  is  shipped  to  large  coal-bunkers  located  on  the  water  front  adjoin- 
ing Fairhaven,  Part  of  this  coal  is  shipped  over  the  railroad  owned  by  the  coal 
company,  and  t.'ie  rest  over  the  line  of  the  Fairhaven  &  New  Whatcom  electric  rail- 
way connecting  Bellingham  Bay  with  Lake  Whatcom.  The  Blue  Canyon  coal  is 
unusually  free  from  phosphorus  and  sulphur,  it  is  good  for  steaming  purposes,  and 
also  for  making  gas.  Following  is  the  average  of  several  analyses  made  of  this  coal ; 
volatile   matter,  32.19;  fixed  carbon,  60.81  ;  ash,  6;  moisture,  i. 

In  close  proximity  to  these  deposits  of  fine  coking  coal  are  extensive  croppings 
of  iron  ore.  If  development  v.ork  establishes  the  commercial  value  of  this  ore,  as 
every  indication  now  points  that  it  will,  Bellingham  Bay  wil'  some  day  be  the  center 
of  one  of  the  greatest  s  lelting  districts  in  the  United  States,  Fuel  for  reduction 
is  obtained  in  inexhaustible  quantities,  at  the  lowest  possible  cost,  the  shipping 
facilities  are  more  than  ample  for  handling  the  product  of  the  smelters,  and  the 
great  demand  now  being  made  for  iron  and  steel  in  all  parts  of  the  West  will  make 
a  demand  for  this  product  here  that  will  justify  the  establishment  of  smelting  plants 
on  the  most  extensive  scale  in  this  district. 

Silver  and  gold  ledges  have  been  located  by  prospectors,  both  in  Skagit  and 
Whatcom  counties.  The  future  construction  of  railroad  lines  will  make  these  depos- 
its of  great  commercial  value.  Graphite,  asbestos,  sulphur  and  copper  have  also 
been  unearthed  in  the  Skagit  valley  within  a  distance  of  30  miles  of  Bellingham  Bay, 
but  they  have  not  been  worked. 

Just  south  of  Fairhaven,  on  Chuckanut  Bay,  is  located  the  great  Chuckanut 
stone  quarry.     The  stone  mined  in  this  quarry  is  a  dark  gray  sandstone,  of  even 

grain  and  susceptible  of  great  beauty  of  finish. 
It  hardens  rapidly  after  having  been  exposed 
to  the  air,  and  it  makes  a  handsome  and  dur- 
able building  material.    A  great  demand  exists 
at  the  present  time  for   this  stone   throughout 
both  Washington  and  British  Columbia,    Some 
of  the  finest  buildings  in  the  Bellingham  Bay 
country  have  been  constructed  of   this  stone, 
as  well  as  some  of  the  finest  structures  of  other 
cities  of  the  state.     The  fine  new  court  house 
located  at  Olympia,    one  of   the    handsomest 
pieces  of  architecture  in  the   state,  war-  l)uilt 
of  this  stone.     At  Roche  Harbor,  on  San  Juan 
Islands,  30  miles  southwest  of  Fairhaven,   are 
the  larges.  lime  works  on  the  coast,  and   valu- 
able deposits  of  lime  rock  have  been  discovered  at  points  nearer  to  Bellingham  Bay. 
Although  the  mineral  and  forest  wealth  of  Whatcom  and  Skagit  counties,  will 
perhaps  always  prove  the  principal  source  of  revenue   in  this  favored  part  of  the 
state,  thousand"  of  acres  of  fine  agricultural  land  are  found  within  the  limits  of 


Lake  Whatcom,  neap  New  >Vhatcom. 


W'M 


396 


The  Oregoniah's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO   Br  B.    B.    008BS. 


these  counties.  The  statement  is  authoritively  made  that  this  section  contains  no 
less  than  600,000  acres  of  farming  land.  Every  acre  of  the  small  percentage  of  this 
arable  portion  which  is  now  under  cultivation  is  yielding  handsome  returns.  A 
great  part  of  the  best  farming  land  of  these  two  counties  is  located  in  the  Nook- 
sack  valley,  which  is  now  traversed  by  the  lines  of  three  great  railway  systems,  the 

Great  Northern,  the  Northern  Pacific,  and  the 
Canadian  Pacific.  Oats  furnish  one  of  the  most 
valuable  crops  of  the  farms  of  this  section.  The 
average  yield  of  oats  to  the  acre  here  runs  from 
60  to  even  as  high  as  125  bushels.  Barley  also 
does  well  on  this  land,  yields  of  from  50  to  75 
bushels  to  the  acre  being  common  crops.  Hops 
are  raised  as  well  here  as  in  the  best  favored  sec- 
tions of  Puyallup  valley.  A  common  yield  of  hops 
in  this  district  is  about  2,000  pounds  to  the  acre, 
and  hop  culture  here  has  proved  a  highly  remun- 
erative calling.  In  raising  potatoes  the  farmers  of 
Whatcom  county  are  easily  awarded  the  palm. 
Crops  of  700  bushels  to  the  acre  do  not  astonish 
the  nat'-  es  here,  and  a  yield  of  less  than  400 
bushels  to  the  acre  is  hardly  deemed  worth  dig- 
ging. The  growth  of  the  cities  located  on  the 
shores  of  Bcllingham  Bay  has  made  truck  gardening  on  the  adjacent  farming  lands  a 
most  profitabe  industry,  and  with  the  increased  demands  for  vegetables  in  the  pop- 
ulated centers  here  the  value  of  all  of  this  highly  fertile  land  is  rapidly  increasing, 

Fairhaveii,  Wasliliistoii. — Fairh&ven  is  a  type  of  the  young  cities  of  the 
West  which  have  attained  prominence  as  commercial  and  populous  centers  as  a 
direct  result  of  advantages  of  location  and  the  spirit  of  enterprise  which  dominates 
the  growth  of  all  modern  cities.  A  few  years  ago  the  present  site  of  Fairhaven  was 
unoccupied  by  a  population  which  could  even  have  claimed  for 


Lumber  Camp  on  Lake  Whatcom. 


PHOTO.    BY  E 


Qatiway  to  Bellinoham  Bay, 


•■^>S  -■  JSa;: 


Fairhaven,  Washington. 


397 


"-^'S^'^ 


-  >^**t  -J 


the  place  the  pretensions  of  a  village.  At  the  present  writing  Fairhaven  is  an  im- 
portant railroad  and  banking  center ;  it  boasts  of  the  finest  hotel  in  Western 
Washington  outside  of  Tacoma  and  Seattle ;  its  main  business  streets  are  lined  with 
buildings  that  would  be  a  credit  to  the  principal  thoroughfares  of  Portland,  and  the 
city  is  the  home  of  some  of  the  wealthiest  and  best  known  people  of  the  Jtate. 

Fairhaven  has  a  history,  and  like  the  history  of  the  individual  who  has  risen 
from  obscurity  to  a  position  of  wealth  and  importance,  the  historical  sketch  of  the 
city's  progress  is  not  without  interest.  The  life  of  Fairhav  .1  dates  from  1889,  when 
Nelson  Bennett,  the  Tacoma  millionaire  who  cut  vhe  famous  Stampede  tunnel  through 
the  backbone  of  the  Cascade  range  of  mountains  for  the  Northern  Pacific,  purchased 
the  present  site  of  the  city.  Mr.  Bennett  became  a  rich  man  ow'ng  to  his  thorough 
mastery  of  business  propositions.  He  early  foresaw  the  growth  of  Tacoma  and 
profited  by  this  foresight  in  numerous  purchases  of  Tacoma  realty  which  appreciated 


PHOTO.    BY  E.    *     HEGG. 


VIEW  OF   BELLINGHAM    BAY,    LOOKING   EAST,   MT.    BAKER  AND 
The  8I8TEB8"  IN  THE  DISTANCE. 


in  value  as  the  city  attained  promi- 
nence. He  successfully  solved  the  diffi- 
cult problem  of  piercing  the  rugged  chain  of  the  Cascades  in  making  a  pathway  for  the 
iron  horse  from  the  sagebrush  districts  of  Eastern  Washington  to  a  tide-water  connec- 
tion on  Puget  Souncl,  and  with  the  same  foresight  which  he  evidenced  in  his  other  busi- 
ness investments,  Mr.  Bennttt  was  the  first  man  to  realize  fully  the  advantages  of  the 
shores  of  Bellingham  Bay  ?s  a  prospective.'  site  for  the  establishment  of  a  city  of 
large  population  and  commercial  importance  and  the  development  of  Fairhaven  dur- 
ing the  past  few  years  has  realized  fully  the  reliability  of  the  forecast  made  by  Mr. 
Bennett  when  he  first  carefully  looked  over  the  ground  some  four  years  since. 

The  present  site  of  Fairhaven  in  1889  was  owned  by  an  old  settler  named  Dan 
Harris.  Mr.  Harris  was  a  living  example  of  the  "  wait  and  gain  "  policy  of  the  men 
who  have  grown  rich  by  real  estate  investments  in  the  far  West.  He  had  neither  the 
money  nor  the  disposition  to  improve  his  real  estate  holdings,  but  he  had  the  utmost 
confidence  in  what  the  future  had  in  store  for  the  land  on  which  he  had  squatted. 
When  Nelson  Bennett  first  made  the  old  man  an  offer  of  |5o,ooo  for  the  piece  of 
property  ou  Bellingham  Bay  on  which  Harris  had  so  long  banked  his  hopes  for  future 


I 


ii 


r.-i 


$1 


[ 


398 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


! 


t 


riches,  the  old  Bellingham  settler  positively  refused  to  sell.  When  Bennett  supple- 
mented this  princely  offer  with  one  of  f  100,000  for  the  same  property,  Harris  coolly 
pocketed  the  check  for  this  amount  and  retired  to  the  life  of  ease  which  the  fortune 
assured  him.  Like  many  others  who  have  had  sudden  fortune  forced  upon  them 
after  a  life  of  privation  and  hardship,  Harris  lived  but  a  few  months  to  enjoy  his 
hastily-acquired  riches,  and  with  his  death  closed  the  epoch  which  classed  the  Bell- 
ingham Bay  section  with  the  unimportant  parts  of  the  state  of  Washington. 

Immediately  after  acquiring  possession  of  the  land  on  which  Fairhaven  has  since 
been  built,  Mr.  Bennett  formed  a  syndicate  composed  of  millionaires  and  commenced 
active  work  in  clearing  the  site  which  the  new  city  was  to  occupy.  In  May,  1889,  a 
small  army  of  men  was  employed  by  the  company  in  cutting  trees,  building  docks, 


PHOTO.    BY  E.    A  HEGG. 


Chuckwcxut  bay,  Looking  North,  Showing  Chuckanut  Sandstone  Quarries  to  the  Right. 

opening  the  coal  mines  adjacent  and  in  railroad  grading.  The  line  of  the  Fairhaven 
&  Southern  railroad  was  pushed  out  from  Fairhaven  toward  the  Skagit  river,  in 
which  section  some  of  the  richest  coal  deposits  of  the  state  are  located.  Rolling 
stock  was  hastily  secured  for  this  line,  arrangements  were  made  for  the  establish- 
ment of  the  best  steamboat  connection  between  Fairhaven  and  all  other  Sound  ports 
and  this  place  soon  became  one  of  the  most  important  transportation  points  of  the 
Sound  district.  Fairhaven  today  has  the  best  of  railroad  connection  with  all  parts  of 
the  coast  both  north  and  south,  it  has  the  choice  of  several  transcontinental  lines 
for  reaching  the  Fast  and  it  is  a  large  shipping  point  for  vessels  of  deep-water  draught. 
Fairhaven,  located  on  Bellingham  Bay,  fully  described  in  an  article  published 
in  connection  with  this  article,  has  a  harbor  of  splendid  proportions  carrying  a  suffi- 
cient depth  of  water  to  float  the  largest  vessels,  easily  accessible  and  perfectly  shel- 
tered. The  site  of  the  city  itself  is  especially  adapted  for  the  upbuilding  of  a  city. 
The  grades  of  the  main  streets  while  easy  are  sufficient  to  afford  perfect  drainage. 
Add  to  this  magnificent  scenery,  a  wealth  of  country  tributary  sufficient  to  build  here 
a  city  of  the  dimensions  of  Portland  or  San  Francisco,  and  the  advantages  in  favor  of 
Fairliaven  for  future  growth  and  rapid  development  are  not  surpassed  by  those  of  any 
other  city  located  on  the  salt  waters  of  Puget  Sound. 


Fairhaven,  Washington. 


399 


haven 
^'er,  in 
oUiug 
jlish- 
ports 
of  the 
arts  of 
lines 
aught, 
lished 
suffi- 
shel- 
a  city, 
linage, 
d  here 
vor  of 
of  any 


PHOTO.    BY  E.    A.    HEGG. 


The  entire  two  miles  of  water-front  at  Fairhaven  affords  a  sufficient  depth  of 
water  to  float  ships  of  any  tonnage,  and  it  affords  the  best  of  locations  for  wharves, 
sawmills,  foundries 
and  other  manu- 
facturing plants. 
A  large  number  of 
factories  now  line 
the  water-front 
here  and,  as  shown 
by  the  accompany- 
ing illustrations  of 
Fairhaven 's  har- 
bor, the  cit)'  has 
excellent  harbor 
facilities.  Fair- 
haven has  perfect 
railroad  connec- 
tions. It  is  located 
on  the  Fairhaven 
&  Southern  branch 
of  the  Great  Nor- 
thern railroad. 
Connection  is 
formed  between 
Fairhaven  and  Se- 
attle on  the  south 
by   the  Seattle  & 

Montana  branch  of  the  Great  Northern  system  and  with  New  Westminster,  in  British 
Columbia,  on  the  north,  where  close  connection  is  made  with  the  Canadian  Pacific  by 
the  New  Westminster  &  Southern  branch  of  the  same  great  system.  It  is  given 
out  aj  the  ultimate  purpose  of  the  management  of  the  Great  Northern  to  make 
Fairhaven  its  official  terminus  on  Puget  Sound.  With  this  end  in  view,  the 
company  has  already  acquired  title  to  a  large  lot  of  very  valuable  land  in  and 
around  this  city.  The  company  owns  some  of  the  most  valuable  water  frontage  at 
Fairhaven    and  they    are  also  largely  interested  in  some  of  the  best  paying  coal 

.  mines  located  near  the  city. 
The  United  vStates  terminus  of 
the  Canadian  Pacific  on  the 
Pacific  coast  is  already  officially 
established  at  New  Whatcom,  a 
city  also  located  on  Bellingham 
Bay  and  whose  interests  are 
closely  allied  with  those  of  Fair- 
haven and  whose  corporate  lim- 
its adjoin  the  present  limits  of 
Fairhaven.  Connection  is  also 
made  with  the  Northern  Paci- 
fic's Seattle,  Lake  Shore  & 
Eastern  branch  at  Scdro  via  the 


ISLAND  Scene  near  fairhaven. 


■">iia 


m 

■If  ■r 


I 

I 


LAKf  Padden,  Fairhaven. 


*>l 


400 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


!! 


Lake  Samish,  fairhaven. 


Fairhaveu  &  Southern  railroad.  Fair- 
haven  has  direct  connection  with  her 
sister  city,  New  Whatcom  by  the 
Fairhaven  &  New  Whatcom  electric 
road.  Cars  run  over  this  line  be- 
tween the  two  cities  every  15  minutes 
during  the  day  and  until  late  at  night, 
and  this  is  today  one  of  the  best  equip- 
ped and  best  operated  lines  of  electric 
road  on  the  coast. 


Larrabee  Ave.  School,  Fairhaven. 


Fairhaven  now  boasts  of  miles  of  well  graded  streets,  good  sidewalks  are  laid  all 
over  the  citj'  and  every  attention  has  been  paid  to  other  public  improvements  here. 
The  city  has  a  water  supply  that  furnishes  wfitc-r  of  unequaled  purity  for  domestic 
purposes  and  in  inexhaustible  quantities.  The  water  is 
conducted  into  the  city  from  Lake  Paddcn  through  a  12- 
iuch  steel  main  and  is  distributed  throughout  Fairhaven 
by  means  of  lateral  mains  respectively  10,  8,  6  and  4  in- 
ches in  diameter.  This  lake  is  located  two  miles  from 
Fairhaven,  and  as  the  elevation  of  its  waters  is  41S  feet 
above  the  main  business  street  of  the  city,  sufficient  pres- 
sure is  afforded  in  the  mains  at  Fairhaven  to  furnish  an 
ample  protection  against  fire.  The  city  is  well  lighted  by 
both  gas  and  electricity.  The  Fairhaven  Electric  Light  &  Motor  Company  operates 
two  engines  of  a  combined  horse  power  of  225.  Two  American  arc  dynamos  run  by 
these  engines  keep  up  no  2,000-candle  power  arc  lamps,  and  two  No.  20  Edison 
incandescent  dynamos,  operated  in  connection  with  this  same  plant,  have  a  capacity 
of  2,000  i6-candle  power  incandescent  lamps.  The  Bellingham  Bay  Gas  Company 
supplies  a  fine  quality  of  gas  to  both  the  cities  of  Fairhaven  and  New  Whatcom  at  a 

reasonable  price.  Fairhaven  has  the  best  of 
public  school  facilities.  It  has  several  hand- 
some and  commodious  school  houses,  and  the 
schools  here  are  presided  over  by  competent 
instructors.  The  Hotel  Fairhaven,  erected  at  a 
cost  of  f  150,000,  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and 
best  conducted  hotels  on  the  coast.  The  build- 
ing is  4  J^  stories  high,  surmounted  by  a  cupola. 
It  is  constructed  entirely  of  brick  and  st'^ne. 
and  it  is  one  of  the  most  striking  pieces  of 
architecture  in  the  state.  The  gray  sandstone 
used  in  the  construction  of  this  building  was 
taken  out  of  the  Fairhaven  quarries.  The  in- 
terior finish  of  the  hotel  is  in  antique  and  red 
oak  and  California  redwood.  The  hotel  con- 
tains magnificent  suites  of  apartments,  it  is 
fitted  with  every  modern  appointment,  and  it  is 
conducted  in  the  same  lavish  style  as  is  noted  in  The  Palace,  of  San  Francisco, 
The  Portland,  of  Portland,  or  The  Tacoma,  at  the  "City  of  Destiny." 


Hotel  Fairhaven,  fairhaven. 


m 


A  number  of  very  large  manufacturing  plants  are  located  at  Fairhaven.     W.  A. 


New  Whatcom,  Washington. 


401 


Woodin's  lumber  mill  here  turned  out  13,500,000  shingles  during    1892,  and  during 
the  same  year  the  mill  manufactured  13,500,000  feet  of  lumber.     The  output  of  tne 


^m^ 


Water  Power,  fairhaven  land  Co. 's  Mill,  Fairhaven. 


W.  A. 


Sketches  at  the  Fairhaven  Coal  Mines, 
(operated  by  the  Fairhaven  Land  Co.) 

mill  will  be  largely  increased  the  present  year.  In 
the  shipment  of  coal  Fairhaven  is  one  of  the  most 
important  points  on  Puget  Sound.  The  coal  bunkers  of  the  Blue  Canyon  Coal  Com- 
pany, immediately  adjoining  Fairhaven,  handle  immense  quantities  of  the  black 
diamond,  and  ships  and  steamers  are  constantly  taking  in  coal  at  thes~  bunkers. 
The  Fairhaven  Foundry  &  Machine  Company's  plant,  erected  at  Fairhaven  at  a 
cost  of  $75,000,  is  an  enterprise  of  considerable  importance  to  the  entire  Bellingham 
Bay  section.  The  plant  consists  of  several  buildings,  foundry,  machine  shop  and 
boiler  room.  The  plant  occupies  a  piece  of  ground  200  x  200  feet  in  size,  and  is  fitted 
with  all  modern  appliances. 

Fairhaven  has  a  number  of  very 
strong  banks.  Four  banks  are  located 
here,  all  on  the  best  of  financial  footings. 
These  are  the  Fairhaven  National,  The 
First  National,  The  Citizens,  and  the 
Bank  of  Fairhaven.  Fairhaven  as  a 
money  and  trading  center,  as  a  shipping 
point  and  a  railroad  center  of  promi- 
nence, has  attained  a  position  that  more 
than  assures  the  city's  future.  The  Fair- 
haven Land  Company  here  will  furnish 
all  desired  information  on  Fairhaven. 

Bellinqham  Bav  Mill,  Fairhaven. 

!N"ew  Whatcom,  Washington. — New  Whatcom  is  the  principal  city  of 
Whatcom  countv.  It  is  located  on  Bellingham  Bay,  and  is  a  place  of  considerable 
importance  as  a  trade  center  and  shipping  port.  New  Whatcom  is  the  result  of  the 
combination  of  the  two  old  towns  of  Sehome  and  Whatcom.    With  the  development 


402 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.  Br  B.  B.  OOBBS. 


PHOTO.  Br  B.  B.  OOBBS 


^•.. 


of  the  section  borderiug  on  Bellingham  Bay  the  two  old  settlements  of  Whatcom  and 
Sehome  practically  grew  together,  and  when  the  time  was  reached  where  the  limits  of 

one  town  touch- 
ed the  limits  of 
the  other,  the 
question  of  an- 
nexation was 
broached,  and 
annexation  of 
population  and 
business  inter- 
ests was  the  re- 
sult under  the 
corporate  name 
of  New  What- 
com. The  com- 
bined popula- 
tion of  the  old 

towns  of  Whatcom  and  Sehome,  as  shown  by  the  official  census  of  1890  was  7,000. 
The  population  of  New  Whatcom  has  largely  increased  since  that  time,  and  this  city 
today  in  population  and  commercial  standing  ranks  third  among  the  cities  located 
on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound. 

Whatcom  county,  of  which  New  Whatcom  is  the  seat  of  justice,  is  the  largest 
county  of  the  state  located  west  of  the  Cascade  Mountains.  It  has  all  the  diver- 
sified resources  of  a  fertile  soil,  thousands  of 
acres  of  forest  containing  the  best  timber,  rich 
veins  of  coal,  varying  from  3  to  12  feet  in  width, 
fine  quarries  of  the  best  building  stone,  and  the 
waters  whichjwashrthe  western  shores  of  the 


NEW  WHATCOM  HARBOR-FROM  CORNWALL  MILL. 


Ship  AT  Dock,  New  Whatcom, 


PHOTO.    Br   B.    B.    DOBBS. 


Photo.  Br  b.  b.  dobbs. 


Residence,  Huoh  Eloridge,  new  Whatcom. 

county  teem  with  the  best  ot  the  salt-water 
food  fishes.  Bellingham  Bay,  on  which  New 
Whatcom  is  located,  has  an  area  of  50  square 
miles,  and  the  water  at  the  city's  docks  is  deep 
enough  to  float  any  large  sec-going  vessel.  New 
Whatcom  is  a  shipping  port  of  great  import- 
ance, and  it  is  also  a  railroad  center  of  promi- 
nence. It  is  the  official  United  States  terminus 
of  the  Canadian  Pacific  railroad,  the  trains  of 
which  reach  the  city  over  the  line  of  the  Bell- 
ingham Bay  &  British  Columbia  branch  of  the 


Scene,  Fairhaven  A  New  Whatcom  Electric  RAiLWAr. 


New  Whatcom,  Washington. 


403 


POMER  AND  Car  House,  fairhaven  a  new  Whatcom 
Electric  Railway,  New  Whatcom. 


PHOTO.   BV  B. 


Canadian  Pacific  system.  This  road  connects 
New  Whatcom  with  Vancouver,  British  Col- 
umbia, direct.  New  Whatcom  is  also  on  the 
line  of  the  Fairhaven  &  Southern  railroad, 
which  connects  with  the  Seattle  &  Montana 
railroad  line  on  the  south,  and  with  the  West- 
minster &  Southern  railroad  on  the  north. 
The  three  last  mentioned  roads  all  form  a  part 
of  the  Great  Northern  system,  which  now  runs 
through  trains  between  St.  Paul  on  the  east,  and 
New  Whatcom,  Fairhaven  and  other  Sound 
cities  on  the  west.  In  addition  to  rail  con- 
nection with  all  parts  of  the  United  States, 

New  W^hatcom  has  also  the  advantage  of  communication  with  all  Sound  ports  by 
a  numberof  lines  of  passenger  steamers.  Rapid-transit  facilities  are  afforded  between 
New  Whatcom  and  Fairhaven  by  the  Fairhaven  &  New  W'hatcom  Electric  Railway 
line.  This  same  line  also  affords  connection  with  Lake  Whatcom  and  with  the 
outlying  suburbs.     Frequent  trips  are  made  over  this  road  between  New  Whatcom 

and  Fairhaven  during  the  day,  as  well  as  until 
late  at  night.  The  president  of  the  line  is  Mr. 
Hugh  Eldridge,  one  of  the  most  successful 
young  business  men  of  W^estern  Washington. 
The  construction  and  equipment  of  the  road 
call  for  the  favorable  indorsement  of  all  those 
who  have  had  the  benefit  of  a  ride  in  its  cars. 
The  service  it  renders  its  patrons  in  easy  and 
rapid  transit,  is  so  perfect  that  complaints  of 
the  inefficienc}-  of  the  line  have  never  been 
made  to  the  management,  a  distinction  in  favor 
of  the  company  operating  the  road  that  is  in 
sharp  contrast  to  the  abuse  usually  heaped  upon 
companies  operating  rapid-transit  lines.  The  company  operating  this  line  now 
owns  15  miles  of  road,  and  it  is  its  intention  to  increase  this  mileage  as  the  growth 
of  the  city  and  suburbs  requires  extensions  of  the  present  complete  system.  Three 
lines  of  road  are  now  operated  under  this  system.  One  of  these  connects  Fairhaven 
and  New  Whatcom,  another  line  runs  from  the 
heart  of  the  citj'  of  New  Whatcom  out  to  the  court 
house,  and  the  third  line  connects  New  Whatcom 
and  Lake  Whatcom.  Over  the  road  running  be- 
tween the  cit}'  and  the  lake,  in  addition  to  the 
passenger  trafiic,  a  large  freight  business  is  done 
in  hauling  the  product  of  the  Blue  Canyon  coal 
mine  to  the  bunkers  located  on  Bellingham  Bay. 

Among  the  many  fine  public  buildings  at  New 
Whatcom,  the  couri  house  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$100,000,  the  city  hall  and  the  handsome  brick 
school  houses,  the  latter  of  which  cost  from  $15,000 
upwards,  are  worthy  of  special  mention.      These  county  court  house,  new  whatcom. 


SS^' 


Blue  Canyon  Coal  Bunkers,  new  Whatcom. 


photo,  by  b 


i  .-Hi 
\v  "] 
I.  ill 


404 


The  Oregonian^s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


City  Hall,  New  Whatcom. 


buildings,  as  well  as  many  of  the  finest  business  blocks  of  the  city, 

are  built  either  entirely  or  in  part  with  trimmings  of  the  famous 

blue  sandstone  of  the  Chuckanut  quarries,  located  on  Chuckanut 

Bay,  just  south   of  Fairhaven.     This  stone  is  shipped  largely  to 

British  Columbia,  and  has  found  its  way  even  as  far 

south  as  Portland.     The  stone  trimmings  and  arches 

of  the  new  Presbyterian  church  of  Portland,  one  of 

the  finest  church  edifices  of  the  coast,  are  from  the 

Chuckanut  quarries,  as  is  also  the  stone  used  in  the 

constr  iction  of  Portland's  postoffice. 

New  Whatcom  has  the  purest  of  water  supply. 
Water  for  use  in  the  city  is  taken  from  Lake^What- 
com,  a  beautiful  sheet  of  water  located  three  miles 
east  of  the  city.  This  lake  is  fed  by  mountain  springs 
and  by  the  melting  glaciers  of  the  eastern  part  of 
the  county.  The  lake  is  13  miles  in  length,  and 
from  one-half  to  two  miles  wide,  and  varies  in  depth 

from  200  to  500  feet,  thus  assuring  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  the  purest  water  for 

all  time  at  New  Whatcom.     The  elevation  of  the  lake  is  318  feet  above  tidewater 

level.     The  hydrants  in  New  Whatcom  carry  con- 
stantly a  pressure  of  90  pounds  to  the  square  inch, 

a  sufficient  pressure  to  throw  a  stream  of  water 

175  feet  through  a  one-inch  nozzle.     The  pressure 

in  the  city's  mains  alone  furnishes  a  most  ample 

protection  against  fire.      Lake  Whatcom  is  one  of 

the  most  charming  resorts  near  Puget  Sound.     It 

is  easily  reached    from    New    Whatcom    by    the 

electric    road.       The   waters  of  the  lake  abound 

with  lake  trout  of  the  black  spotted  variety,  fish 

that  weigh  all  the  way   from  one  to  six  pounds 

each.     They  are  gamy  and  highly  palatable.     A 

good  hotel  is  now  conducted  on  the  shores  of  Lake 

Whatcom  for  the  accommodation  of  tourists,  and 

the  lake  is  becoming  more  popular  as  a  summer 

resort  each  successive  year. 

In  the  matter  of  street  improvements    New 

V/hatcom    is    fully    abreast  of   the  times.      The 


Lincoln  School,  New  Whatcom. 


Bellinqham  Bay  nationai.  Bank  Building,  New  Whatcom, 


city  now  contains  many  miles  of  well-planked  side- 
walks and  streets,  and  this  work  of  street  im- 
provement has  never  been  allowed  to  lag  here, 
even  during  the  dullest  periods  of  the  city's  history. 
Two  engines  of  250  horse-power  capacity  each, 
furnish  the  power  for  running  the  dynamos  of  the 
city's  electric  light  plant.  This  plant  has  a  capac- 
ity of  300  arc  lights  and  1,000  incandescent  lights. 
The  city  has  also  the  advantage  of  a  good  quality 
of  gas  for  illuminating  purposes  supplied  by  a 
local  company.  New  Whatcom  is  the  seat  of  con- 
siderable manufacturing  activity.     The  largest  mill 


New  Whatcom,   Washington. 


405 


CORNWALL  MILL,   NEW  WHATCOM. 


iu  the  city  is  the  Cornwall  mill,  owned  by  the 
Bellingham  Bay  Improvement  Company. 
This  is  conveniently  located  on  the  water 
front,  and  is  connected  by  switches  with  the 
Great  Northern  and  Bellingham  Bay  &  Brit- 
ish Columbia  railroads.  The  mill  company 
enjoys  the  best  of  transportation  facilities 
both  by  rail  and  by  water.  This  mill  is  fit- 
ted with  the  latest  and  best  improved  ma- 
chinery and  is  under  the  management  of  the 
veteran  lumberman,  Mr. George  E.  Atkinson, 
a  gentleman  who  stands  deservedly  high  in 
all  parts  of  the  coasv.  The  output  of  the  Cornwall  mill  for  1892  was  41,600,000  feet 
of  lumber.  This  was  the  fourth  largest  output  of  any  mill  in  Washington  during 
that  year.  The  three  mills  showing  a  larger  output  than  the  Cornwall  mill  during 
that  time  were  those  owned  by  the  Port  Blakely  Mill  Company,  70,647,000  feet ;  the 

Tacoma  Mill  Company,  62,931,214  feet ;  and 
the  St.  Paul  &  Tacoma  Lumber  Company, 
47,706,726  feet.  In  addition  to  the  Cornwall 
mill,  three  other  large  milling  plants  are 
located  at  New  Whatcom.  These  are  the 
mills  of  the  Fairhaven  Land  Company,  Miller 
&  Bridenstine,  Meridian  Mill  Company  and 
W.  E.  McDonald.  The  total  output  of  the 
New  Whatcom  lumber  mills  for  1892  was 
57,010,000  feet.  The  aggregate  output  of 
the  eight  shingle  mills  located  here  during 
the  same  year  was  72,660,000  shingles. 

During  the  spring  of  1893  propositions 
from  experienced  men  to  locate  woolen 
mills  at  New  Whatcom  received  the  favor- 
able consideration  of  the  people  here.  A 
bonus  of  $15,000  was  quickly  raised  to  secure  the  establishment  of  this  extensive 
plant,  and  the  citizens  of  New  Whatcom  now  entertain  the  ambition  that  the  output 
of  woolen  goods  will  soon  be  second  in  importance  in  the  line  of  manufactures  here 
to  those  of  the  present  great  output  of  lumber  at  this  point. 

The  business  streets  of  New  Whatcom  oc- 
cupy level  ground  adjacent  to  the  bay  in  front. 
The  residence  portion  of  the  city  is  on  gently 
sloping  ground,  affording  perfect  views  of  the 
bay  and  surrounding  country.  From  the  win- 
dows of  the  many  fine  private  residences  crown- 
ing these  slopes  the  eye  can  wander  across  the 
broad  expanse  of  the  waters  of  Bellingham  Bay 
as  far  away  as  the  snow-capped  peaks  of  the 
Olympic  range  of  mountains  to  the  west,  while 
to  the  east  can  be  seen  the  towering  expanse 
of  Mt.  Baker,  one  of  the  most  striking  peaks 
iu  scenic  effects  of  the  entire  Cascade  range.  roth  block,  new  whatcom. 


Whatcom  Creek  Falls,  new  whatcom. 


photo,  by  b. 


l-l 


iti 


406 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.  Br  e.   B.   OOBBS. 


Victor  Block,  New  Whatcom. 


PHOTO.    BY   B.    B.    DOBBS. 


New  Whatcom  has  a  good  hotel,  and  with 
the  many  attractions  of  the  city,  this  is 
rapidly  becoming  one  of  the  most  frequented 
points  by  tourists  in  the  Northwest.  The 
Bellingham,  the  leading  hotel  here  is  con- 
ducted by  its  owner,  Mr.  John  H.  Stengcr,  an 
experienced  hotel  man.  The  tables  of  the 
Bellingham  are  always  loaded  with  the 
choicest  of  game  and  fish,  and  the  house 
is  deservedly  popular  with  the  traveling 
public. 

Foremost  in  the  ranks  of  those  whose 
energy  and  whose  unwavering  confidence 
in  New  Whatcom's  future  have  done  much  to  advance  the  city's  interests,  is  Frank  N. 
Barney.  This  gentleman's  foresight  has  enabled  him  not  only  to  make  profitable 
investments  for  himself  at  this  point,  but 
also  as  a  reliable  investment  and  real  estate 
agent  he  has  been  able  to  invest  his  cus- 
tomers' money  where  it  has  brought  large 
individual  returns  to  the  investors.  Mr. 
Barney  enjoys  the  entire  respect  of  all  those 
who  have  ever  had  business  dealings  with 
him.  He  is  familiar  with  real  estate  values 
in  the  entire  Bellingham  Bay  section.  He  is 
quick  to  anticipate  an  appreciation  of  values 
in  city  or  suburban  propeny  and  he  is  al- 
ways glad  to  furnish  any  iniV.rmation  by 
mail,  or  in  person,  to  those  \Vr:o  are  desir- 
ous of  investigating  the  arVvsatages  of  property  here  with  a  view  of  either  a  per- 
manent residence  or  for  investment  only. 

Blaine,  Waslllngton. — Blaine,  named  after  the  illustrious  American 
statesman,  is  located  in  the  extreme  northwestern  part  of  the  state  of  Washington, 
on  the  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  British  Columbia.  The  inlet 
from  Puget  Sound,  on  which  Blaine  is  located,  although  really  a  part  of  Semiah- 
moo  Bay,  is  known  as  Drayton  Harbor.     This  is  a  large  and  land-locked  body  of 

water,  capable  of  affording  anchorage  to  a  large  fleet  of  vessels. 
i'  '.^-'C^ja^^  Blaine  is  directly  opposite  the  .^tra^'ls  of  Fuca.     The  line  from 

i.t  jirfMHH2W  ^jjg  entrance  to  the  straits  fron   t>j  -  ocean  to  Blaine's  wharves 

is  practically  a  perfectly  straight  one,  and  so  free  from  ob- 
structions to  navigation  is  the  entrance  to  Semiahmoo  Bay, 
that  vessels  frequently  sail  from  the  ocean  direct  to  the  wharves 
of  Blaine  without  the  aid  of  a  tug. 

Blaine  has  been  made  a  port  of  entry.  From  its  location 
it  is  the  last  point  in  the  United  States  that  vessels  sailing  north 
into  the  waters  along  the  shores  of  British  Columbia  can  touch  at,  and  this  has 
made  Blaine  quite  an  important  seaport  town  for  the  large  number  of  vessels  en- 
gaged in  the   Alaska  trade.       In  addition  to  the  importance  of  the  town  from  a 


HOTEL  Bellingham,  New  Whatcom. 


Public  School,  Blaine. 


Blaine,   Washington. 


407 


maritime  standpoint,  it  is  a  railroad  point  of  some  prominence.  The  two  divisions 
of  the  Great  Northern  railway,  the  New  Westminster  &  Southern,  and  the  Fairhaven 
&  Southern  effect  a  junction  at  this  point. 

The  manufacturing  industries  of  Blaine  include  three  large  sawmills  and  several 
shingle  mills.  The  Point  Roberts  cannery,  located  on  Semiahmoo  spit,  directly 
opposite  Blaine  across  the  harbor,  is  a  very  important  industry  at  this  point.  A  full 
description  of  the  working  of  this  great  salmon-canning  plant,  fully  illustrated  with 
scenes  typical  of  the  fishing  interests  here  will  be  found  published  in  connection 
with  the  present  article.  The  leading  exports  from  Blaine  are  lumber,  salmon, 
oysters  and  clams,  fruit  and  vegetables.  The  latent  resources  of  the  section  tribu- 
tary to  the  town  are  mines  of  coal,  iron,  copper,  lime,  and  several  ledges  of  fine  sand- 
Kt'jne  have  been  discovered  in  this  district. 

Blaine  is  a  flourishing  town  of  about  2,500  population,  and  it  is  one  of  the  promi- 
nent centers  of  population  located  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound,  in  the  North- 
western part  of  Washington. 

On  the  Canadian  side,  just  across  the  boundary  line  between  the  United  States 
and  British  Columbia  at  Blaine,  Washington,  is  the  popular  and  well  known  hotel, 
known  as  the  St.  Leonard.  This  hotel  is  conducted  by  J.  B.  Atkinson.  The  house  en- 
joys an  enviable  reputation  for  its  well  kept  apartments  and  its  first-class  table. 
Tourists  will  find  excellent  opportunities  for  the  use  of  the  gun  and  rod  in  close 
proximity  to  the  St.  Leonard.  The  popular  manager  of  the  St.  Leonard  enters  fully 
into  the  spirit  of  the  sports  of  his  guests  and  he  caters  to  their  every  comfort. 

Tlie  Po!nt  Roberts  Canning  Company.— Among  the  great  indus- 
tries of  the  Pacific  Northwest  the  canning  of  salmon  takes  high  rank  and  it  is  yearly 
increasing  in  import- 
ance. It  was  for  many 
years  believed  that  the 
Columbia  river  sal- 
mon, known  as  the 
Chinook,  was  superior 
to  any  fish  running  up 
the  rivers  of  the  Pacific 
coast.  Latterly,  how- 
ever, the  variety  of 
this  palatable  fish 
known  as  "sockeye," 
which  makes  its  fresh- 
water haunts  in  the 
Fraser  river,  in  British 
Columbia,  has  rapidly 
gained  in  repute  with 
consumers  untd  it  is 
now     recognized      as 

standing  in  full  equality  with  the  Columbia  river  salmon,  and  it  is  by  many  English 
and  Australian  consumers  even  preferred  to  that  famous  fish  on  account  of  its 
deeper  tinted  flesh. 

Recognizing  the  excellence  of  the    "sockeye,"  or  Fraser    river    salmon,    and 


PHOTO.    BY  J.    B.  ATKINSON 


T-TI- 


408 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 


il  I 


PHOTO     BY  J.    B.   *TKtNSON. 


satisfied  that  it  must  continue  to  grow  in  public  esteem,  Mr.  Daniel  Drysdale  estab- 
lished a  salmon  cannery  on  Semiahmoo  peninsula,  opposite  Elaine,  on  the  north- 
western boundary  of  the  United  States  in  1891,     He  incorporated  the  Point  Roberts 

Canning  Company  in  1892,  remaining  presi- 
dent and  general  manager  of  the  concern. 
Mr.  Drysdale  is  the  pioneer  American  can- 
ner  of  Fraser  river  salmon  and  it  is  his 
intention  to  thoroughly  introduce  his  b^and 

into  the  United  States, 
believing  as  he  does 
that  it  will  continue  to 
grow  in  popularity  and 
stand  comparison  with 
the  leading  brands  of 
the  Columbia  river. 
In  England,  Australia 
aud  other  British  col- 
onies, this  fish  is  al- 
ready well  (known, 
where  it  is  in  great 
demand  and  is  highly 
esteemed  by  epicures 
and  bon-vivants.  In  a 
few  localities  it  has  the 
proud  distinction  of 
having  ousted  its  great 
rival  from  the  firr:  place,  as  is  proved  by  the  fact  that  it  already  commands  a 
higher  price  in  some  markets  than  does  the  Columbia  river  canned  salmon. 
Mr.  Drysdale's  belief  has  always  been  that  salmon  are  of  better  quality  wheu 
taken  from  deep  salt  water  on  their  annual  spawning  migrations  up  to  the 
Fraser  than  they  are  when  caught  in  the  fresh  waters  of  the  river.  He  therefore 
established  his  traps  in  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  his  daily  catch  from  the  briny 
waters  here  is  taken  to  the  cannery  alive  and  in  prime  condition.  Experts  admit  that 
the  salt-wate.--caught  fish  are  of  superior  grade,  and  Mr.  Drysdale  is  reaping  the 
benefits  of  his  correct  judgment  and  foresight. 

The  "sockeye"  variety  of  salmow  has  a  deep  red  and  rich  appearing  flesh,  firm 
and  fat,  and  it  improves  by  canning.  The  oil  contained  in  the  fish  gives  it  a  rich 
flavor,  keeps  the  meat  moist  ?nd  palatable  and  preserves  its  excellent  quality  in  all 
climates.  This  has  been  an  important  factor  in  estc'blishingand  maintaining  its  repu- 
tation. Today  the  Point  Roberts  Canning  Company  finds  a  ready  market  for  its 
pack  in  England  and  Australia  and  Mr.  Drysdale  expei^ts  with  increased  facilities  '"or 
canning  to  introduce  the  fish  into  the  United  States  niirkets  in  full  faith  that  it  will 
meet  with  the  same  acclaim  and  recognition  it  has  won  from  connoisseu'-s  abroad. 

The  company's  cannery  now  contains  all  the  latest  improvements  for  canning 
and  the  closest  daily  supervision  is  exercised  to  see  that  only  the  best  fish  are  packed 
by  the  best  and  cleanliest  methods.  About  15,000  fish  are  packed  daily  during  the 
season  and  the  catch  at  times  runs  as  high  as  30,000.  A  cold-storage  warehouse  forms 
part  of  the  plant  of  the  company  and  the  fish  are  kept  here  in  perfect  condition  for 


Catching  Salmon    Point  Roberts  c.'ining  Co  's  (drysdale's)  Trap. 


Port  Townsend,   Washington. 


409 


cannicf.  There  is  no 
doubt  .>ut  that  the  facts 
referrea  to  above  as  to 
quality  of  the  pack  and 
the  care  exercised  in 
maintaining  the  reputa- 
tion of  the  brand  will  in 
the  near  future  render  it 
necessary  for  the  Point 
Roberts  Canning  Com- 
pany to  double  their 
packing  facilities  to  meet 
American  and  foreign  de- 
mand for  their  product. 
Two  brands  of  equal 
grade,  but  with  different 
labels  to  avoid  complica- 
tions are  now  put  up  by 
the  company.  These  are 
the  Scroll  brand  for  for- 
eign and  the  Medallion  for 


PHOTO.   BY  J.    B.   ATKINSON. 


H»UL,"  Point  Roof.hi s  Canning  Cp.'S  (drysdale's)  Salmon  Trap. 

the  Americci  trade. 


Port  Townsend,  Washington.— Port  Townsend,  on  the  bay  of  the  same 
name,  is  located  on  the  eastern  side  of  Quimper  peninsula,  and  is  on  the  shores  of 
the  eastern  extremity  of  the  Straits  of  Fuca.  Its  position  at  the  head  of  Admiralty 
inlet,  the  main  chanael  of  Puget  Sound  through  whioh  vessels  sail  to  and  from  the 
wharvi.s  of  Seattle,  Tacoma  and  Olympia,  has  earned  for  it  the  title  of  the  "Key 
City."  Port  Townsend  is  the  United  States  port  of  entry  for  the  Puget  Sound  dis- 
trict, and  it  may  be  stated  in  this  connection  that  it  is  one  of  the  leading  ports  of 
entry  on  the  coast.  The  harbor  in  front  of  the  city  is  highly  commended  by  mari- 
ners as  being  easily  accessible  at  all  times,  as  b-iing  perfectly  sheltered,  and  as  afford- 
ing safe  anchorage  for  vessels  during  tbft  severest  of  storms. 

Port  Townsend  is  one  of  the  oldest  established  towns 
in  the  state  of  Washington.  Until  1888  the  town  was 
prosperous,  its  merchants  carrying  laige  stocks  of  goods, 
and  its  trade  being  heavy  and  of  p  most  satisfactory  na- 
ture, but  the  population  of  the  place  before  that  time 
was  s.iiall,  Since  1888  Pore  Townsend  has  made  a 
wonderful  increase  in  population,  the  city  has  spread 
out  to  treble  its  former  size,  many  fine  public  and 
private  buildings  have  beer  erected,  and  while  the  gen- 
eral depression  which  has  i^een  seriously  felt  at  this 
point  during  the  past  two  years  has  greatly  retarded 
the  growth  anticipated  here,  Port  Townsend  is  still  one  of  the  large  cities  on 
the  "hores  of  Puget  Sound,  and  it  is  in  the  line  of  advancement  which  will  some 
day  make  it  one  of  the  prominent  'tenters  of  population  of  the  coast. 

Shipping  to  the  extent  of  over  2,500,000  tons  is  annually  entered  and  cleared  at 
the  Port  Townsend  custom  house.  The  city  has  now  connection  with  San  Fran- 
cisco by  the  line  of  the  Pacific  Mail  Steamship  Company's  steamers,  and  transfers 


^T^ 


L)    8.  Custom  i.ouse,  Port  Townsend. 


t\ 


ijl 


1    B 


410 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Courthouse,  portTownseno 


are  made  at  Port  Towusend  by  this  line  for  Alaska  ports.  Daily- 
steamers  ply  between  Port  Townsend  and  Victoria,  British 
Columbia,  as  well  as  between  Port  Townsend  and  the  prin- 
cipal ports  of  Puget  Sound.  A  line  runs  from  this  place  to 
the  points  located  on  the  Straits  of  Fuca  as  far  west  as  Neah 
Bay.  During  the  halcyon  days  of  Port  Townsend's  boom,  the 
Oregon  Improvement  Company  was  liberally  subsidized  by  the 
city  to  build  a  line  of  railroad  from  this  place  to  Olympia, 
with  an  ultimate  extension  to  Portland.  Tl'irty  miles  of  this 
road  were  built,  reaching  as  far  south  as  Ou '•  e-'ie,  and  this 
line  is  now  operated  by  the  Port  Townsirrl  '  .  -  lliern  Rail- 
way Company.  The  company  hopes  to  get  its  imancial  affairs 
so  shaped  in  the  near  future  that  it  will  be  possible  for  them  to  extend  this  road  to 
Olympia.     Port  Townsend  is  'he  judicial  seat  of  Jefferson  county. 

During  the  past  few  years  some  very  fine  buildings  have  been  erected  at  Port 
Townsend.  The  magnificent  custom-house  building,  standing  on  the  high  bluff 
back  of  the  main  business  part  of  the  city,  is  con- 
structed entirely  of  stone  taken  out  of  local  quarries, 
and  its  erection  involved  an  outlay  of  $250,000.  The 
Central  public  school  building  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$70,000,  and  the  construction  of  the  fine  city  hall  cost 
$50,000.  A  number  of  very  fine  three,  four  and  five- 
story  stone  and  brick  business  blocks  line  the  main 
thoroughfare.  A  number  of  important  manufacturing 
plants  are  located  at  Port  Townsend,  chief  among  which 
are  extensive  nail  works  now  being  successfully  operated 
here.  The  city  claims  a  population  of  about  5,000,  and 
its  finances  are  in  a  healthy  condition. 


Central  Puoic  80HO"'..     1R 


Port  Aiijyeles,  Wasliliigtoii. — Port  Angeles,  as  the  first  port  of  appi  a  '. 
on  the  American  side  for  ships  entering  the  Straits  of  Fuca,  occupies  much  the  same 
position  in  relation  to  the  Northwestern  coast  of  the  United  States  as  Victoria  does 
to  the  province  of  British  Columbia.  The  harbors  at  Port  Angeles  and  Victoria 
afford  ships  visiting  Puget  Sound  the  first  safe  and  easy  anchorage  after  entering  the 
straits  from  the  ocean. 

The  origin  of  Port  Angeles  is  historic.  It  was  selected  by  the  go  'rnm.  .itas 
a  government  reserve  during  Lincoln's  administration  and  a  townsite  •  -is  laid  out 
here  at  the  time.  It  is  significant  in  this  connection  that  Port  Angelc::  «.v.ii*  the  only 
townsite  ever  platted   by  the  United  States  government  with  the  exoc,-  >f  the 

national  capital,  Washington,  D.  C.  The  motives  which  led  to  the  passiuj^  the  act 
setting  aside  the  townsite  of  Port  Angeles  as  a  government  rf^serve  can  only  be  con- 
jectured at  the  present  tine.  It  is  assumed,  hrwevPi  cy  those  who  are  thoroughly 
familiar  with  the  location  of  Port  Angeleii  '  .laL  the  rv>t\ve  of  the  government  in 
passing  the  act  was  a  recognition  of  the  man'-  advanta;,..t  jf  Po  t  Angeles  as  a  point 
for  offensive  and  defensive  op2rations  to  keep  in  check  LLe  lavge  Engl''«h  interests 
in  Canada  should  Great  Britain  have  espoused  the  cause  of  the  Confederacy,  which 
then  seemed  probable.  Three  thousand  acres  were  included  in  this  reserve.  The 
provisions  governing  the  act  making  this  a  reservation  were  such,  however,  that  any 
American  citizen   was  allowed  to  locate  a  homesite  100x140  feet  on  this  reserve, 


t-t 


Buckley,   Washington. 


411 


provided  he  cleared  the  land,  built  a  cabin  and  actually  resided  on  the  site  he 
located.  These  rights  have  been  extensively  used  and  as  a  result  of  this  liberality 
some  1,500  squatters'  cabins  arc  now  scattered  over  this  reservation. 

The  lon^  natural  spit  which  encircles  the  harbor  at  Port  Angeles  has  been  wholly 
reserved  for  national  purposes.  On  this  spit  the  Ediz  Point  lighthouse  was  erected 
and  this  is  now  maintained  by  the  government.  The  oval  basin  lying  between  the 
spit  and  the  shore  line  is  the  harbor  of  Port  Angeles.  This  harbor  is  perfectly  pro- 
tected against  rough  seas,  and  its  total  area  is  about  nine  acres. 

Port  Angeles  is  now  a  port  of  entry  and  a  large  number  of  vessels  are  now 
annually  entered  and  cleared  from  this  place.  The  town  is  distant  from  Victoria  but 
17  miles,  and  the  establishment  of  an  international  ferry  is  now  contemplated 
between  the  two  points. 

A  vast  stride  in  the  advancement  of  Port  Angeles  was  made  early  in  1893  by  the 
raising  of  a  bonus  of  $350,000  to  secure  the  construction  of  the  Everett,  Port  Angeles 
&  Pacific  railroad.  By  means  of  this  road  to  Port  Ludlow  and  a  ferry  which  will  be 
established  to  cross  the  waters  of  the  S-^uud  from  this  latter  point,  the  water  route 
being  21  miles  in  length,  Port  Angeles  will  be  connected  direct  with  the  Great  North- 
ern and  Northern  Pacific  systems  of  rcids  at  Everett,  Washington,  on  the  mainland 
proper  of  the  Puget Sound  section. 

The  present  population  of  Port  Angeles  is  about  5.000,  It  is  the  chief  city  as 
well  as  the  judicial  seat  of  Clallam  county,  and  has  the  advantages  of  an  excellent 
electric  light  and  water-w:)rks  plant.  It  is  surrounded  by  a  rich  section  of  country 
and,  with  the  completion  of  the  railroad  system  terminating  here,  will  become  one 
of  the  leading  cities  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound, 

Ortfng,  "Washington. — Orting  is  an  important  station  on  the  Northern 
Pacific  railroad.  iS  miles  east  of  Tacoma,  The  Tacoma,  Orting  &  Southeastern  rail- 
road runs  from  this  point  to  the  lumbering  regions  of  the  Muck  and  Sucotash  val- 
leys. The  town  is  the  center  of  a  rich  farming  district,  where  the  raising  of  hops  is 
extensively  carried  on.  The  main  street  is  on  a  direct  line  with  Mt.  Rainier  and  it  is 
here  that  the  incomparable  ptak  reveals  itself  in  its  full  glory. 

Orting  has  a  bank,  thre;  churches,  an  excellent  public  school,  several  hotels, 
and  two  saw  and  shingle  m  lis.  One  and  one-quarter 
miles  distant  frcm  the  town  is  a  beautiful  spot  where, 
surrounaed  by  pastoral  scenes,  100  veterans  of  the  Union 
army  pass  their  declining  years.  It  is  here  that  the 
Washington  State  Soldiers'  Home  is  located.  The  build- 
ings of  the  home  occupy  the  center  of  a  grassy  plat. 
The  structures  occupied  by  the  home  consist  of  two 
large  main  buildings,  a  hospital,  several  neat  cottages, 
the  handsome  residence  of  the  commandant,  and  a  num- 
ber of  smaller  buildings.  The  site  of  the  home  covers 
an  area  of  183  acres.  The  home  has  accommodations  for  160  inmates,  and  it  is  a 
model  institution  in  every  respect. 

Buckley,  WasUinjfton.— The  important  lumbering  center  of  Buckley  is 
picturesquely  situated  in  a  heavy  forest  near  the  foothills  of  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, on  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  31  miles  east  of  Tacoma.  Forty  miles  east 
of  Buckley  the  railroad  passes  through  the  great  Stampede  tunnel,  and  from  that 
point  descends  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Cascades  into  Eastern  Washington, 


8T»TE  SOLDIERS'   HOMf ,  ORTINQ. 


II 


\ 


■' 


412 


The  Oreg-onian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest, 


PHOTO.    By  SIEWERT.  PUVALLUP. 

^^V 

^^^^^^sa^ 

K 

HE»o  OF  White  Riveb. 


In 


Flowing  through  Buckley  is  the  White  river,  a  turhulent  uiountain  stream,  that 
rises  among  the  enormous  glaciers  of  Mount  Rainier.     Along  this  stream  is  splendid 

trout  fishing.  Many  charming  views  of 
mountain  and  river  scenery  are  obtained 
from  its  banks.  Buckley  is  now  a  town 
of  1,400  inhabitants.  It  is  attractively 
laid  out,  with  broad  streets,  nearly  all  of 
which  are  planked.  Most  of  the  build- 
ings on  the  main  business  street  are  sub- 
stantial two-story  brick  structures.  The 
public  school  is  a  handsome  eight-room 
frame  building,  surrounded  by  a  neat 
lawn.  The  streets,  as  well  as  nearly  all 
the  business  blocks  and  residences,  are 
lighted  by  electricity.  The  town  has  a 
fine  system  of  water  works,  which  cost 
about  $13,000.  The  supply  of  water  for 
city  use  is  obtained  from  White  river. 
On  the  5th  of  May,  1892,  Buckley  was  nearly  completely  destroyed  by  fire 
rebuilding  the  town  the  energetic  citizens 
replaced  many  of  the  frame  buildings  with 
brick  blocks,  and  they  adopted  every  pre- 
cautionary measure  to  prevent  a  repttitiou 
of  the  disaster.  In  the  immediate  vicinity 
of  Buckley  the  raising  of  hops  is  an  im- 
portant and  growitjg  industry.  The  soil  of 
the  lands  near  the  town  is  especially  adapted 
to  hop  culture.  It  does  not  differ  from  the  soil  of  the  lands  in  the  famous  Puyallup 
valley  near  Tacoma. 

Buckley  is  one  of  the  most  important  of  the  smaller  lumbering  towns  of  Wash- 
ington. Its  close  proximity  to  the  mountains  makes  it  an  advantageous  point  from 
which  to  ship  lumber  to  the  treeless  prairies  of  Eastern  Washington.  There  are 
located  here  three  sawmills.  These  mills,  when  running,  furnish  employment  to  over 
200  men.  One  of  these  mills  is  one  of  the  most  perfectly  equipped  sawmills  in  Wash- 
ing on.  This  mill  wa^  built  in  the  fall  of  1893  and  is  owned  by  the  Buckley  Lumber 
Cotipany.  It  is  equipped  with  new  engines  and  boilers  of  the  most  approved  pat- 
tern and  with  a  new  set  of  Alice  machinery  and  band  saws.     It  is  supplied  with  a 

complete  set  of  planing 
machinery.  Adj\>ining 
the  mill  is  a  dry-kiln  wi»i 
a  capacity  of  25,000  feet  a 
day.  The  mill  employs 
60  men  and  has  a  capac- 
ity of  80,000  feet  of  lum- 
ber per  day.  The  officers 
of  the  company  are  as  fol- 
lows :  W.  P.  Sargeant, 
president;  W.  L.  Barth- 
olomew,   vice-president ; 

LoGOiNO,  Buckley.  '        r  ' 


Street  Scene,  Buckley. 


PHOTO.    Br   FOBEIDP. 


I 


i' 


Ellensburgh,  Washington. 


418 


Wash- 
from 
ere  are 
to  over 
Wash- 
umber 
ed  pat- 
with  a 
planing 
Ijviining 
iln  with 
X)  feet  a 
mploys 
capac- 
of  lum- 
officers 
re  as  fol- 
argeant, 
Barth- 
esident ; 


PHOTO.    BV  OSCAR  JAMES. 


S.  L.  Sargeant,  treasurer  and  E.  L.  Jacobs,  secretary.  Mr.  W.  P.  Sargeant  for  some 
years  took  a  prominent  part  in  public  life  in  Minnesota.  He  is  now  contemplating 
establishing  a  branch  yard  at  Minneapolis.  The  Buckley  Lumber  Company  now 
have  branch  yards  at  Noith  Yakima,  Washington  and  Athena,  Oregon.  It  is  pre- 
pared to  fill  orders  for  all  sizes  and  quantities  of  fir,  spruce,  cedar  and  cottonwood 
lumber,  l-'.th,  pickets,  shingles  and  mouldings. 

Eoslyn,  Washington. — Roslyn,  the  largest  coal-mining  town  on  the  Pacific 
slope,  is  located  in  Kittitas  county,  on  a  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad, 
four  miles  north  of  CleElum,  on  the  main   line.     Cle- 
Elum   is   loi  miles  east  of  Tacoma,  and  28  miles  noith- 
west  of  Ellensburgh. 

The  celebrated  coal  mines  of  the  Northern  Pacific, 
among  the  great  mines  of  Washington,  are  located  at 
Roslyn.  Of  the  3,500  people  residing  in  the  town,  over 
1,000  are  employed  in  the  company's  mines  here.  The 
miners  receive  good   wages,  which  has  enabled  nearly  25-ton  block  of  coal,  shipped  frlm  roslvn, 

,,  -        ,  ,  ,.      •  ,  r  WASH..  TO  WORLD'S  Fair. 

all    of   them  to    occupy  their    own    houses,    many    of 

which  are  attractive  cottages,  furnished  in  a  comfortable  manner.     Roslyn  contains 

a  large  number  of  retail  stores,  a  bank,  several  churches  and  a  large  four-room 

school  house.     The  daily  attendance  at  the  public  school  here  averages  about  325 

scholars. 

Located  at  P.oslyn  is  a  large  wood-working  plant  owned  and  operated  by  Mr. 
Charles  S.  Adam.  This  gentlemar  arrived  in  Roslyn  when  the  town  contained 
only  three  tents  and  commenced  work  at  his  trade.  In  the  following  years  Mr. 
Adam  became  connected  with  every  enterprise  tending  to  promote  the  interests  of 
Roslyn,  and  from  a  small  beginning  he  has  managed  to  build  up  a  large  sash,  door 
and  moulding  factory,  the  output  of  which  is  now  in  great  demand  at  Roslyn,  and 
in  the  immediate  vicinity. 

Another  large  establishment  at  Roslyn,  is  the  Roslyn  Brewing  Company.  This 
company  commenced  the  work  of  erecting  a  brewery  in  October,  1892,  and  in  the 

foHowing  December,  they  placed  upon  the  market  their 
firtft  brew  of  beer.  The  excellence  of  this  beverage  soon 
caused  it  to  attain  a  wide-spread  popularity  in  Kittitas 
county  trade.  Since  that  time  the  brewery  has  managed 
to  build  up  an  extensive  and  profitable  business  in  Roslyn 
and  the  neighboring  towns.  At  the  present  time  there  is 
more  of  this  beer  sold  at  Roslyn  and  CleElum  than  any 
other  brand.  The  buildings  occupied  by  the  brewing  plant 
cost  about  $8,000,  and  they  are  owned  by  Mr.  Ernest 
Durawachter  and  Henry  Racar,  the  principal  stockholders 
of  the  company. 


PHOTO.   BY  OSCAR  JAMES. 


Public  School,  Roslvn. 


Ellensbiirjyli,  Washington. — Ellensburgh  is  situated  a  few  miles  distant 
from  the  foothills  of  the  Cascade  Mountains  in  the  feit'!s  valley  of  the  Yakima 
river.  It  is  the  judicial  scat  of  Kittitas  county  and  has  a  present  population  of  about 
,"^200.  It  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  126  miles  east  of 
Tacoma  and  273  miles  west  of  Spokane.  It  is  a  rich  and  thriving  center  of  trade 
and  is  one  of  the  important  inland  cities  of  the  state. 


r 


414 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


1 


Public  School,  Ellensburgh. 


The  first  settlement  at  the  present  site  of 
Ellensburgh  was  not  made  through  any  knowledge 
of  the  richness  of  the  surrounding  country,  but  for 
the  reason  that  this  was  the  most  available  site  for 
the  location  of  a  store  and  trading  post  on  the  then 
existing  stage  route  through  Eastern  Washington. 
In  1871  John  A.  Shoudy  opened  a  store  at  this 
point  and  the  small  settlement  that  subsequently 
sprung  up  around  his  store  was  at  j.  later  period 
christened  Ellensburgh.  The  growth  of  the  primi- 
tive-town was  slow,  and  in  1886  its  total  population 
was  only  520.  In  the  latter  year  it  was  incorporated 
as  a  town,  however,  and  it  then  began  to  attract 
attention  among  the  growing  settlements  of  the  state. 

The  completion  of  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  to  this  point  infused  a  new 
life  into  the  town,  and  with  the  coming  of  the  iron  horse  the  population  began  to 
rapidly  increase  and  outside  capital  began  to  seek  investment  here.  About  the  time, 
however,  that  the  place  was  fairly  on  its  feet  and  the  prospects  for  business  and  rapid 
growth  were  most  encouraging,  Ellensburgh  was  almost  entirely  swept  out  of  exis- 
tence by  the  great  fire  of  July  4,  18S9.  Outside  capital  was  offered  the  people  here  for 
rebuilding  the  Lown,  and  plans  were  at  once  formulated  for  a  resurrection  of  the  city 
on  a  more  extensive  basis  than  it  had  occupied  before.  The  streets  were  widened 
and  evenly  laid  out,  fire  limits  were  established  within  which  no  wooden  buildings 
were  allowed  and  everj'  provision  was  made  for  the  important  city  that  was  to  spring 
up  at  this  point.  Many  blocks  of  fine  brick  and  stone  buildings  were  erected.  There 
is  today  a  notable  absence  of  wooden  buildings  in  Ellensburgh  and  the  claim  is  made 
that  the  city  today  contains  more  brick  buildings  in  proportion  to  its  population 
than  any  city  in  the  West. 

The  location  of  Ellensburgh  is  a  favorable  one.  It  occupies  a  position  near  the 
geographical  center  of  the  state.  It  occupies  a  site  in  a  rich  valley  25  miles  in  '°ngth, 
the  soil  of  which  possesses  a  wonderful  fertility.  Farming  here  on  an  extensive  scale 
is  only  practicable  by  the  aid  of  irrigation,  but  water  for  irrigation  purposes  can 
easily  be  obtained  in  any  desired  quantity.  Small  fruits  and  vegetables  do  particu- 
larly well  on  this  land.  Large  quantities  of  hay,  principally  timothy,  are  annually 
shipped  from  Ellensburgh  and 
this  hay  brings  from  |io  to  $15 
a  ton.  Three  crops  of  alfalfa 
are  cut  on  the  lands  of  this  val- 
ley each  season. 

The  educational  facilities 
of  Ellensburgh  arc  of  the  high- 
est order.  The  public  school 
is  taught  in  a  fine  brick  build- 
ing which  was  erected  at  a  cost 
of  $50,000.  In  addition  to  the 
excellent  public  schools,  Ellens- 
burgh is  the  seat  of  the  Wash- 
ington  State    Normal    School,  state  normal  school,  ELLtNeeuROH. 


E.   C.    PRICE,  ARCHITECT 


are 
ine; 
coa 
limi 
trie 


EUensburgh,  Washington. 


416- 


E.  C.  Price,  Ellensbuhoh. 

ARCHITECT,    WASHINQTON  STATE   NORMAL  SCHOOL. 


which  occupies  au  imposing  brick  and  stoue  structure  of  modern  design.  It  contains 
15  large  class  rooms  and  an  auditorium  with  a  seating  capacity  of  400  people.  The 
location  of  this  state  institution  at  EllensburgVv 
is  a  source  of  great  gratification  to  its  citizens  and 
doubly  so  because  Mr.  Eugene  C.  Price,  a  local 
architect,  was  awarded  the  contract  for  drawing 
the  design  of  the  building  and  superintending  its 
erection.  Mr,  Price  learned  the  building  trade  at 
The  Dalles,  Oregon,  and  subsequently  in  carrying 
out  large  contracts  in  that  state  and  in  Washing- 
ton, he  acquired  a  thorough  knowledge  of  archi- 
tectural designing,  which  knowledge  was  greatly 
improved  by  a  long  course  of  study.  Mr.  Price 
arrived  in  EUensburgh  in  1888,  and  in  the  follow- 
ing year,  just  after  the  great  fire,  his  serrices  were 
in  great  demand  in  the  city  of  his  adoption.  The 
attractive  appearance  of  EUensburgh  is  largely 
due  to  his  plans  and  suggestions,  which  were 
carefully  followed  out  in  the  rebuilding  of  the  city. 

The  city  of  EUensburgh  owns  its  own  electric  light  plant,  which  was  constructed 
at  a  cost  of  $50,000.  The  sum  of  |;5o,ooo  was  also  expended  on  the  line  water-works 
system  of  the  city,  which  is  owned  by  a  private  corporation.  The  five  flouring  mills 
established  at  this  point  have  a  daily  capacity  of  350  barrels  of  flour.  EUensburgh 
is  the  end  of  a  division  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  and  the  company  has 
erected  here  a  roundhouse  and  large  repair  shops,  which  furnish  steady  employ- 
ment to  a  number  of  men.  In  addition  to  the  flouring  mills,  a  sash  and  door  fac- 
tory, and  a  sawmill  are  kept  constantly  running  at  this  point. 

Surrounding  EUensburgh,  and  directly  tributary  to  the  city,  is  a  highly  pro- 
ductive farming  district,  which  is  rapidly  being  filled  with  a  desirable  class  of  set- 
tlers. In  addition  to  this  farming  wealth,  however,  EUensburgh  is  the  seat  of  con- 
siderable mining  activity.  Thirty  miles  distant  from  the  city  are  the  famous  pla- 
cer and  quartz  mines  of  the  Swauk,  Pechastin  and  other  mining  districts.  The 
Swauk  placers  are  very  rich  in  both  gold  dust  and  nuggets.  In  this  district  pock- 
ets are  frequently  found  containing  from  $1,000  to  $3,000  each  in  native  gold.  The 
Swauk  placers  are  now  the  most  productive  placers  in  Washington,  and  when  the 
primitive  methods  of  mining  now  in  use  here  are  supf.>:.2ded  by  improved  hydraulic 
machinery  the  output  of  the  district  will  be  greatly  increased.  The  Pechastin  dis- 
trict contains,  in  addition  to  valuable  placers,  a  number  of  fine  quartz  ledges  on 
which  extensive  development  work  has  already  been  don«i.  The  entire  output  of 
these  several  mining  centers  is  brought  to  EUensburgh,  thus  making  this  point  the 
clearing-house  for  a  vast  amount  of  wealth.  The  furnishing  of  outfits  and  supplies 
for  the  miners  is  an  important  part  of  the  trade  enjoyed  by  EUensburgh. 

In  the  vicinity  of  EUensburgh  are  also  extensive  deposits  of  iron  ore,  which 
are  made  all  the  more  valuable  by  the  existence  in  close  proximity  to  them  of  almost 
inexhaustible  beds  of  coal,  the  finest  fluxing  lime,  and  an  unlimited  supply  of  char- 
coal timber.  The  carbonate  of  lime  found  here  analyzes  85  per  cent  chloride  of 
lime,  and  it  makes  a  fine  hydraulic  cement.  Another  mineral  resource  of  the  dis- 
trict lies  in  '.he  enormous  deposits  of  graphite   found   near   EUensburgh.     These 


■t  i 


416 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


.4! 


deposits  can  be  traced  for  miles.  The  value  of  these  deposits  has  not,  as  yet,  been 
determined,  as  they  have  not  been  worked  up  to  the  present  writing.  Near  the 
rich  coal  drifts,  within  five  miles  of  Ellensburgh,  is  a  12-foot  vein  of  fire  clay  and 
"blue  joint,"  which  could  be  used  for  making  Dresden  china.  Large  deposits  of 
clay  also  exist  in  this  district  from  which  excellent  sewer-pipe,  terra  cotta  and 
pottery  can  be  made.  The  mineral  wealth  of  the  country  tributary  to  Ellensburgh 
is  susceptible  of  great  development,  and  this,  in  time,  will  furnish  one  of  the  prin- 
cipal sources  of  revenue  to  this  rapidly  growing  city. 

North  Yakima,  Waslllngton.— North  Yakima,  the  chief  commercial 
center  of  the  great  section  of  Washington  lying  between  the  Cascade  Mountains 
on  the  west  and  the  Columbia  river  on  the  east,  is  located  in  one  of  the  fertile  val- 
leys of  the  Yakima  fiver.  It  is  a  station  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific, 
164  miles  east  of  Tr.^oma,  and  242  miles  west  of  Spokane. 

North  Yakit.'.a  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  cities  in  the  state  of  Washington. 
The  site  occupied  by  the  city  was,  but  a  few  years  since,  a  sagebrush  waste.  Nature, 
however,  provided  here  a  fertile  soil  and  furnished  from  the  great  reservoir  of  the 


Cascade  Mountains  to  the 
gate  it.  It  was  the  effort  to 
flows  through  this  part  of 
quired  of  the  hand  of  man  to 


west  plenty  of  water  to  irri- 
control  the  water  which 
the  state  alone  that  was  re- 
make this  section  highly 
fertile.  Vast  sums  of  money 
have  already  been  spent  in 
perfecting  the  irrigating  sys- 
tems centering  at  North 
Yakima,  and  many  miles  of 
great  irrigating  ditches  today 
carry  water  to  all  parts  of 
the  Yakima  ,valley,  and  the 
country  immediately  sur- 
LAKE  KiTCHEuw  AND  ARTESIAN  WELL,  NoHTH  YAKIMA.  rouudlng  North   Yakima  IS 

made  up  of  fertile  meadows,  fine  hopyards  and  well-kept  orchards. 

The  broad  streets  of  North  Yakima  are  lined  on  either  side  with  beautiful  shade 
trees,  and  along  the  sides  of  these  streets  flow  streams  of  living  water  which  are  kept 
full  during  9  or  10  months  of  the  year.  The  profusion  of  trees,  shrubbery,  flower- 
beds and  well-cared-for  lawns,  combine  to  make  this  a  city  of  surpassing  beauty  and 
attractiveness. 

The  climate  of  this  part  of  the  state  is  not  without  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold,  and  yet  the  days  during  the  hottest  part  of  the  summer  are  not  uncomfortable, 
and  the  rigor  of  winter  in  the  Middle  Western  states  is  altogether  avoided  here.  On 
the  broad  plateau  of  Washington,  on  which  North  Yakima  is  located,  the  air  is  dry 
and  bracing,  and  this  is  one  of  the  healthiest  localities  on  the  coast.  The  long,  dry 
summers  are  mad^  pleasant  by  the  cool  breezes  which  sweep  down  from  the  Cascade 
Mountains,  and  the  autumns  are  unsurpassed  even  in  California.  The  rainfall  in  this 
part  of  the  state  is  light,  but  the  swift-flowing  streams  of  water  which  course  through 
every  street  furnish  suf?''tint  moisture  for  irrigating  purposes,  and  throughout  the 
long,  dry  summers  at  North  Yakima  the  lawns  jd  gardens  of  the  city  present  the 
bright,  green  verdure  of  spring. 


North  Yakima,  Washington. 


417 


yet,  been 
Near  the 
;  clay  and 
leposits  of 
cotta  and 
llensburgh 
f  the  prin- 


ommercial 
Mountains 
fertile  val- 
rn  Pacific, 

ashington. 
:.  Nature, 
voir  of  the 
ter  to  irri- 
ter  which 
hat  was  re- 
ion  highly 
IS  of  money 
;n  spent  in 
igatinp  sys- 

at  North 
ny  miles  of 
tches  today 
parts  of 
and  the 
lately    sur- 

Yakima  is 

itiful  shade 
ch  are  kept 
ry,  flower- 
beauty  and 

heat  and 
>mfortable, 
here.  On 
e  air  is  dry 
e  long,  dry 
he  Cascade 
ifall  in  this 
se  through 
ighout  the 
)resent  the 


PHOTO.    BY  E.  E.  JAMES. 


'*» 


NArcHE2  River  at  North  yakima. 


The  valleys  which  converge  at  North  Yakima 
are  the  Wenas,  Natchez,  Cowychee  and  Ahtan- 
um.  The  streams  which  flow  through  these 
valleys  have  their  source  in  the  Cascade  Moun- 
tains, and  they  empty  into  the  Yakima  river. 
The  four  tributary  streamsof  the  Yakima  river, 
near  North  Yakima,  flow  through  valleys  vary- 
ing in  width,  respectively,  from  i  to  3  miles, 
and  about  20  miles  in  length.  The  Yakima 
river,  the  main  water-course  of  this  part  of  the 
state,  carries  a  large  volume  of  water  during 
the  entire  year,  and  it  furnishes  u  source  of  supply  foV  irrigating  purposes  that  is 
easily  made  available. 

All  farming  and  gardening  in  the  section  surrounding  North  Yakima  is  done  by 
means  of  irrigation.  Hundreds  of  thousands  of  acres  of  land  here  are  being  re- 
claimed and  made  highly  productive  by  means  of  irrigation.  The  great  irrigating 
ditches  with  their  laterals  spread  out  in  every  direction  in  this  part  of  the  state. 
North  Yakima  is  the  headquarters  of  a  number  of  large  irrigating  companies,  which 
are  now  engaged  in  perfecting  great  irrigating  systems  here.  Vast  sums  of  money 
are  regularly  expended  in  this  work.  When  all  the  irrigating  ditches  now  outlined 
in  this  system,  are  completed,  the  entire  section  of  country  extending  from  North 
Yakima  on  the  west,  to  the  Columbia  river,  90  miles  distant  to  the  east,  will  be  con- 
verted into  rich  farms,  which  can  be  made  as  highly  productive  as  any  farming  land 
on  the  coast. 

About  four  miles  south  of  North  Yakima,  the  valley  in  which  the  city  is  located 
is  encircled  by  a  range  of  mountains,  through  which  flows 
at  Union  Gap,  the  Yakima  river.  From  this  point  the  stream 
enters  a  broad  plain.  On  one  side  of  the  river  this  plain  is  oc- 
cupied by  the  Yakima,  Klickitat  and  other  tribes  of  Indians, 
and  forms  the  Simcoe  Indian  Reservation.  The  reservation  is 
naturally  well  watered  by  the  Toppenish  and  Satas  rivers.  The 
waters  from  these  streams  spread  out  over  the  low  lands  adja- 
cent, making  rich  grazing  meadows  for  the  cattle  and  horses 
of  the  Indians.  The  valuable  lands  comprised  in  the  reserva- 
tion will  some  day  be  thrown  open  to  settlement,  and  it  will 
all  then  contribute  directly  to  North  Yakima's  wealth  and 
prosperity. 

The  population  inhabiting  the  country  tributary  to  North  Yakima  are  engaged 
principally  in  the  pursuits  of  agriculture,  horticulture  and  stock  raising.  Ten  or 
fifteen  acres  of  the  land  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city,  if  carefully  tilled,  will  easily  sup- 
port a  family,  and  a  man  owning  50  acres  of  land  here  is  considered  well  off.  In  the 
district  arc  about  3,000  acres  which  are  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  hops  which  do 
exceedingly  well  here.  It  is  worthy  of  note  that  this  is  the  only  district  in  the 
world  where  hops  are  grown  by  means  of  irrigation.  With  the  most  careful  cultiva- 
tion and  good  care  an  acre  of  this  land  will  yield  annually  about  2,000  pounds  of 
hops,  and  as  the  average  cost  of  picking,  curing  and  baling  this  crop  is  about  S}4 
cents  a  pound,  and  as  the  average  selling  price  of  hops  for  15  years  past  has  been  18 
cents  a  pound,  it  will  be  perceived  that  hop  raising  here  is  attended  with  the  most 


COLUMBIA  School,  North  Yakima. 


!»1 


418 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


1 


tl 


Central  School.  North  yakim* 


profitable  results.  During  the  eight  years  that  hops  have  been  cultivated  in  the  Yakima 
district,  vines  have  never  suffered  from  the  pest  known  as  the  hop  louse.  Occasion- 
ally it  appears  on  the  vines  in  the  early  spring,  but  it  invariably  disappears  with  the 
advent  of  hot,  dry  weather  of  the  early  summer  mouths,  and  hop-growers  here  have 
never  been  compelled  to  resort  to  spraying  as  a  means  of  destroying  hop  lice.  Dur- 
ing the  present  year  [1894]  it  is  estimated  that  this  section  will  produce  at  least  20,000 
bales  of  hops. 

Another  leading  occupation  of  the  farmers  here  is  fruit  growing  on  an  extensive 
scale.  All  kinds  of  fruit  indigenous  to  the  temperate  zone  do 
well  here.  The  orchards  of  this  section  annually  yield  large 
quantities  of  the  finest  quality  of  peaches,  pears,  grapes,  apples 
and  quinces,  ana  the  smaller  varieties  of  fruits  such  as  straw- 
berries, blackberries,  raspberries,  currants,  etc.,  do  equally  as 
well  as  the  larger  fruits.  All  kinds  of  grain  are  grown  as  well 
here  as  in  any  part  of  the  West,  but  the  farmers  of  this  sec- 
tion have  found  that  other  crops  yield  better  returns,  and  for 
this  reason  they  have  turned  their  principal  attention  to 
other  pursuits  than  grain  raising. 

The  Yakima  country  is  a  splendid  grazing  section,  and  pastured  on  the  fine 
banchgrass  lands  of  Yakima  county  are  thousands  of  horses,  cattle  and  sheep.  The 
county  is  also  rich  in  minerals.  Placer  mining  has  been  carried  on  to  some  extent 
in  the  county  for  many  years  past,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  North  Yakima  are  a  number 
of  quartz  ledges  that  will  probably  prove  valuable  when  developed.  Wide  coal 
measures  of  a  high  grade  of  lignite  coal  extend  through  the  county  and  as  far  east  as  the 
Columbia  river.  Marble,  limestone  and  clay  and  iron  are  among  the  leading  miner- 
als found  to  exist  in  large  quantities  in  the  section  tributary  to  North  Yakima.  The 
mines  here  are  yet  practically  undeveloped,  but  better  transportation  facilities  and  an 
increased  population  will  do  much  to  encourage  the  opening  of  the  rich  mines  that 
have  laid  so  long  with  their  latent  stores  of  wealth. 

North  Yakima  itself  is  a  typical  prosperous  Western  city.  It  contains  today  a 
population  of  3,000  which  is  enterprising  and  alert.  Most  of  the  people  who  have 
settled  here  came  from  the  East  and  the  Central  West.  The  city  presents  a  busy 
appearance,  and  its  stores,  warehouses  and  elevators  all  do  a  large  business.  There 
is  not  at  the  present  writing  a  vacant  store  or  office  in 
the  city,  and  the  large  number  of  farmers  from  the 
surrounding  country  who  regularly  come  here  to  do 
their  trading  impart  a  particularly  lively  appearance 
to  the  streets.  The  city  at  the  present  time  may  be 
said  to  depend  solely  for  its  support  on  the  rich  agri- 
cultural belt  surrounding  it.  The  city  is  making  con- 
stant and  rapid  advancement,  however,  and  the  people 
here  look  for  the  place  to  double  its  population  daring 
the  next  five  years. 

North  Yakima  affords  its  youth  the  best  of  edu- 
cational advantages.  In  the  two  large  brick  public 
schools  of  the  place  13  teachers  are  employed  and  the 
total  enrollment  of  pupils  daily  is  about  550.  In  ad- 
dition to  the  public  schools,  the  place  supports  a  private 


J.  G.  LAWRENCE,  North  Yakima. 


S 


The  Yakima  Valley,    Washington. 


419 


academy  and  a  Catholic  parochial  school.  In  Yakima  county  outside  of  the 
city,  3,000  pupils  attend  33  schools.  The  county  school  property  is  today  valued 
at  over  |ioo,ooo.  The  perfection  of  the  excellent  public  school  system  of 
Yakima  county  is  largely  due  to  the  efforts  of  Prof.  J.  G.  Lawrence,  who  is  now  fill- 
ing a  second  term  as  county  superintendent  of  schools.  Prof.  Lawrence,  who  is  also 
a  member  of  the  state  board  of  education,  has  been  actively  engaged  in  school  work 
for  20  years  past.  Before  commencing  his  work  as  an  instructor,  Prof.  Lawrence 
attended  the  Stale  Normal  School  at  Carbondale,  Illinois,  and  subsequently  he  was 
engaged  for  a  number  of  years  in  educational  work  in  Kansas  and  Illinois.  He  came 
to  North  Yakima  in  1888.  For  two  years  Prof.  Lawrence  was  principal  of  the  public 
schools  at  North  Yakima,  a  position  he  resigned  when  he  was  elected  to  the  important 
office  he  now  holds. 

There  are  two  national  banks  at  North  Yakima  with  a  combined  capital  of  $150,- 
000.  The  city  also  boasts  of  a  fine  electric  light  plant,  a  complete  water- works  system 
and  an  efficient  fire  department,  equipped  with  the  best  of  apparatus  for  fighting  fire. 
The  business  streets  are  lined  with  many  fine  business  blocks,  and  scattered  over  the 
city  are  many  costly  and  elegant  private  residences. 

The  near  completion  of  the  canal  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  Yakima  and  Kittitas 
Irrigation  Company,  35  miles  long,  will  open  to  settlement  65,000  acres  of  land  in 
this  part  of  the  state.  The  other  irrigating  systems  of  great  magnitude  are  those  of 
the  Prosser  Falls  and  Priest  Rapids  Canal  Company,  known  as  the  Leadbetter  Ditch, 
which  is  80  miles  long  and  will  reclaim  over  100,000  acres,  the  canal  of  the  Yakima 
Improvement  and  Irrigating  Company,  which  was  completed  last  yea»-  and  irrigates 
about   12,000  acres,  the  Selah  Valley   Irrigation   Company's  ditch,  ring  27,000 

acres,  besides  numerous  smaller  ditches,  which  will  reclaim  for  cu  t  •  \tion  nearly 
all  the  land  lying  in  the  valley  of  the  Yakima  river.  The  settlement  01  this  vast  dis- 
trict, which  has  so  long  reraained  unoccupied,  will  lead  to  a  rapid  increase  in  the 
population  and  wealth  of  Noith  Yakima,  and  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  hope  that  this 
will  become  in  time  one  of  the  most  important  inland  cities  of  the  Pacific  Northwest 
embraced  in  the  limits  of  the  great  states  of  Oregon,  Washington  and  Idaho. 

The  Yakima  Valley. — This  part  of  .u  •  state  of  Washington  is  now  attracting 
wide-spread  attention  on  account  of  the  -  :.-ts  being  made  to  reclaim  a  large  part 
of  its  arid  land  by  means  of  irrigation.  A  few  years  ago  a  barren  and  uninviting 
sagebrush  waste  greeted  the  eye  of  the  traveler  journeying  through  this  part  of  the 
state.  Today  a  large  portion  of  this  land  is  highly  cultivated  and  some  of  the  finest 
farms  and  orchards  in  Washington  are  found  in  the  Yakima  valley. 

Winding  its  way  through  the 
Yakima  valley  to  the  Columbia 
river  is  the  Yakima  river,  a  large 
stream  which  finds  its  source  in 
the  perennial  siiowpof  the  Cascade 
Mountains.  This  river  drains  a 
watershed  ofjabout  2,500  square 
miles  and  its  entire  basin  is  nearly 
200  miles  in  length.  The  western 
part  of  this  basin  in  pre-historic 
ages  consisted  of  four  great  lakes 
enclosed  by  mountain  ranges,  now  sunnyside  canal,  yakima  Y^LUEy. 


PHOTO.   BV  CARPENTER,  TACOMA. 


■  S;'.?' 

'•i.t 


E  t 
1  j 

■  tit 


420 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


cut  through  by  the  Yakima  river.  In  some  great  convulsion  of  nature  the  water  of 
these  lakes  was  draiued  oflF  and  the  heavy  luxuriant  vegetation  along  the  shores  of 
these  great  bodies  of  water  withered  and  passed  away  from  lack  of  moisture.  The 
beds  of  the  old  lakes  remained  for  unknown  centuries  a  dusty  desert  covered  by 
sagebrush  and  scattered  tufts  of  bunchgrass. 

About  the  year  i860  a  small  itinerant  body  of  men  driving  their  flocks  before 
them,  reached  the  Yakima  valley.  They  sought  here  a  means  of  livelihood  in  a 
region  that'  had  always  been  deemed  worthless  for  agricultural  purposes.  It  did  not 
take  these  pioneers  long  to  discover,  however,  that  the  soil  of  this  valley  was  remark- 
ably rich,  and  where  it  was  possible  to  get  water  to  it,  it  could  be  made  to  blossom  as 
the  rose.  Sheep  raising  at  that  time,  however,  was  an  extremely  profitable  indus- 
try in  these  parts,  and  for  a  number  of  years  this  was  the  principal  calling  followed 
by  the  early  settlers  of  the  valley.  Among  the  people  who  formed  the  second  tide 
of  immigration  to  the  Yakima  valley  were  practical  farmers,  who  at  once  commenced 
the  work  of  digging  irrigation  ditches  through  the  valley.  Th-se  men  set  out  or- 
chards, planted  hop  yards  and  they  commenced  the  work  c*"  ming  on  a  small 
but  a  profitable  scale.     The  success  which  attended  the  efl  f   these  farmers 

soon  attracted  the  attention  of  capital  to  this  part  of  the  staie.  Something  over 
12,500,000  is  now  being  expended  in    building   canals  and  lateral  ditches  through 

this  part  of  the  state.  This  great  irrigation 
system  when  completed  will  redeem  over  300,000 
acres  of  land  in  the  Yakima  valley.  All  of  this 
irrigated  land  is  highly  productive,  and  being 
'■  cleared  ready  for  the  plow  in  its  native  state, 
it  offers  excellent  opportunities  for  the  atten- 
tion of  the  husbandman. 

In  1892,  the  Northern  Pacific,  Yakima  and 
Kittitas  Irrigation  Company  built  what  is  known 
as  the  Sunnyside  canal.  This  canal  waters 
65,000  acres  of  land.  In  December,  1891,  work 
was  begun  on  the  Leadbetter  system  of  canals, 
the  first  work  being  done  on  the  Yakima  & 
Kennewick  line,  which  has  since  been  disposed  of  to  the  Yakima  Improvement  & 
Irx-igation  Company  of  Kennewick. 

In  June,  1892,    construction   work    was  begun    on    the  Columbia   and  Yakima 
canal.     This  canal  is  practically  finished 


ii^rgpHiimisasi!'-^ 


Flood  Gate,  Sunnvside  Canal,  Yakima  Vallev. 


at  the  present  writing.  It  is  the  longest 
canal  in  the  Northwest,  its  length  being 
about  60  miles.  The  canal  takes  its  water 
supply  from  the  Yakima  river  at  Prosser 
falls,  and  running  parallel  with  the  river 
through  costly  flumes  and  rock  work,  at 
the  end  of  uo  miles  reaches  Kiona.  At 
the  latter  place  it  crosses  the  river  at  an 
altitude  of  167  feet  in  a  five-foot  steel 
pipe,  thence  it  flows  sou^^heasterly  for 
another  20  miles,  when  it  emerges  out 
upon  the  broad,  level  plains  of  the  Col- 
umbia,  where  it  waters  27,000  acres  of 


PHOTO.    BY  E.    E.   JAMES     NORTH  YAKIMA. 


:,^''^0^f:.0ii^-- 


Head  Flume  1,  Leaobetter  Ditch,  yakima  County. 


The  Yakima  Valley,  Washington. 


421 


the  most  fertile  soil  imaginable.     This  section  is  des-      photo,  bv  e.  e.  james. 

tined  to  become  one  solid  fruit  and  hop  farm,  as  the 

climate  here  is  more  particularly  adapted  to  these 

industries  than   is  even   the  rest  of  Yakima  county. 

The  "Chinook  "  winds  which  follow  up  the  Columbia 

river  from  the  Japan  current,  temper  the  cold  of  the 

winters  to  almost  Southern  California  mildness,  and 

usher  in  the  springtime    from   two  to  three  weeks 

earlier  than  it   arrives  in   the  upper  Yakima  valley, 

only  50  miles  away.     Kennewick,  on  the  Columbia,  is 

almost  1,000  feet  lower  than  North  Yakima,  being  less 

tnan  yxi  leet  above  sea  level.  leaobetter  ditch,  ne»r  kennewick,  yakima  county. 

This  mildness  of  climat<    and  early  spring  insure 
the  farmer  against  losses  fn mi  late  frosts  and  make  the  raising  of  peaches  and  prunes 
as  certain  as  that  of  the  hardier  varieties  of  fruits.     These  conditions  also  give  them 

the  control  of  the  early  market  in 
Tacoma,  Seattle,  Spokane  and  Port- 
land. In  1893,  five  months  from  the 
time  of  the  clearing  of  the  sagebrush 
from  the  land,  a  farmer  in  this  locality 
picked  1,200  pounds  of  hops  to  the 
acre,  equal  to  a  gross  return  of  $225 
per  acre,  or  a  net  profit  of  $125  per 
acre.  This  for  a  first  year's  crop,  dur- 
ing a  year  when,  owing  to  unfavorable 
weather,  almost  all  hops  planted  in 
other  localities  failed  to  produce  any 
first  year's  crop,  is  a  remarkable  show- 
ing. This  region  is  also  especially 
adapted  to  the  raising  of  the  Tokay 
grape,  which  is  the  best  for  green  shipment.  Fruit  rates  to  the  great  non-fruit-pro- 
ducing portions  of  the  United  States  are  from  a  quarter  to  a  half  as  much  as  they  are 
from  California,  besides  a  differ- 
ence in    time   of  from  two    to 

five  days  in  getting  the  fruit  to  .  ...r — "~ 

market.  These  advantages 
greatly  increase  Yakima  fruit- 
producers'  profits  and  allow  the 
fruit  to  ripen  on  the  trees  in- 
stead of  in  transit,  thus  improv- 
ing the  quality  greatly.  Here 
t-vo  or  three  transcontinental 
lines  of  railroad,  the  Northern, 
Union  and  Great  Northern,  all 
traversing  or  connected  with 
this  locality  by  the  broad,  open 
highway  of  the  Columbia  river, 
which  according  to  the  reports 
of  government  engineers,   car-  .eadbette^  d.tch,  section  or  oitch  above  flume  no.  ? 


Leadbetter  Ditch,  lower  End, 
Flume  No.  1. 


.!■! 


I 


422 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


ries  more  watp*-  at  The  Dalles,  hundreds  of  miles  above  its  mouth  and  above  one  of 
its  largest  tribiUaries,  the  Willamette,  than  the  Mississippi  does  at  New  Orleans. 
The  Governmen.  is  now  removing  the  obstructions,  and  in  a  few  years  the  river  will 
be  open  to  the  sea. 

The  Columbia  &  Yakima  Irrigation  Company  was  in  1893  merged  into  the  Prosser 
Falls  &  Priest  Rapids  Canal  Company,  which  is  nov  building  the  canal  larger,  and 
the  line  crossing  the  Yakima  river  in  the  great  pipe  is  but  a  small  branch  of  the  sys- 
tem which  will  water  all  of  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  from  opposite  Wallula  to  Priest 
rapids,  a  distance  of  almost  100  miles.  The  policy  of  these  companies  is  most 
liberal  to  water-users  and  especially  to  those  who  have  settled  upon  the  government 
lands,  and  development  and  improvement  are  the  order  of  the   day. 

XiitiEi- !•;";!,.,„  "  Irrigation  is  King, "  uad  the  time 

..■^■'  ""'i^'-^^i^if^^^^.-^  is  not  far  distant  when  the  cities  of  the 

^^  Northwest  will  feel  the  reviving  in- 

'-:^^^^S^^^^'^^^^h  fluences  of  the  great  principalities  of 

wonderfully  productive  lands  which 
are  being  reclaimed  by  this  mtans. 
Other  canal  enterprises  will  ultimately 
bring  into  cultivation  all  the  valley 
land  lying  between  North  Yakima 
and  the  Columbia  river. 


Prosser  f*li.s  *nd  Priest  Rapids  Canal,  Three  Miles  from  HEAOGArE. 

WIDTH  OF  CANAL,  IB  FEET  AT  BOTTOM,  36  FEET  ON  TOP,  6  FEET  DEEP; 
FLUME,  12  FEET  WIDE,  0  FEET  DEEP. 


The  Yakima  country  is  broken  by 
low  mountain  ranges  running  in  an 
caster'*  and  westerly  direction.  Be- 
tween these  ranges  is  a  succession  of 
small  valleys  which  finally  end  in  the 
broad  Yakima  prairie,  60  miles  in 
length  and  from  10  to  15  miles  in  width. 
The  Yakima  river,  after  leaving  the 
high  peaks  of  the  Cascades,  follows  a 
tortuous  course  for  some  distance  and  then  enters  a  wide  expanse  of  valley  land 
known  as  the  Kittitas  basin.  In  this  valley  is  located  EUensburgh,  a  prosperous 
town  of  2,500  inhabitants.  The  stream  from  here  descends  rapidly  and  finally,  50 
miles  below  Bllensbu;gh,  emerges  from  a  series  of  canyons  into  the  broad  and  beau- 
tiful valley,  ii  tbe  center  of  which  is  located  the  prosperous  city  of  North  Yakima. 
Immediately  beyond  this  valley,  through  a  gap  in  the  eticlosing  mountains,  is  the 
Yakima  Indian  reservation.  Beyond  this  reservatioji  the  river  follows  a  winding 
course  through  the  rich  Yakima  prairie,  which  extends  to  the  Columbia  river.  The 
principal  town  of  this  part  of  the  valley  is  Keunewick. 

The  Yakima  river  is  fed  by  the  Kittitas,  Katches,  CleElum,  Tannuni,  Natchez, 
Tieton  and  Ahtanum  rivers.  The  Yakima  river  carries  a  sufficient  volume  of  water 
to  irrigate  the  entire  lands  of  the  valley  through  which  it  flows,  and  if  necessary,  water 
storage  can  be  resorted  to,  this  supply  can  be  largely  increased  b\  saving  the 
spring  flood  vvaters.  The  natural  reservoirs  are  found  in  the  basins  of  lakes  Cle- 
Elum, Katches,  Kitchelas  and  Tannum.  The  combined  surface  area  of  these 
lakes  is  over  50  square  miles.  They  could  be  made  to  store  sufficient  water  to  irrigate 
an  area  twice  as  large  as  that  embraced  in  the  Yakima  valley.     A  large  part  of  the 


tuUrilte- 


)ove  one  of 

ff  Orleans. 
;  river  will 


the  Prosser 
larger,  and 
of  the  sys- 
la  to  Priest 
;s  is  most 
rovernnient 

ad  the  time 
cities  of  the 
eviving  in- 
cipalities  of 
ands  which 
:his  ni  ans. 
1  ultimately 
the  valley 
th    Yakima 

is  broken  by 
juing  in  an 
ection.     Be- 
accession  of 
y  end  in  the 
o   miles    in 
esin  width, 
leaving  the 
es,  follows  a 
valley  land 
prosperous 
d  finally,  50 
d  and  beau- 
th  Yakima, 
tains,  is  the 
s  a  winding 
river.     The 


m,  Natchez, 
me  of  water 
ssary,  water 

saving  the 
f  lakes  Cle- 
;a  of  these 
er  to  irrigate 

part  of  the 


The  Yakima  Valley,  Washington. 


428 


irrigation  in  this  valley  is  carried  on  by  means  of  ditches  built  by  the  farmers, 
either  individually  or  iii  partnership.  These  ditches  are  from  i  to  15  miles  in 
length,  and  they  irrigate  from  50  to  1 ,500  acres  each.  The  fall  of  the  Yakima  river 
and  its  tributaries  is  sufficient  to  bring  water  into  the  ditches  without  the  building 
of  dams.  East  of  the  town  of  Yakima,  in  the  Moxee  valley,  are  two  artesian  wells, 
respectively  285  and  325  feet  deep,  which  have  a  combined  flow  of  1.35  feet  a  second. 
The  waters  of  these  wells  are  used  for  irrigation  purposes. 

The  irrigation  projects  now  under  way  in  the  valley  embrace  systems  of  canals 
and  lateral  ditches  extending  from  a  point  on  the  Natchez  river,  to  above  North 
Yakima,  to  the  Columbia  river,  a  distance  of  about  100  miles.  Two  hundred  miles 
of  main  canal  have  already  been  built  between  these  points. 

All  of  the  Yakima  valley  from  the  town  of  North  Yakima  down  to  the  mouth 
of  the  river  is  a  superior  fruit  country.  The  soil  is  of  great  depth  and  richness, 
and  when  it  is  well  watered,  its  producing  powers  are  wonderful.  Four  or  five  crops  of 
alfalfa  i,re  raised  from  the  same  ground  here  every  season.  In  the  valley  an  alfalfa 
field  over  two  years  old  will  yield  from  6  to  10  tons  to  the  acre.  The  cost  of  rais- 
ing and  cutting  th'".  crop  averages  $1.25  a  ton.  At  the  present  writing,  alfalfa  sells 
in  the  valley  for  $6.00  per  ton.  Taking  the  lowest  yield  of  six  tons  to  the  acre,  this 
would  leave  a  net  profit  to  the  raiser  of  alfalfa  here  of  ^^27.. 50  an  acre. 

The  so  1  01  the  Yakima  -valley  is  perfect  for  hop  culture.  The  yield  of  hops  per 
acre  here  .averages  1,900  pounds.  Land  that  is  carefully  cultivated  wili  yield  from 
2,000  to  2,800  pounds.  The  cost  of  raising  a  crop  of  hops  in  the  valley  and  getting 
the  crop  to  "larket  is  from  8  to  10  cents  a  pound.  The  average  price  received 
for  hops  is  about  18  cents  .';  pound.  This  leaves  a  net  profit  to  the  hop  grower  of  this 
part  of  the  state  of  $144  per  acre.  This  region  produced  12,000  bales  of  hops  in  1893, 
and  it  is  estimated  that  the  crop  of  1894  will  exceed  23,000  bales.  The  hop  louse, 
which  is  such  a  pest  in  most  of  the  old  hop-growing  districts  of  the  United  States 
and  Europe,  has  never  done  any  damage  in  the  Yakima  valley.  The  steady,  bright 
dry  heat  of  the  summer  months  here  effectually  destroys  the  pest  when  it  does 
appear. 

Next  to  the  hop  industry,  fruit  growing  is  the  most  important  and  remunera- 
tive business  in  the  Yakima  iilley.  This  region  produces  most  all  of  the  semi-trop- 
ical varieties  of  fruits,  inc  uding  peaches,  pears,  cherries,  prunes,  all  varictie'^  of 
grapes,  nectarines  and  apricots. 
All  the  fiuit  grown  in  the  valley 
is  of  a  superior  quality,  and  is 
widely  noted  for  its  fine  color  and 
delicious  flavor.  A  noticeable  thing 
about  the  orchards  of  the  Yakima 
valley  is  their  clean  and  regular 
growth.  Almost  any  of  the  many 
large  orchards  of  this  section  might 
be  seleclo-d  for  illustration  in  a 
nnrserj^  catalogue,  so  perfect  are 
their  form,  ixvA  so  heavily  laden 
with  fruit  are  the  trees,     The  cities 

of  Tacoma,  vSeattle  and  Spokane  are  distant  from  the  principal  points  of  the  Yakima 
valley  only  about  eight  hours'  ride  by  rail,  and  these  markets  are  accessible  with 
easy  freight  rates  tc  them  for  the  growers  of  Yakima  valley  fruit. 


Two-rE»R  Old  Orchard,  y»kima  County. 


l! 


m 


ill! 


424 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.   BY  CARPENTER,  TALOM*. 


As  an  illustration  of  how  profitable  fruit  growing  can  be  made  in  the  Yakima 
valley,  the  following  facts  are  taken  from  sworn  statements  made  by  farmers  residing 
near  North  Yakima.  An  orchard  of  lo  acres  here  netted  its  owner  $3,000  in  1892. 
One-half  acre  of  this  produced  in  a  season  4,000  pounds  of  Catawba  and  Delaware 
grapes,  which  sold  for  $250.  In  1891  five  acres  of  land  produced  $300  worth  of  melons, 
$200  worth  of  potatoes,  $100  worth  of  grapes,  $100  worth  of  onions,  ^100  worth  of 
strawberries,  alfalfa  enough  to  keep  a  horse  a  year  and  sufficient  garden  produce  to 
last  two  families  for  the  same  time.  One  Alexander  peach  tree  here  produced  during 
the  season  of  1893  2,000  pounds  of  peaches  which  sold  for  ^s52. 

The  expense  of  grubbing  sagebrush  land  and  preparing  it  for  an  irrigated 
orchard,  including  the  digging  of  small  lateral  ditches  to  distribute  the  water  suppl)', 
can  be  estimated  at  about  $10  per  acre.  The  cost  of  trees  and  planting  in  peaches, 
prunes  and  apples  is  about  $7  for  young  trees  and  $8  for  labor  per  acre. 

In  the  Yakima  valley,  land,  under  ditch,  with  a  perpetual  water  right,  costs  from 
$40  to  $60  an  acre.  A  settler  here  can,  therefore,  estimate  that  10  acres  of  orchard 
planted  in  young  trees  and  supplied  with  water  from  irrigating  ditches  will  cost 
about  $700.  Ten  acres  more  planted  in  alfalfa  and  other  crops  will  make  a  farm  suf- 
ficiently large  to  support  a  family  in  comfort,  and  from  a  farm  of  this  size  which  has 
been  cultivated  for  three  years  or  more  an  income  can  be  derived  of  from  $2,500 
to  $3,000  a  year. 

Prosser,  Washington. — This  recently  established  town  is  rapidly  becoming 
one  of  the  most  important  distributing  and  manufacturing  points  in  the  great  Yak- 
ima valley.  It  is  located  on  the 
main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
railroad,  41  miles  west  of  Pasco 
and  50  miles  east  of  North  Yakima. 
The  latter  place  has,  within  a  few 
years,  grown  from  a  dozen  houses 
to  a  prosperous  city  of  4,000  in- 
habitants. This  growth  is  due 
solely  to  irrigation.  The  land  at 
Prosser  is  identical  with  that  at 
North  Yakima.  The  country  trib- 
utary to  Prosser  embraces  hun- 
dreds of  thousands  of  acres  of  land 
on  which  hops,  most  all  the  semi- 
tropical  fruits,  cotton,  tobacco,  and 
cereals  of  all  kinds  can  be  profitably  raised.  The  fertility  of  this  soil  is  shown  by 
the  statement  that  five  crops  of  alfalfa  are  successfully  raised  here  aniuially. 

Of  the  numerous  irrigation  projects  for  redeeming  all  of  the  arid  land  east  of 
North  Yakima,  several  are  now  nearing  completion.  The  remarkable  fecundity  of 
the  soil  of  this  valley,  the  crops  it  produces,  and  the  means  by  which  it  is  irrigated, 
are  fully  described  in  an  article  on  the  Yakima  valley  published  in  this  work. 

Between  North  Yakima  and  the  Columbia  river,  a  distance  of  90  miles,  there 

will,  in  all  probability,  be  but  one  important  town,  and  this  will  be  Prosser.     This 

atter  town  is  now  the  trading  center  of  the  exceptionally  fertile  part  of  the  vallej' 

known  as  the  Sunnyside  country.     This  section  is  watered  by  the  great  canal  of  the 

North  Pacific,  Yakima  &  Kittitas  Irrigation  Company.     The  canal  redeems  65,000 


IRRIGATING,    NEAR  pROSSER. 


tlil 


Pasco,  Washington. 


426 


Yakima 
5  residing 
3  iu  1892. 
Delaware 
f  melons, 
worth  of 
roduce  to 
id  during 

irrigated 

;r  supply, 

peaches, 

:osts  from 
f  orchard 
will  cost 
farm  suf- 
vhich  has 
)m  $2,500 

becoming 

reat  Yak- 

d  on  the 

rn  Pacific 

of  Pasco 

Yakima. 

hin  a  few 

houses 

4,000  in- 

is    due 

land  at 

h  that  at 

ntry  trib- 

ices  hun- 

s  of  land 

the  semi- 

acco,  and 

shown  by 

id  east  of 
undity  of 
rrigated, 
•k. 

les,  there 
er.  This 
le  valley 
al  of  the 
is  65,000 


acres  of  land  that  is  absolutely  worthless  without  irrigation,  and  converts  it  into 
hop  yards,  orchards  and  gardens.  Ten  acres  of  this  land,  if  carefully  cultivated,  will 
net  from  $1,500  to  $3,000  a  year. 

The  agricultural  resources  of  the  country  liibutary  to  Prosser  will  doubtless 
make  it  a  town  of  4,000  or  5,000  inhabitants.  It  has  only  been  within  the  last  three 
years  that  the  Yakima  valley  has  attracted  wide-spread  attention.  It  may  be  said 
to  be  but  yet  in  its  infancy.  It  is  rapidly  settling  up,  and  the  acreage  of  cultivated 
land  in  it  is  more  than  trebling  each  year.  In  1892  the  hop  crop  of  the  country  adja- 
cent to  North  Yakima  was  5,000  bales.  The  following  year  the  same  section  pro- 
duced 15,000  bales,  and  35,000  bales  is  considered  a  conservative  estimate  of  the  crop 
for  this  year.  A  discerning  mind  will  see  that  Prosser,  with  as  great  and  equally  as 
rich  an  acreage  of  irrigated  land  as  that  tributary  to  North  Yakima,  will  become  one 
of  the  prosperous  agricultural  towns  of  Washington.  At  this  point  the  Yakima 
river  dashes  down  a  rocky  incline,  forming  a  series  of  beautiful  cascades,  known  as 
Prosser  falls.  The  water  power  of  these  falls  is  estimated  at  3,000  horse.  This 
power  can  all  be  utilized  for  manufacturing  purposes.  A  syndicate  is  now  expend- 
ing $150,000  in  developing  and  utilizing  this  splendid  water  power.  It  now  turns 
the  wheels  of  a  flouring  mill  with  i  capacity  of  80  barrels  daily.  Of  the  3,000  horse 
power  here,  1,000  is  controlled  b\  Fred.  R.  Reed.  This  gentleman  is  the  manager 
of  the  syndicate  owning  the  townsite  of  Prosser.  He  has  published  several  pamph- 
lets descriptive  of  Prosser  I  the  Yakima  valley,  which  he  will  mail  to  any  address 
on  application. 

Pasco,  Washl ngf ton. — Situa;  i  on  the  eastern  lank  of  the  Columbia  river 
at  a  point  one  mile  from  where  that  strean  is  crossed  <y  he  main  line  of  the  North- 
ern Pacific  is  the  town  of  Pasco,  the  seat  of  Franklin  county.  It  is  the  end  of  a  pas- 
senger and  freight  division  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  and  i  is  here  that  a  branch 
leaves  the  main  line,  crosses  the  Snake  rivei  at  Ainsworth,  a  few  miles  to  the  south, 
and  connects  with  the  Union  Pacific  and  the  Hunt  line  of  roads  for  Walla  Walla, 
Waitsburg,  Dayton  and  intermediate  points  to  the  east  and  Pendleton  and  all  points 
on  the  Union  Pacific  to  the  west.  Pasco  is  146  miles  from  Spokane,  and  the  distance 
from  this  point  to  Tacoma  is  254  miles. 

Pasco  contains  about  400  people.  It  has  a  pul  school,  two  hotels,  a  brewery 
and  12  stores.  The  immediate  site  which  the  town  occupies  in  its  present  shape  is 
not  an  inviting  one.  The  surrounding  country  consists  of  a  broad,  level  stretch  of 
arid  land.  This  sagebrush  waste,  like  other  parts  of  Eastern  Washington,  needs  but 
irrigation,  however,  to  transform  it  into  a  garden  spot.  The  soil  here  is  a  decom- 
posed volcanic  ash  which  in  itself  is  a  great  fertilizer,  and  under  the  action  of  water 
this  is  the  most  productive  land  in  the  state. 

It  is  the  hope  of  the  residents  of  this  section  that  at  no  distant  date  the  country 
immediately  surrounding  Pasco  will  be  made  up  of  fine  farms,  well-kept  orchards 
and  gardens.  The  land  here  can  be  easily  watered  by  means  of  artesian  wells  or 
from  irrigating  ditches.  Already  through  the  primitive  means  of  irrigation  adopted 
here  there  has  sprung  up  here  and  there  over  the  country  little  oases  of  fine  gar- 
dens, the  green  verdure  of  which  contrasts  strangely  with  the  leaden  color  of  the 
surrounding  sagebrush  land.  All  of  this  land  can  be  redeemed  by  water,  and  at  a 
comparatively  small  expense,  as  the  supply  of  water  here  for  irrigating  purposes  is 
easily  obtained,  and  the  supply  is  inexhaustible. 


;  I- 

k 


i4 


426 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacihc  Northwest. 


I 


School  house,  Ritzville. 


Even  the  apparent  wastes  c*"  sagebrush  land  here  possess  a  value.  This  land  is 
covered  in  places  with  self-curing  bunchgrass  which  retains  its  nutritious  qualities 
throughout  the  winter.  Cattle  turned  out  on  this  land  feed  on  the  bunchgrass 
here  throughout  the  year  without  attention.  There  are  today  15,000  head  of  stock 
in  Franklin  county,  and  stockraising  is  the  chief  industry  of  the  county  at  the 
present  time. 

Ritzville,  Wasliinjyton.— Ritzville,  the  county  seat  of  Adams,  is  a  thriving 
ing  town  of  about  500  population.  It  is  locat'^i  on  th*;  main  line  of  the  Nor- 
thern Pacific  railroad,  64  miles  west  of  Spokane,  the  l*-"'1ing  city  of  Eastern 
Washington. 

Ritzville  is  the  banking,  trading  and  shipping  point  for  a  large  area  of  agricul- 
tural and  grazing  country  that  is  well  settled.  The  land  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  town  yields  large  crops  of  wheat,  barley,  rye 
and  oats.  In  som_  sections  of  Adams  county  horticulture  is 
receiving  considerable  attention.  In  the  county  is  still  a  la  ge 
amount  of  unoccupied  land  which  is  open  to  settlement  and 
which  can  be  nu'de  highly  productive.  Faitr>!iig  in  this  part 
of  the  state  is  successfully  carried  on  without  the  aid  of  irri- 
gation. Good  water  lor  domestic  use  is  obtained  by  sinking 
artesian  wells  to  an  average  depth  of  about  80  feet.  Much  of 
the  land  of  the  county  would  -produce  perhaps  greatly  increased 
yields  if  water  were  carried  to  it,  and  as  the  supply  from  the 
artesian  wells  of  this  section  is  inexhaustible  there  is  no  reason  why  the  arid  portions 
of  the  county  should  not  be  well  watered 


fron  this  source  in  the  near  future. 

Ritzville's  future  growth  depends  on 
the  settlement  of  the  surrounding  rich 
farming  lands.  The  town  at  the  present 
time  contains  a  $25,000  brick  court  house, 
a  handsome  school  buildinu  which  cost 
$13,000,  a  flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capac- 
ity of  50  barrels  and  a  bank  which  occupies 
a  substantial  brick  building  in  the  busi- 
ness center.  The  place  enjoys  consider- 
able trade  and  the  solid  basis  on  which  the  town  is  built  can  be  appreciated  frotn  the 
statement  that  this  trade  is  annually  increasing  in  volume. 

Sprajyue,  Wasllliivrton. — Situated  in   the  .southeastern  corner  of  Lincoln 

county,  on  the  border  of 
the  great  wheat-produc- 
ing belt  of  the  Big  Bend 
of  the  Columbia  river,  is 
the  prosperous  and  grow- 
ing city  of  vSprague.  In 
addition  to  being  the 
commercial  center  and 
seat  of  justice  of  Lincoln 
county,  Sprague  is  also 
GENERAL  v,Ew  OF  8PP.ouf.  the  lieadquBrtcrs  of  the 


Cuttle  Round-up  NE«n  sprague. 


■U  ii-ui 


Sprague,  Washington. 


427 


riiis  land  is 
us  qualities 
buuchgrass 
;ad  of  stock 
unty  at  the 

s  a  thriving 
of  the  Nor- 
of   Eastern 


n 


L  of  agricul 
The  land 
barley,  rye 
rticulture  is 
still  a  la  ge 
lement  and 
in  this  part 
;  aid  of  irri- 
l  by  sinking 
Much  of 
ly  increased 
•ly  from  the 
rid  portions 


cd  from  the 


of  Lincoln 
e  border  of 
eat-produc- 
le  Big  Bend 
bia  river,  is 
s  and  grow- 
srague.     In 

being  the 
:enter    and 

of  Lincoln 
gue  is  also 
ters  of  the 


iS;::^:si;.  '".«i,;>^ 


Harvesting  near  Shrague. 


PHOTO.   BY  MClNNIS. 


Idaho  Division  of  the  main  line  of  the 
Northern  Pacific  railroad.  At  this  point 
the  company  have  established  extensive 
repair  and  machine  shops,  round  houses 
and  several  miles  of  side-tracks.  The 
payroll  of  the  railroad  company  at 
Sprague  now  amounts  to  $30,000  a  month. 
All  this  money  is  spent  at  Sprague,  thus  insuring  the  merchants  a  steady  and  never- 
failing  revenue,  and  forming  an  important  item  in  the  trade  of  this  important  point. 

Surrounding  Sprague,  and  tributary  to  the  place,  ;ire  over  85,000  acres  of  the  now 
famous  wheat  fields  of  the  Big  Bend  country.  This  laud,  together  with  the  rich 
lands  or  the  famous  Paloust.  belt,  yield  more  wheat  to  the  acre  than  any  other  grain- 
producing  belt  of  America.  In  this  country  a  failure  of  crops  has  nev^er  been  re- 
corded, and  since  the  soil  was  first  tilled  in  the  Big  Bend  counl.-y,  the  average  yield 
of  wheat  here  has  been  from  25  to  40  bushels  per  acre.  Nearly  all  the  farmers  who 
occupy  the  rich  agricultural  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  Sprague,  are  in  a  prosperous  con- 
dition, as  is  evidenced  by  their  comfortable  homes, the  large  granaries,  windmills, 

great  barns  and  other  costly  improvements  noted  on  their 
farms.  With  the  large  monthly  payroll  of  the  railroa'^ 
company,  and  with  a  large  trade  from  one  of  the  richest 
tributary  districts  in  the  Northwest,  Sprague's  prosperity 
has  been  as  lasting  as  it  has  been  substantial,  and  this  has 
long  been  considered  one  of  the  most  promising  cities 
of  Eastern  Washington. 

Sprague  is  inhabited  by  an  enterprising  and  cultivated 
people,  who  have  the  utnost  confidence  in  the  city's  future. 
The  town  was  founded  by  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad 
Company  in  1882.  In  December  of  the  following  year,  the 
te  1  itorial  legislature  passed  an  act  creating  the  new  county 
ot  i/incoln.     Sprague  was  incorporated  and  made  the  county 

seat.     Geo.  S.  Brooke,  who  organized  the  first  city  government,  was  elected  the  first 

mayor  of  Sprague  and  the  present  incumbent  of  this  office,  is  a  member  of  the  his- 
toric Brooke  family  of  Maryland,    a   family  who 

have  been  residents  of  that  state  since  1650.     Mr. 

Brooke,    the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  born  in 

Dubuque,    in    1855,    and   graduated  with   honors 

from  Griswold  College,  Davenport,   Iowa  in    1872. 

In  1874  he  came  to  Portland  where,  during  his  eight 

years'  residence  in  the  leading  city  of  the  Northwest, 

he  was  connected   with  the  well-known   firm  of 

Allen  &  Lewis,  ^iid  for  four  years  he  was  general 

passenger  tiTent  of  the  Oregon  Railway  &  Naviga- 
tion Company.      Mr.  Brooke  came  to  Sprague  in 

1882  and  established  the   banking  liOuoC   of  Faii- 

weather  &  Brooke,  which   continued  in   business 

until  succeeded   by    Jic   First   National   Bank   of 

Sprague  in  July,  1886.  Mr.  Brooke  became  cashier 

of  the  latter  bank  on  its  organization,  and  in  1891 


LINCOLN  County  Court  House,  Sprague 


PHOTO,    BY  MClNNIS. 


HON.  Geo.  8.  BROOKE,  Mayor,  Sppaque. 


$ 


(   1' 


V 


m 


I  r 

I  A\ 

ill 


WW 


428 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacilic  Northwest. 


,  !  I 


he  was  elected  to  the  responsible  position  of  president  of  the  bank,  an  oflSce  he  still 
holds.  Ir  :  89  the  gentleman  organized  the  Sprague  Water  Company,  of  which  he 
was  elected  president.  This  company  has  given  the  people  of  Sprague  an  abundant 
supply  of  the  purest  and  best  water.  Mr.  Brooke  has  always  taken  an  active  and 
leading  part  in  the  organization  of  all  enterprises  tending  in  any  way  to  the  promo- 
tion of  the  best  interests  of  Sprague.  He  is  now  serving  his  fourth  term  as  mayor 
of  the  city,  having  been  elected  to  the  office  for  three  times  in  succession.  He  has 
the  full  confidence  of  those  who  know  him,  and  he  is  one  of  the  most  respected  citi- 
zens of  Eastern  Washington. 

Sprague  now  claims  a  population  of  over  1,500.  'Xhe  city  is  attractively  laid  out 
with  broad,  graded  streets,  well  kept  sidewalks  and  fine  shade  trees.  The  municipal 
authorities  have  shown  commendable  enterprise  in  following  the  example  of  larger 
centers  of  population,  and  the  city  uow  owns  and  operates  its  own  electric  light 
plant,  and  an  extensive  water-works  system  which  is  of  more  than  ample  capacity  to 
supply  a  much  larger  population  than  is  now  centered  here. 

The  educational  facilities  of  Sprague  are  superior  to  those  etjoyed  by  most 
cities  of  the  same  population.  In  addition  to  an  excellent  public  school,  Sprague 
possesses  a  large  Catholic  seminary  and  several  private  schools.  Every  township  of 
Lincoln  county  is  supplied  with  a  small  public  school  house.  Including  the  schools 
maintained  in  the  incorporated  towns,  112  public  schools  are  maintained  in  the  county. 
The  average  daily  attendance  at  these  schools  is  3,600,  and  they  are  liberally  sup- 
ported. 

The  present  excellent    condition  of   the    public    schools  of   Lincoln   county 

is  due  to  the  efforts  of  Mr.  H.  N.  Martin,  the 
county  superintendent  of  schools,  wt.>  has 
successfully  endeavored  to  employ  only  experi- 
enced teachers.  It  has  been  through  the  efforts 
of  Mr.  Martin  that  a  number  of  new  schools  in  the 
t:ounty  have  been  established.  Mr.  Martin  is  a 
native  of  Ohio.  He  attended  the  Normal  School 
of  West  Virginia,  and  subsequently  read  law  and 
taught  school  in  his  native  state.  In  1890  he  came 
west  and  located  at  Sprague,  where  he  was  ad- 
mitted to  the  bar  in  1891.  When  Mr.  Martin  was 
24  years  of  age,  he  was  elected  county  superin- 
tendent of  schools  for  Lincoln  county, and  he  is 
now  filling  his  second  term  in  that  important 
office.  In  addition  to  performing  the  duties  of  his 
official  position,  Mr.  Martin  also  devotes  consider- 
able time  to  attending  to  his  large  law  practice. 

Sprague  possesses  a  well-edited  daily  newspaper  as  well  as  an  excellent  weekly 
publication.  Established  at  this  point  are  a  brewery,  a  flour  mill  with  a  daily 
capacity  of  150  barrels,  and  an  extensive  wood- working  establishment.  The  Lincoln 
county  court  house  at  this  point,  is  a  large,  commodious  brick  structure  with  hand- 
somely appointed  offices.  The  style  of  architecture  of  the  city,  while  not  imposing, 
is  of  the  solid,  tasty  order,  and  the  leading  business  houses  as  a  rule  occupy  fine 
brick  buildings  of  modern  design  and  finish. 


PHOTO.    BY  MC   INNIS. 


Hon.  h.  N.  martin,  Spraouf.,  School  Superintendent 
Lincoln  County. 


h  li 


Sprague,  Washington. 


429 


ce  he  still 
which  he 
abundant 
ictive  and 
le  promo- 
as  mayor 
He  has 
ected  citi- 

y  laid  out 
municipal 
;  of  larger 
ctric  light 
lapacity  to 

I  by  most 
1,  Sprague 
)wnship  of 
he  schools 
he  county, 
erally  sup- 

)ln  county 
lartin,  the 
wh  -.^     has 
y    jxperi- 
le  efforts 
lools  in  the 
artiu   is  a 
nal  School 
law  and 
90  he  came 
le  was  ad- 
Vlartin  was 
'  superin- 
and  he  is 
important 
ties  of  his 
s  consider- 
practice. 

nt  weekly 
th  a  daily 
;  Lincoln 
■vith  hand- 
imposing, 
ccupy  fine 


PHOTO.    BY  MC  INNI3. 


•> 

-^9 

I               *''^,vr..- 

1^^^           (IfKYj"  -1 1 

,^^Bi 

BW^   /l^^^HS^'^^ 

'^^^^^^H 

n'^^^R^' 

%''^f^jH^^^| 

v^lB^ 

_^H 

IHI^ — 

Judge  Wallace  Mount,  Sprague. 


The  following  sketches  of  public  officials  of  Ijncoln  county  will  illustrate  the 
rapid  advancement  of  men  of  worth  and  ability  to  positions  of  honor  and  trust  in  the 
newly  settled  sections  of  the  West. 

Judge  WaIvIvACE  Mount. — The  judicial  tribunals  of  Washington  are  in  many 
instances  presided  over  au;?  adorned  by  young  men 
whose  professional  attainments  and  sterling  integ- 
rity have  received  the  early  and  well  merited  rec- 
ognition of  their  fellow  citizens.  Wallace  Mount, 
judge  of  the  superior  court  of  Lincoln  count)',  was 
but  30  years  of  age  when  he  was  promoted  to  the 
bench.  Judge  Mount,  who  is  known  throughout 
Washington  as  an  able  jurist  and  au  accomplished 
student,  was  born  in  Clackamas  county,  Oregon, 
in  1859,  After  graduating  from  the  University 
of  Oregon  in  18^3,  he  commencet!  the  study  of  law 

in  the  offices  of 
Williams,  Ded- 
man  &  Thomp- 
son, at  PorV 
land,  and  in 
1885     he     was 

admitted  to  the  bar.     One  year  later  he  removed 
to  Sprague,  where  he  practiced  his  profession  until 
1888,  when  he  was  elected  county  attorney.      In 
1889  he  was  elected  superior  j'  '.ge  and  was  re- 
elected to  the  same  office  in  1892  without  opposition. 
James  B.   Gray. — A  splendid    illustration   of 
what  a  man  may  accomplish  in  a  few  years  in  Lt.'.- 
colu  county  is  shown  by  the  successful  career  of 
James  B.  Gray,  the  clerk  of  the  superior  court. 
Mr.   Gray  left  his  birthplace  in  Dubuque  county, 
Iowa,  in  1878,  and  after  10  years  of  business  expe- 
rience  in    ^.p\i- 
fornia  and  lUi-       photo,  by  mo  innis. 
nois,  he  finally  arrived  at  Tacoma  in    1888,  with 
but  |ioo  in  his  possession.     From   Tacoma   Mr. 
Gray  went  to  Waterville,  in  Douglas  county, where 
for  one  year  he  was  engaged  in  the  land  business. 
He  then  removed  to  Davenport,  in  Lincoln  coun- 
ty,   where   for  four  years  he    managed  the  mort- 
gage loan  business  of  Mr.  C.  C.   May,  the  well- 
known  banker.     From   time  to  time  Mr.  Gray  in- 
vested small  sums  of  money  in  property  situated 
near  Davenport,  and  the  rapid  increase  in  the  val- 
ue of  this  realty  has   netted  him  over  ;* 30,00c'  in 
the  past  four  years.     Mr.  Gray  was  electc^d  clerk 
of  the  superior  court  of  Lincoln  county  in  the  fall 
election  of  1892. 

T.  P.  Donahue.— Mr.  T.  P.  Donahue,  who  for  hon.  t.  p.  donahue,  spraque,  sheriff  Lincoln  county 


Hon.  James  6.  Gray,  Sprague. 


f 

■I 


''l 


ift'fl 


■ 


480 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


many  years  was  known  to  the  traveling  public  as  one  of  the  most  genial  and  cour- 
teous passenger  conductors  on  the  lines  of  the  International  and  Great  Northern 
railroad  in  Texas  and  the  Northern  Pacific  in  Washington,  is  now  the  sheriff  of 
Lincoln  county.  Mr.  Donahue  was  born  in  Northfield,  Washington  county,  Ver- 
mont. He  removed  from  the  place  of  his  birth  at  an  early  age  to  Indiana.  On  attain- 
ing his  majority  he  moved  to  California  and  subsequently  to  Texas.  In  1882  Mr. 
Donahue  arrived  in  Spokane,  where  he  was  immediately  appointed  passenger  con- 
ductor qn  the  Northern  Pacific.  Four  ye^rs  later  he  resigned  this  position  and 
settled  at  Davenport,  where  he  was  engaged  in  buying  grain.  Without  solicitation 
on  his  part,  Mr.  Donahue  received  the  nomination  for  sheriff,  to  which  office  he  was 
elected  by  an  overwhelming  majority  in  1893. 

Cheney,  Wasliington. — Cheney,  the  gateway  to  the  broad  wheat  fields  of 
the  famous  Big  Bend  country  of  the  Columbia  river,  is  located  on  the  main  line  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  16  miles  west  of  Spokane.  It  is  also  the  terminus  of 
the  Central  Washington  branch  of  the  same  road.  This  latter  line  runs  west  from 
Cheney  for  a  distance  of  108  miles,  through  the  heart  of  the  Big  Bend  country,  ter- 
minating at  Coulee  City. 

Cheney  contains  today  a  population  of  about  1,000.  It  is  attractively  situated 
on  a  rolling  plain,  and  is  surrounded  by  a  fringe  of  timber.  Its  broad  and  well 
improved  streets  are  lined  with  a  substantial  class  of  buildings.  Among  the  fine 
structures  of  the  town  are  the  handsome  and  costly  brick  structure  occupied  by  the 
First  National  Bank  of  Cheney,  the  building  of  the  Bank  of  Cheney,  and  the  Cheney 
hotel.  The  two  banks  of  Cheney  rank  among  the  solid  financial  institutions  of  the 
state.  They  have  a  paid-up  capital  of  |5o,ooo  each.  The  hotel  at  Cheney  would 
be  an  ornament  to  a  town  of  much  larger  population.  The  State  Normal  School, 
which  now  occupies  a  fine  building  at  Cheney  is  permanently  located  at  this  point. 
Among  the  industrial  plants  of  Cheney  are  several  wood-working  establishments 
and  a  flouring  mill  with  a  capacity  of  80  barrels  a  day.  A  large  brickyard  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  town  turns  out  several  hundred  thousand  brick  a  year.  The  enter- 
prise of  the  citizens  of  Cheney  is  shown  by  the  fine  water-works  system  here.  This 
plant  cost  $50,000.  It  is  connected  with  a  reservoir  that  has  a  holding  capacity  of 
400,000  gallons.  Cheney  is  well  lighted  by  electricity  supplied  by  a  complete  plant 
equipped  at  a  cost  of  $20,000. 

The  merchants  of  Cheney  do  a  large  business  with  the  p.djacent  farming  country, 
which  is  justly  called  the  garden  spot  of  Washington.  Ten  nrnes  west  of  Cheney 
is  Medical  Lake,  one  of  the  most  remarkable  bodies  of  water  on  the  continent,  and 
which  is  fully  described  in  a  subsequent  article.  But  seven  miles  east  of  Cheney  is 
the  edge  of  the  famous  Palouse  country,  one  of  the  great  wheat-producing  sections 
of  the  world.  With  its  advantageous  location,  Cheney  will  always  remain  one  of  the 
prosperous  inland  towns  of  the  state  of  Washington. 

The  man  who  has  built  up  Cheney  is  Hon.  D.  F.  Percival,  the  head  of  the  two 
banks  here,  the  mayor  of  the  town,  and  the  owner  of  large  tracts  of  valuable  land 
in  the  immediate  vicinity.  Mr.  Percival  has  repeatedly  been  honored  with  public 
office  by  his  fellow-citfzens,  and  he  is  today  one  of  the  most  respected  residents  of 
Eastern  Washington. 

Spokane,  Washington. — Situated  near  the  eastern  border  of  the  great 
basin  of  the  Columbia  river  is  the  important  city  of  Spokane,  the  inland  metropolis 


M'^^ 

•^^ 

I^H^ 

t^JSn 

^1^ 

Mt 


Spokane,    Washington. 


481 


of  the  Pacific  Northwest,  and  one  |of  the  most  enterprising  centers  of  population 
on  the  coast.  The  commanding  location  of  this  city,  and  the  remarkable  diversity 
of  the  resources  of  its  60,000  square  miles  of  tributary  country,  have  made  it  a  place 
of  metropolitan  importance,  with  distinctive  features  of  its  own  possessed  by  no 
other  city  in  the  West. 

The  early  history  of  Spokane,  unlike  that  of  most  Western  cities,  is  devoid  of 
sensational  events.  It  is  but  the  story  of  the  struggles,  hopes  and  disappointments  of 
a  score  or  more  of  intrepid  pioneers.     Among  this  number  were  a  few  discerning 


WATER  FOWEK  AT  5PQKANEL. 


i^-lif/J^V.      BtUELGPED   WATER.    POWEI^, 


&^- 


l.cp»ER  FALLS. 


(til 


^^W 


'■'1 
If, 

lit) 
1  H  .1 


men  who  came  to  the  present  site  of  the  city  firm  in  the  belief  that  the  completion 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  across  the  continent  would  witness  a  rush  of  immi- 
gration to  the  fertile  sections  of  Eastern  Washington  that  would  rapidly  increase  the 
population  and  importance  of  the  then  territory.  These  men  also  saw  that  with  the 
great  water  power  afforded  by  the  falls  of  the  Spokane  river,  and  with  its  favorable 
location  for  holding  the  trade  of  a  vast  tributary  basin,  Spokaiie  would  become,  ia 
time,  one  of  the  leading  centers  of  population  of  Eastern  Washington.  Spokane 
was  already  destined  to  be  a  city  before  the  townsite  was  platted,  and  the  growth  of 
this  place  during  the  past  decade  is  a  tribute  to  the  spirit  of  the  West  which  stops  at 
nothing  when  there  is  anything  to  be  accomplished  by  effort,  and  to  the  people  of 
Spokane,  who  have  never  lost  hope  in  the  future  of  their  city. 


,!  t    1 


432 


The  Oregonian's  Handbo'^  i  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  expectations  of  the  early  settlers  on  the  present  site  of  Spokane  have  been 
more  than  realized.  The  broad,  rolling  plains  of  the  Big  Bend  and  Palouse  sections 
are  now  dotted  with  the  homes  of  thousands  of  prosperous  faimers,  the  rugged 
mountain  ranges  of  the  Cceur  d'Alene,  Kootenay,  Colville  and  Okanogon  mining 
districts  now  annually  add  millions  of  dollars  of  wealth  to  the  coffers  of  the  nation, 
the  broad  stretches  of  grazing  land  in  the  fertile  country  west  of  Spokane  now  sup- 
port thousands  of  head  of  cattle,  horses  and  sheep,  and  all  of  this  rich  tributary 
belt  to  this  city  is  now  tapped  by  as  complete  a  system  of  railroads  as  has  been  per- 
fected in  any  part  of  the  coast.  Spokane's  population,  in  1870,  was  100  or  more. 
Spokane,  today,  is  a  magnificent  city  of  35,000  people.  This  is  the  history  of  Spo- 
kane's rise  from  obscurity  to  wealth  and  importance,  and  it  is  a  chronicle  of  events 
that  has  marked  an  epoch  in  Western  city  building. 

The  famous  military  highway  known  as  the  MuUan  road,  connecting  Fort  Walla 
Walla  on  the  west  with  Fort  Benton,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Missouri,  on  the 
east,  passed  within  a  short  distance  of  the  present  site  of  Spokane.  This  great  thor- 
oughfare between  the  years  i860  and  1881  was  the  only  highway  for  travel  between 
Montana  and  Washington  and  Oregon.  Of  the  thousands  of  pioneers  who  journeyed 
over  the  Mullan  road,  many  tarried  to  admire  the  wild  rapids  and  mighty  falls  of 
the  Spokane  river.  A  few  of  these  adventurous  spirits,  impressed  with  the  romantic 
beauty  of  the  falls  and  possessing  a  vague  idea  that  the  surging  and  foaming  waters 
might  at  some  distant  date  in  the  future  be  utilized  for  manufacturing  pur- 
poses, ended  their  journey  here.  The  earliest  of  these  settlers  on  the  present  site  of 
Spokane  were  Benjamin  Downing  and  Wm.  Scranton.  In  1873  J.  N.  Glover  pur- 
chased the  claims  of  the  settlers  who  had  preceded  him  here.  Mr.  Glover  paid  in  all 
the  sum  of  $4,000  for  the  site  which  Spokane  now  occupies.  In  the  following  year 
H.  T.  Crowley  came  to  the  settlement  and  established  here  an  Indian  mission  school, 
many  years  before  the  Jesuit  Fathers  had  founded  a  mission  near  the  point  where  the 
Cceur  d'Alene  river  empties  into  the  lake  of  the  same  name.  The  "Old  Mission" 
established  by  Father  Joset  in  1846  is  still  standing  in  a  good  state  of  preservation. 
In  addition  to  the  natural  beauty  of  its  surroundings  and  the  sacredness  which  reli- 
gion bestows  on  the  spot,  there  are  other  stirring  events  in  the  history  of  the  "  Old 
Mission  "  which  make  the  site  especially  cherished  in  the  minds  of  all  old  settlers 
in  the  Northwest.  Beneath  its  moss-covered  roof  have  rested  Generals  Sherman  and 
Sheridan  and  Isaac  Stevens,  Washington's  pioneer  governor.  The  priests  of  the 
mission  labored  long  and  earnestly  for  the  moral  and  material  advancement  of  the 
Indians  of  Eastern  Washington.  In  spite,  however  of  the  pacific  advice  of  the 
"blackgowns,"  as  the  reverend  fathers  were  called,    the  tribes  of  the  Spokane, 

Pend  d'Oreille,  Palouse  and  C(jeur  d'Alene  Indians  banded 
together  in  a  mighty  confederation  for  the  repulse  of  the 
gold-seekers  and  other  settlers  who  were  invading  their 
domains.  A  detachment  of  United  States  soldiers  under 
the  command  of  Colonel  Steptoe,  was  sent  to  quell  the  out- 
break. The  Indians  learned  of  this  move  and,  with  the  cun- 
ning of  their  race,  prepared  an  ambuscade  into  which  the 
unsuspecting  troops  rode  to  their  death.  This  fight  occurred 
on  the  16th  day  of  May,  1858,  and  the  scene  of  action  was  on  the  Snake  river  in 
what  is  now  the  best  settled  portion  of  Eastern  Washington. 

After  this  first  repulse  the  Government  commeuced  an  active  campaign  against 
the  hostiles  under  the  direction  of  Colonel  George  Wright.     On  the  ist  of  Septem- 


LOON    LAKE,  NEAR  SPOKANE. 


ibL 


Spokane,   Washington. 


433 


e  have  been 
»use  section* 

the  rugged 
igon  mining 

the  nation, 
ne  now  sup- 
:h  tributary 
as  been  per- 
oo  or  more, 
tory  of  Spo- 
;le  of  events 

Fort  Walla 

souri,  on  the 

5  great  thor- 

vel  between 

lo  journeyed 

;hty  falls  of 

he  romantic 

ming  waters 

luring    pur- 

esent  site  of 

Glover  pur- 

r  paid  in  all 

lowing  year 

sion  school, 

It  where  the 

d  Mission" 

reservation, 

which  reli- 

f  the  "Old 

old  settlers 

lemian  and 

ests  of  the 

nent  of  the 

/ice  of  the 

?  Spokane, 

ins   banded 

ul?e  of  the 

iding  their 

iiers  under 

ell  the  out- 

th  the  cun- 

which  the 

it  occurred 

ke  river  in 

ign  against 
of  Septem- 


PHOTO.    Br  MAXWELL. 


Riverside  Avenue,  8pok«ne. 


PHOTO.    BV  MAXWELL. 


ber,  Colonel  Wright  engaged  the  savages  in 
battle  at  Medical  Lake,  and  completely  routed 
them  without  the  loss  of  a  single  soldier.  Six 
days  later  the  troops  again  encountered  the  In- 
dians and,  in  a  fight  which  lasted  seven  hours, 
drove  them  a  distance  of  14  miles.  This  de- 
cisive victory  ended  the  war  and  a  few  weeks 
later  the  warriors  came  in  from  the  hills  to 
which  they  had  taken  flight  and  gave  tokens 
of  perpetual  peace.  The  leading  instigators  of 
the  war  were  summarily  executed  on  the 
banks  of  a  oretty  little  brook  within  the  pres- 
ent city  limits  of  Spokane.  It  was  from  this  incident  that  the  stream  received  the 
gruesome  name  of  Hangman  creek. 

It  was  at  the  "Old  Mission"  that  Colonel  Wright  made  his  terms  with  the 
Indians  after  he  had  conquered  the  confederated  tribes.  Father  Joset,  in  charge  of 
the  mission,  had  endeavored  to  prevent  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  from  taking  part  in  the 
threatened  war.     The  reverend  father  succeeded  in  quieting  the  tribe,  and  he  then 

started  lor  Vancouver  Barracks,  Washington,  to 
confer  with  the  general  in  charge  of  the  troops 
there.  During  his  absence  the  Cceur  d'Alenes, 
free  from  his  restraining  influence  donned  their 
war  paint  and  joined  the  hostiles.  It  was  at 
a  later  period  than  this,  however,  that  the  un- 
selfish work  of  the  Catholic  priest  bore  fruit. 
In  1877  the  Nez  Perces  Indians  made  war  on 
the  whites.  In  all  the  towns  and  settlements 
of  the  Palouse  country  aud  at  the  little  hamlet 
of  Spokane  Falls  consternation  took  the  place 
of  the  peace  and  happiness  iuiong  the  inhabi- 
tants. During  the  height  of  the  excitement  it 
was  rumored  that^he  Ccturd  Alene  Indians  had 
taken  the  warpath.  It  is  hard  for  any  otio  who  has  never  lived  ir.  a  small  outpost  cf 
civilization  surrounded  by  hostile  savages  to  realize  the  consternation  that  a  rumor 
of  this  kind  carried  with  it.  There  arost  before  the  pioneersof  Eastern  Washington 
at  thp.t  time  visions  of  torture  by  fire,  slraightered  infanta  and  outraged  womanhood. 
Of  all  fiendish  cruelty,  that  concocted  in  f.he  brain  of  the  blood-thirsty  savage  is  the 
worst.  The  excitement  subsided,  however,  when  it  was  learned  definitely  that  the 
Coeur  d'Alenc  Indians  would  not  take  the  warpath.  After  careful  consultation  they 
had  decided  to  remain  true  to  the  teachings  of  the 
Jesuit  Fathers.  Under  the  guidance  of  these  mis- 
sionaries they  have  since  advanced  rapidly  towards 
civilization  and  they  are  today  the  most  enlight- 
ened and  prosperous  tribe  of  Indians  in  Eastern 
Washington.  They  occupy  a  reservation  on  the 
beautiful  shores  of  Lake  Cccur  d'Alene.  They 
have  finely  cultivated  farms,  fine  wagons,  stock, 
and  even  carriages  and  good  houses.  Old  Chief  Sal- 
tice,  the  leader  of  the  tribe  during  the  troublesome  street  scene,  spokane. 


Business  Centfr.  Spokane. 


484 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


h. 


PHOTO.  8Y  MAXWELL. 


times  of  1877,  is  now  frequently  seen  walking  the  streets  of  Spokane  in  as  digni- 
fied and  quiet  a  manner  as  any  law-abiding  citizen,  He  dresses  in  good  taste.  He 
is  a  man  of  both  ability  and  wealth  and  the  confidence  reposed  in  him  by  his  own 
people  is  no  greater  than  is  the  respect  which  is  shown  him  by  his  pale-faced 
brother. 

The  Indian  outbreak  of  1877,  and  the  great  conflagration  of  1889  were  the 
exciting  periods  of  Spokane's  existence.  Spokane's  advancement  has  been  as  steady 
as  it  ur.?  been  free  from  disturbances  of  the  public  peace,  and  it  has  a'\vays  enjoyed 
the  distinction  of  being  one  of  the  best  governed  cities  of  the  West. 

In  1 878,  General  Sherman  with  an  escort  of  cavalry  made  the  journey  from 
Walla  Walla  to  Spokane.     At  the  earnest  solicitation  of  the  few  inhabitants  of  the 

village  at  that  time,  he  established  a  military 
post  on  Coeur  d'Alene  lake,  near  the  point 
where  the  Spokane  river  leaves  this  great 
body  of  water.  This  post  is  now  known 
as  Fort  Sherman.  In  the  same  year  another 
important  event  was  recorded  iu  Spokane's 
history.  In  that  year  Messrs.  '*^.l  Cannon 
and  J.  J.  Browne,  the  leaders  in  Spokane's 
subsequent  prosperity,  purchased  a  one-half 
interest  in  the  townsite  here,  owned  at  that 
time  by  J.  N.  Glover.  It  is  to  tlie  energy 
and  public  spirit  of  these  three  pioneers , 
all  now  prominent  bankers  of  that  city, 
that  Spokane  owes  much  of  its  present 
greatness,  and  it  is  these  men  who  perhaps 
today  stand  the  highest  in  the  confidence  of  the  people  of  this  flourishing  city. 

Until  1880  Spokane's  growth  was  slow.  In  that  year  the  place  did  not  contain 
to  exceed  200  people.  An  impetus  was  given  to  the  growth  of  the  place  however 
by  the  reorganization  of  the  Northern  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  and  the  promised 
early  completion  of  their  line  to  Spokane.  In  1881  the  first  cars  over  this  road 
reache.:  Spokane  from  Wallula  Junction,  but  it  was  not  until  the  summer  of  1883 
that  the  road  was  completed  to  a  transconti- 
nental connection.  From  the  time  of  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Northern  Pacific,  the  growth  of 
Spokane  was  phenomenal.  In  1885  the  town 
contained  3000  people.  A  careful  census  made 
in  June,  1887,  gave  the  city  a  population  of 
7,000.  Two  years  later,  based  on  a  showing 
made  in  the  city  directory,  Spokane  contained 
a  population  of  22,000.  The  city  directory  of 
1893  contained  13,267  names.  Basing  the  popu- 
lation at  that  time  on  a  ratio  of  two  and  one- 
half  people  in  the  community  for  each  name 
in  the  directory,  and  this  is  recognized  as  a 
most  conservative  estimate,  Spokane  contained  a  population  in  1893  of  33,167. 

A  potent  factor  in  the  growth  of  Spokane  was  the  discovery  of  enormous 
deposits  of  lead  and  silver  ores  in  the  Cceur  d'Alene  mountains  in  what  is  so  well 


"5^ 


Riverside  Avenue,  Spok*ne. 


PHOTO.    BY   BAILEY. 


Riverside  Avenue,  8»okane. 


Spokane,  VVashinf(ton. 


435 


A  BUSINESS  Block,  Spokane. 


known  to  the  world  as  the  Ccenr  d'Alene  mining  district.  The  development  of  the 
rich  mines  in  this  district  was  of  the  greatest  importance  to  Spokane.  The  city  at 
once  became  the  principal  source  of  supply  for  taese  mines  and  it  was  at  Spokane 
that  the  main  travel  from  the  Northern  and  Union  Pacific  diverged  for  the  mining 
district.  The  people  who  made  fortunes  in  the  mines,  built  themselves  palatial 
homes  in  Spokane.  They  invested  largely  in  property 
there,  and  it  was  Spokane  which  profited  most  by  the  de- 
velopment of  the  mining  district.  From  the  advertisement 
received  through  the  opening  of  this  mining  belt  thousands 
of  people  journeyed  across  the  continent  to  cast  their  for- 
tunes with  those  of  Spokane.  The  surplus  population  of 
the  city  poured  into  the  rich  agricultural  districts  of  the  Big 
Bend  and  Palouse  countries,  all  tributary  to  Spokane  and 
the  settlement  of  these  rich  lands  made  this  part  of  Eastern 
Washington  one  of  the  best  tilled  sections  of  the  West. 

In  the  Palouse  and  Big  Bend  sections  were  thousands 
of  acres  of  virgin  soil  ready  for  the  plow.  The  soil  on 
all  this  land   is  deep   and    it    produces    enormous    crops 

of  all  kinds  of  cereals  as  well  as  being  especially  adapted  to  fruit  culture.  From 
these  lands  are  now  annually  harvested  20,000,000  bushels  of  grain.  Even  with  iliis 
showing  the  country  as  yet  is  but  partially  settled  and  there  is  enough  unoccupied 
land  here  today  to  furnish  homes  for  thousands  of  families,  in  a  country  where  crops 
never  fail  and  where  the  climate  is  without  extremes  of  either  intense  cold  or  tor- 
rid heat. 

The  mineral  resources  of  the  country  tributary  to  Spokane  are  but  partially 
developed.  In  the  articles  on  the  Coeur  d'Alene,  Colville,  Kootenay  and  other  min- 
ing districts  appearing  in  other  parts  of  "  The  Handbook  "  will  be  found  interesting 
statistics  of  the  mineral  wealth  of  these  sections.  These  districts  comprise  the  best 
part  of  Western  mineral  belts,  and  they  contain  today  the  largest  deposits  of  galena- 
silver-bearing  ore  in  the  world.  Another  source  of  wealth  to  Spokane  is  the  vast 
forests  of  Eastern  Washington,  which  are  yet  standing  in  their  virgin  state.  It  is 
estimated  by  competent  lumbermen  who  have  examined  into  the  subject  that  the 

forests  of  Eastern  Washington  contain  no  less  than 
50,000,000,000  feet  of  standing  timber,  a  source  of  wealth 
that  will  some  day  support  a  great  industry  in  this  section. 
North  of  Spokane  and  extending  nearb-  to  the  interna- 
tional boundary  line  is  the  fertile  Colville  valley.  The  90,000 
acres  of  meadow  land  in  this  valley  are  capable  of  produc- 
ing annually  225,000  tons  of  hay.  In  addition  to  this  the 
adjacent  bunchgrass  lands  yield  bountiful  crops  of  cereals, 
fruits  and  vegetables.  In  the  hills  lining  the  valley  are  de- 
veloped and  dividend-paying  mines.  In  these  hills  are  also 
large  deposits  of  the  most  durable  of  building  stone.  The 
mining  districts  of  which  Spokane  is  the  trading  center  annually  produce  about 
|io,ooo,ooo  in  wealth.  In  the  Coeur  d'Alene  district  alone  when  the  mines  are  all 
being  operated,  the  payroll  aggregates  $3,000,000  per  annum. 

One  of  the  most  important  districts  tributary  to  Spokane  is  the  Okanogan  coun- 
try.   This  lies  far  to   the   north   of  the   city   and  is  rich    in  both  gold  and   silver 


Auditorium,  Spokane. 


i  M 


m 

I : 
I  1 

f 

I  < 


i!^ 


-      'A 

-      ]  P 

t   i 

i     k 


W 


M!  ■  i 


<  ;■ 


436 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  MAXWELL. 


j&zsai^siiME 


A  Spok'ne  Residence. 


deposits.  This  district  commences  at  Lake  Chelan,  the  most  beautiful  of  American 
lakes,  and  extends  to  the  mighty  glaciers  of  the  C-iscade  Mountains.  It  contains  a 
number  of  flourishing  towns,  and  its  deposits  of  m'neral  wealth  are  inexhaustible. 
Lying  northeast  of  the  Okanogan  country,  in  British  Columbia,  is  West  Kootenay 
with  its  romantic  Alpine  lake,  along  the  shores  of  A'hich  are  great  ledges  of  high- 
grade  galerf  ore.  From  its  surface-showing,  West  Kootenay  is  the  richest  silver 
district  in  the  world.  The  district  also  contains  heavy  deposits  of  gold-bearing  quartz, 

A  large  part  of  which  is  free  milling,  and 
great  beds  of  gold-bearing  gravel  from  which 
thousands  of  ounces  of  the  yellow  metal 
have  alread}'  been  washed.  It  is  something 
of  an  anomaly  that  nearly  all  the  inhabi- 
tants of  West  Kootenay  situated  in  the  Brit- 
ish possessions  are  American  citizens.  Most 
of  chese  men  started  for  the  mines  from  Spo- 
kane, and  most  of  the  money  they  make  in 
the  diggings  is  spent  in  Spokane.  The  city 
is  the  supply  center  for  most  of  this  vast 
mineral  district  to  the  north,  the  trade  with 
which  amounts  to  thousands  of  dollars  an- 
nually. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  in  this  connection  that  no  rival  city  shares  with  Spokane 
the  trade  of  this  vast  district.  Tacoma  and  Seattle,  to  the  west  of  the  Ca!  cade  range 
of  mountains  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound,  are  the  nearesL  cities  of  any  size  west  of 
Spokane,  while  to  the  east  the  nearest  populated  centers  of  any  commercial  impor- 
tance are  Helena  and  Butte,  distant  about  3S0  miles. 

On  a  quiet  Sunday  evening,  August  4,  1889,  occurred  the  great  fire,  which  in  less 
than  two  hours  destroyed  the  entire  business  district  of  Spokane.  This  holocaust 
wiped  out  of  existence  450  buildings  and  it  entailed  a  direct  loss  of  j^5, 000,000.  The 
insurance  on  the  property  of  the  burned  district  amounted  to  $2,600,000,  The  spirit 
of  Spokane's  people  was  shown  by  their  action  before  the  embers  of  the  gieot  lire 
had  cooled.  The  work,  of  clearing  away  the  debris  was  at  once  commenced  by  the 
property  owners,  and  m  less  than  one  year  after  the  destruction  of  the  city  a  grander 
one  had  risen  on  the  ashes  of  the  burned  district.  The  public  and  private  improve- 
ments made  during  this  time  of  iccuperation  were  on  the  most  handsome  .scale. 
Business  blocks  were  erected  that  had  no  superiors  in  the  largest  cities  of  the  conti- 
nent. The  rich  men  built  palatial  homes  and  the  structures  put  up  for  the  accomo- 
dation of  public  bv'iiness  would  be  the  pride  of  any  city  on  the  conlitient.  There  are 
homes  in  Spokane  today  that  represent  the  expenditure  of  amounts  ranging  all  the 
way  from  j?25,0(x>  to  $t5jo,o(X)  p..ch,  and  the  business  district  is  as  compactly  and  as 
har    soniely  built  as  are  any  of  the  best  streets  of  Chicago. 

Spokane  is  today  one  of  the  most  attractive  of  Western  cities.  It  is  symmetri- 
cally laid  out  and  contains  many  beautifully  arranged  parks  and  public  squares.  The 
streets  in  the  residence  portion  of  the  city  are  7^  feet  wide,  while  the  business 
thoroughfares  are  100  feet  wide,  with  16-foot  sidewalks.  Looking  down  Riverside 
avenue,  in  the  city,  the  eye  beholds  an  imposing  array  of  live  and  seven-story  build- 
ings constructed  of  granite  and  pressed  brick.  The  Granite  block,  the  Spokane 
National  Bank's  one-story  Igo.ooo  Grecian  building,  constructed  of  Tennessee  mar- 


f  American 
;  contains  a 
xhaustible. 
t  Kootenay 
es  of  high- 
:hest  silver 
ring  quartz, 
illing,  and 
from  which 
illow  metal 
.  something 
he  iuhabi- 
in  the  Brit- 
ens.  Most 
s  from  Spo- 
ey  make  in 
.  The  city 
f  this  vast 
trade  with 
iollars  an- 

h  Spokane 
carle  range 
dze  west  of 
;ial  inipor- 

dich  in  less 
holocaust 
OCX1.  The 
The  spirit 

e  greot  lire 

ced  by  the 
a  grander 

e  improve- 

)me  scale, 
the  conti- 

ic  accorao- 
There  are 
ng  all  the 

tly  and  as 

symmetri- 
ares.  The 
!  business 
Riverside 
ory  l)uild- 
Spokanc 
ssee  mar- 


Spokane,  Washington, 


437 


ble,  the   Rookery,  Hyde,  Jamison,  Eagle,  Traders,  Voegler,  First  National  Bank  and 

other  buildings  on   this  street,  are  monuments  of  architectural  art.     At  the  end  of 

Rive:  aide  Avenue  is   The  Reviev>  building  occupied 

by  Spokane's  ably  edited  and  well-managed  morning 

paper.     This  stately  edifice  is  seven  stories-  in  height 

and  is  surmounted  by  an  artistic  tower  or  front  which 

rises  heavenward  for   five   additional   stories.       The 

Revic70    building    is    a   distinguishing  landmark  in 

Spokane  for  miles  distant,  and  it  is  one  of  the  great 

newspaper  buildings  of  the  West. 

Sprague,  Main,  Front  and  First  are  business  streets 
which  run  parallel  to  Riverside  Avenue.  These 
streets  are  lined  with  imposing  buildings.  Of  the  in- 
tersecting streets,  Howard,  Stevens  and  Monroe  are 
compactly  built  up  with  business  blocks  that  are  not 
inferior  to  those  whicli  line  the  other  main  streets  of 
the  city. 

In  the  center  cf  Spokane  are  the  mighty  falls 
and  picturesque  cascades  of  the  Spokane  river.  This 
swift-flowing  stream  is  the  outlet  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene 
Lake.  In  its  course  to  the  Columbia  it  winds  through 
long  stretches  of  level  prairie  land,  plunging  down 
the  rocky  inclines  of  narrow  canyons  and  great  ra- 
vines. Along  its  course  are  many  charming  views 
of  landscape  scenery.  Twenty-five  miles  above 
Spokane  the  river  has  a  fall  of  42  f<;et.  Around  this  fall  the  flourishing  little  town 
of  Post  Falls,  Idaho,  has  sprung  up.  At  Spokane  the  river  falls,  in  a  distance  of 
about  one-half  mile,  130  feet.  This  is  divided  into  two  main  falls.  The  fall  at  the 
upper  cataract  is  60  feet  while  the  lower  one  has  a  fall  of  70  feet.  It  is  to  the  great 
power  aff"orded  by  these  falls  that  Spokane  owes  its  birth.  The  development  of 
this  power  has  been  a  most  potent  factor  in  the  growth  of  the  city,  and  were  this 
entire  power  utilized  for  manufacturing  purposes  which  it  nmst  be  some  day,  Spo- 
kane would  easily  be  a  city  of  200,000  population.  The  amount  of  water  power 
now  available  within  the  city  limits  of  Spokane,  at  extreme  low  water,  is  30,000 
horse.     Of   this  vast  power  20,000  horse  is  controlled  by  the  Washington  Water 

Power  Company,  and  10,000  horse  by  the  Spokane 
Water  Power  Company,  Of  the  great  power  here 
but  3,500  horse  is  now  in  use.  The  falls  of  the 
Spokane  river,  at  vSpokane,  furni.sh  ore  of  the 
greatest  water  powers  in  America. 

The  power  of  the  falls  here  is  easily  controlled. 
The  river  is  entirely  free  from  ice  in  winter,  im- 
provements are  easily  made  at  the  falls,  and  the 
river-bed  being  of  basaltic-rcck  formation  is  not 
subject  to  abrasion,  as  is  the  case  in  other 
The  magnitude  of  the  power  afforded  by  the  falls 
at  vSpokane  can  be  appreciated  wLv..i  it  is  stated  that  the  famous  St.  Anthony  falls, 
at  Minneapolis,  furnish  10,000  horse-power  less  than  is  furnished  by  the  river  at 


Review  Building,  Spokane. 


Middle  Channel,  Post  Falls,  Spokane  River. 

great  falls  of  the  continent. 


.11 


m 
If" 


438 


The  Oveffortian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


m 


* 


ii: 


N.  Y.  Brewery,  Rudolph  Gcrkow,  Spokane. 


Spokane,  At  the  foot  of  the  lower  fall  at  Spokane,  on  the  property  of  the  Wash- 
ington Water  Power  Company,  is  the  large  $2c»,ooo  plant  of  the  Edison  Electric 
Illuminating  Company.  This  is  one  of  the  greatest  water-power  .stations  for  the  gener- 
ation of  electricity  in  the  world.  From  a  dam  500  feet  distant,  water  is  delivered 
through  two  steel  penstocks,  each  seven  feet  in  diameter,  to  the  first  floor  of  the 
station  here,  which  is  70  feet  below  the  level  of  the  dam.  On  this  floor  is 
one  of  the  best  hydraulic  equipments  in  the  Union.     Here  are  located  12  pairs  of 

wheels,  6  being  used  in  each  pen- 
stock. The  dj'namos  are  arranged 
on  the  second  floor,  and  are  driven 
by  a  system  of  direct  and  almost 
perpendicular  belting.  Electricity 
is  transmitted  from  this  plant  to 
all  parts  of  Spokane.  It  is  used 
here  for  a  large  variety  of  pur- 
poses. Perhaps  no  other  city  in 
the  world  uses  electricity  for  so 
many  purposes  as  does  Spokane. 
Every  printing  press  in  the  citj', 
an  extensive  brewery,  with  a  ca- 
pacity of  450  barrels  per  day,  nu- 
merous passenger  elevators,  elec- 
tric stoves  and  fans,  sawmills,  wood  saws,  several  r  anufacturing  plants,  and 
all  the  street  cars  here  are  run  by  el'.ctric  power.  Thf  Edison  plant  also  lights  the 
city,  550  arc  and  10,000  incandescent  lamps  being  used. 

The  cheapness  at  which  this  power  is  supplied  and  its  easy  adaptability  to  all 
purposes  for  which  power  is  required,  is  a  most  important  factor  in  the  economical 
operation  of  machinery  in  Spokane.  It  minimizes  the  cost  of  manufacturing  at  this 
point,  and  as  the  city  progresses,  and  as  the  adjacent  country  becomes  more  developed 
it  should  be  the  means  of  encouraging  the  establishment  of  many  industrial  plants 
at  this  point. 

The  water  power  at  Spokane  now  turns  the  wheels  of  three  large  flouring  mills, 
with  a  combined  daily  capacity  of  1,900  barrels.     There  are  also  four  iron-working 
plants  and  several  wood-working  establishments  which  are  run  by  this  same  power. 
Of  the   vast  power  lying  idle  here,    there  is  now    10,000- 
horse  power  developed  to  a  point  where  it  is  available  for 
use  at  a  moment's  notice.      The  cheapness  of  this  power 
can  be  appreciated  when  it  is  stated  that  a  barrel  of  flour 
can  be  made  in  Spokane  for  a  fraction  of  over  i  cent.   Ahorse 
power  sold  here  for  fio  per  annum,  will  grind,  in  a  year, 
900  barrels  of  flour.      In  manufacturing  flour  by  steam,  the 
cost  of  fuel  alone  is  7   cents  a   barrel.      In  every  line  of 
manufacturing  a  proportionate  saving  is  made  by  the  mills 
using  water  power  at  Spokane  over  the  cost  of  operating 
the  same  mills  elsewhere  by  steam. 

Aside  from  their  commercial  value,  the  falls  at  Spokane  possess  ever;  scenic 
beauty.  They  have  been  admired  by  thousands  of  tourists  with  wondei  and  admi- 
ration.    The  Spokane  river,  in  its  course  through  the  city  of  the  same  name,  is  divided 


Second  congregational  Church, 
Spokane. 


lyk. 


Spokane,  Washington. 


439 


by  rocky  islands  into  five  separate  channels.  Where  it  is  first  divided  it  plunges 
wildly  downward  forming  a  series  of  rapids  below.  Here  it  tumbles  over  the  rocks 
in  a  series  of  beautiful  falls.  After  uniting,  the  water  makes  a  final  plunge  of  70  feet. 
Spanning  nearly  the  center  of  this  last  great  fall  is  the  Monroe-street  steel  cantilever 
bridge.  From  the  surface  of  this  bridge  is  obtained  a  most  delightful  view  of  the 
seething  waters  below.  The  water  here  first  flows  over  the  apron  of  a  dam,  and 
then  dashes  down  a  precipitous  and  rocky  incline,  finally  falling  into  a  deep  basin 
where  it  is  constantly  churned  to  foam.  This  boiling  caldron  of  white,  with  its 
rainbow-tinted  spray  and  the  green  waters  beyond  it,  forms  one  of  the  most  enchant- 
ing of  views. 

The  extensive  and  admirably  equipped  rapid-transit  system  of  Spokane  is  ope- 
rated by  500  horse  power,  furnished  loy  the  Edison  station.  The  street-car  facilities 
of  Spokane  are  equal,  if  not  superior,  to  those  of  any  city  of  the  same  size  in  the 
world.  A  network  of  street-railway  tracks  reaches  out  in  all  directions  from  the  busi- 
ness center.  These  lines  connect  with  the  most  remote  of  the  outlying  suburbs. 
The  system  consists  of  41  miles  of  electric  lines,  3  miles  of  cable  road,  2  miles  of 
motor  track,  and  65  cars  of  the  most  modern  equipment. 

The  Spokane  Cable  Railway  ascends  Monroe  street  to  a  blutF  300  feet  high  lying 
in  the  southern  part  of  the  city.  The  slope  at  the  top  of  the  bluff  is  covered  with 
elegant  residences  which  cost  all  the  way  from  $10,000  to  $80,000  each.  These  fine 
homes,  together  with  the  fine  business  blocks  in  the  heart  of  the  city,  prove  con- 
clusively that  the  men  who  made  their  money  in  Spokane  did 
not  seek  outside  points  for  investments,  but  showed  their  faith 
in  their  home  city  by  putting  their  money  back  in  the  place 
where  they  had  made  it.  The  Spokane  &  Montrose  Railway 
Company,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000,  operates  an  electric 
line  3X  niiles  in  length,  running  from  Riverside  avenue  to 
Cook's  Addition  and  Montrose  Park.  Both  of  these  addition 
are  dotted  with  costly  homes  and  are  beautiful  tracts  of  Ipnd 
occupying  the  highlands  south  of  the  business  center  of  the 
city.  The  City  Park  Transit  Company,  capitalized  for  $250,000, 

operates  seven  miles  of  electric  road.     The  cars  of  this  company  run  to  Ledgerwood 
Park,  one  of  Spokane's  most  attractive   suburbs. 

Spokane's  most  important  suburb  is  the  town  of  Hillyard,  where  are  located  the 
extensive  shops  of  the  Great  Northern  railroad.  There  are  300  men  employed  in  the 
shops  at  Hillyard.  It  is  reached  by  an  electric  street  railway.  The  townsite  is  under 
the  sole  control  of  Messrs.  Carrittee  &  Grinnell,  a  prominent  Spokane  real  estate,  loan 
and  investment  firm.  This  firm  will  cheerfully  answer  inquiries  about  Hillyard.  It 
also  makes  a  specialty  of  attending  to  business  for  non-residents  and  has  a  large 
clientage  throughout  the  United  States. 

Ross  Park,  a  residence  suburb  occupying  a  romantic  position  near  the  river  and 
three  miles  distant  from  Riverside  avenue,  is  reached  by  the  cars  of  the  Ross  Park 
Electric  Railway  Company.  This  company  has  a  capital  .stock  of  $125,000,  and  it 
operates  nine  miles  of  electric  road.  The  Arlington  Heights  Motor  Railway  Com- 
pany, with  a  capital  of  $50,000,  operates  an  electric  line  two  miles  in  length.  The 
Spokane  Street  Railway  Company's  system  is  the  largest  in  the  city.  This  company 
has  a  trackage  of  22  miles  through  the  business  streets  and  residence  portions  of  the 
city.     It  is  operated  entirely  by  electricity.     The  capital  stock  of  the  company  is 


mm£ 


Bryant   xhool,  Spokane. 


'I 


»'■■ 


440 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


i  'i^ 


I    .i 


It 


m 


;!'   ! 


1  !l;.  I 


ii  ill  I* 


J 


N.  P.  R.  R.  Station,  Spokane, 


$5oo,(X)o.  One  of  the  lines  operated  by  this  company  runs  to  the  suburban  town  of 
Hillyard.  It  is  at  this  point  that  the  Great  Northern  Railroad  Company  has  estab- 
lished extensive  shops.  The  Washington  Water  Power  Company,  in  addition  to  own-' 
ing  20,000  of  the  available  30,000  horse  power  afforded  by  the  falls  of  the  river  at  this 
point,  also  controls  the  Edison  Electric  Illuminating  Company,  the  Spokane  Street 
Railway  Company,  the  Spokane  Cable  Railway  Company,  the  Spokane  Electric 
Railway  Company,  the  Ross  Park  Street  Railway  Company  and  the  Arlington 
Heights  Motor  Company. 

In  journeying  to  Spokane  and  other  points  in  Eastern  Washington  the  early  set- 
tlers traveled  over  the  Mullan  road  in  canvas-covered  wagons  or  on  the  backs  of 
cayuse  ponies.  A  remarkable  change  in  reaching  .Spokane  has  been  efftcted  since 
the  first  vanguard  of  civilization  invaded  its  precincts.     The  "  prairie  schooner  "is 

now  a  reminiscence.  The  great  Mullan  road  with  its  historic 
traditions  is  nowbrokL.i  into  romantic  country  highways 
connecting  towns  and  villages.  The  long  line  of  ox  teams 
that  once  daily  left  Spokane  laden  with  merchandise  are 
now  things  of  the  past.  Important  lines  of  railroad  now 
radiate  from  Spokane  in  all  directions,  and  but  few  parts  of 
the  accessible  tributary  territory  are  today  without  the  bene- 
fit of  direct  rail  connection  with  all  parts  of  the  United 
States. 

The  important  trunk  lines  now  reaching  Spokane  are  the  Northern  Pacific,  Union 
Pacific  and  Great  Northern.  Recognizing  the  importance  of  Spokane  as  a  natural 
distributing  center,  the  Northern  Pacific  has  built  several  important  branch  lines  into 
the  surrounding  country  from  this  city.  These  lines  arc  the  Spokane  &  Palouse, 
which  runs  southeast  from  Spokane  to  Juliaetta,  Idaho,  123  miles  distant  ;  the  Cen- 
tral Washington,  running  from  Spokane  to  Coulee  City,  in  the  Rig  Bend  country,  a 
distance  of  125  miles;  the  Spokane  &  Idaho,  which  connects  Spokane  with  the 
famous  Coeur  d'Aleue  mining  belt ;  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern,  'vhich  runs 
west  from  .Spokane  lo  Davenport,  in  the  heart  of  the  Big  Bend  country,  50  miles 
distant.  The  Spokane  &  Palouse  branch  extends  through  the  celebrated  Palouse 
country,  one  of  the  finest  wheat-growing  sections  of  the  West.  In  Whitman  county 
alone,  through  which  this  road  runs,  there  are  701,261  acres  of  improved  land  auvi 
taxable  property,  which  is  assessed  at  $19,500,000.  Cf  the  123  miles  of  this  branch 
115  miles  extends  through  a  succession  of  almost  unbroken  wheat  fields.  The 
remarkable  fertility  of  the  soil  of  this  part  of  Washington  is  attested  by  the  average 
yield  of  30  bushels  of  vheat  to  the  acre  in  1893.  From  the  Palouse  country  Spokane 
derives  much  of  its  jobbing  trade.  The  Central  Washington  branch  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  runs  through  the  heart  of  the  great  w'aeat-prodncing  section  of  the  Big  Bend 
country.  From  Coulee  City,  the  western  terminus  of  this  road,  stages  run  to  the 
rich  mining  districts  of  the  Okanogan.  Part  of  the  route  between  Spokane  and  the 
CiEur  d'Aleue  mines,  by  way  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  is  made  by  boat  on  Lake  Cccur 
d'Alene,  a  beautiful  mountain-walled  body  of  water  60  miles  in  length.  The  C(eur 
d'.^lene  mines  are  also  reached  from  Spokane  by  a  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  which 
makes  direct  all-rail  connection.  The  Seattle,  Lake  .Shore  &  Eastern,  operated  by  the 
Northern  Pacific,  is  the  direct  route  from  Spokane  to  Davenport,  in  the  center  of  the 
Big  Bend  country. 

A  line  of  railroad  that  has  opened  up  a  vast  area  of  country  tributary  to  Spokane 


UJ  •  _ 


Spokane,  Washington. 


441 


a  town  of 
has  estab- 
n  to  own-' 
;er  at  this 
me  Street 
;  Electric 
(Arlington 

early  set- 
backs of 
;ted  since 
ooner  "  is 
s  historic 
highways 
ox  teams 
ndise  are 
road  now 
V  parts  of 
the  bene- 
e   United 

ic,  Union 

a  natural 

lines  into 

Palouse, 

he  Cen- 

juntry,  a 

vith   the 

icli  runs 

50  miles 

Palouse 

1  county 

and  an>l 

s  branch 

Is.     The 

average 

i^pokane 

Northern 

tig  Bend 

n  to  the 

and  the 

le  C(L'ur 

e  CcL'Ur 

ic  which 

1  by  the 

r  of  the 

ipokane 


FRANKLIN  School,  Spokanf 


is  the  Spokane  &  NortherE.  This  road  runs  north  from  Spokane  through  the  fertile 
Colville  valley  to  Fort  Sheperd,  an  old  Hudson's  Bay  Company's  post,  situated 
immediately  north  of  the  international  boundary  line.  From  Fort  Sheperd  the  road, 
continues  to  Nelson  on  Kootenay  Lake,  under  the  name  of  the  Nelson  &  Fort  Shep- 
erd railroad.  At  the  American  town  of  Northport  the  Spokane  &  Northern  now 
makes  daily  connection  with  the  line  of  boats  running  on 
the  Columbia  river  and  through  the  Arrow  leaker,  to  Ravel- 
stokc,  a  station  on  the  Canadian  Pacific  railv/ay.  This 
steamboat  service  and  its  connections  practically  gives  Spo- 
kane a  fourth  transcontinental  line.  It  is  but  a  question  of 
time  when  the  Canadian  Pacific  will  run  its  cars  direct  to 
Spokane.  This  company  is  now  building  a  branch  line  to 
the  Slocan  Mining  District  near  Kootenay  L?-kc.  This 
branch  will  eventually  reach  Nelson,  connecting  there  with  the  Nelson  &  Fort  Sheperd 
railroad. 

The  Union  Pacific  reached  Spokane  in  1890,  and  in  the  summer  of  1893,  the 
Great  Northern  railroad  commenced  running  its  trains  into  the  city.  Spokane  is 
today  one  of  the  largest  and  most   important   railroad  centers  west  of  the   Rocky 

Mountains.  Owing  to  its  extensive  system  of  railroads, 
with  its  favorable  geographical  location,  making  it  the  com- 
mon distributing  center  for  6o,coo  square  miles  of  territory, 
Spokane  is  now  an  important  jobbing  center,  whose  trade  ag- 
gregates millions  of  dollars  annually.  "With  the  advent  of  the 
Great  Northern  to  Spokane,  there  came  a  readjustment  of 
freight  rates  on  the  transcontinental  lines  reaching  this  point, 
which  has  been  of  the  most  signal  benefit  to  the  jobbing  trade 
of  the  city.  These  concessions  placed  Spokane,  so  far  as  railroad  rates  were  con- 
cerned, on  an  equality  with  the  large  terminal  cities  of  the  West. 

Like  nearly  all  the  large  cities  of  the  continent,  Spokane  did  not  escape  the  ef- 
fects of  the  disastrous  business  panic  of  1893.  Owing  to  a  lack  of  confidence 
shown  by  depositors,  several  banks  at  this  point  were  compelled  to  temporarily  close 
their  doors.  The  assets  of  these  suspended  banks  were  all  however,  far  in  excess  of 
their  liabilities.  Most  of  them  have  now  resumed,  and  it  is  a  safe  assertion  that  all 
the  banks  which  had  trouble  here  will  either  resume  business  or  liquidate  in  full. 
The  banks  of  Spokane  with  their  capital,  surplus  and  undivided  profits  are  as  fol- 
lows :  Browne  National,  capital,  |too,ooo,  undivided  profits,  $35,000  ;  Old  National, 
capital,  f 250,000;  Traders  National,  capital,  $200,000,  surplus  and  undivided  profits, 
$100,000;  Exchange  National,  capital,  $250,000,  surplus  and  undivided  profits,  $45,- 
000;  Washington  National,  capital,  $250,000  ;  A.  M.  Murphy  Co.,  [private  bankers], 
capital, $25, 000;  First  National,  capital,  1250,000,  surplus  and  undivided  profits, $52, 000; 
Citizens  National,  capital,  $150000;  Bank  of  Spokane  Falls,  capital,  |i5o,ooo,  sur- 
plus, $125,000 ;  Commercial  Savings,  capital,  $50,000;  Spokane  Savings,  capital, 
$100,000,  surplus,  $32,000;  Washington  Savings,  capital,  $50,000. 

Of  the  prominent  citizens  of  Spokane,  none  have  been  more  actively  identified 
with  the  welfare  of  the  city  than  L.  C.  Dillman.  No  public  enterprise  which  has 
benefitted  Spokane  has  ever  been  undertaken  without  the  material  aid  of  this  gentle- 
man.    Mr.  Dillman  is  the  senior  member  of  one  of  the  most  T)rominent  real  estate 


Bancroft  School,  Spokane. 


ill  |! 


If 


\L 


L.  C.  DiLLMAN,  Spokane. 


442  The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

and  investment  broker  firms  of  the  city.  He  is  a 
director  in  the  Washington  National  bank,  p'-esident 
of  the  Pacific  Bullion  Mining  Company,  director  in 
the  Spokane  Hydraulic  Mining  Company,  and  gen- 
eral manager  and  treasurer  of  the  St.  Paul  Land  and 
Improvement  Company,  a  corporation  owning  large 
tracts  of  land  in  the  city  and  in  Eastern  Washington. 

Mr.  Dillman  is  a  native  of  Louisville,  Kentucky, 
and  is  now  38  years  of  age.  He  has  donated  with- 
out any  compensation,  valuable  tracts  upon  which  to 
locate  industrial  plants.  The  aggregate  value  of  these 
donations  is  not  less  than  $75,000.  He  has  an  ex- 
tensive acquaintance  with  prominent  capitalists 
throughout  the  United  States,  and  is  the  accredited 
representative  of  interests  aggregating  in  value, 
13,000,000. 

The  school  census  of  1893  showed  that  there  are 
now  4,610  white  children  between  the  ages  of  five 
and  twenty-one  years  in  Spokane.  Of  this  number,  3,280  pupils  are  now  enrolled 
in  the  public  schools  of  the  city. 

The  first  building  occupied  for  school  purposes  was  a  small  frame  structure 
erected  in  1878.  The  demands  of  the  city  soon  called  for  larger  school  quar- 
ters, and  several  frame  and  brick  school  houses  were  erected  here  a  few  years  later. 
Then  came  the  great  fire  of  1889.  In  rebuilding  the  city  the  old  frame  structures 
were  supplanted  by  massive  modern  school  buildings  of  handsome  architectural 
design.  The  citizens  of  the  city,  from  the  time  of  the  establishment  of  the  first 
school  here,  have  made  every  effort  to  improve  the  educational  sj^stem  of  Spokane. 
There  are  now  10  large  and  handsome  brick  and  stone  public 
school  buildings  in  the  city.  These  buildings  are  artistic 
monuments  to  a  progressive  and  intellectual  community.  An 
observing  writer  has  said  that  the  typical  American  is  found 
in  the  West,  and  that  in  no  other  section  of  the  Union  are 
American  institutions  more  cherished.  It  is  doubtless  true 
that  in  no  other  sections  do  parents  more  earnestly  desire  the 
education  of  their  children.  The  percentage  of  illiteracy  is 
less  in  the  Pacific  Northwest  than  in  any  other  section  of 
country  of  equal  size  in  the  world. 

The  public  school  property  of  Spokane  consists  of  realty  valued  at  $188,000,  and 
improvements  that  have  cost  $336,500.  The  cost  of  the  different  schools  of  the  city, 
exclusive  of  the  grounds  they  occupy,  is  as  follows  :  High  school,  $150,000  ;  Irving, 
$30,000;  Bryant,  $30,000;  Bancroft,  $29,000;  Franklin,  $30,000;  Lincoln,  $25,000; 
Edison,  $30,000;  Longfellow,  $7,500;  Emerson,  $3,000;  Lakeview,  $2,000. 

The  high  school,  with  its  artistic  clock  tower,  occupies  the  center  of  a  large 
square,  the  grounds  of  which  are  tastefully  arranged  in  walks  and  flower  beds.  It  is 
finished  throughout  in  oak,  and  it  contains,  in  addition  to  a  number  of  large,  well- 
lighted  classrooms,  a  laboratory,  library,  gymnasium,  and  an  assembly  hall,  with 
500  opera  chairs.  Sixty-four  teachers  are  employed  in  the  public  schools  here.  Of 
the  excellent  private  educational  institutions  in  Spokane,  the  most  prominent  are  the 


Lincoln  School,  Spokane. 


Jen 
con 
nesi 

indi 
tior 
hou 
tipl 

hall 
brie 
in  o 
abo 


bers 
trail 
ente 
exte 


schc 

lOW! 

In  I 
ingt 
tice 


kno' 


Spokane,  Washington. 


443 


He  is  a 
president 
[irector  in 
and  gen- 
Land  and 
ling  large 
ishington. 

S^entucky, 
ated  with- 

which  to 
le  of  these 
las  an  ex- 
capitalists 
accredited 

in   value, 

there  are 
jes  of  five 
IV  enrolled 

structure 
lool  quar- 
ears  later, 
structures 
;hitectural 
f  the  first 

Spokane. 


)ou,  Spok»ne. 

8,000,  and 

f  the  city, 

5;  Irving, 

I25 ,000 ; 

3f  a  large 
eds.  It  is 
rge,  well- 
hall,  with 
here.  Of 
nt  are  the 


High  School,  Spokane. 


PHOTO.    BY  MAXWELL. 


Jenkins  University,  the  Spokane  College,  the  Gonnaga  College, 
conducted  by  Jesuit  Fathers,  a  Catholic  seminary,  and  a  busi- 
ness college. 

In  1880  a  missionary  journeyed  overland  to  Spokane  and 
induced  the  citizens  here  to  subscribe  to  a  fund  for  the  erec- 
tion of  a  church.  Since  the  establishment  of  this  pioneer 
house  of  worship,  the  churches  of  Spokane  have  rapidly  mul- 
tiplied, until  there  are  now  43  religious  organizations  in  the  city. 

Among  the  notable  public  buildings  in  Spokane  is  a  city 
hall.  This  is  a  handsome  building,  constructed  of  pressed 
brick  and  granite  at  a  cost  of  $100,000.     It  is  finished  entirely 

in  oak.     The  court  house,  now  nearing  completion  here,  will  cost,  when  completed, 
about  $200,000. 

The  Spokane  bar  is  held  in  high  estimation  throughout  the  country.  It  num- 
bers among  its  members  brilliant  and  eloquent  orators,  accomplished  students  and 
trained  counsellors  versed  in  the'  intricacies  of  the  law.  The  fame  of  the  most  tal- 
ented of  these  gentlemen  is  not  confined  to  Spokane  and  its  judicial  tribunals,  but 
extends  to  and  beyond  the  borders  of  the  Spokane  bar.  Samuel  C.  Hyde  is  a  dis- 
tinguished member  of  the  Spokane 
bar.  As  farmer,  soldier  and  lawyer, 
his  career  has  been  a  long  and  honor- 
able one.  His  intellectual  attain- 
ments, striking  individuality  and 
legal  triumphs  have  won  for  him  a 
position  in  the  foremost  ranks  of 
Washington  lawyers. 

Mr.  Hyde  was  bom  April  22,  1842, 
in  the  old  historic  town  of  Fort  Ticon- 
deroga,  New  York.  At  an  early  age 
he  removed  with  his  parents  to  a  then 
remote  wilderness  near  Oshkosh,  Wis- 
consin. It  was  here  he  grew  to  man- 
hood, at  work  clearing  the  dense  for- 
ests that  surrounded  his  father's  house. 
The  war  broke  out,  and  Mr.  Hyde 
went  to  the  front,  where  he  served  as 
a  private  soldier  in  the  17th  regiment 
of  Wisconsin,  volunteer  infantry.  He 
subsequently  graduated  from  the  law 
school  of  the  Iowa  State  University.  He  practiced  his  profession  at  Rock  Rapids, 
Iowa,  for  seven  years,  then  removed  to  Puget  Sound,  and  in  1S79  arrived  at  Spokane. 
In  1880  Mr.  Hyde  was  elected  prosecuting  attorney  for  the  northeast  district  of  Wash- 
ington, and  was  re-elected  for  three  consecutive  terms.  lie  is  now  in  active  prac- 
tice at  the  bar. 

Of  the  successful  lawyers  and  brilliant  orators  of  Washington,  no  one  is  better 
known  than  Thomas  C.  GrifBtts. 


Hon.  S.  C.  Hyde   Spokane. 


Ji 


n:-^' 


'!    ;i 


II 


444 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.   By  MAXWELL. 


HON     T.    C.  GRIFFITT8,  SPOKANE 


Born  in  Carthage,  111,,  December  5,  1857,  he 
grew  up  in  the  sterling  society  of  that  part  of 
Illinois  which  Lincoln  and  Douglass  were,  in  the 
early  part  of  his  life,  making  their  battle-ground. 
As  a  member  of  the  constitutional  convention  of 
Washington,  as  vice-president  of  the  National 
Association  of  Democratic  Clubs  for  the  state  and 
as  Washington's  first  democratic  candidate  for 
Congress,  Mr.  Griffitts  became  widely  known.  In 
order  that  he  might  more  assiduously  prosecute 
his  profession,  he  retired  from  politics.  Although 
not  a  criminal  lawyer,  he  posses'rjs  tht  remarkable 
record  of  havingd.efended  and  secured  the  acquittal 
of  22  men  accused  of  murder  in  the  first  degree. 
He  is  now  engaged  in  attending  to  his  large  prac- 
tice. 


The  enterprise  of  the  city  and  its  progress  are  reflected  in  the  advancement  of  its 
citizens,  and  for  this  reason  biographical  sketches  are  in  a  measure  an  indication  of 
what  integrity  and  ability  can  accomplish  in  certain  communities. 

Among  the  young  men  of  Spokane  who  have 
been  honored  by  their  fellow  citizens  i  Arthur  D. 
Jones,  councilman  from  the  fifth  wan  Mr.  Jones 
was  born  in  Cass  county,  Michigan,  in  1859.  At 
the  age  of  11  years  he  removed  to  Iowa  and  later 
he  attended  the  Iowa  State  University.  After  com- 
pleting his  education  he  taught  school  in  Minnesota 
for  two  years  when  he  removed  to  Chicago,  where 
for  five  years  he  occupied  a  responsible  position  in 
the  employ  of  The  Chicago  Daily  News.  Mr. 
Jones  on  account  of  ill  health,  removed  to  Spokane 
in  1S87.  In  1891  he  was  elected  Alderman  and  in 
1892  was  re-elected  to  the  same  position.  He  is 
now  the  senior  member  of  the  prominent  real 
estate  and  insurance  firm  of  A.  D.  Jones  &  Co. 


Arthur  0.  Jones,  Esq.,  Spokane. 


Since  the  great  conflagration  of  1889,  Spokane  has  maintained  a  paid  fire  depart- 
ment which  in  point  of  discipline  and  efficiency  now  ranks  with  the  best  fire  depart- 
ments in  the  Union.  The  Spokane  Fire  Department's  property  is  valued  at  $90,000. 
The  force  consists  of  45  officers  and  men.  The  apparatus  is  classified  as  follows 
three  engines,  two  hose  carriages,  two  hose  wagons,  two  chemical  engines,  one 
serial  truck  and  a  hook  and  ladder  truck.  The  cost  of  maintaining  the  department 
is  estimated  at  $70,000  a  year. 

Another  well-conducted  and  disciplined  branch  of  the  municipal  government  is 
the  police  department.     It  consists  of  a  chief,  four  offices  and  22  patrolmen. 

The  finances  of  Spokane  have  been  ably  and  economically  administered  as  is 
evidenced  by  the  low  tax  rate  here  of  10  mills.  The  total  bonded  indebtedness  of 
the  city  is  $1,200,000.     In  the  building  of  a  great  city  in  less  than  six  years  large 


tion. 
zone 


Spokane,    Washington. 


44o 


PMOTO     BY  MAXWELL. 


HON.  J.  F.  Leghorn,  Spokane. 


civic  expenses  were  necessarily  incurred.  Of  the  city's  indebtedness  $500,000  was 
for  a  water-works  system  and  $750,000  was  used  in  building  bridges  and  other  public 
improvements.  The  taxable  wealth  of  Spokane  well  justified  this  expenditure. 
According  to  the  assessment  roll  of  1893  the  assessment  valuation  of  property  in 
Spokane  was  $28,776,083.  To  this  should  be  added 
$1,110,390,  the  assessed  valuation  of  property  in 
additions  to  Spokane  lying  outside  of  the  munic- 
ipal limits.  These  assessment  figures  were  fur- 
nished by  county  assessor,  J.  F.  I^eghorn.  The 
election  of  this  gentleman  to  a  position  of  honor 
and  trust  is  an  illustration  of  the  possibilities  for 
advancement  in  the  West  of  young  men  of  ability 
and  worth.  Mr.  Leghorn  was  born  in  186S  in 
Clonis,  County  Monaghan,  Ireland.  He  finished 
his  education  at  the  Royal  College  of  Surgeon.^, 
Dublin  and  then  came  to  America,  arriving  at 
Portland  in  1884.  He  there  secured  a  position  with 
a  large  tobacco  firm  and  remained  in  its  employ  un- 
til 1889.  His  business  duties  called  him  to  Spo- 
kane where  he  subsequently  opened  a  wholesale 
tobacco  house  under  the  firm  name  of  Leghorn 
Bros.  This  business  burned  out  in  iSgo,  when  he  was  appointed  clerk  of  the  Probate 
Court.  In  November,  1892,  he  was  elected  assessor  on  the  Republican  ticket  by  an 
overwhelming  majority. 

The  Spokane'water-works  system  represents  an  outlay  of  $750,000.  It  consists  of 
a  pumping  station  with  a  developed  water  power  of  2,500  horse,  30  miles  of  street 
mains,  and  2co  fire  hydrants.  The  water  supply  is  pumped  from  the  Spokane  river 
five  miles  northeast  of  the  city.  This  water  comes  from  the  snowshed  of  the  Cocur 
d'Alene  Mountains  and  is  of  the  purest  and  clearest  quality. 

Spokane  is  a  healthy  city.  Its  death  rate  in  1893  was  only  11.03  per  thousand. 
The  dry,  invigorating  atmosphere  and  mountain  breezes  of  Eastern  Washington  are 
especially  helpful  to  the  relaxed  system.  The  long  delightful  summers  are  followed 
by  the  finest  autumnal  weather,  often  extending  into  December.  Then  follows  a 
short  winter,  with  occasional  heavy  falls  of  snow,  but  with  few  extremely  cold 
days.  In  this  connection  it  is  well  to  call  attention  to  the  peculiar  climatic  condi- 
tions of  the  state  of  Washington.  In  this  state  a  change  of  altitude,  often  within  a 
distance  of  a  few  miles,  secures  a  greater  change  of  climate  than  is  noted  in  a  change 
of  distance  of  400  or  500  miles  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent.  Owing  to  the 
warm  influence  of  the  Japan  current  Western  Washington  has  a  long  rainy  season. 
The  Cascade  range  of  mountains  acts  as  a  barrier  to  the  moist  winds  from  the  ocean. 
On  the  eastern  side  of  this  range  instead  of  rain  in  mid-winter  there  is  snow.  The 
humidity  of  the  atmosphere  in  Eastern  Washington  is  much  less  than  it  is  on  the 
western  side  of  the  mountains.  In  Eastern  Washington,  too,  many  climatic  differ- 
ences are  noted  in  different  localities.  In  the  Columbia  and  Snake  river  valleys,  for 
instance,  which  are  from  200  to  1,500  feet  below  the  level  of  the  bordering  country, 
every  variety  of  semi-tropical  fruit,  except  oranges  and  lemons,  is  grown  to  perfec- 
tion. A  change  from  the  semi-tropical  conditions  of  these  valleys  to  the  temperate 
zone  of  the  Big  Bend  country,  is  one  of  the  noticeable  features  of  this  section.     The 


m 


'HI 

■ftt 

;'  '  It-  I 


■'4k 


m 


446 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


State  Insane  Asylum,  Medical  Lake. 


difFereuce  in  elevation  between  these  two  sections  is  not  greater  than  1,500  feet.  It 
is  the  diversified  resources  of  the  tributary  country  that  have  already  contributed  so 
largely  to  the  growth  of  Spokane,  and  it  is  the  development  of  these  resources  which 
promise  the  most  for  the  future  city. 

All  inquiries  relating  to  Spokane  realty  and  the  resources  of  the  adjacent  coun- 
try will  be  answered  by  Walter  Hughson  &  Co.,  a  leading  real  estate  and  investment 
firm  of  the  city.  Tnis  firm  consisting  of  Mr.  Hughson  and  Frederick  E.  Elmendorf, 
controls  large  interests  here.  Included  in  the  property  controlled  by  them  are  the 
Arlington  Heights  Additions.  This  attractively  situated  property  is  reached  in  a  few 
minutes  from  the  business  center  of  the  city  by  the  cars  of  the  Arlington  Heights 
motor  line. 

Medical  Lake,  "Washlnprton. — Around  the  shores  of  the  Great  Medicine 
Lake  as  Medical  Lake  was  called        the   Indians,  camped  the  sick  and  the  afflicted 

members  of  the  Colville  and  Coeur  d'Alene 
tribes  of  Indians  long  before  the  white  man 
invaded  this  part  of  Washington.  To  this  little 
lake,  nestling  beneath  a  granite  cliff  at  the  edge 
.f.'^;iMSSai»jWtggj8j||[i^jii^j.tM.^,^  'Jj^if        of  the  Big  Bend  country,  came  the  Indians  from 

the  tribal  lands  many  suns  distant.      To  them 
it  was    a    sacred    spot  furnished  by  the  Great 
Spirit  for  the  benefit  of  the  sick  and  debilitated 
who  found  renewed  vigor  by  bathing  in  its  waters. 

The  healing  and  curative  properties  of  the  waters  of  Medical  Lake  have  given 
it  a  wide-spread  reputation,  and  it  is  not  infrequently  referred  to  as  the  "Modern 
Pool  of  Siloam."  The  density  of  this  water  is  as  great  as  is  that  of  Great  Salt  Lake 
in  Utah.  The  least  rubbing  of  the  surface  of  the  body  touched  by  the  water  imme- 
diately produces  a  lather  equal  to  that  produced  b\'  the  best  soap.  Medical  Lake  salt 
evaporated  from  the  waters  of  the  lake  now  finds  a  sale  in  all  parts  of  the  United 
States.  It  imparts  to  water  in  which  it  is  dissolved  the  properties  of  the  waters  of 
Medical  Lake  itself.  During  the  summer  months  thousands  of  tourists  and  invalids 
visit  the  lake,  and  excursion  trains  are  run  tri-weekly  during  the  season  between 
Medical  Lake  and  the  neighboring  city  of  Spokane. 

In  1872  Mr.  A.  LeFevre,  a  native  of  France,  visited  the  lake  and  pre-empted  a 
claim  of  160  acres  of  land  along  its  shores.  For  years  he  had  been  afflicted  with  par- 
alysis of  the  right  arm  caused  by  rheumatism.  Noticing  one  day  some  sheep  that 
had  the  scab  plunging  into  the  lake  his  curiosity  was  excited.  An  inspection  a  few 
days  later  of  these  same  sheep  led  to  the  discovery  that  the  scab  had  entirely  disap- 
peared. Mr.  LeFevre  at  once  determined  to  apply  a  little  of  the  water  to  his  arm. 
To  his  great  surprise  the  blood  soon  began  to  circulate  naturally  in  the  afflicted 
member.  A  few  weeks  later  the  last  trace  of  the  former  paralysis  disappeared  and 
today  Mr.  LeFevre,  who  is  a  highly  respected  and  wealthy  citizen  of  Medical  Lake, 
emphasises  the  story  of  his  cure  by  gesticulating  with  the  very  arm  of  which  for 
years  he  was  denied  the  use. 

Rapid  settlement  followed  Mr.  LeFevre's  location  at  Medical  Lake.  It  at  once 
became  a  great  resort  for  invalids.  On  the  east  bank  of  the  lake  has  since  sprung  up 
an  attractive  and  prosperous  town  which  bears  the  name  of  the  lake  on  which  it 
is  located.  The  town  of  Medical  Lake  contains  today  about  1,000  people.  It  is  in 
Spokane  county,  20  miles  west  of  Spokane  by  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern 


m 


The  Big'  Bend  Country,   Washington. 


447 


)  feet.  It 
ributed  so 
CCS  which 

:ent  coun- 
Qvestment 
;lmendorf, 
m  are  the 
d  in  a  few 
1  Heights 

Medicine 
le  afflicted 
r  d'Alene 
fhite  man 
>  this  little 
it  the  edge 
Hans  from 

To  them 
the  Great 
iebilitated 

ave  given 

"Modern 

Salt  Lake 

ter  imme- 

L,ake  salt 

le  United 

waters  of 

invalids 

between 

enipted  a 
with  par- 
leep  that 
on  a  few 
ely  disap- 
his  arm. 
;  afflicted 
^ared  and 
cal  Lake, 
which  for 

t  at  once 
prung  up 
which  it 
It  is  in 
:  Eastern 


branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  and  lo  miles  west  of  Cheney  by  the  Central  Wash- 
ington branch  of  the  same  road.  Immediately  west  of  Medical  Lake  and  occupying 
a  commanding  and  picturesque  location  on  the  summit  of  a  high  hill  overlooking  the 
placid  waters  of  the  lake  is  the  Eastern  Washington  Hospital  for  the  insane.  A  short 
distance  from  the  immense  structure  occupied  by  the  asylum  are  great  granite  quar- 
ries. vStone  from  these  quarries  is  in  great  demand  in  Washington,  and  the  quarrying 
of  this  stone  is  Medical  Lake's  most  important  industry. 

The  BIjjf  IJend  Country. — The  largest  subdivision  of  agricultural  land  in 
the  state  of  Washington  lies  near  its  geographical  center,  and  is  known  as  the  Big 
Bend  country.  The  northern,  western  and  part  of  the  southern  boundary  of  this 
section  is  formed  by  the  Columbia  river,  which  describes  an  irregular  half  circle  here 
from  which  the  section  it  encircles  derives  its  name,  Big  Bend.  To  the  east  the  Big 
Bend  country  is  bounded  by  the  rich  Palouse  wheat  belt,  which  stretches  away  to 
the  east  into  the  state  of  Idaho. 

The  Big  Bend  country  includes  the  counties  of  Douglas,  Lincoln,  Adams  and 
Franklin,  which  together  have  an  area  of  9,300  square  miles,  or  nearly  6,000,000 
acres.  The  northern  portion  of  the  B'  (  Bend  country,  or  about  one-third  of  its 
total  area  requires  no  irrigation  to  produce  good  crops  of  grain  and  vegetables.  The 
southern  portion  at  the  present  time  is  principally  utilized  for  stock  raising,  farming 
here  without  the  aid  of  irrigation  being  an  uncertain  calling.  This  southern  part  of 
the  country  however,  invariably  produces  a  good  growth  of  bunchgrass  each  season, 
which  being  self-curing,  offers  the  best  of  food  for  cattle  and  horses  during  even  the 
most  protracted  of  winters. 

The  surface  of  the  Big  Bend  country  is  generally  less  hilly  and  rolling  than  are 
the  agricultural  lands  of  any  other  parts  of  the  state.  There  is  but  little  surface 
water  on  this  vast  area,  but  water  is  easily  obtained  by  digging  or  boring  to  a  depth 
of  about  50  feet.  The  soil  here  is  similar  to  that  all  over  this  section,  being  decom- 
posed volcanic  rock  [a  fertilizer  in  itself.]  In  the  northern  half  of  the  country  how- 
ever, the  soil  does  not  approach  the  ashy  appearance  noted  in  the  soil  of  the  south- 
ern part.  This  is  owing  to  a  greater  rainfall  in  the  north,  and  also  to  the  mixing  of 
a  vegetable  mould  formed  from  years  of  decay  of  the  rank  grasses  which  have 
covered  this  section. 

It  is  stated  by  leading  chemists  that  the  soil  here  will  prove  the  most  lasting,  and 
stand  more  continued  cultivation  than  any  other  soil  in  the  world.  Before  this  time 
a  lack  of  proper  railroad  facilities  has  greatly  retarded  the  growth  of  this  fertile  part 
of  Washington.  This  however  are  now  obviated.  There  are  today  two  transcontinental 
lines  of  road,  the  Great  Northern  and  the  Northern  Pacific  passing  over  this  coun- 
try. The  country  is  also  crossed  by  two  branches  of  the  latter  road,  the  Washing- 
ton Central  and  the  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern.  These  roads  furnish  ample 
transportation  facilities  for  the  needs  of  the  country  at  the  present  time,  but  on  its 
fuller  development,  it  will  tax  these  systems  to  their  full  capacity  to  haul  its  pro- 
ducts to  market. 

Situated  on  the  broad  plateau  of  Eastern  Washington,  and  at  an  elevation  of 
over  2,000  feet  above  sea  level,  the  Bjg  Bend  country  is  free  from  the  blighting 
effects  of  the  hot  winds,  and  although  occupying  a  higher  elevation  than  any  other 
part  of  the  farming  section  of  the  state,  this  section  is  singularly  free  from  frosts 
during  either  the  time  of  growing  or  maturing  crops.  Early  or  late  frosts  never  de- 
stroy tender  vegetable  plants  or  fruit  in  this  part  of  the  state. 


'VI 
1  t, 


'f' 


! 


:'i 


448 


The  Oreffonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


w 


::<!! 


i!;^^.; 


IM 


A  disadvantage  this  section  long  labored  under  was  the  impression  which  for 
some  unaccountable  reason  was  widespread,  that  crops  would  only  grow  well  here  at 
irregular  intervals  on  account  of  a  supposed  deficiency  of  moisture  here  to  insure 
the  proper  maturing  of  vegetation.  After  a  practical  trial  of  nine  years,  this  feeling 
of  prejudice,  for  such  it  has  proved  to  be,  has  been  entirely  dispelled.  During  all 
this  time  there  has  not  been  a  single  failure  of  crops  recorded  in  the  Big  Bend  coun- 
try, and  it  has  been  shown  that  this  is  one  of  the  most  productive  sections  of  the 
state.  The  crop  from  the  farms  here  each  season  would  seem  phenomenal  to  the 
farmers  of  the  Middle  and  other  Western  states.  The  staple  crops  of  the  Big  Bend 
country  are  wheat,  oats,  barley  and  corn,  yielding  respectively  25,  50,  70  and  30 
bushels  per  acre,  and  upwards.  It  has  only  been  recently  that  the  farmers  of  this 
section  have  turned  their  attention  to  fruit  growing,  but  now  may  be  seen  thriving 
young  orchards  of  apples,  pears,  cherries  and  plums.  The  smaller  fruits  including 
berries,  ail  do  well  here.  The  principal  centers  of  population  of  the  country  furnish 
a  good  market  for  fruit,  and  fruit  growing  has  already  been  shown  to  be  one  of  the 
most  profitable  industries  of  the  husbandman. 

In  Douglas  county  alone  there  are  still  open  to  settlement  800,000  acres  of  gov- 
erment  land  (land  needing  no  irrigation),  and  Lincoln  county  offers  250,000  acres 
more  of  governent  and  railroad  land.  The  best  sections  of  the  Big  Bend  are  of 
course  in  the  vicinity  of  the  principal  towns  of  this  section.  This  favored  section 
may  be  said  to  commence  at  Reardon,  and  extends  west  through  Mondovi,  Daven- 
port, Wilbur,  Almira,  Coulee  City  and  Waterville.     The  latter  is  a  thriving  town,  50 

miles   from   a  railroad.     The  town  pos- 

PMOTO.    Br  *     H.  ALBRECHT 


'■^^afcejfj^^j^ 


Jtr-W^: 


HORSE  AND  Mule  Ranch,  Davenport. 


sesses  electric  lights  and  other  modern 
public  improvements.  The  country  sur- 
rounding Waterville  produces  over  i  ,000,- 
000  bushels  of  grain  annually,  a  portion 
of  which  finds  a  market  in  the  great  min- 
ing regions  to  the  north.  The  Big  Bend 
Country  is  rapidly  filling  up,  and  each 
year  witnesses  an  increase  of  over  100  per 
cent  in  the  acreage  sown  to  grain  here. 
It  is  a  country  of  practically  no  extremes 
in  heat  or  cold.  During  the  spring,  summer  and  autumn  the  weather  here  is  de- 
lightful, the  temperature,  even  during  mid-summer,  seldom  registering  above  85°, 
while  the  nights  are  always  cool  and  pleasant.  The  winters  are  comparatively 
mild,  with  heavy  falls  of  snow  at  times.  Sunstrokes,  electrical  storms  and  cyclones 
are  unknown  here.  The  harvest  seasons  are  free  from  showers,  and  in  consequence 
the  grain  harvested  here  is  of  a  beautiful  light  yellow  color,  which  recommends 
it  especially  to  buyers. 

An  ordinary  team  of  horses  can  easily  break  the  virgin  soil  of  the  Big  Bend 
country,  and  a  good  crop  of  oats  or  wheat  can  be  raised  on  this  land  the  first  season. 
There  is  still  plenty  of  government  land  in  this  part  of  the  state,  perhaps  a  little 
remote  from  settlements,  but  in  the  line  of  projected  railroads.  This  land  is  as  good 
as  the  best  that  is  now  under  cultivation.  The  seeker  for  a  home  in  the  West  will 
find  here  a  chance  to  obtain  some  of  the  finest  grain-producing  land  in  the  West, 
and  it  is  this  part  of  the  state  which  offers  exceptional  opportunities  for  settlement 
at  the  present  time. 


ill 


Pasco,    Washington. 


449 


Photo,  or  a.  m.  albrecht. 


Threshing  Grain,  Davenport. 


PHOTO   BY  A. 


Dave  11  port,  \VashInH:t<>n. — At  the  gateway  of  the  6,000, oot)  acres  of  rich 
a^rit^ultural  land  comprising  what  is  known  ns  the  Big  Bend  country  of  the  Columbia 
river,  is  the  prosperous  town  of  Davenport.  It  is  a  station  on  the  Central  Wash- 
ington railroad,  a  line  operated  by  the  North- 
ern Pacific,  and  is  45  miles  west  of  Cheney. 

Before  the  advent  of  the  white  settler  in 
this  part  of  the  West,  the  present  site  of  Da- 
venport was  the  over-night  camping  ground 
on  the  Indian  trail  to  Western  Washington. 
The  spring  at  this  point,  which  today  pours 
out  its  steady  volume  of  the  purest  water,  re- 
freshed many  of  the  savage  tribes  in  their  long 
journeys  across  the  bunchgrass  lands  of  this  part  of  the  state,  and  this,  with  other 
advantages  which  the  site  enjoys,  made  this  one  of  the  most  popular  stopping  places 
for  the  Indian  hordes  in  the  West. 

In  1879  Charles  C.  May,  at  the  present  time  Davenport's  foremost  citizen,  whik 
engaged  on  a  government  survey  in   Eastern  Washington,  became  impressed  with 

the  belief  that  the  Big  Bend  country  would  some  day  be- 
come a  great  and  well  settled  farming  section.  As  an  ex- 
periment of  the  fertility  of  the  soil  of  this  part  of  the  state, 
he  selected  a  claim  and  sowed  40  acres  of  this  land  to 
wheat.  This  was  the  first  attempt  to  till  the  virgin  soil  of 
the  Big  Bend.  When  the  crop  of  the.se  few  acres  was  har- 
vested a  showing  of  40  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre  was 
made.  It  has  only  been  within  the  past  six  years  that  im- 
mense quantities  of  grain  have  begun  to  be  shipped  from 
the  Big  Bend  country.  Each  succeeding  year,  since  1879, 
has  witnessed  an  increase  of  100  per  cent  in  the  acreage 
sown  to  grain  in  this  section,  and  the  crop  of  1893  was  at 
least  four  times  as  great  as  that  harvested  here  in  any  pre- 
vious year.  Fruit  raising  is  also  carried  on  very  successful- 
ly in  this  part  of  the  state,  and  especially  in  the  vicinity  of 
Davenport.  Apples,  pears,  apricots  and  cherries  seem  to 
grow  as  well  as  these  varieties  of  fruit  do  in  any  part  of 
Washington.  Peaches  are  grown  on  the  sandy  lands  bor- 
dering on  the  Columbia  river,  but  this  fruit  does  not  do 
well  on  the  plateau  back  from  this  great  stream.  Currants, 
raspberries,  gooseberries  and  strawberries  give  large  yields 
here.  Fifteen  acres  of  strawberries,  near  Davenport,  pro- 
duced 35,000  quarts  in  1893.  This  entire  crop  found  a  ready  market  at  Spokane. 
About  350,000  acres  of  the  rich  lands  of  the  Big  Bend  country  are  directly  trib- 
utary to  Davenport,  but  beyond  this  district  the  trade  of  this  important  town  ex- 
tends for  many  miles  up  the  Columbia  river. 

Davenport  was  founded  in  1882,  by  John  N'~hols.  Eight  years  later  the  town 
was  incorporated.  Davenport  now  claims  a  population  of  800.  It  possesses  the 
advantages  of  an  excllent  public  school,  with  an  enrollment  of  160  scholars.  There 
are  also  established  at  this  point  a  flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  150  barrels, 
two  weekly  newspapers,  a  well  conducted  hotel,  a  national  bank,  and  a  number  of 
very  important  business  houses. 


Hawk  RfVER  Fails  near  Davenport. 

(height  of   falls,   60  FEET.) 


^::l| 


1 


tr  1 

1 '  ^ 
1  f 

'^',  1 ,' 

!  ' 

i< 

m 


I 


ll 


It    !: 


i     tH 


ili 


?';' 


'f  W 


^1  i     '■ 


1 


^i  h 


t'l 


4")() 


r/je  Orcgoninn's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO     OY  A.    M     AwBHECHT. 


Big  BfcNO  Nati(>:<al  Bank  Building,  Davenport. 


'^M- 


The  Big  Kend  National  Bank,  of 
Davenport,  was  established  in  1879.  It 
has  a  capital  stock  of  $50,000,  and  a  sur- 
plus and  undivided  profits  amounting  to 
$60,000.  During  the  financial  panic  of 
1893,  when  bank  after  bank  suspended 
payment,  the  Big  Bend  Bank  not  only 
rendered  assistance  to  other  banks,  but 
also  continued  to  make  loans  at  a  time 
when  most  of  the  financial  institutions 
of  the  country  refused  to  discount  the 
very  best  of  negotiable  securities.  The 
Big  Bend  National  Bank  enjoys  the  busi- 
ness and  confidence  of  the  people  who  live  even  as  far  remote  from  Davenport 
as  the  Okanogon  mijiing  district.  It  is  considered,  in  financial  circles,  as  one  of 
the  strongest  banks  in  Washington.  The  ofTicers  of  the  bank  are  as  follows  :  Dr. 
N.  Fred.  Essig,  president;  D.  M.  Drumheller,  vice-president;  C.  C.  May,  cashier, 
and  A,  F.  Lambert,  assistant  cashier. 

About  12  miles  from  Davenport  is  the  Egypt  mining  district,  where  some  devel- 
opment work  is  now  being  done.  The  ore  from  this  district  assays  from  $40  to  |ioo 
in  silver  and  $8  in  gold.  Extensive  mar])le  quarries  are  being  worked  22  miles  from 
Davenport.  Another  resource  of  this  tributary  district,  though  perhaps  of  doubt- 
ful value  at  the  present  time,  lies  in  the  opal  fields,  some  six  miles  distant  from 
the  town.  Experts  have  pronounced  the  opals  found  here  to  be  of  an  excellent 
quality,  and  if  they  can  only  retain  their  lustre  and  color,  the  mining  of  these 
gems  win,  in  time  prove  of  considerable  value  to  the  district  in  which  the  mines 
are  located. 

Wilbur,  Wasliinjjfton. — Wilbi-.r  is  an  important  staticn  o'l  the  Central 
Washington  branch  of  the  Northern  I'acific,  74  miles  west  of  Cneney  and  90  miles 
west  of  Spokane  by  this  line  of  road.  It  is  lo- 
cated in  Line  .  ,  count},  in  the  heart  of  the 
great  wheat  belt  of  the  Big  Bend  of  the  Colum- 
bia river.  Wilbur  is  the  trading  point  for  a 
large  and  prosperou.^  farming  comniunitv. 
The  principal  punsuits  followed  by  the  farme.s 
here  are  the  raising  of  grain,  fruit  and  live 
stock.  The  same  conditions  exist  here  for  the 
suc^'essful  pursuits  of  diversified  farming  as  are  found  in  the  sections  of  rich  coun- 
try tributary  to  Spraguc,  Cheney,  Davenport  and  other  imnortant  trade  centers  of 
the  state  and  which  are  fully  described  in  the  articles  on  these  respective  localities. 

Wilbur  contains  a  population  of  about  500.  It  has  a  flouring  mill  with  a  daily 
capacity  of  about  100  barrels  of  flour,  a  bank,  pul^lic  school  house  and  a  well-edited 
weekly  newspaper. 

Coulee  City,  Was^.iln^ion.— Coulee  City  is  the  terminus  of  the  Central 
Washington  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad.  It  is  located  in  Douglas 
county,  124  miles  west  of  Spokaneby  the  lii'c  of  road,  and  108  nii'es  west  of  Cheney, 
where  the  Central  Washington  connects  w'th  the  main  line.     It  is  from  Coulee  City 


.^'fNI^"' 


View  of  Wilbur. 


liii 


^Mmjtmm 


HMM 


■]'•••;. 


Lake  Chelan,  Washington. 


•l.-)l 


-^J^ 


ajraxr-sccNt- 


COUUEE    CITV. 


I,;#^^"'^v5^f^ 


that  the  supplies  for  Water- 
ville  and  other  smaller  places 
in  the  Hig  Bend  country  are 
freighted  by  team.  Stages 
run  daily  from  Coulee  City 
to  Waterville,  a  dist'i.ice  of 
45  miles,  and  couneciion  is 
made  at  the  latter  point  with 
stages  for  the  Okanogan 
mining  district  as  well  as 
with  stages  for  Wenatchce 
and  points  on  the  Colum- 
bia river.  The  country  immediately  surrounding  Coulee  City  is  rocky  and  barren 
and  is  not  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes.  The  town  owes  what  importance  it  pos- 
sesses to  the  fact  that  it  is  the  outfitting  and  freighting  point  for  a  fertile  and  well 
cultivated  part  of  the  Big  Bend  countrj'  some  miles  distant. 

Lake  Clielau. — Lying  immediately  beyond  the  broad,  rolling  plains  of  Doug- 
las county  and  the  Columbia  river,  is  Lake  Chelan,   the  most  beautiful  of  Western 

lakes.  It  nestles  among  the  mighty  mountains  of  the  Cas- 
cades at  an  elevation  of  900  feet  above  sea  level.  The  lake 
is  72  miles  in  length  and  from  two  to  four  miles  in  width. 
Its  surface  comprises  an  area  of  over  900  square  miles  and 
it  is  navigable  for  large  steamers  its  eutire  length.  For 
beautiful  and  varied  scenery,  the  country  surrounding  Lake 
Chelan  cannot  be  surpassed. 

The  lake  is  fed  by  streams  having  their  source  among 
the  mighty  glaciers  of  the  higher  ranges  of  the  Cascades. 
It  is  drained  by  a  foaming  river  which  flows  south  for  three 
miles  and  empties  into  the  Columbia.  This  stream  bears  the  name  of  the  lake 
which  is  its  source  of  supply.  Before  emptying  into  the  Columbia,  the  Chelan 
river  cuts  its  way  through  a  narrow  and  tortuous  canyon.  In  its  course  through  the 
defile  it  is  a  mass  of  foam  and  spray.  At  the  mouth  of  the  canyon  it  plunges  down 
over  ledges  of  rock  in  a  series  of  cascades,  forming  what  is  known  as  the  Chelan 
falls.  It  has  been  estimated  by  hydraulic  engineers  that  with  the  use  of  the  lake  as 
a  reservoir,  the  Chelan  river  would  afford  a  power  of  18,000  horse.  The  extent  of  the 
power  which  could  be  derived  from  this  stream  can  be  appreciated  from 
the  statement  that  in  its  short  course  of  three  miles  the  fall  of  the  river 
is  300  feet, 

Lake  Chelan  is  one  of  the  deepest  lakes  in  the  world.  During  1892 
the  United  vStates  Geological  Survey  sounded  it  to  a  depth  of  nearly  1,200 
feet  without  reaching  bottom.  How  much  deeper  the  water  is  than  this 
can  only  be  conjectured.  Lake  Tahoe,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains, 
now  ranks  as  the  deepest  lake  in  the  United  States.  Its  greatest  depth 
is  1,645  feet.  Of  European  lakes  there  are  but  two  deeper  than  Tahoe. 
These  are  Lake  Maggiore  and  Lake  Lag'>  di  Como,  in  Italy.  Lake 
Chelan  qcrtainly  ranks  as  one  of  the  deepest  lakes  in  the  world  and  chelan. 
future  soundings  may  entitle  it  even  to  the  first  position  in  deep  freshwater  bodies. 
For  a  distance  of  12  miles  from  its  lower  end  Lake  Chelan  is  surrounded  by  low, 


Lake  Chelan. 


Cedar  falls,  Laki 


1^ 


r 

•   r 
If 

!i|i  ill 


'!!  il 


i! 


! 


ia 

i 


-i^^*^ 


CRANE'S  FALLS,  Lake  Chelan. 


4")i»  The  OrcfTonian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

uiululaling  and  bunchgrass-covcred  hills.  The  lake  then  bends  almost  at  right  angles 
and  from  this  point  along  its  course  the  country  becomes  more  mountainous  and  the 
s  enery  from  its  surface  grander  and  more  picturesque.  The 
mountains  rise  here  from  the  waters'  edge  for  thousands  of  feet 
i^' retelling  back  from  the  line  of  vegetation  to  where  the  great 
glaciers  of  snow  and  ice  arc  found.  The  surface  of  these  glaciers 
melts  in  summer,  but  the  main  body  of  glaciers  high  up  in  the 
mountains  are  never  affected  by  the  summer  heat.  A  number  of 
beautiful  cascades  and  water  falls  can  be  seen  from  the  lake,  prin- 
cipally from  its  western  shores.  These  falls  leap  from  heights  of 
hundreds  of  feet,  falling  in  spray  into  the  deep  waters  below. 
The  upper  35  or  40  miles  of  the  lake  comprise  what  is  probably 
the  finest  mountain-girt  stretch  of  water  in  the  United  States. 

At  the  head  of  Lake  Chelan  is  Castle  Rock,  the  most  prominent  landmark  on 
its  shores.  Towering  to  a  height  of  10,500  feet,  its  slender  pea  ;.  i-esembles  a  huge 
needle  pushing  its  way  upwards  through  the  dark  green  of  the  hea'vvy-wocded  hills 
below.  For  miles  down  the  lake  this  enormous  shaft  can  be 
seen  rising  high  above  the  neighboring  peaks.  One  of  the  most 
awe-inspiring  sights  of  the  lake  is  the  rocky  wall  which  extends 
for  a  distance  of  10  miles  along  the  shore,  its  bold  and  craggy 
face  unbroken  save  here  and  there  by  some  silvery  stream 
which  dashes  down  hundreds  of  feet  over  its  perpendicular 
face.  Along  tlu;  shore  line  of  the  lake  and  immediately  back 
of  it  are  deep  and  dark  gorges,  pyramidical  crags,  castellated 
and  turreted  cliffs,  lofty  precipices,  gigantic  domes  and  numer- 
ous sparkling  trout  streams.  The  scenes  along  this  lake  present 
a  panorama  of  ever-changing  beauty.  A  writer  has  said  that 
there  is  no  more  beautiful  or  purer  body  of  water  in  the  world 
than  I^ake  Chelan  and  the  scenery  along  its  banks  and  pre- 
cipitous walls  excels  the  scenes  of  Switzerland,  which  many  Americans  annually 
cross  the  Atlantic  to  view  and  extol. 

The  largest  streams  emptying  into  Lake  Chelan  are  Railroad  creek  and  vStchekin 
river.  About  10  miles  up  Railroad  creek  there  is  a  vertical  fall  of  1,600  feet,  and 
above  this  fall  is  another  900  feet.  Above  this  second  fall  is  a 
beautiful  little  lake  which  nestles  among  high  mountain  peaks, 
below  which  arc  immense  glaciers  100  miles  or  more  in  extent. 
TheStehekin  river  is  a  much  larger  stream  than  is  Railroad  creek, 
and  mlmerous  tributary  streams  empty  into  it.  Rainbow  creek 
enters  the  Stchekin  about  two  miles  above  the  lake.  Near  the 
mouth  of  Rainbow  creek  is  a  fall  yxi  feet  high,  which  goes  by 
the  name  the  river  bears.  Forty  miles  al:)ove  the  foot  of  the  lake 
Bridal  Veil  falls  drops  into  it,  making  a  last  verticil  plunge  of  75 
feet  to  the  placid  waters  of  the  lake  below.  FoUovviiig  this  stream 
up  for  1,000  feet  the  traveler  comes  to  Crane  Lake,  a  clear  crystal 
sheet  of  water,  thnie  miles  long  an<i  surrounded  by  rugged  moun 
tains  green  with  dense  forests  of  fir.  pine  ami  cedar. 

Lake  Chelan   is  not  in  the  beaten  track  of  tourists.     It  is  remote  from  railroads 
and  is  reached  only  by  stage  from  Coulee  City,  the  terminus  of  the  Central  Washing- 


Castle  Rock,  lake  Cmelan. 


RXIN   D   OW    FALL*i      LAKL 

Chelan. 


The  CoIviHc  Pulley,   Washitifrton. 


•l.-);{ 


__ 

r 

s  \ 

^J^ 

^ 

!1p 

s^^ 

■v?r*  1 


Scene,  Colvilie  River  at  Kettle  Falls. 


ton  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  or  by    boat  and  stage  from  Wetiatchee,  a  station 
on  the  line  of  the  Great  Northern  railroad. 

The  C'olvllle  \'allo.v,  Washinjrton.—Porty  miles  north  of  Spokane  and 
lying  on  the  snmmit  of  the  divide  between  the  Spokane  aiid  Colvilie  valleys  is  Loou 
Lake,  a  beantiful  sheet  of  water  fonr  miles  long. 
The  south  and  west  walls  of  this  lake  are  walled  in 
by  high  mountains.  Extending  north  from  the  lake 
to  Kettle  Falls  on  the  Columbia  river  is  a  fertile  val- 
ley varying  in  width  from  i  to  lo  miles.  This  valley, 
the  greatest  in  Eastern  Washington,  is  perfectly  irri- 
gated by  nature.  Through  its  center  flows  the  Col- 
vilie river,  a  deep,  narrow  stream  fringed  with  a 
growth  of  thick,  matted  brush.  The  valley  is  enclosed 
on  each  side  by  granite-ribbed  and  densely  timbered 
hills  from  the  springs  of  which  hundreds  of  brooklets  trickle  down  the  hillside  to 
the  river  below. 

The  soil  of  the  Colvilie  valley  is  a  rich,  black  loam.  From  4  to  16  feet  of  this 
mould  lies  over  a  solid  floor  of  bedrock  through  which  the  water  cannot  escape. 
There  are  not  less  than  90,000  acres  of  meadow  land  in  the  Colvilie  valley  and  the 
valleys  tributary  to  it.  On  account  of  the  close  proximity  of  this  valley  to  market 
the  raising  of  hay  on  the  lands  here  is  an  important  and  profitable  business.  The 
demand  for  hay  in  the  neighboring  mining  districts  and  cities  is  in  excess  of  the  sup- 
ply, and  as  a  consequence  good  prices  can  always  be  obtained  for  it.  The  average 
yield  of  timothy  hay  per  acre  in  this  valley  is  2  '/^  tons.  The  meadow  lands  of  the 
valley  are  capable  of  producing  annually  225,000  tons  of  hay.  In  addition  to  the  hay 
cut  from  the  meadows  the  adjacent  bench  lands  produce  bountiful  crops  of  oats,  bar- 
ley, wheat  and  vegetables. 

A.t  the  upper  end  of  the  Colvilie  valley  is  the  Colvilie  Indian  re-icrvation.  One- 
half  of  the  2,8oo,oo3  acres  of  this  reservation  arc  now  open  to  settlement.  It  was  in 
this  pari  of  the  valley  that  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  established  a  trading  post  in 
the  early  years  of  the  present  century.  In  1S39  Father  Demers,  a  Jes"'t  missionary, 
visited  the  Colvilie  Indians.  Five  years  later  St.  Paul's  Mission  was  founded  on  the 
banks  of  the  Columbia  river  where  the  mighty  waters  leap  over  the  rocks,  forming 
what  is  now  known  as  Kettle  falls. 

In  1890  the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern  railroad  was  built  north  from  Spokane 
through  the  valley  to  the  international  boundary  line.  Along  this  line  arc  the  flour- 
ishing towns  of  Springdale,  Chewelah,  Sherwood,  Colvilie,  Kettle  Falls,  Marcus  and 
Meyers  Flails.  At  the  latter  place  the  water  power  afforded  by  the  falls  here  was  first 
used  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  in  i8j6  to  run  a  flouring  mill.  On  the  site  of  this 
old  mill  a  large  mill  has  been  erected  with  a  daily  capacity  of  100  barrels  of  flour. 
The  river  here  in  a  distance  of  three-eighths  of  a  mile  falls  135  feet. 

Beyond  the  valley  and  before  the  international  boundary  is  reached  are  the  new 
towns  of  Little  Dalles,  Northport,  Pend  d'Orcille  and  Boundary  City,  At  Little 
Dalles  the  Columbia  river,  in  flowing  over  huge  masses  of  submerged  rocks,  forms  a 
series  of  wild  rapids,  which  are  an  effective  barrier  to  navigation.  This  town  is  the 
trading  center  of  a  rich  gold-mining  district,  the  '"re  from  which  is  shipped  to  North- 
port,  where  it  is  reduced  in  a  pyrites  smelter.  r";c  .own  of  Pend  d'Oreille  is  situated 
at  the  confluence   oi   the  Columbia  and  Pci   >    '.Oreille  rivers.     The  latter  stream 


i'   vl 


% 


!     ; 

( 

\ 

i 

1 

\\ 


5-  5\      VI 


454 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Kettle  Falls.  Columoi*  River. 


rises  in  the  mountains  surrounding  Butte,  Montana,  where  it  is  known  as  Silver  Bow 
creek.  Before  it  reaches  Lake  Pond  d'Oreille,  it  is  successively  known  as  the  Deer 
Lodge,  Hell  Gate,  Missoula  and  Clarks  Fork  of  the  Columbia. 

Journeying  westward  through  the  Colvillc  country  a  succession  of  charming 
landscape  views  greet  the  eye.  Leaving  Spokane  the  railroad  runs  through  a  pitie 
forest  broken  here  and  there  by  huge  masses  of  basaltic  rock,  until  Loon  Lake  is 
reached  The  line  skirts  one  side  of  the  lake  and  descends  from  this  point  into  the 
Colville  valley.  The  transition  from  the  unproductive  and  rock-strewn  land  of  the 
Spokane  valley  to  the  fertile  and  picturesque  Colville  valley  is  as  sudden  as  it  is  refresh- 
ing. The  meadows  with  their  luxuriant  growth  of  green  grass,  the  alder,  birch  and 
cottonwood-fringed  river,  the  herds  of  cattle  grazing  on  the  bench  lands  and  the  neat 

homes  that  dot  the  valley  form  a  pastoral  scene  which 
L  suggests  to  the  mind  all  the  elements  of  plenty  and  con- 
tentment. After  leaving  Colville,  one  of  the  oldest  set- 
tlements in  Washington,  the  line  crosses  a  coimtry  which 
gradually  becomes  more  rocky  and  more  undulating. 
Finally  the  railroad  winds  around  a  high  and  granite- 
studded  hill  and  then  there  breaks  upon  the  vision  of  the 
astonished  beholder  a  panorama  of  surpassing  beauty  and 
grandeur.  It  is  here  that  the  broad  plateau  of  Ea'-tern  Washington  ends.  t  ends 
not  in  mountains  or  river  bank?,  but  in  a  sheer  perpendicular  precipice,  1,500  feet  be- 
low the  summit  of  which  is  the  valley  of  the  Columbia  river.  Far  down  the  valley 
from  the  top  of  the  plateau  the  snake-like  course  of  the  Columbia  can  be  seen  as  it 
wends  its  way  to  tVie  distant  ocean. 

The  mineral  resources  of  the  Colville  country  are  as  great,  if  not  greater  than  its 
agricultural  wealth.  The  mountains  that  line  the  valley  on  either  side  contain  enor- 
mous deposits  of  galena  ore.  Tn  the  vicinity  of  Colville  are  the  Old  Dominion  and 
Bonanza  mines,  both  long  known  a.-^  bonanza  properties.  Of  the  numerous  other 
mines  in  the  Colville  district,  the  most  valuable  aid  best  developed  are  the  Silver 
Lake,  Dandy,  Excelsior,  Terderfoot,  Eagle,  Dead  Medicine,  Daisy,  Silver  Crown  and 
Young  America. 

With  the  exception  of  the  famous  ledges  of  San  Juan  Islands  there  are  no  exten- 
sive ledges  of  limestone  of  a  superior  qu.tUty  in  Washington  outside  of  the  Colville 
country.  In  the  southern  end  of  the  Colvllfe  \-«iley  arc  several  large  lime  kilns 
owned  by  vSpokane  capitalists.  Near  Meyers  F«i«ls  there  is  another  large  deposit 
of  limestone  which  is  -rarned  for  local  use.  Tr  '>.h«  same  vicinity  there  is  a  vein  of 
clay,  60  feet  thick  from  whicti  a  superior  .[n.'Itiy  < ''  brick  is  made.  Of  building  sVone 
the  Colville  countrv  contains  an  iuexnustibK  quantity  of  the  oest  and  most  durable 
varieties.  Much  of  the  granite  and  rn;  irble  in  the  massive  buildings  of  Spokane 
came  from  this  locality. 

Beyond  the  northtiii  end  of  tbeColvdle  country  proper  are  several  rich  mining 
districts  locally  known  under  a  variety  of  names.  Of  these  districts  the  Boundary, 
Metaline  and  Northport  are  the  richest  atid  most  prominent. 

There  is  still  much  vacant  land  ready  for  occupancy  lu  the  Colville  country. 
With  its  great  diversity  of  resources,  its  splendid  water  jK)vvetN,  its  equable  climate 
and  its  excellent  rail  facilities,  it  is  rapidly  becoming  one  of  the  moat  prosperous 
sections  of  Washington. 


Walla  Walla,  Wasliiimtor). 


4.V> 


Coiville,  Washinjxton. — Colville,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Stevens  county, 
is  an  important  station  on  the  line  of  the  Spokane  I'alls  «&  Northern  railroad,  S8 
miles  north  of  Spokane.  It  is  picturesquely  located  in  the  north  end  of  the  Colville 
valley,  a  fine  body  of  land  of  about   50  square  miles  in  extent. 

The  country  tributary  to  Colville  is  rich  in  timber  and  minerals  and  much  of 
this  land  is  the  most  productive  in  the  state.  The  Colville  valley  produces  larj;c 
crops  of  grain  and  timothy  hay.  It  is  well  watered  by  mountain  streams  throu>;h 
its  entire  extent  and  unlike  some  other  parts  of  Washington,  this  section  requires  no 
irrigation  to  insure  abundant  crops.  This  is  an  excellent  dairy  and  stock  section. 
Fruit  does  well  here  and  some  of  the  finest  orchards  in  Northern  Idaho  are  found  in 
the  vicinity  of  Colville.  The  products  of  the  Colville  valley  find  a  good  market  at 
Spokane  and  in  the  great  mining  districts  adjacent. 

The  mountains  on  either  side  of  the  Colville  valley  arc  rich  in  gold,  silver,  cop- 
per, galena  and  iron.  Immense  quarries  of  marble  and  sandstone  are  al.so  found 
here.  All  these  mineral  resources  arc  being  rapidly  developed  and  the  constant  pros- 
pecting that  is  being  done  here  is  regularly  opening  up  new  mining  districts.  Within 
si.x  miles  of  Colville  is  situated  the  Old  Diminion  mine,  a  very  valuable  property 
which  since  the  time  it  was  first  opened  has  turned  out  over  1250,000  worth  of  silver 
ore.  The  Bonanza  and  a  number  of  smaller  silver  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  the  town 
have  also  been  large  producers  and  the  working  of  these  properties  has  done  much 
to  add  to  the  solid  wealth  of  the  place. 

In  the  Colville  and  neighboring  valleys  are  still  large  areas  of  unsettled  laud 
suitable  for  the  highest  state  of  cultivation.  This  land  is  valuable  for  agricultuic 
fruit  culture  or  grazing  purposes.  Colville  occupies  a  commandint^  position  in  the 
midst  of  a  section  rich  in  the  diversified  resources  of  agriculture,  fruit  growing,  stock 
raising,  timber  and  mining.  Its  present  population  is  about  900  and  it  is  the  mo.>t 
important  town  in  Washington  north  of  Spokane.  It  has  a  bank,  a  good  public 
schoo',  two  weekly  newspapers,  a  small  smelter  and  several  churches.  The  disaster 
which  has  overtaken  the  silver-producing  territories  of  the  United  States  has  in  a 
measure  affected  Colville's  prosperity,  but  the  backing  of  the  town  is  good  and  the 
present  temporary  depression  will  only  have  the  effect  to  spur  the  people  here  to 
renewed  effort,  and  with  the  settlement  of  the  tributary  district  Colville  will  continue 
to  make  the  same  steady  advancement  that  has  been  aiade  here  during  the  few 
years  past. 

Walla  Walla,  Wasliiii^toii. — Walla  Walla  is  the  second  city  in  population 
and  commercial  importance  in  Eastern  Washington,  Spokane  alone  being  ahead  of  it. 
It  is  the  seat  of  justice  of  Walla  Walla  cjunty,  one 
of  the  oldest  settled  and  today  one  (jf  the  most 
productive  parts  of  the  Northwest.  The  county 
is  justly  famous  for  its  annual  large  production  of 
wheat  and  fruit.  Walla  Walla  itself  is  a  modern 
city  of  about  7,000  population.  It  occupies  a  most 
attractive  site  in  the  Walla  Walla  valley,  a  section 
that  is  perfectly  watered  and  the  soil  of  which  is 
as  productive  as  is  any  of  the  best  land  on  the  coast. 

Walla  Walhiisespeciallj  favored  in  the  matter 
of  transportation  facilities.  It  is  only  a  davlight 
run  from  Walla  Walla  to  either  Portland,  Spokane, 


PHOTO.    BV  GREENWOOD. 


if 

si  ! 


3Tfl£Er  ScENf.  Wail*  walia. 


MMmsm 


459 


The  Ore/iuninn's  Handbook  ot  the  l^acilic  Northwest. 


■IS 


i.    ^ 


11 


m 


i 


1 


ii 


COURT  House  and  Hall  or  REConos, 

WALLA  WALwA. 


Seattle,  or  Taconia,  and  the  city  is  reached  either  over  the  lines  of  the  Union  Pacific, 
Northern  Pacific,  or  the  Oregon  &  Washington  Territory  Railroad  Companies.  Sur- 
rounded as  the  city  is  by  a  productive  and  highly  prosperous  section  of  country, 
the  growth  of  Walla  Walla  has  been  the  result  of  the  demand  of  the  country  itself 
for  a  large  conmiercial  center  at  this  point.  Walla  Walla  was  never  boomed,  and 
yet  there  is  perhaps  more  wealth  represented  here  in  proportion  to  population  than 
at  any  other  inland  city  of  the  coast. 

The  approach  to  Walla  Walla  by  rail  from  either  direction,  is  intended  to  give 
the  traveler  a  favorable  impression  of  the  country  he  is  passing  through.     There  is 

an  enviable  spirit  of  rivalry  shown  between  the  diffeient 
farmers  of  the  fertile  lands  in  this  section  of  the  state, 
and  in  the  vicinity  of  Walla  Walla  are  farms  that  are 
not  only  highly  productive,  but  which  are  also  made  as 
highly  attractive  as  constant  care  can  make  them.  The 
farmers  here  avail  themselves  of  the  generous  use  of 
the  latest  improved  machinery,  special  high  grades  of 
horses  have  been  encouraged  for  farm  use,  the  finest 
breeds  of  cattle  and  sheep  have  received  especial  atten- 
tion, and  the  buildings  occupied  by  the  rural  classes 
are  made  neat  and  attractive  from  an  architectural 
standpoint,  and  they  are  comfortably  and  in  many  cases,  even  elegantly  furnished. 
Walla  Walla  is  a  city  typical  of  Western  push  and  energy.  Its  main  business 
blocks  are  of  br'ck  and  granite,  two  and  three  stories  in  height  and  of  a  modern 
style  of  architecture.  The  streets  cf  the  city  are  all  wide  and  well  kept,  they  are 
well  shaded,  and  the  many  fine  lawns  seen  in  front  of  the  private  residences  speaks 
much  for  the  good  ta^te  and  thrift  of  the  inhabitants.  Rising  above  the  tops  of  the 
great  poplars  which  shade  the  main  streets  are  the  spires  of  13  churches.  The 
tlenominations  repi-es  Mited  are  the  Baptist,  Presbyterian,  Congregationalist,  Chris- 
tian, Episcopal,  Methcdist,  Lutheran,  United  Brethren,  Catholic  and  Seventh-Day 
Adventist.  The  educational  advantages  of  the  city  are  of  the  highest  order.  The 
public  schools  are  conducted  in  two  large  brick  buildings,  one  of  wliich  was  recently 
erected  at  a  cost  of  |40,ooo.  The  number  of  pupils  in  attendance  at  the  publu 
schools  here  during  the  past  year  was  1,000.  The  grades  v>l  study,  under  the  pub- 
lic system  of  instruction,  range  from  the  primary  up  to  and 
including  the  high  school.  In  addition  to  the  fine  public 
schools.  W^alla  Walla  is  the  seat  of  Whitman  College,  which  is 
conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  Congivjjational  church. 
This  institution  affords  a  full  collegiate  c\>v>vse  of  stutiy,  and  is 
liberally  patronized.  St.  Patrick's  school  ri>r  bovs,  and  a 
Catholic  convent  for  girls,  are  akso  located  at  this  point,  as 
well  as  a  business  college  and  an  Academy  of  line  arts.  The 
Seventh-Day  .\dventists  have  a  tine  o^llege  building  in  course 
of  erection  at  Walla  Walla.  This  will  N'  *  union  college  of 
that  denomination  for  the  states  of  thv  IHicific  Northwest. 

Prominent  among  tlie  business  Hvmses  of  Walla  Wall,"  are  the  hanks.  The  five 
banks  established  hert  enjoy  a  standuij^  in  financial  circles  that  is  not  surpassed 
by  any  moneyed  institutions  o>t  the  vHXist.  The  business  houses  carry  large  stocks, 
and  Walla  Walla,  like  Portland,  does  business  principally  with  home  capital.  While 
not  a  great  manufacturing  center,  Walla  Walla  l)oasts  of  three  roller-process  flouring 


Paine  School,  Walla  Wai  la. 


•'"^'' '" 


Walla  Will  hi,  Washington. 


4o7 


Oppra  House,  walla  waila 


PHOTO.    BY   r.HEENWOOU. 


mills,  two  planing  mills,  a  foundry  and  nn  agricultural  implement  manufactory. 
These  several  industries  together  furnish  eniploymeiif.  to  a  considerable  number  of 
men,  and  the}'  are  all  co^'servatively  and  ably  managed. 

Walla  Walla  is  especially  proud  of  the  excellent  transportation  facilities  enjoyed. 
The  rival  lines  of  the  Union  and  Northern  Pacific  furnish  easy  meaiis  for  the  Walla 
Walla  merchant  to  ship  his  goods   from  the  large  Kastern 
markets,  and  they  also  afford  ecjually  advantageous  facili- 
ties for  shipping  the  great  wheat  and   farm  products  of  the 
tributary  section  to  tidewater  at  Puget  Sound   or  to   Port- 
land.    The  Oregon  &  Washington  Territory  railroad,  which 
taps  the  best  part   of   Eastern   Washington   and    Kastern 
Oregon  as  far  south  as   Pendleton,    and  passing    through 
Walla  Walla,  has  done  much  to  advance  the  interests  of 
the  latter  city.     These  three  lines  of  road  furnish,   at  the 
present  time,  ample  transportation  facilities  for  the  section  of  country  of  which  Walla 
Walla  is  the  commercial  center. 

Walla  Walla  furnishes  its  citizens  with  all  the  benefits  of  a  free  library,  an  opera 
house  with  a  seating  capacity  of  600,  a  handsome  court  house,  a  city  hall,  and  a  well 
appointed  and  ably  conducted  hospital.  The  Odd  Fellows' Temple  here  is  one  of 
the  most  imposing  buildings  of  the  city.     The  press  is  represented  by  77?^  Union- 

Jourital,  an  ably  edited  daily  publication,  which  handles  as- 
sociated press  dispatches,  and  77/^  Daily  Statesman,  one  of 
the  best  known  papers  of  the  slate.  The  city  is  lighted 
both  by  gas  and  electricity,  it  has  a  fine  street  railway  line, 
efl[icient  water  works,  and  a  well  organized  and  thoroughly 
equipped  fire  department. 

Adjoining  the  municipal  limits  of  the  city  on  the  west  is 
Fort  Walla  Walla,  a  government  military  reserve  which  oc- 
cupies a  fine  piece  of  land  one  mile  squai-e.      This  fort  was 
first  established  here  in  1856.      It  now  contains  five  troops 
of  the  fourth  cavaly.     The  grounds  and  buildings  of  the  post 
are    >ept  in  the  best  of  order,  and  it  is   one   of  the   most 
interesting  ftatnres  of  Walla  Walla's  many  attractions.     About  $500,000  are  annually 
expended  by  the  government  in   the  ^-upport  of  this  post,  and  most  of  this  money  is 
of  course  spent  in  Walla  Walla. 

The  state  penitentiary,  located  at  Walla  Walla,  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  best  con- 
ducted penal  institutions  in  the  United  States.  The  grounds  connected  with  the 
penitentiary  are  155  acres  in  extent.  They  adjoin  the  limits 
of  Walla  Walla.  The  penitentiary  building  itself  has  a 
capacity  for  500  convicts.  Ihe  present  number  of  convicts 
confined  here  is  about  450.  To  furnish  employment  for 
these  inmates  a  mill  containing  70  looms  and  other  ma- 
chinery necessary  for  making  jute  bags  has  l)ecu  provided 
by  the  state  at  a  cost  of  |i55,coo.  In  addition  to  the  jute 
plant  a  large  number  of  convicts  are  employed  in  the 
brick  yard  connected  with  the  institution,  while  those  of  the 
convicts  who  do  not  find  work  in  the  jute  mill  and  !)rick 
yard  are  employed  in  various  capacities   around  and   in    the 


Fire  Department  Headquarters, 
Walla  walla. 


photo,  by  greenwood. 


ENTRANCE   TO   PFNITENTIARY 
WALLA  './ALLA. 


'i    \'M 


«.   ' ;  X,'   '1 

m 


f 


H 


Hi 


' 


4o8 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Penitentiary,  Wall*  Walla. 


peniteutiary.  The  jute  mill  has  a  capacity  of  4,cxx>  bags  a  day,  aurl  the  uuniber  of 
men  employed  in  the  mill  is  about  300.  The  bags  are  manufactured  from  the  raw- 
material  and  find  a  ready  sale  among  the 
farmers  at  the  price  of  6}4  cents  each.  The 
cost  of  maintaining  the  penitentiary  co  the 
state  for  the  fiscal  year  1S92  was  in  excess  of 
$268, 000. 

Walla  Walla  is  reputed  to  be  one  of  the 
wealthiest  cities  in  the  United  States  in 
proportion  to  population.  The  astcs.sed  value  of  property  in  the  city  subject  to  taxa- 
tion in  1892  was  $3,106,290.  The  article  on  Walla  Walla  county,  of  which  Walla 
Walla  is  the  trading  and  banking  center,  will  afford  much  valuable  information  on 
the  basis  of  the  city's  prosperity. 

Walla  Walla  County,  Washinji^ton.— The  boundary  lines  of  Walla 
Walla  county  are  the  Snake  river  on  the  north,  the  state  of  Oregon  on  the  south, 
Columbia  county  on  the  east  and  the  Columbia  river  on  the  west.  The  county  has 
an  area  of  about  i  ,200  square  miles  and  it  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  thickly  set- 
tled sections  of  the  state. 

With  the  exception  of  a  narrow  strip  on  the  western  border,  Walla  Walla  county 
is  a  solid  body  of  rich,  rolling  agricultural  land.  The  rainfall  in  this  part  of  the 
state  is  sufficient  to  insure  abundant  crops  and  no  irrigation  is  necessary  here,  exce]  t 
perhaps  on  rare  occasions  and  on  the  lightest  soils,  and  then  only  on  such  crops  as 
vegetables  and  other  garden  products.  Wheat  is  the  staple  product  of  the  county. 
The  yield  of  wheat  here  is  from  25  to  50  bushels  per  acre,  and  other  cereals  do  equally 
as  well.  Walla  Walla  valley,  in  this  county,  about  30  miles  square,  is  rapidly  gain- 
ing fame  as  a  favored  fruit-producing  belt.  Large  quantities  of  apples,  pears,  plums, 
peaches,  cherries,  prunes,  grapes,  strawberries,  blackberries  and  other  small  fruits  are 
annually  shipped  from  the  valley.  These  shipments  are  made  principally  in  carload 
lots,  and  the  leading  market  is  found  in  the  East.  The  following  statement  of  the 
product  of  four  acres  of  land  in  this  valley  and  its  value  during  1892  will  be  of  inter- 
est in  this  connection.  This  land  is  owned  by  a  well-known  resident  of  Walla  Walla. 
The  showing  was  as  stated  below  :  16,000  pounds  strawberries  at  6  cents,  $960  ;  500 
pounds  raspberries  at  7  cents,  $35  ;  1,000  pounds  blackberries  at  8  cents,  $80  ;  4,000 
pounds  cherries  at  7  cents,  $280;  7,500  pounds  prunes,  one-half  at  3  and  one-half  at 
5  cents,  $300 ;  2,o(X3  pounds  apples  at  2  cents,  $40  ;  500  pounds  pears  at  3  cents,  $15. 
The  total  value  of  the  product  of  this  little  piece  for  a  single  year  is  thus  shown  to 
have  been  |ii,7io,  which  can  be  taken  as  an  indication  of  the  value  of  the  land  of  this 
part  of  the  state  for  fruit-growing  purposes. 

One  advantage  fruit  growers  of  Walla  Walla  valley  have  over  the  fruit  producers 
of  other  parts  of  the  Northwest  is  that  they  can  get  their  fruit  to  the  market  about  a 
month  earlier  than  the  growers  in  other  parts  of  Oregon  and  Washington  can.  Fruits 
ripen  in  the  Walla  Walla  valley  about  the  time  that  California  fruits  of  the  same 
variety  first  put  in  their  appearance  in  this  market. 

The  value  of  farming  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  Walla  Walla  and  Waitsburg,  the 
leading  centers  of  population  in  the  county,  varies  from  $50  to  |ioo  per  acre.  Large 
quantities  of  land  adapted  to  the  highest  state  of  cultivation  and  near  railroad  lines, 
can  be  purchased  in  this  county  for  from  $5  to  |20  an  acre.     A.n  important  industry 


^r"--^-^ 


~M  •;;? 


1 


Waitsbiirg^,     Wasliiiij^ton. 


4r)!> 


in  the  county  at  the  present  time  is  the  raising  of  fine  stock,  inclmlin^  horses,  cattle 
and  sheep.  During  1892  the  agricultural  products  of  the  ct)unty  made  the  following 
•  showing  :  wheat,  3,696,937  bushels^ ;  barley,  6.^7,609  bushels  ;  oats,  1211,240  bushels  ; 
corn,  49,000  bushels  ;  rye,  25,362  bushels;  timothy,  4,132  tons;  alfalfa,  6,7ck)  tons. 
The  population  of  the  county  today  is  about  i5,0(K)  and  the  wealth  of  the  county,  as 
shown  bj'  the  assessment  rolls,  is  in  the  neighborhood  of  Ji 2,000,000. 


.3 


Waltsbur^,  \Vjl!shiilj»:loil.— Waitsburg,  in  Walla  Walla  county,  is  one  of 
the  most  progressive  towns  in  E;astern  Washington.  It  is  attractively  situated  in  the 
heart  of  the  Touchet  valley,  18  miles  northeast  of  Walla  Walla,  and  273  miles  east 
of  Portland.  Two  competing  lines  of  railroad,  the  Union  Pacific  and  the  Oregon  <^ 
Washington  Territory  line,  the  latter  having  the  closest  traffic  arrangements  with 
the  Northern  Pacific,  have  done  much  to  advance  the  interests  of  Waitsburg.  The 
place  now  contains  a  population  of  about  1,000  and  the  business  done  here  is  on  a 
most  satisfactory  basis. 

Good  public  highways  connect  Waitsburg  with  a  thickly  settled  and  productive 
farming  country.  The  Touchet  valley,  of  which  Waitsburg  is  the  commercial  and 
trading  center,  varies  in  width  from  one  to  five  miles  and  is  about  30  miles  in  length. 
The  lands  of  this  valley  arc  especially  adapted  to  the  production  of  wheat  and  other 
grains  as  well  as  fruits  and  vegetables.  The  Touchet  river  runs  the  entire  length  of 
the  valley.  This  stream  by  a  fall  develops  sufficient  power  at  Waitsburg  to  run  a 
number  of  large  factories.  At  the  present  writing,  however,  this  power  is  only 
utilized  to  run  a  flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  180  barrels.  Waitsburg  stands 
ready  to  donate  the  free  use  of  water  power  to  anj'  manufacturing  enterprises  of 
merit  that  will  locate  here.  Located  as  the  town  is,  in  the  midst  of  a  country  that 
produces  an  abundance  of  raw  material  for  manufacturing  purposes,  the  advantages 
offered  here  to  manufacturers  will  probably  not  long  be  neglected. 

Waitsburg  boasts  of  one  of  the  most  attractive  public  school  buildings  in  Wash- 
ington. It  is  a  two-story  brick  having  eight  large  and  well  ventilated  rooms  and  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  |i6,ocx).  The  average  number  of 
pupils  in  attendance  at  this  school  during  1892  was  250. 
Six  teachers  are  employed  in  the  schools  and  an  excel- 
lent system  of  instruction  is  adopted.  The  Waitsburg 
Academy,  under  the  auspices  of  the  United  Presbyterian 
church  located  at  this  point  enjoys  a  liirge  attendance 
from  both  Washington  and  Oregon.  The  course  of  study 
at  the  academy  is  designed  to  fit  its  graduates  for  entrance 
to  the  best  American  colleges.  Waitsburg  has  just  com- 
pleted an  excellent  system  of  water  works.  It  is  a  gravity 
plant,  the  water  being  obtained  from  the  Coppei  river,  a 
pure,  mountain  stream  three  miles  distant.  A  well-trained 
and  perfectly  equipped  fire  department  is  maintained  here  and  the  city  is  well 
lighted  by  electricity  and  contains  every  modern  improvement  found  in  any  pro- 
gressive town  of  this  size. 

Waitsburg  supports  six  church  organizations,  four  of  which,  the  Presbyterian, 
United  Presbyterian,  Christian  and  Methodist,  have  buildings  of  their  own.  The 
town  maintains  a  free  library.  A  company  of  the  Washington  National  Guard  has 
been  organized  at  this  point  and  this  company  is  well  drilled  for  efficient  service, 


SCHOOL  Building,  Waitsburg. 


; 


.. 


I 


1 

■  . 

1  i 

46U 


The  Oreffoniun's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


All  lines  of  business  are  prosperous.  There  is  one  national  bank  here,  two  weekly 
papers,  T/ie  Times  aiul  The  Democratic  Banner,  one  first-class  hotel  and  two  well- 
stocked  livery  stables. 

Waitiburg,  like  Walla  Walla,  depends  for  its  prosperity  on  the  richest  of  tribu- 
tary countries.  Crops  in  this  part  of  Washington  are  never  known  to  fail  and  tlie 
satisfactory  growth  the  place  has  made  in  the  past  is  doubtless  nothing  more  than 
will  be  realized  in  the  future  as  the  population  of  the  tributary  section  increases. 

One  of  Waitsburg's  most  prosperous,  enterpris- 
ing and  public-spirited  citizens  is  the  pr^.seut 
mayor,  Mr.  J.  H.  Morrow.  Mr.  Morrow  is  a  native 
'  of  Missouri,  having  l)een  born  in  that  state  in  1S53. 
He  received  his  education  in  the  public  schools 
and  McGee  College,  Missouri,  and  in  1S74  he  em- 
igrated to  California,  where  he  taught  school  for 
three  years,  when  he  removed  to  Walla  Walla. 
At  the  latter  place  Mr.  Morrow  held  the  position 
of  principal  of  the  Baker  Public  School  until  he 
decided  to  engage  in  the  general  merchandise  bus- 
iness in  Waitsburg.  Mr.  Morrow  is  now  the  suc- 
cessful manager  of  the  J.  H.  Morrow  Mercantile 
Company,  one  of  the  largest  general  merchandise 
stores  in  Walla  Walla  county. 


Hon.  J.  H.  Morrow,  waitsburg. 


Mr.  Morrow  has  always  taken  a  prominent  part  in  every  enterprise  designed  to 
promote  the  interests  of  his  own  town  and  surrounding  community.  As  mayor  of 
Waitsburg  he  has  shown  himself  a  conservative  yet  efficient  officer. 

One  of  the  largest  general  merchandise  stores  in  Walla  Walla  county  is  that  of 
the  S.  W.  Smith  Company,  at  Waitsburg.  This  successful  firm  carries  a  stock  of 
goods  valued  at  $40,000  and  enjoys  a  trade  that  already  extends  over  a  section  of 
country  comprised  within  a  radius  of  20  miles  of  Waitsburg.  Mr.  L.  B.  Haberly 
until  recently  of  Portland,  Oregon,  is  at  the  head  of  the  company,  and  through  his 
efficient  management  the  already  large  volume  of  business  enjoyed  by  the  firm  is 
"  >pidly  increasing. 

Dayton,    Washinim'ton. — Dayton,    the  judicial   seat   of    Columbia  county, 
Washington,  is  situated  between  the  forksof  the  Touchet  and  Padit  rivers.     It  is  a 
prosperous  point  of  about  2,300  population,  and  is  the  trading 
and  shipping  center  for  one  of  the  best  productive  sections  of 
Eastern  Washington.     It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Dayton  branch 
of  the  Union  Pacific   railroad  system.       This  system  of  roads 
covers   the   best  part   of  Eastern    Washington   and  Northern 
Idaho,  .and  has  direct  connection  with  the  main   line  at  Pen- 
dleton by  means  of  the  Washington  division  of  this  road.     In 
addition,  Dayton  is  also   the   terminus  of  the  Washington    & 
Columbia  River  railroad  [the  Hunt  line],  which  has  direct  con- 
nection with  both  the  Union  and  Northern   Pacific  systems  at 
Hunt's  Junction.     These  two  roads  may  be  classed  as  competing  lines,  and   Dayton 
thus  enjoys  the  best  of  transcontinental  facilities. 

Columbia  county  produces  on  an  average    2,000,000  bushels  ot  wheat  per  year. 


COURT  H0U9F.,  Dayton. 


Dayton,    \Vnshiii)^t(}ii. 


461 


PuoLic  School,  davion. 


More  than  one-half  of  this  product  is  either  ground  into  flour  at  l)ayt(Ui  or  is 
shipped  from  this  point.  In  additiDii  to  the  heavy  wheat  shipments,  Dayton  also 
ships  annually,  larj^e  quantities  of  rye,  barley  and  corn.  Like  the  other  favoral)ly 
located  points  of  luistern  Washington,  Dayton's  trade  is  steady  and  of  a  stable 
nature,  and  the  merchants  {generally  are  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

The  Touchet  river  at  Dayton  develops  a  considerable  horse  power.  The  water 
here  rushes  down  a  declivity  with  great  force,  the  fall  beinj.;  70  feet  to  the  mile.  Two 
large  flouring  mills,  one  with  a  capacity  of  250  barrels  and  the  other  of  50  barrels 
capacity  a  day,  a  brewery,  a  foundry  and  a  planing  mill  arc  run  by  the  power  gener- 
ated by  the  Touchet  river  at  Dayton.  This  power  is  capable  of  very  full  develop- 
ment, and  by  the  expenditure  of  a  little  money,  this  could  be  made  one  of  the  mo.st 
available  water  powers  in  the  state. 

Dayton  is  an  attractive  town.  Its  main  business  street,  which  is  broad,  is  well 
built  up  with  imposing  brick  buildings,  some  of  which  are  two  and  three  stories  in 
height.  The  residence  streets  are  well  shaded,  and  are 
graced  with  some  very  attractive  private  homes.  .An 
imposing  structure  in  the  town  is  the  brick  and  stone 
court  house.  This  building  occupies  a  site  on  an  en- 
tire block  on  the  main  street.  The  building  and 
grounds  represent  to  the  taxpayers  of  Columbia  county, 
an  outlay  of  |5o,ooo.  The  grounds  surrounding  the  court 
house  are  well  kept,  and  this  is  one  of  the  most  attractive 
features  of  the  city.     In   Dayton  are  three  public  school 

buildings,  one  large  central  structure,  and  two  smaller  edifices.  The  average  daily  at- 
tendance at  these  schools  in  1892  was  450.  Nine  teachers  preside  over  the  various  de- 
partments in  the  main  building,  and  the  grades  of  instruction  adopted  are  equal  to 
those  of  the  best  public  schools  of  the  state.  The  town  supports  a  free  library 
that  would  be  a  credit  to  a  city  of  twice  its  size.     A  thousand  or  more  volumes  of 

standard  literature,  the  leading  periodicals,  together  with  a 
number  of  leading  daily  papers  are  kept  on  file  here.  The 
library  is  in  charge  of  a  salaried  librarian,  and  its  affairs  are 
carefully  managed.  Of  the  religious  organizations  in  Dayton, 
the  Presbyterian,  two  Methodist,  Congregational,  Christian, 
Bapti.st,  United  Brethren  and  Catholic  orders  own  church 
buildings.  The  press  of  the  town  is  represented  by  The  Col- 
umbia Chronicle,  The  Courier  and  The  Inlander,  three  well 
supported  weekly  publications.  The  people  of  Dayton  have 
the  advantage  of  a  neat  little  brick  opera  house  with  a  seating 
capacity  of  400.  The  city  has  an  excellent  gravity  system  of 
water  works,  a  well  trained  and  perfectly  equipped  fire  department,  and  an  arc  and 
incandescent  electric  light  plant. 

The  business  interests  of  Dayton  arc  looked  after  by  an  enterprising  lot  of  men. 
In  the  city  are  a  number  of  stores  which  carry  stocks  of  goods  ranging  in  value  from 
$25,000  to  |6o,ooo.  Two  national  banks  are  located  here  and  the  financial  institu- 
tions do  a  large  business  with  the  city  and  surrounding  country.  Dayton  also  con- 
tains  one  strictly  first-class  hotel,  several  smaller  hostelries,  and  a  number  of  good 
livery  stables. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  all  propertv  in  Dayton  in  1892  was  !rli,ooo,ooo.  This 
has  long  been  regarded  as  one  of  the  most  solid  and  most  prosperous  points  of  Rast- 


r,\PTIST  CHURCH,    DAYTON. 


■I 


I  • 


\l '  •    •-■' 


IMAGE  EVALUATICiM 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


111 


M 

22 


li£   lllllio 


1.8 


1.25      1.4      16 

« 6"   

► 

Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY    MSBO 

(716)  873-4S03 


.<? 


/. 


<^ 


462 


The  Oregiinian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BV  MC8TCH. 


ern  Washington,  and  by  virtue  of  location  alone  it  will  always  remain  the  principal 
distributing  center  for  a  large  and  highly  productive  farming  section. 

Dr.  M.  Pietrzycki,  the  mayor  of  Dayton,  is  one  of  the  most  eminent  physicians 
and  surgeons  in  Rastcrn  Washington.     Born  in  Galicia,  Austria,  in  1S43,  the  doctor 

obtained  his  education  as  an  apothecary 
and  chemist  in  his  native  country,  and 
came  to  the  United  States  in  1866.  Two 
years  later  he  received  an  appointment 
to  the  German  Hospital  in  San  Francisco, 
California,  soon  after  which  he  attended 
the  Pacific  [now  Cooper]  Medical  College, 
from  which  institution  he  was  graduated 
in  1872.  The  following  spring  Dr.  Piet- 
rzycki went  to  Stockton,  California,  to 
engage  in  the  practice  of  his  profession. 
In  1873  he  removed  to  Rio  Vista  in 
Solano  county,  where  he  became  promi- 
nently identified  with  many  enterprises 
that  had  for  their  object  the  upbuilding 
of  the  town  and  community  in  which  he 
lived.  In  1879  Dr.  Pietrzycki  removed  to 
Portland,  Oregon,  and  the  following  year 
to  Dayton,  Washington,  where  he  has 
since  resided.  The  doctor's  pronounced 
success  as  a  physician  and  surgeon,  and 
his  public  spirit  shown  at  all  times  as  a 

HON.  M,   PlITRtVCKI,   M.  0.,  D*rTON. 


citizen,  have  been  manifested  in  appreciation  on 
the  part  of  the  people  by  his  election  to  anumber 
of  positions  of  honor.  During  the  raging  small- 
pox epidemic  of  18H1,  which  he  succeeded  in 
quickly  controlling.  Dr.  Pietryzcki  was  the  health 
officer  for  Dayton  and  Columbia  county.  Later 
he  was  elected  president  of  the  Eastern  Wash- 
ington Medical  Society,  and  vice-president  of  the 
Washington  State  Medical  Society.  Dr.  Pietrzycki 
now  holds  the  honorable  position  of  mayor  of  Day- 
ton, Washington.  He  has  ever  taken  a  prominent 
part  in  the  promotion  of  Dayton's  welfare,  and  is 
the  possessor  of  a  few  thousand  acres  of  land  in 
Columbia  county  employed  for  agricultural  and 
stock-raising  purposes. 

Perhaps  the  most  elegantly  furnished  offices 
in  Dayton  are  those  of  George  B.  B&ker,  who  is 
engaged  in  the  real  estate,  loan,  insurance  and 
abstract  business.  This  enterprising  gentleman  has 
been  located  in  Dayton  for  more  than  10  years,  and 


Orncii,  0(0.  B.  B»ker,  Datton. 


Ui 


Pomeroy,   Washington. 


403 


liin 


'Wm^ 


he  is  conversant  with  the  values  of  land  throughout  Columbia  county.  Ai-cording  to 
his  statement,  lands  especially  adapted  to  the  raising  of  wheat,  fruit  or  stock  can  be 
purchased  for  from  $20  to  $50  per  acre,  the  distance  of  this  land  from  Dayton  beiqg 
from  two  to  six  miles.  Mr.  Baker  is  considered  eminently  reliable,  and  any  commu- 
nications addressed  to  him  concerning  the  advantages  of  Columbia  county  will 
receive  prompt  and  careful  attention.  The  illustration  published  in  connection  with 
the  present  article  is  a  correct  representation  of  the  elegant  offices  of  Mr.  Daker. 

Pomeroy,  Washington.— Pomeroy,  the  county  seat  of  Garfield,  is  situated 
in  the  narrow  valley  of  the  Pataha,  at  the  end  of  the  Pomeroy  branch  of  the  Union 
Pacific,  322  miles  east  of  Portland.  It  has  a  population  of  about  1,000,  and  occupy- 
ing a  position  near  the  geographical  center  of  the  county,  is  the  trading  center  and 
shipping  point  for  one  of  tlie  greatest  wheat-producing  centers  of  Eastern  Wash- 
ington. 

Garfield  county  has  an  area  of  about  1,000  square  miles,  and  a  population  approxi- 
mating 5,000.     Its  average  annual  wheat  crop  shows  the  remarkable  yield  of  2,000,000 
bushels.     At  least  three-fourths  of  the  land  of  the  county 
is  adapted  to  agricultural  purposes.     The  surface  is  gen- 
erally hilly,  being  slightly  rolling  from  Pomeroy  on  the 
south,  north  to  the  banks  of  the  Snake  river.     The  great 
water  course  of  the  Snake  is  for  60  miles  of  its  distance 
the  boundary  line  of  Garfield  county,  which  is  situated 
in    the  extreme  southeastern   portion    of  Washington, 
When  the   river  is  opened  for  unobstructed   navigation 
to  the  sea  by  the  improvements  around  the  obstructions 
at  the  cascades  and  the  dalles,  Pomeroy  and  Garfield 
county  will  have  a  magnificent  water  outlet  to  Portland  and  the  Pacific  ocean,  as  it 
will  then  be  possible  for  boats  to  ascend  from  the  sea  as  far  inland  as  Lewiston,  Idaho, 

That  part  of  Garfield  county,  which  is  generally  described  as  mountainous  and  too 
rugged  for  cultivation  is  admirably  adapted  for  grazing  and  stock-raising  purposes, 
pursuits  that  now  claim  considerable  attention  from  the  farmers  of  this  section.  As  the 
area  of  tilled  land  increases,  however,  the  limits  of  the  stock  raiser  naturally  diminish. 
Stock  raising  is  fast  becoming  here,  as  elsewhere  in  the  west,  one  of  the  diversi- 
fied interests  connected  with  successful  farming,  and  as  the  sole  occupation  of  a 
large  number  of  men  it  does  not  occupy  the  position  that  it  did  in  the  early  history 
of  the  state, 

Pomeroy,  from  its  central  location  and  from  the  prestige  it  naturally  enjoys  as 
the  county  seat,  is  an  important  town  of  Eastern  Washington.  It  is  now  enjoying  a 
rapid  growth.  The  municipal  authorities  have  always  shown  an  enterprising  spirit 
in  the  matter  of  public  improvements.  Its  fine  water-works  plant,  its  perfect  sys- 
tem of  electric  lighting,  its  well  drilled  fire  department,  its  fine  business  blocks  and 
tasty  residences  stamp  ^omeroy  as  a  thriving  center  of  population  of  the  true  V^est- 
ern  type.  Its  public  schools  are  up  to  the  standard  aimed  for  in  the  la  gest  commu- 
nities. More  than  250  scholars  are  in  daily  attendance  at  these  schools.  Six  teach- 
ers are  employed  in  these  schools,  which  are  graded  from  the  primary  to  the 
advanced  grammar  course.  The  moral  tone  of  the  people  is  in  keeping  with  the 
general  progress  of  the  place.  The  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Baptist,  Episcopal, 
Congregational  and  Catholic  denominations  own  church  buildings  and  are  liberally 
supported.    Two  weekly  newspapers,  The  East  IVashinjlonian  and  The  Washington 


Public  ochool,  pomirov. 


■  ^i 


464 


The  Oregonian's  Hamibook  ot  the  Pacihc  Northwest. 


f'idcpendent,  are  published  here.  Pomeroy  boasts  of  one  of  the  best  drilled  military 
companies  in  the  state.  The  town  has  a  good  hall  for  public  gatherings,  and  all 
lines  of  business  are  well  represented.  The  financial  interests  of  Pomeroy  are  looked 
after  by  two  strong  local  banks.  The  place  has  two  hotels,  and  travelers  find  accom- 
modations here  for  seeing  the  country  in  three  well  stocked  livery  stables. 

The  Pataha  valley,  in  which  Pomeroy  is  located,  is  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile 
wide  and  about  40  miles  long.  It  is  watered  by  the  Pataha  river,  which  furnishes 
an  abundant  power  at  Pomeroy  for  operating  two  'arge  roller-process  flouring  mills 
and  a  planing  mill.  This  valley  is  to  Pomeroy  what  the  Willamete  valley  is  to 
Portland,  and  in  this  little  stretch  of  rich  land  are  found  some  of  the  best  culti- 
vated farms  of  the  state. 

Colfax,  Washlnyfton. — But  a  short  distance  east  of  the  geographical  center 
of  Whitman  county,  which  embraces  all  but  a  small  portion  of  the  rich  lands  of  what 
is  known  as  the  Palousc  country,  is  the  prosperous  town  of  Colfax,  the  county  seat. 
Colfax  is  located  at  the  confluence  of  the  north  and  south  branches  of  the  Palouse 
river.  It  is  the  trading  center  of  one  of  the  richest  sections  of  country  of  the  coast, 
and  it  is  today  one  of  the  chief  commercial  centers  of  Eastern  Washington. 

Fifteen  years  ago  one  small  store  and  two  or  three  small  houses  occupied  the 
site  on  which  the  present  flouriching  little  city  is  built.  Since  that  time  a  popula- 
tion of  2,500  people  has  been  built  up  at  this  point,  the  surrounding  country  has 
been  cut  up  into  rich  farms,  fine  orchards  and  garden  patches,  and  the  city  an<l 

country  surrounding  it  are  in  a 
most  prosperous  condition.  In  1870 
Mr.  James  A.  Perkins,  a  gentleman 
who  has  since  become  prominent 
in  state  affairs  by  reason  of  the 
active  part  he  has  always  taken  in 
advancing  its  interests,  clearly 
foresaw  the  advantages  of  location 
which  a  city  built  at  the  present 
site  of  Colfax  must  enjoy.  With 
a  faith  in  his  judgment,  which, 
coupled  with  his  energy  and  abil- 
ity, has  since  made  him  one  of  the 
wealthy  men  of  Eastern  Washing- 
ton, he  setded  here,  and  with  the 
help  of  others  commenced  to  build 
a  city.  Following  Mr.  Perkins 
came  other  able  men,  many  of 
whom  today  are  prominent  leaders 
in  the  state's  finances  and  politics, 
and  with  the  rapid  settlement  of  the 
surrounding  country,  which  begun  about  that  time,  Colfax  rapidly  grew  an''  pros- 
pered, and  for  many  years  past  it  has  been  a  rich  center  of  trade  and  the  chief  bank- 
ing center  of  the  great  wheat-producing  belt  of  the  Palouse  section. 

Colfax  is  confined  within  narrow  limits,  the  little  valley  in  which  it  is  located 
being  scarcely  more  than  1,000  feet  wide.     Rising  on  either  side  of  this  valley  are 


Whitman  County  Court  House,  COLrikx. 


VI 
(1 
11 

dl 

SI 

If 

tl 

d<| 

wj 

si| 

bi 

Til 


Colfax,  Washington. 


466 


INTERIOR,  Whitman  Countv  Court  Houae,  Colfax 


hills  which  attain  an  average  elevation 
of  about  200  feet.  On  top  of  these  ele- 
vations stretch  away  for  miles  in  all 
directions  the  rich  plateau  lands  of  the 
Palouse  country,  lands  which  have  aston- 
ished the  world  with  their  wonderful  pro- 
ductive powers.  The  main  business 
street  of  the  town  is  almost  one  mile  in 
length.  Along  this  street,  outside  of 
the  business  center,  are  the  fine  resi- 
dences of  the  well-to-do  people  of  Colfax, 
while  the  two  or  three  streets  on  each 
side  of  the  main  thoroughfare  are  well 
builtup  with  a  substantial  class  of  houses. 
The  general  topography  of  the  site  which 
Colfax  occupies  is  such  as  to  allow  the 
erection  here   of  some   of   the  prettie.st 

villa  residences  in  the  state.  These  fine  homes  occupy  high  sites  reached, 
however,  by  easy  grades,  and  they,  with  the  surrounding  well-kept  yards,  form 
some  of  the  most  attractive  features  of  the  city.  The  business  blocks  are  attractive 
pieces  of  architecture,  and  they  are  well  built,  brick  and  stone  predominating.  The 
center  of  the  city  is  compactly  built.  The  buildings  of  the  place,  which  tower 
above  the  other  structures,  and  which  are  especially  worthy  of  note,  owing  to  their 
cost  and  elegance  of  construction,  are  the  new  high  school,  an  elegant  piece  of  arch- 
itecture, an  illustralioi.  of  which  is  published  in  connection  with  the  present  article, 
and  which  cost  j3o,ooo ;  the  Whitman  county  court  house,  which  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $173,000,  a  view  of  which  is  also  published  in  "The  Handbook;"  the  Sis- 
ters' hospital, which,  when  completed, 
will  have  cost  $45,000,  and  an  un- 
finished hotel  building  that  is  to  cost 
about  $50,000.  Colfax,  as  before 
stated,  is  a  wealthy  center  of  trade. 
It  practically  holds  the  best  part  of 
the  trade  of  the  Palouse  section,  and 
it  is  at  this  point  that  the  prind^„l 
banking  business  and  shipping  of  this 
rich  district  is  handled.  The  town  is 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Washington 
division  of  the  Union  Pacific,  394 
miles  east  of  Portland,  and  it  is  also 
the  terminus  of  the  Moscow  branch 
of  the  same  system.  From  1,000,000 
to  1,500,000  bushels  of  wheat  are  an- 
nually shipped  from  this  point,  in 
addition  to  large  shipments  of  rye, 
oats,  barley  and  other  farm  products. 
Four  large  warehouses  and  one  grain 
elevator  are  located  here.  That  Col- 
fax is  a  large  distributing  and  supply 


'-  ,v» 

HlOH  tCHOOl, 

OOUPAK 

466 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


s! 


i    I 


center  is  shown  by  the  statement  that  about  $500,000  worth  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments are  annually  sold  at  this  point.  In  addition  to  the  bale  of  farm  implements, 
the  five  large  general  merchandise  stores  located  here  enjoy  sales  aggregating  over 
$500,000  more.  Three  banks  are  established  at  Colfax.  These  banks  have  a  combined 
capital  of  about  $400,000,  and  deposits  averaging  about  the  amount  of  the  capital 
invested.      The  assessed  valuation  of  taxable  property  in  Colfax  is  about  $1,^50,000. 

The  most  important  manufacturing  industries  of  Colfax  are  a  roller-process 
flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  75  barrels,  and  two  sawmills  whose  combined 
daily  capacity  is  45,000  feet  of  lumber.  The  flouring  mill  is  operated  by  water  power 
furnished  at  this  point  by  the  Palouse  river.  It  is  claimed  that  at  a  comparatively 
small  expenditure,  the  entire  volume  of  water  carried  by  the  Palouse  river  at  this 
point  could  be  used  to  furnish  power  for  running  manufacturing  and  other  industries. 
This  stream  at  the  present  time  is  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  industrial 
progress  of  the  city.  Over  5,000,000  feet  of  logs  are  annually  floated  down  the 
stream  to  the  mills  at  Colfax,  and  the  sawing  of  this  timber  is  a  source  of  consider- 
able revenue  to  the  community.  • 

Coltax  has  the  advantage  of  good  electric  lights,  which  are  supplied  by  two 
well  equipped  plants.  The  place  is  supplied  with  an  excellent  and  abundant  supply 
of  water  by  an  eflicient  water-works  plant,  and  the  sanitary  condition  of  the  city  is 
in  the  best  possible  condition.  The  city's  water  supply  is  obtained  from  a  large  res- 
ervoir, which  is  located  at  a  sufficient  elevation  to  maintain  a  strong  pressure  in  the 
city  mains  at  all  times.  This  with  a  well  drilled  fire  department,  insures  protection 
against  fire.     The  demand:)   for  educational   opportunities   are  met  by  four  school 

buildings  in  charge  of  competent  teachers.  Three  of 
these  buildings  are  used  for  public  school  purposes, 
while  the  fourth  is  occupied  by  a  thoroughly  equipped 
college,  which  is  conducted  under  the  patronage  of  the 
Baptist  church.  The  elegant  new  high  school  building 
here  was  completed  in  kSo*  ,  at  a  cost  of  }3o,ooo,  and  it  is 
a  credit  to  the  city.  The  various  schools  of  the  city  have 
a  daily  attendance  of  about  600  pupils.  Colfax  supports 
sever,  churches,  most  of  which  own  attractivii  edifices 
in  which  to  worship.  The  denominations  represented 
here  are  the  United  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Baptist, 
Congregational,  Christian,  Episcopal  and  Catholic. 

Three  newspapers  are  published  at  Colfax.  The  Daily  Commoner,  The  Weekly 
Gazette  and  The  Weekly  Advocate,  The  place  is  supplied  with  a  number  of  hotels, 
which  furnish  good  accommodations.  Located  here  are  between  150  and  200  busi- 
ness houses,  and  an  air  of  prosperity  pervades  the  entire  community.  Colfax  is 
prosperous  because  the  place  relies  for  support  on  a  country  that  must  always  re- 
main prosperous,  and  if  a  section  that  contains  one  person  today,  v/here  ten  people 
could  easily  be  supported,  makes  any  advancement,  which  it  certainly  must  do, 
Colfax  must  continue  to  increase  in  population  and  wealth  with  the  growth  of  this 
tributary  section. 

Stephen  J.  Chadwick. — The  present  head  of  the  municipal  government  of 
Colfax  is  Stephen  J.  Chadwick,  the  present  ab^e  mayor.  Mr.  Chadwick  is  a  young 
attorney,  who  has  already  won  signal  success  in  his  chosen  profession.  He  is  the 
son  of  Hon   S.  F.  Chadwick,  ex-governor  of  the  state  of  Oregon.     He  read  law  in 


MARTHA  WAtHINQTON  RoCK,  NEAR 
COLfAX. 


■      \ 


Garfield,  Washington, 


467 


the  office  of  his  father,  and  began  the  practice  of  his  profession  at  Colfax,  in  1885,  in 
partnership  with  Mark  A.  Fullerton,  with  whom  he  is  still  associated.  Mr.  Chad- 
wick  has  now  been  mayor  of  Colfax  for  two  terms,  and  it  has  been  his  constant 
effort  while  in  office  to  do  all  in  his  power  to  further  his  adopted  city's  interests. 

Whitman  County,  Wilshlngton.— Comprised  in  Whitman  county  is  an 
area  of  land  consisting  of  over  2,qck)  square  miles,  or  i  ,28o,oocj  acres.  At  least  svven- 
cighths  of  this  land  is  susceptible  0I'  cultivation.  It  comprises  a  vast  variety  of  soil, 
all  of  a  rich  nature,  however,  and  these  lands  will  procluce  wonderful  large  yields 
of  wheat,  rye,  oats,  barley,  flax,  timothy,  alfalfa,  all  kinds  of  grasses  and  garden 
products,  as  well  as  countless  varieties  of  fruits.  The  barley  raised  in  the  Palousc 
country  equals  the  best  Canadian  product,  which  enjoys  a  world-wide  reputation, 
and  thousands  of  bushels  of  barley  raised  here  are  now  annually  shipped  cast  for 
brewing  purposes. 

Wheat  is  the  great  staple  product  of  the  county.  The  yearly  product  of  this  crop 
is  from  6,000,000  to  7,000,000  bushels.  The  county,  in  addition  to  the  immense 
quantities  of  wheat  bandied  here,  also  annually  exports  all  the  staple  products  raised 
on  the  soil  of  any  part  of  Washington,  the  principal  markets  for  these  products  being 
the  Coeur  d'Alene  mines  and  points  along  the  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  as  far  cast 
as  Helena,  Montana. 

Whitman  is  not  behind  any  other  county  in  the  state  in  its  fruit  products. 
Apples,  pears,  plums,  prunes,  grapes,  peaches,  nectarines  and  apricots  grow  here  to 
the  best  possible  advantage.  By  careful  experiments  it  has  been  found  that  the  cli- 
mate and  soil  of  Whitman  county  are  especially  adapted  to  the  successful  raising  of 
hops,  tobacco  and  peanuts,  products  not  usually  raised  successfully  in  the  northern 
temperate  zone.  Stock  raising  (including  horses,  cattle  and  sheep,  as  well  as  hogs)  is 
one  of  the  staple  industries  of  the  farmers  of  this  section.  The  varicus  kinds  of 
bunchgrass  found  in  inexhaustible  quantities  on  the  rolling  lands  of  the  county  fur- 
nish an  available  and  abundant  supply  of  food  throughout  the  year.  The  farmers  of 
Whitman  county  own  more  sheep  and  export  more  wool  than  any  other  county  in  the 
state.  The  population  of  the  county  today  is  about  30,000,  and  the  assessed  valuation 
is  118,535,460.  The  county  is  divided  into  143  school  districts.  It  claims  21  banks, 
15  flouring  mills,  and  has  about  300  miles  of  self-supporting  railroads.  Although  this 
is  today  one  of  the  richest  counties  of  Eastern  Washington,  there  is  still  room  here 
for  the  homes  of  thousands  of  additional  people,  and  this  will  at  some  time  in  the 
near  future  be  one  of  the  most  thickly  settled  portions  of  the  West. 

Garfield,  Waslilnjjfton.— Garfield,  in  Whitman  county,  is  located  at  the 
intersection  of  the  Washington  division  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  the  Spokane  & 
Palouse  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroads.  It  thus 
enjoys  all  the  advantages  of  competitive  railway  rates 
over  rival  lines  of  road  for  the  transportation  of  the 
large  quantities  of  wheat  which  are  annually  handled 
at  this  point.  The  wheat  product  of  the  section  of 
country  immediately  tributary  to  Garfield  amounts  to 
about  400,000  bushels  annually.  This  country  has  been 
rapidly  filling  up  during  the  past  few  years,  and  in  the 
vicinity  of  the  town  are  some  of  the  largest  and  best  kept 
farms  of  the  state. 

Public  School,  oarfiild. 


PHOTO.    IV  OIMORIST, 


468 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  population  of  Garfield  is  now  about  Soo.  The  business  interests  of  the  place 
are  in  a  prosperous  condition.  In  addition  to  a  strong  local  bank,  the  town  contains 
a  number  of  large  general  merchandise  stores,  which  carry  stocks  of  goods  equal  to 
those  carried  by  many  of  the  large  houses  of  the  leading  centers  of  population  of  the 
state.  In  the  business  center  of  the  town  are  a  number  of  goo<l  brick  buildings. 
The  most  prominent  structure  in  the  town,  however,  is  the  public  school,  which  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  about  $15,000.  The  people  take  much  pride  in  their  perfect  public 
school  system.  The  schools  are  conducted  by  five  teachers  and  the  average  daily 
attendance  of  scholars  is  about  200.  Garfield  contiiins  a  roller- process  flouring  mill 
with  a  daily  capacity  of  50  barrels,  and  one  sash  and  door  factory.  During  the  past 
year  the  municipal  authorities  voted  bonds  for  the  erection  of  a  water-works  plant  to 
cost  |2o,ooo.  An  electric  light  plant  has  recently  been  completed  here  and  the  town 
is  well  lighted.  TAe  Garfield  Enterprise,  a  weekly  paper,  is  publishe<l  at  this  point. 
Church  buildings  are  owned  here  by  the  Methodist,  Haptist,  Christian  and  Seventh 
Day  Adventist  denominations. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  property  in  Garfield  in  1892  was  $300,000.  The  loca- 
tion of  the  town  in  nearly  the  center  of  Whitman  county  and  in  the  heart  of  the 
great  Palcuse  wheat-producing  belt  is  unexcelled.  The  transportation  facilities  of 
the  town  a^e  good.  Good  roads  lead  out  in  all  directions  and  the  character  of  the 
country  is  such  that  it  will  continue  to  support  an  increased  population  with  each 
succeeding  year.  This  is  one  of  the  n.ost  interesting  parts  of  Eastern  Washington, 
and  the  development  of  the  resources  of  this  section  will  in  time  make  it  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  and  thickly  settled  portions  of  the  coast. 

Farmlnjjftoii,  Washlii^U'ton. — Karmington  is  a  small  town  with  a  popula- 
tion of  about  500.  It  is  located  on  the  Wnshiugton  <livision  of  the  Union  Pacific 
railroad,  28  miles  north  of  Colfax,  the  county  soat,  and  is  also  the  end  of  a  short 
branch  road  of  the  Spokane  &  Palouse  system,  which  is  operated  by  the  Northern 
Pacific.  The  sole  dependence  of  the  town  for  support  is  on  the  rich  and  product- 
ive farming  country  by  which  it  is  surrounded. 

Located  at  Farmington  is  a  75-barrel  flouring  mill.  The  town  supports  two 
weekly  newspapers.  The  Journal  and  The  Forum,  and  a  number  of  large  business 
houses  are  established  here.  Four  teachers  are  employed  in  the  public  schools, 
which  have  an  average  daily  attendance  of  about  125  scholars.  The  Congregational, 
Methodist  and  Seventh-Day  Adventist  denominations  own  church  buildings  at  Farm- 
ington. The  town  has  an  excellent  system  of  electric  lights.  One  good  hotel  and 
two  livery  stables  are  maintained  here.  Farmington  is  an  important  shipping  point, 
and  several  grain  warehouses  and  one  elevator  are  required  to  handle  the  large 
quantities  of  grain  which  regularly  seek  this  point  for  shipment.  At  one  time 
Farmington  was  even  a  more  important  town  than  it  is  today,  the  completion  of 
the  railroad  beyond  this  point  having  built  up  a  town  at  Tekoa,  some  miles 
east.  The  country  in  the  vicinity  of  Farmington,  however,  is  all  rich,  and  the 
shipment  of  the  products  of  this  section  and  the  regular  trade  which  the  district 
furnishes,  will  always  support  a  ."Nourishing  little  town  at  this  site. 

Oakesclale,  WasUlnsrton.— But  little  more  than  a  year  ago  the  town  of  Oakes- 
dale  was  visited  by  a  conflagration  that  wiped  out  almost  the  entire  business  portion 
of  the  place.  Undaunted  enterprise,  however,  on  the  part  of  the  leading  citizens 
here  has  resulted  in   the  erection  of  substantial  brick  blocks  on  the  site  of  the 


Tekoa,  Washington. 


400 


OHOTO.   av  f.    I.     LEHON. 


burned  district,  and  as  a  result  the  town  today  presents  an  appearance  of  solidity 
and  prosperity,  with  a  population  of  1,200,  where  before  the  fire  it  had  that  cheap- 
ness  which  a  lot  of  wooden  buildings  hastily  erected  always  imparts. 

The  causes  which  have  contributed  the  most  to  the  rapid  growth  of  Oakesdale 
during  the  past  few  years  are,  first,  the  location  of  the  town  in  a  rich  section  of 
of  farming  country;  and,  second,  the  per- 
fection of  the  transportation  systems 
which  reach  Oakesdale  and  which  allow 
these  products  to  be  hauled  to  market 
from  this  point  at  reasonable  freiglit 
rates.  About  800,000  bushels 
of  wheat  are  annually  ship- 
ped from  this  point,  the  pro- 
duct of  a  rich  part  of  the 
Pa  louse  grain -producing 
belt.  The  town  enjoys  the 
advantages  p  (forded  by  two 
competing  lines  of  railroad, 

the  Spokane  &  Palouse  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  and  the  Washington 
division  of  the  Union  Pacific.  These  lines  intersect  each  other  at  this  point.  The 
distance  from  Oakesdale  to  Portland,  by  the  Union  Pacific,  is  375  miles,  and  by  the 
same  line  it  is  46  miles  to  Spokane. 

Oakesdale  has  a  large  flouring  mill,  with  a  capacity  of  150  barrels  a  day,  a  plan- 
ing mill,  and  a  foundry  and  brick  plant.  The  town  has  a  good  system  of  electric 
lights,  and  $20,000  in  bonds  has  recently  Iwu  voted  here  for  city  water  works.  The 
financial  standing  of  the  place  is  shown  by  the  statement  that  three  banks  flourish 
here.  One  weekly  newspaper,  T/ie  Sun,  is  published  in  Oakesdale,  and  the  paper 
gives  evidence  of  being  well  supported. 

As  shown  by  the  illustration  published  in  connection  with  the  present  article, 
Oakesdale  has  a  neatl}-  designed  public  school  building,  which  was  recently  erected 
at  a  cost  of  1 15,000.     The  number  of  scholars  daily  enrolled  in  this  school  is  about 

250.  The  school  is  graded,  and  is  in  charge  of  six  teachers 
assigned  to  the  different  departments.  A  handsome  brick 
church  building  is  owned  here  by  the  Presbyterians,  while 
the  Methodists  and  United  Brethren  also  own  neat  houses 
of  worship  at  this  point.  Oakesdale  has  two  hotels,  one  of 
which  is  conducted  in  a  large  brick  building.  The  as- 
sessed valuation  of  all  property  here,  in  1892,  was  $600,000, 
which  can  be  taken  as  evidence  of  the  solid  wealth  of  a 
town  that  now  r^nks  well  with  the  prosperous  inland  towns 
of  the  state. 


PHOTO,  ar  r    l.  lemon. 


PuaLic  School,  Oakcsdale. 


Tekoa,  Waslilniufton. — Four  years  ago  but  one  store  and  a  single  house  occu- 
pied the  site  on  which  the  town  of  Tekoa  now  stands.  This  is  today  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous little  towns  in  Eastern  Washington,  and  contains  a  population  of  about  850. 
The  town  is  located  on  the  Washington  division  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  433 
miles  east  of  Portland  and  50  miles  south  of  Spokane.  It  is  also  the  junction  of  the 
Washington  division  and  the  Coeur  d'Alene  branch,  of  the  same  road,  and  is  the  end 
nf  a  division  on  this  important  system.     The  roundhouse  and  car  shops  of  two  divi- 


470 


The  Orcffonian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 


I 


sions  are  located  here.  The  railroad  regularly  disburses  at  Tekoa  from  J8,ooo  to 
$10,000  a  tnouth.  This  is  oue  of  the  most  popular  towns  among  railroad  men  in  the 
slate,  and  a  considerable  part  of  tlie  revenue  of  the  town  is  derived  from  the  money 
spent  here  by  the  railroad  employees. 

Tekoa  is  situated  in  the  center  of  one  of  the  richest  portions  of  the  famous 
Palouse  wheat-producing  belt.  The  warehouses  and  elevator  cslablishcd  here  regu- 
larly handle  from  2{K),ooo  to  3cxj,o<k)  bushels  of  wheat  a  year,  which  can  be  taken  as 
evidence  of  the  great  productive  powers  of  this  section.  The  growth  of  the  town 
has  all  been  made  since  1S90.  Almost  every  line  of  business  is  now  represented 
here,  and  on  the  main  thoroughfare  are  many  fine  one  and  two-story  brick  buiMings. 
The  town  supports  two  strong  banks,  two  weekly  newspapers,  T/ie  G/ooc  and  T/ie 
/Hade,  aud  the  leading  business  houses  are  on  a  very  strong  Bnancial  footing.  In 
the  matter  of  public  itnprovements  the  town  has  not  lagged  behinil  any  other  town 
in  the  state  of  ecjual  size.  The  city  sold  bonds  to  the  amount  of  J  13.000  for  water- 
works and  electric  lighting  purposes.  Tekoa  now  boasts  of  a  perfect  water-works 
and  electric  light  plant.  The  water  for  city  use  is  pumped  from  an  artesian  well  to  a 
reservoir  located  at  a  considerable  elevation  alxjve  the  town.  The  town  authorities 
expended  f3,oc»  in  the  purchase  of  suitable  apparatus  for  6ghting  fire,  and  this  with 
a  well-drilled  volunteer  fire  department  together  with  an  ample  supply  of  water 
under  a  strong  pressure,  is  deemed  an  ample  safeguard  against  a  conflagration  in  the 
future  at  this  point. 

The  educational  advantages  enjoyed  by  the  youth  of  Tekoa  are  considered 
remarkably  good  for  a  town  of  this  size.  In  addition  to  the  advantages  furnished  by 
the  $S,ooo  public  school  building  recently  erected  here,  the  enterprise  and  liberality 
of  the  citizens  have  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  a  large  Catholic  academy  at  this 
point.  This  latter  school  is  largely  attended  and  well  supported.  The  public  school 
is  in  charge  of  four  teachers  and  the  average  daily  attendance  is  about  200.  1  he  Bap- 
tist and  Congregational  denominations  own  church  buildings  here.  Tekoa  has  but 
one  hotel. 

The  country  tributary  to  Tekoa  is  essentially  a  wheat-growing  section  although 
considerable  attention  has  been  paid  here  of  late  to  fruit  culture.  The  climate  in  this 
part  of  the  state  is  especially  favorable  for  successful  fruit  growing  as  is  also  the  char- 
acter of  the  soil  here.  Within  two  miles  of  Tekoa  are  the  limits  of  the  Ccuur  d'Alene 
Indian  reservation.  This  reservation  is  occupied  by  a  large,  prosperous  and  wealthy 
tribe  of  Indians.  These  Indians  have  fallen  into  the  ways  of  the  white  man  and  own 
large  and  well-stocked  farms,  good  houses  and  in  many  cases  even  blooded  stock 
and  fine  carriages.  Tekoa  is  their  principal  banking  and  trading  point.  Tributary 
to  Tekoa  is  a  large  part  of  the  rich  CcL'ur  d'Alene  mining  section.  A  large  part  of 
the  supplies  for  these  mines  is  shipped  direct  from  this  point,  and  the  trade  of  this 
section  is  an  important  factor  in  Tckoa's  prosperity.  No  inland  point  in  the  state 
has  made  a  better  showing  during  the  past  few  years  than  has  been  noted  in  Tekoa 
and  this  prosperity  is  of  the  solid  order  which  promises  much  for  the  future  in  an 
increase  of  wealth  and  population  at  this  point. 

Paloiise,  Wash inj^toH.— Palouse,  which  takes  its  name  from  what  is  prob- 
ably the  most  wonderful  wheat-producing  section  of  country  in  the  world,  is  one  of 
the  most  prosperous  inland  centers  of  poulntion  in  the  state.  Palouse  dates  its  birth 
from  the  settlement  which  was  made  here  in  1873,  at  which  time  the  site  of  the  present 
prosperous  city  was  occupied  by  a  single  family.   Today  it  contains  about  1,700  popu- 


I'ulijusc,    Wsishinfft on. 


471 


A  tTMIT  SCINC,   PAlOUtl. 


latioii.  It  has  finely  graded  streets  and  well 
laid  sidewalks,  its  buildings  are  modern  in 
architecture  and  appointments,  and  it  boasts 
of  modern  improvements  that  would  l)e  a 
credit  to  a  place  of  much  larger  population. 
In  i88S,  the  business  portion  of  the  town 
was  almost  entire!;-  wiped  out  by  a  fire. 
Since  that  time  substantial  brick  cud  stone 
buildings  have  taken  the  place  of  the  old 
wooden  structures,  ami  the  main  street  for 
a  distance  of  three  or  more  blocks  is  now 
lined  with  as  good  a  class  of  buildings  as  arc  found  in  any  city  of  equal  size  on  the 
coast.  Kire  limits  were  established  ini..iediately  after  the  fire,  and  now  nothing  but 
brick  and  stone  are  allowed  in  the  central  part  of  the  city. 

ralouse  is  perfectly  sheltered  on  all  sides  by  towering  hills.  The  sides  of  these 
are  not  too  steep  to  furnish  sites  for  the  erection  of  attractive  residences.  These 
residences  are  in  many  instances  graced  with  well  kept  terraces,  the  surrounding 
yards  are  planted  in  fruit  trees,  and  they  are  reached  by  winding  approaches,  which 
add  to  the  pictures(iueness  of  the  scene.     Palouse  is  situated  very  much  as  Colfax  is, 

which  is  fully  described  elsewhere  in  "The  Handbook." 
The  town  is  located  in  the  eastern  part  of  Whitman  county, 
on  the  banks  of  the  Palouse  river,  and  it  is  in  one  of  the 
best  portions  of  the  rich  Palouse  district.  It  is  on  the 
Spokane  &  Palouse  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific.  Its 
nearest  large  commercial  and  banking  center  is  Spokane, 
which  is  68  miles  to  the  north.  To  the  west,  north  and 
south  of  the  town  extend  the  rich  rolling  hills  of  the  Palouse 
wheat  belt,  while  extending  for  60  miles  away  to  the  east  is 
a  great  basin  varj-ing  in  width  from  5  to  20  miles.  This 
basin  terminates  at  the  Cieur  d'  Alene  Mountains,  and  on  the  north  and  south  it  is 
enclosed  by  high  ranges  of  rugged  and  densely  timbered  buttes.  At  the  mouth  of 
this  basin  stands  Palouse,  its  natural  supply  point.  The  timber  cut  along  the  banks 
of  the  Palouse  river,  which  runs  through  the  basin,  has  made  Palouse  the  principal 
lumbering  center  of  Eastern  Washington.  One  large  lumber  mill  at  this  point  with 
a  daily  capacity  of  50,000  feet  per  day,  is  kept  constantly  busy  supplying  the  demand 
for  lumber  throughout  the  Palouse  country.  In  1H92  this  mill  manufactured  more 
than  lo.tKXJ.ooo  feet  of  lumber  and  exclusive  of  those  employed  in  the  logging  camps 
back,  this  industry  gave  steady  employment  to  more  than  100  men. 

The  Palouse  river  before  reaching  the  town  of  the  same  name  is  largely  in- 
creased in  volume  by  a  great  num- 
ber of  small  streams  which  empty 
into  it.  At  Palouse  a  large  water 
power  is  developed  by  this  stream. 
This  power  is  utilized  at  the  present 
time  by  a  fiouring  mill  which  has  a 
daily  capacity  of  75  barrels.  There 
is  sufficient  power  developed  here  to 
run  a  large  number  of  factories,  and 


Putiic  School,  Palouse. 


LUMIIR  M«NUr*CTUIIINO,  PALOUSE. 


472 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


the  people  here  hope  to  see  considerable  manufacturing  development  at  no  distant 
date  in  the  future. 

Palouse  now  has  a  splendid  system  of  water  works,  sewerage  and  electric  lights. 
The  town  is  protected  against  fire  by  a  well-organized  volunteer  fire  department  which 
comprises  two  hose  and  hook  and  ladder  companies.  Occupying  a  high  eminence 
overlooking  the  town  is  a  well  arranged  public  school  building  which  was  completed 
in  1892  at  a  cost  of  |2o,ooo.  The  school  here  is  taught  by  eight  teachers.  It  is 
graded  'up  to  and  including  the  grammar  department.  The  number  of  scholars 
enrolled  at  the  school  during  the  first  term  of  1893  was  325.  In  addition  to  the  pub- 
lic school  a  good  Catholic  school  is  also  maintained  here.  This  latter  educational 
institution  gives  instruction  in  all  the  common  branches  as  well  as  in  music,  painting 
and  drawing. 

The  religious  tone  of  t/te  community  at  Palouse  is  in  keeping  with  the  desires  of 
the  most  devout  Christian  The  denominations  of  the  Cumberland  Presbyterian, 
Baptist,  two  Methodist,  Episcopal,  Church  of  Christ  and  Roman  Catholic  have  strong 
organizations  here  and  own  church  buildings.  The  town  supports  two  weekly  news- 
papers, The  News  and  T/ie  /Republican.  It  also  contains  three  banks,  two  first-class 
hotels  and  a  number  of  livery  stables.  The  various  mercantile  pursuits,  trades  and 
professions  are  well  represented  here. 

Enough  has  already  been  said  in  "The  Handbook  "  of  the  great  productive  pow- 
ers of  the  Palouse  wheat  belt.  It  is  only  necessary  to  add  in  connection  with  the 
present  article  on  the  town  of  Palouse  that  a  vast  area  of  this  rich  section  is  directly 
tributary  to  Palouse.  During  1892  550,000  bushels  of  wheat  were  shipped  through 
the  warehouses  and  elevators  at  Palouse.  In  addition  to  grain  growing  this  is  a 
fine  fruit  country.  The  climate  here  is  exceedingly  healthful,  and  with  rich  soil, 
good  transportation  facilities  and  attractive  surroundings  this  is  one  of  the  most  invit- 
ing sections  of  Eastern  Washington. 

Pull  mail,  WashtnjU'toii. — One  of  the  most  promising  towns  of  Eastern 
Washington  is  Pullman,  located  in  one  of  the  best  parts  of  the  fertile  Palouse  dis- 
trict. Rut  little  more  than 
three  years  ago  a  fierce  con- 
flagration swept  away  the 
main  business  portion  of  the 
town.  Pullman  then  had  a 
population  of  not  more  than 
600.  Immediately  after  the 
fire  the  growth  of  the  town 
seemed  to  receive  a  fresh  im- 
petus, and  large  one  and 
two-story  brick  blocks,  with 
many  modern  city  improve- 
ments are  today  the  result  ot 
a  determined  spirit  shown 
by  the  enterprising  people 
at  this  point. 

Within  less  than  four  years  Pullman's  population  has  increased  from  600  to 
2,000,  and  evidences  of  a  future  growth  here  are  today  stronger  than  they  ever  were 
before. 


Main  Street,  Pullman. 


Pullman,  Washington. 


in 


LOAOiNO  Wheat,  P<.>  im«n. 


Pullman's  location  is  not  far  from  the  geo);raphical  center  of  the  famous  Palouse 
wheat  ))el:.  Its  railroad  facilities  are  probably  superior  to  those  of  any  other  point 
in  the  Palouse  country.  The  Union 
Pacific,  Spokane  &  Palouse  and  Le«v- 
iston  extension  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
railroad,  radiate  in  four  different  di- 
rections from  Pullman.  Surrounding; 
Pullman  is  a  beautiful  country  of 
many  diversified  resources,  and  the 
soil  here  is  all  ricli  *' Palouse"  land. 
Wheat  is  the  chief  product  of  this 
section,  but  the  farmers  here  are  now 
',  )••.  '  ,>g  to  realize  that  there  is  profit 
in  diversified  crops.  It  was  on  a  farm 
near  Pullman  that  loi  bushels  of 
wheat  were  grown  on  one  acre  in  1890. 
Pullman  claims  to  be  the  largest  grain- 
shipping  point  in  the  state  of  Wash- 
ington. Here  are  the  statistics  of  the  shipments  from  this  point  for  1891  : 
wheat,  1,482,000  bushels ;  barley,  421,000  bushel  :> ;  flax,  311,000  bushels;  oats,  180,- 
ocx)  bushels.  All  kinds  of  fruits  and  vegetables  yield  bountiful  crops  here,  and  the 
country  surrounding  the  town  is  among  the  richest  in  the  state. 

As  before  stated,  the  business  blocks  of  Pullman  are  substantial  brick  struct- 
ures, while  the  residences  are  tastily  designed  frame  buildings.  The  town  presents 
a  clean  and  inviting  appearance.     The  improvements  of  Pullman   have  been  made 

on  a  broad  and  liberal  scale,  the  people  having 
had  confidence  in  the  future  growth  of  their  town. 
During  the  past  year  a  handsome  brick  city  hall 
and  a  brick  op>era  house,  which  will  accommodate 
from  800  to  1 ,000  people,  have  been  added  to  the 
city's  improvements.  The  artesian  wells  of  Pull- 
man, of  which  there  are  11,  are  less  than  100  feet 
deep,  and  cost  about  $500  each.  The  water- works 
system  owned  by  the  tow  n  is  supplied  from  one 
of  these  wells,  which  discharges  about  1,000  gal- 
lons per  minute.  The  water  from  these  wells  pos- 
sesses medicinal  properties,  and  their  free  use  is 
recommended  for  kidney  and  stomach  troubles. 
Pullman  lo  also  provided  with  electric  lights  and 
an  efficient  fire  department.  The  town  supports 
two  banks,  which  do  business  on  a  solid  financial 
basis.  Two  weekly  newspapers,  TAe  Herald  and 
The  Tribune,  are  published  at  this  point.  All 
lines  of  business  pre  fully  represented  in  the  town. 
Pullman  has  three  good  hotels  and  as  many  livery 
stables,  and  the  place  is  fully  as  popular  with  the 
traveling  public  as  is  any  town  ir  the  state. 

Pullman    has    every    reason   to  boast  of  her 
ARTctiAN  WELL,  Pullman.  cducational  advantages.       The  town  is,    in   fact, 


I, 


f- 


474 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY   L.  T«ri.OR 


the  educational  center  of  Eastern  Washington.  The  State  Agricultural  College 
and  School  of   Science,   the  largest    endowed    institution    of   the    state,    locateil 

here,  was  opened  in  the  fall  of  1891,  and  in  the  following 
year,  1892,  300  pupils  were  in  attendance.       The  present 
buildings  occupied  by   the  school  are  only  temporary. 
The  last  legislature  appropriated  $120,000  for  the  erec- 
tion and    maintenance  of   permanent    buildings    here. 
These  fine  edifices  are  now  in  course   of  construction, 
and  when  finished  they  will  be  models  of  modern  archi- 
tecture.    The  college  is  both  a  national  and  a  state  in- 
stitution.    From  the  government  the  school  is 
assured  the  receipts  from  the  sale  of   190,000 
acres  of   land,    which  cannot  be  sold  for  less 
than  $10  per  acre.       The    interest    from   the 
fund  thus  created  is  to  be  permanently  used 
for  the  maintenance  of  the  school.     In  addi- 
tion to  this  liberal  endowment,  the  school  will 
receive  from  the  national  government  $15,000 
per  annum  for  experiments  in  agriculture,  and 
$25,000  for  the  benefit  of  mechanical  arts  and 
agriculture.     The  institution  is  open  to  both 
City  Hall,  Pullman.  young  mcu  and  youug  womcn.       The   curric- 

ulum and  discipline  pursued  are  necessarily  up  to  the  standard  o*"  the  very  best 
institutions  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States.  The  college  owns  a  valuable  tract  of 
220  acres  of  land  at  Pullman,  which  is  to  l)e  used  for  farm  and  garden  purposes, 
lawns  and  campus.  The  college  buildings  are  located  on  a  commanding  eminence 
overlooking  the  city  and  surrounding  country.  The  endowment  and  assured  income 
of  the  college  are  sufficient  to  maintain  a  magnificent  e^  -ment  for  practical  exper- 
imental work.  Tuition  and  rent  are  ft-ee  for  all  students  who  are  residents  of  the 
state. 

In  addition  to  the  state  school,  Pullman  is  the  seat  of  a  military  college.  This 
is  a  private  institution.  The  discipline  at  this  school  is  military,  while  the  course  of 
study  adopted  is  similar  to  that  of  other  colleges. 

The  public  high  school  of  Pullman, 
erected  in  1892,  at  a  cost  of  $30,000,  is  one 
of  the  best  designed  structures  in  the 
state.  A  full  corps  of  efficient  teachers  is 
employed  in  the  public  schools  of  the  city, 
and  the  average  daily  attendance  of  schol- 
ars at  the  public  schools  here  is  350. 

Seven  strong  religious  organizations 
have  neatly  constructed  churches  at 
Pullman.  These  are  the  Presbyterian, 
Congregational.  Christian,  Methodist, 
Baptist,  Episcopal  and  Catholic. 

Pullman  is  situated  85  miles  south  of 
Spokane,  and|4i3  miles  west  of  Portland. 
It  has  every  advantage  of  location,  and  is 
destined  to  become  a  city  of  from  8,000  to 


PHOTO.    BY  L.    TAYLOH 


Public  School,   Pullman. 


Colton  and  Uniontown,  Washington,  and  Genesee,  Idaho. 


475 


10,000  people.  Its  business  men  are  prosperous  and  are  fully  alive  to  their  opportu- 
nities for  advancement.  A  notable  and  praiseworthy  feature  of  the  conduct  of  affairs 
here  is  that  the  citizens  work  as  one  man  for  the  upbuilding  of  their  favored  city. 
With  all  the  marks  of  enterprise  noted  here,  as  shown  by  the  many  municipal 
improvements,  the  entire  bonded  indebtednes  of  Pullman  does  not  exceed  ^30,000, 
while  the  assessed  valuation  of  the  town  is  about  $800,000.  Pullman  is  one  of  the 
most  prosperous  and  progressive  towns  in  P^astern  Washington, and  its  future  growth 
is  as  fully  assured  as  is  its  ability  to  maintain  its  present  important  position  as  the 
chief  commercial  center  of  a  very  rich  section  of  country. 


PHOTO.    BV  MCCAMEV. 


Colton   and  Uniontown,  Washington,  and  Genesee,    Idaho. — 

The  Spokane  and  Palouse  division  of  the  Northern  Pacific  intersects  the  Moscow 
branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  at  Pullman,  and  from  this  latter  point  it  extends  south- 
ward through  a  most  fertile  portion  of  the  Palouse  farming  country.  On  the  route 
of  the  road  through  this  section  lie  the  towns  of  Colton  and  Uniontown,  in  Whitman 
county,  Washington,  and  Genesee  in  Latah  county,  Idaho,  the  latter  point  being  the 
terminus  of  the  road. 

All  of  these  towns  are  deserving  of  more  than  a  passing  notice  owing  to  the 
thrift  and  enterprise  of  each.  The  character  of  the  country  traversed  by  the  Spokane 
&  Palouse  on  this  end  of  the  road  is  similar  to  that  of  the  Palouse  belt  in  general. 
The  landscape  is  attractive,  the  surface  being  of  a  general  rolling  nature  and  the  land 
here  is  equally  as  productive  as  are  any  of  the  best  sections  of  this  part  of  the  state. 
While  wheal  raising  claims  the  principal  part  of  the  attention  of  the  farmers  of  this 
section,  stock  raising  is  also  an  important  industry  here.  At  Genesee  extensive  stock- 
yards have  been  established  and  large  quantities  of  live  stock  are  annually  shipped 
from  thi'i  point. 

Colton  is  the  first  town  on  the  line  of  the  Spokane  &  Palouse  south  of  Pullman,, 
the  distance  between  the  two  points  being  17  miles.  The 
population  of  the  place  is  about  500.  About  250,000  bush- 
els of  wheat  are  annually  shipped  from  this  point.  The 
town  supports  a  weekly  newspaper,  T/te  News-Letter,  a 
small  flouring  mill  and  anumberof  well-conducted  business 
houses  are  established  here.  The  town  also  boasts  of  a  fine 
public  school  building  which  cost  |io,ooo.  The  Catholic 
church  has  just  completed  ai  Colton  a  handsome  brick  con- 
vent at  a  cost  of  $25,000.  The  churches  represented  in  the 
town  are  t^e  Presbyterian,  Methodist  and  Catholic.  The 
town  contains  one  hotel  and  two  livery  stables. 

Uniontown,  three  miles  south  of  Colton,  has  about  the  same  population  as 
Colton.  The  population  of  Uniontown  consists  principally  of  a  well-to-do  Ger- 
man class  of  people,  as  is  also  that  of  the  country  in  the  immediate  vicinity. 
Uniontown  has  one  bank,  two  weekly  newspapers.  The  Washington  Journal  and  The 
Washington  Homestead,  the  latter  being  devoted  to  the  interests  of  farmers  and 
stockmen.  All  lines  of  business  are  well  represented  here.  The  town  has  a  brewery 
with  a  capacity  of  15  barrels  a  day,  which  is  the  sole  manufacturing  industry  of  the 
place.  A  good  system  of  water  works  has  been  constructed  here.  A  new  public 
school  building  has  just  been  completed  at  Unioucown  at  a  cost  of  $7,000.  The 
Catholics  have  a  convent  here  with  a  daily  attendance  of  about  125  scholars.     The 


Public  Schoou,  colton. 


476 


The  Oregonian^s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I 


( 


churches  represented  are  of  the  Catholic  and  Congregational  orders.   The  town  claims 
two  hotels  and  an  equal  number  of  livery  stables. 

The  annual  wheat  shipments  from  Uniontowu  aggregate  about  300,000  bushels. 
Lewistou  and  the  Snake  river  country  are  reached  from  this  point  by  stage,  the  dis- 
tance between  Union  town  and  I,ewiston  being  12  miles. 

Ten  miles  south  of  Uniontown  is  the  town  of  Genesee,  Idaho.  This  place,  as 
before  stated,  is  the  terminus  of  the  railroad.  It  is  the  largest  of  the  three  towns 
south  of  Pullman,  on  the  line  of  the  road,  its  population  being  about  800.  About 
500,000  bushels  of  wheat  are  annually  shipped  from  this  point,  while  the  live  stock 
shipments  from  Genesee  are  greater  than  they  are  from  either  Colton  or  Uniontown. 
Genesee  has  two  banks  and  a  weekly  newspaper.  The  News.  The  town  has  a  good 
system  of  electric  lights.  About  200  scholars  are  in  daily  attendance  at  the  public 
schools.  The  religious  organizations  at  Genesee  are  the  Presbyterian,  Methodist, 
Baptist  and  Catholic. 

In  all  of  the  three  towns  described  above  are  brick  blocks,  and  each  town  con- 
tains a  number  of  attractive  residences.  All  of  these  places  are  surrounded  by  a 
very  rich  section  of  farming  country,  and  the  business  of  each  is  in  a  most  healthy 
condition. 

Rathdrum,  Iilalio. — ix.athdrum,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Kootenai  county,  is 
situated  a  few  miles  from  the  Washington  state  line  in  that  part  of  Idaho  which, 
owing  to  its  geographical  contrast  with  the  southern  portion,  is  commonly  known  as 
the  ''  Panhandle"  of  Idaho.  The  town  is  an  important  trading  station  on  the  main 
line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  and  is  30  miles  east  of  Spokane,  in  addition  to  the 
large  retail  business  done  at  this  point,  Rathdrum  enjoys  a  large  trade  more  or  less 
of  a  jobbing  character  with  the  rich  tributary  mineral  and  agricultural  country.  The 
place  is  also  a  manufacturing  town  of  some  importance.  Two  sawmills  are  located 
here,  the  output  of  which  is  consumed  in  the  immediate  locality  and  in  the  neigh- 
boring towns.  The  largest  of  these 


PHOTO.   BY  BERTRAND,  SPOKANE, 


KOOTES>.      f^lVER,    NEAR   BONNER'S  FERRV. 


mills  is  operated  by  A.  W.  Post. 
This  mill  has  a  capacity  of  10,000 
feet  of  lumber  a  day,  which  is  ship- 
ped to  points  in  the  Kootenai 
country  and  which  also  finds  a 
large  sale  at  Rathdrum.  Surround- 
ing and  near  the  mill  of  Mr.  Post 
is  a  section  and  a  quarter  of  land 
which  is  the  property  of  the  owner 
of  the  mill.  A  part  of  this  land 
is  covered  with  timber  from  which  the  mill  is  supplied,  and  the  balance,  comprising 
about  200  acres,  is  now  in  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  Mr.  Post  came  to  Rathdrum 
in  1882  and  he  is  now  serving  his  fourth  term  here  as  justice  of  the  peace. 

The  land  in  the  vicinity  of  Rathdrum  is  very  productive  and  yields  large  crops 
of  wheat,  oats,  barley  and  hay.  The  growing  of  small  fruits  and  vegetables  for  the 
Spokane  market  is  a  remunerative  branch  of  the  farming  industry  of  this  section. 
Although  the  chief  dependence  of  Rathdrum  for  support  at  the  present  time  is  on 
the  timber  and  agricultural  resources  of  the  country  adjacent,  it  is  not  improbable 
that  the  recent  discoveries  of  gold  a  few  miles  distant  from  this  place  may  result 
in  making  this  quite  an  important  mining  center. 


Hope,  Idaho. 


\11 


View,  Lake  Pend  d'Oreille. 


Following  the  example  of  nearly  all  the  enterprising  cities  of  the  Pacific  Coast " 
Rathdrum  now  possesses  an  excellent  water-works  system.  The  town  supports  a 
well-conducted  public  school,  a  weekly  newspaper,  a  bank,  a  large  hotel,  a  brewery 
and  several  fine  busiqess  blocks  line  the  main  street.  The  present  population  of 
Rathdrum  is  about  400.  Near  this  point  are  numerous  small  lakes  and  mountain 
streams  which  are  well  stocked  with  trout  and  in  the  uplands  of  the  immediate 
vicinity  large  game  is  plentiful.  During  the  summer  and  fall  seasons  this  is  one  of 
the  most  attractive  sections  of  Idaho  and  tourists  will  find  here  one  of  the  best  coun- 
tries for  recreation  and  pleasure  on  the  coast. 

Hope,  Idaho. — The  site  which  the  town  of  Hope  occupies  overlooks  the 
broad  waters  of  the  beautiful  Pend  d'Oreille  Lake,  one  of  the  finest  bodies  of  fresh 
water  on  the  coast.  It  is  the  end  of  two  divisions  of 
the  Northern  Pacific,  the  Rocky  Mountain  and  Idaho, 
and  it  is  at  this  point  that  the  change  from  "Moun- 
tain "to  "  Pacific"  time  is  made.  The  town  is  located  % 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  84  miles 
cast  of  Spokane  and  173  miles  west  of  Missoula  and  it 
contains  today  a  population  of  about  500. 

At  Hope  are  established  large  division  round 
houses  and  repair  shops  of  the  Northern  Pacific.  The 
railroad  company  regularly  disburses  at  this  point  over 
$25,000  a  month.  Although  the  town  is  typical  of  railroad  life  it  is  in  addition  a  sum- 
mer resort  of  considerable  prominence.  It  occupies  a  terraced  site  on  the  north 
shore  of  Lake  Pend  d'Oreille,  a  magnificent  sheet  of  water  65  miles  in  length  and 
over  15  miles  wide.  The  lake  is  encompassed  by  spurs  of  the  Bitter  Root  range  of 
mountains.  In  many  places  the  mountains  rise  out  of  the  lake  itself,  the  waters 
washing  their  perpendicular  sides  which  extend  below  the  surface  for  unknown 

depths.  Adding  to  the  general  beauty  of  the  lake  is  an 
irregular  shore  line  which  consists  of  numerous  bays  and 
inlets,  many  of  which  extend  for  miles  inland  from  the 
main  body  of  water.  Rising  ^above  the  surface  of  the 
lake  are  four  attractive  islands  which  are  great  centers  of 
attraction  for  tourists.  Located  at  different  points  on  the 
shore  line  are  a  number  of  small  villages  which  are  easily 
reached  by  a  regular  line  of  small  steamers  plying  on 
the  lake  and  by  sail  boats.  Pend  d'Oreille  Lake  is  fed 
principally  by  the  watersof  the  Clark's  Fork  river,  which 
empties  into  the  lake  a  few  miles  distant  from  Hope.  The  outlet  of  the  lake  is  the 
Pend  d'Oreille  river  which  finally  finds  its  way  to  the  broad  Columbia,  the  grea. 
water-course  of  the  West. 

Hope  is  fast  growing  in  popularity  as  a  summer  resort.  Established  at  this  point 
are  several  good  hotels  and  anchored  in  front  of  the  town  during  the  summer  season 
are  a  large  number  of  sail  and  row  boats  for  the  accommodation  of  tourists.  In 
addition  to  the  pleasure  afforded  by  a  row  or  a  sail  on  the  placid  waters  of  one  of  the 
most  at  ctive  of  inland  bodies  of  fresh  water,  this  lake  is  full  of  trout  and  other 
gamy  fish.  In  the  mountains  back  of  Hope  is  plenty  of  game  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  the  sportsman,  and  the  excitement  of  a  deer  or  mountain  lion  hunt  in  these 


PHOTO.   BY  MAXWELL. 


Scene  on  Peno  d'  Oreille  River. 


i! 


':i*. 


si 


478 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


■fastnesses  is  hardly   equaled  by  the  chase  of  the  tiger  in  the  jungles  of  the  tropic  *  of 
the  old  world. 

Considerable  prospecting  is  constantly  being  done  in  the  vicinity  of  Hope,  and 
valuable  mineral  discoveries  have  already  been  made  in  the  'Black  Tail  and  Lake 
View  districts,  which  are  located  from  15  to  20  miles  to  the  south.  The  ores  found  in 
these  districts  are  principally  galena,  carbonates,  pyrites  of  copper  and  black  sul- 
phides. Assays  of  these  have  shown  as  high  as  787  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton.  It  is 
the  general  belief  among  practical  mining  men  who  have  carefully  examined  into  the 
merits  of  these  mines  that  the  general  averages  of  the  ores  found  and  the  width  of 
the  veins  and  ledges  will  warrant  mining  operations  being  carried  on  here  on  an 
extensive  scale  with  profit,  in  the  near  future. 

The  citizens  and  business  men  of  Hope  are  en- 
terprising and  they  take  a  deep  interest  in  all  mat- 
ters tending  to  promote  the  welfare  of  their  town. 
One  of  the  most  prominent  and  most  highly  respected 
men  of  Hope  is  Dr.  Talleyrand  Martin,  who  is  now 
engaged  in  conducting  a  drug  store  here,  in  addition 
tt)  which  he  is  interested  in  several  other  enterprises. 
Dr.  Martin  was  born  in  Cayuga  county,  New  York, 
September  2,  1821.  On  reaching  manhood  he  went 
to  Ohio,  where  he  graduated  from  the  Cleveland  Col- 
lege in  the  class  of  1848.  He  resided  in  the  East 
for  some  years  after  that  time,  when  he  moved  West, 
finally  settling  ir  Hope  in  1888.  The  ancestors  of 
Dr.  Martin  came  to  America  in  1635,  and  their  de- 
scendents  have  figured  conspicuously  in  the  history  of 
the  United  States. 

The  Ccpur  d'Alene  Country,  Idaho. — Lying  among  high  and  rugged 
mountain  ranges,  broken  here  and  there  by  narrow  valleys  and  deep  canyons  through 
which  flow  foaming  mountain  streams,  is  the  famous  Coeur  d'Alene  country  of 
Northern  Idaho,  with  its  numerous  mining  camps  and  its  vast  stores  of  precious 
metals. 

This  famous  mineral  region  comprises  that  part  of  Shoshone  county  lying  west 
of  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  and  north  of  the  range  which  separates  the  St.  Joseph 
from  the  Coeur  d'Alene  river  and  extending  as  far  east  as  the  line  of  Kootenai 
county.  The  district  is  heavily  timbered,  being  covered  with  pine,  tamarack  and 
cedar,  and  it  is  crossed  by  numerous  mountain  streams  which  afford  unlimited  water 
power  for  running  the  machinery  of  any  number  of  mining  and  lumbering  plants 
that  might  be  located  here. 

While  the  old  Mullan  road,  built 
in  th*^  early  5o's,  leads  through  the 
heart  of  the  Creur  d'Alenes,  and  pas-^ 
sess  within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  pres- 
ent town  of  Wardner,  the  heart  of  the 
silver-producing  district,  no  people 
were  attracted  to  this  section  until  the 
discovery  of  gold  on  the  North  Fork 
of  Cceur  d'Alene  river  in  the  fall  of 


Dh.  Talleyrano  Martin,  hope. 


LAKE  OauR  O'ALENE. 


The  Cocur  d'AIene  Country,  Idaho. 


479 


1882.  Prior  to  that  time  thousands  of  people  had  passed  through  the  Cceur  d'Alenes 
over  the  famous  Mullan  road  referred  to  above.  This  great  military  highway  run- 
ning from  Fort  Benton,  at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Missouri  river,  to  Fort 
Walla  Walla,  in  Washington,  traversed  almost  the  entire  lengfli  of  the  Cceur  d'AIene 
country.  The  pioneers  who  followed  .this  pathway  to  the  West  did  not  prospect 
the  country  they  crossed,  and  for  many  years  it  remained  an  unexplored  and  unin- 
habited wilderness. 

In  the  fall  of  1882  a  venturesome  miner,  seeking  for  placer  diggings,  on  his  way 
over  the  Bitter  Root  range  of  mountains,  discovered  pay  dirt  in  the  heart  of 
the  CcEur  d'Alenes.  This  man  was  A.  J.  Pritchard,  who  first  discovered  gold 
in  this  region,  and  it  was  on  the  creek  which  now  bears  his  name  that  he  first 
found  pay  dirt.  It  requires  at  times  but  a  wild  and  exaggerated  rumor  to  work  up  a 
mining  excitement,  and  the  winter  following  the  discovery  of  gold  here  by  Pritchard 
witnessed  a  stampede  to  the  vicinity  of  Pritchard  creek  that  was  only  equaled  by  the 
rush  of  gold  seekers  to  the  California  gold  fields  in  1848  and  1849.  Notwithstanding 
the  fact  that  the  leading  trails  into  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  were  covered  with  20  feet  of 
snow,  hundreds  of  men  walked  into  the  promised  new  eldorado  during  that  winter. 
As  a  result  of  this  foolish  stampede  there  was  much  suffering  in  camp  during  the  winter. 
Some  died  of  hunger  and  cold,  and  even  the  men  possessed  of  money  could  not  at  all 
times  purchase  either  a  meal  or  a  bed  in  the  camp.  The  country  contained  plenty 
of  gold,  but  the  mines  have  required  capital  and  much  labor  to  work  them.  The 
first  stampede  to  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  was  a  failure,  the  winter  following  the  rush  the 
country  was  practically  deserted,  and  it  remained  for  the  discoveries  of  a  later  period 
to  establish  its  wealth. 

After  the  main  body  of  men  had  departed  a  few  experienced  miners  carefully 
prospected  the  hills  in  the  vicinity  of  the  deserted  camp  for  gold  prospects.  Among 
these  was  John  Cartin,  who,  in  the  spring  of  1884,  discovered  a  vein  of  rich  galena 
ore  near  where  the  town  of  Wallace  now  stands.  He  subsequently  sold  this  location 
for  I35.000.  This  is  now  the  famous  Tiger  mine,  valued  at  about  $i,cxx),cxx).  Other 
rich  discoveries  were  made  here  and  a  few  years  after  the  first  rush,  the  Cceur  d'Alenes 
again  began  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  world  as  a  promising  field  for  future  min- 
ing operations.  Towns  sprung  up  all  over  the  district.  With  the  town  of  Murray  on 
one  side  of  the  divide,  where  the  rich  gold  properties  were  located,  and  the  towns  of 
Wallace  and  Wardner  on  the  other  side,  the  seat  of  the  great  silver  belt,  the  country 
soon  began  to  be  the  scat  of  the  greatest  piining  activity.  Capital  flowed  in  freely  from 
the  East,  the  new  mines  were  opened,  railroad  lines  projected  and  built,  and  the 
country  entered  on  an  era  of  prosperity  which  finally  resulted  in  making  it  one  of 
the  greatest  mining  camps  of  the  West. 

One  of  the  later  of  the  big  discoveries  in  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  was  tiiat  of  the  rich 
Bunker  Hill  and  Sullivan  mines.  This  last  discovery  was  of  such  magnitude  and  rich- 
ness as  to  awaken  the  interest  of  Montana  capitalists  in  the  country.  As  a  result,  a 
few  rich  men  of  Montana  constructed  a  narrow-gauge  railroad  from  Mission  Land- 
ing, at  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Cceur  d'AIene  river,  to  Wardner,  which  had 
been  built  up  near  the  rich  properties  of  the  Bunker  Hill  and  Sullivan.  In  1887  the 
Bunker  Hill  and  Sullivan  properties  were  sold  to  Portland  capitalists  and  these  mines 
and  other  rich  properties  in  the  vicinity  soon  became  the  seat  of  the  most  active 
operations  in  the  Cceur  d'AIene  district. 

The  Cceur  d'AIene  district  is  divided  into  a  gold,  and  a  silver  and  lead-producing 
belt.     The  gold  belt  is  situated  in  that  portion  of  the  country  traversed  by  the  North 


„i^ 


80 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  oi  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Steamer  QEORGic  Oakes,  Lake  CauR  D'Alene. 


fork  of  the   Cceur  d'Alene  river  and  its  tributaries,  Eagle,  Pritchard  and  Beaver 
creeks,  and  it  extends  east  to  the  range  of  the   Bitter    Root  Mountains.     There  arc 

extensive  placer  deposits  in  these  gulches  through  which 
<aM^  •  flow  the  above  named  streams.     The  mountains  un  either 

side  of  the  gulches  are  covered  with  deposits  of  gravel, 
which  in  some  instances  reach  a  depth  of  130  feet.  This 
gravel  is  known  locally  as  "old wash."  It  probably 
formed  the  beds  of  prehistoric  river  channels.  It  is  rich 
in  placer  gold,  but  it  is  difficult  and  expensive  to  work 
owing  to  its  elevation  and  the  necessity  of  constructing 
long  flumes  and  ditches  to  get  water  to  it.  Water  has  bten  brought  to  work  these 
gravel  deposits  by  several  rich  companies  and  hydraulic  mining  is  now  successfully 
carried  on  in  this  region.  Since  the  first  discovery  of  gold  here  in  1882,  the  placer 
mines  of  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  have  yielded  12,500,0^3  in  gold. 

In  the  gold  belt  of  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  are  many  valuable  quartz  gold  mines,  some 
of  which  have  been  extensively  worked.  There  are  now  three  stamp  mills  and 
several  arastras  engaged  in  crushing  and  treating  the  ores  from  these  mines.  It  is 
estimated  that  quartz  properties  here  annually  produce  $150,000  m  gold  bullion. 
This  output  would  be  largely  increased  if  the  district  had  the  advantages  of  trans- 
portation by  rail,  which  are  now  denied  the  mine  owners  of  this  section.  A  project 
is  now  being  considered  for  connecting  the  gold  belt  of  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  with  one 
of  the  transcontinental  lines  of  road  by  rail,  and  when  this  is  accomplished  many 
rich  gold  properties  now  lying  idle  in  this  section  will  become  very  productive  mines. 

Lying  south  of  the  gold  belt  in  the  Cceur  d'Alenes,  and  principally  on  the  south 
fork  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  river  and  its  tributaries,  are  the  great  developed  silver 
and  lead-producing  mines  of  the  Coeur  d'Alenes.  The  principal  mines  of  the  silver 
belt  are  the  Bunker  Hill  and  Sullivan,  Last  Chance,  Tiger,  Poorman,  Badger,  Gem, 
Custer,  Black  Bear,  Morning,  Granite,  Sierra  Nevada  and  Stem  winder.  There  are 
II  concentrators  connected  with  these  mines,  of  an  average  capacity  each  of  100 
tons  a  day.  The  daily  output  of  the  mines,  when  being  worked,  is  estimated  at 
298  tons  of  concentrates.  The  Bunker  Hill  and  Sullivan  lead  with  a  daily  output  of 
65  tons,  the  Poorman  follows  with  45  tons,  with  the  Badger  third  on  the  list  with  a 
daily  output  of  35  tons.  The  smallest  producer  of  the  silver  properties  is  the  Black 
Bear,  which  turns  out  but  5  tons  of  concentrates  a  day.  The  average  yield  from  the 
ore  of  these  mines  is  about  30  ounces  in  silver  and  60  per  cent  lead  per  ton  of  con- 
centrates. This  would  make  the  daily  output  of  the  mines  here  about  8,940  ounces 
of  silver  and  357,600  pounds  of  lead.  When  in  operation  these  mines  furnish  employ- 
ment to  3,ocx3  men.  The  average  wages  paid  these  men  run  about  $3  per  day,  mak- 
ing the  daily  payroll  of  these  properties  foot  up  to  about  $9,cxx),  or  an  annual  outlay 
for  wages  of  about  $3,000,000. 

The  above  statistics  apply  to  mines  when  in  operation.  At  this  writing,  owing 
to  the  depression  in  the  price  of  silver  and  lead,  all  the  mines  of  the  Coeur  d'Alenes 
producing  these  metals  are  lying  idle.  During  1892  the  mines  of  the  Cceur  d'Alenes 
produced  ii.cxx)  ounces  of  gold,  worth  $237,390,  and  1,195,904  ounces  of  silver,  with  a 
coinage  value  of  $1 ,546.184.  During  that  year  labor  troubles  caused  a  large  reduction  in 
the  output  of  silver  and  lead  in  this  district.  In  July,  1892,  several  men  were  killed 
by  striking  miners,  and  one  mill  and  concentrator  were  destroyed  by  giant  powder. 
The  mine  owners  of  the  Coeur  d'Alenes  appealed  to  the  federal  government  for  pro- 


The  Cceur  d'Alene  Country,  Idaho. 


481 


tection,  and  martial  law  was  established  and  continued  in  force  until  the  middle  of 
November  of  the  same  year.  In  the  conflict  the  striking  miners  were  victorious, 
and  they  remained  at  work  until  the  mines  were  closed  by  the  owners  in  the  summer 
of  1893. 

Those  operating  the  mines  of  the  Cteur  d' Alencs  have  experienced  many  draw- 
backs, and  they  have  had  many  obstacles  to  overcome.  First  of  these  troubles  was 
the  inaccessibility  of  the  district,  which  was  remedied,  however,  at  a  later  period  by 
the  construction  of  the  two  lines  of  the  Union  and  Northern  Pacific  railroads  through 
this  section.  Then  followed  several  disastrous  conflicts  betwt  en  the  miners  and  the 
mine  owners.  The  trouble  finally  culminated  in  silver  reachi^ig  a  price  at  which  its 
mining  was  no  longer  profitable.  There  are  few,  if  any,  gr  atei  silv<:r  and  lead-pro- 
ducing districts  in  the  world  than  is  that  of  the  C(eur  d'Aitues.  The  future  of  this 
region  depends  entirely  upon  the  value  lead  and  silver  ijiay  attain.  With  silver  at 
83  cents  and  lead  at  $3.80,  the  mines  of  the  Cceur  d  .Uenes  can  be  operated  without 
loss.  These  prices,  however,  would  leave  no  margin  of  profit  to  the  owners  of  mines 
of  average  grade,  mines  in  which  the  silver  runs  from  27  to  29  ounces  per  ton  and 
the  lead  averages  57  percent.  At  th*"  prices  and  averages  named  above,  after  deduct- 
ing the  usual  10  per  cent  on  lead  and  5  per 
cent  on  silver  for  loss  in  treatment,  the 
silver  per  ton  would  be  worth  ^21  and  the 
lead  $39,  thus  making  the  total  value  of  a 
ton  of  the  concentrates  $60.  The  freight 
and  smelter  charges  per  ton  will  average 
about  $26.  This  leaves  a  balance  of  $34  per 
ton  for  the  mine  owner,  except  when  the 
concentrates  run  more  than  10  per  cent  in 
zinc.  From  this  $34  the  mine  owner  must 
meet  all  working  expenses  of  the  mine,  in- 
cluding wages,  interest  on  capital  invested 
and  loss  caused  by  breakage.  It  can  thus 
readily  be  seen  that  operating  the  great 
silver-producing  properties  of  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  is  not  a  profitable  industry  at  the 
present  low  price  of  silver  in  the  markets  of  the  world. 

The  Coeur  d'Alene  district,  apart  from  its  mineral-producing  possibilites,  is  a 
sportsman's  paradise.  The  streams  here  abound  in  the  gamiest  of  fish  and  the 
mountains  are  full  of  game.  In  the  hills,  remote  from  the  settlements  of  the  district, 
are  countless  numbers  of  deer  and  bear  that  have  never  heard  the  report  of  a  gun. 
In  any  of  the  swift-flowing  streams  here  the  casting  of  a  fly  brings  numerous  speckled 
trout  to  the  surface.  This  country  is  much  frequented  by  pleasure  seekers  during  the 
summer  and  fall  months,  and  it  is  gradually  becoming  one  of  the  most  popular  resorts 
of  the  West. 

Two  railroads  now  run  parallel  with  each  other  through  the  center  of  th  Cceur 
d'Alene  country.  A  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  leaves  the  Washington  division  at 
Tekoa  and  runs  through  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  as  far  as  MuMan.  The  Northern  Pacific 
cuts  clear  through  the  district,  the  initial  points  of  this  road  being  Missoula  and 
Spokane.  All  of  this  route  is  by  rail  except  a  short  stretch  o*"  50  miles  on  Cceur 
d'Alene  Lake  which  is  cro^^sed  by  steamer.  After  leaving  the  main  line  at  Missoula, 
the  Northern  Pacific  runs  its  branch  to  the  old  Jesuit  mission  on  the  Coeur  d'Alene 


Old  Mission  landing,  Cciur  d'Alene  River. 


1 


Ui 


lUr" 


482 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Fort  Sherman  and  lake  CauR  o'Alene. 


river.  From  the  latter  point  boats  run  down  the  stream  seven  miles  to  the  lake  of 
the  same  name,  and  thence  47  miles  to  the  town  of  Cceur  d' Alene,  where  connection 
is  made  by  cars  for  Spokane. 

The  whole  Cceur  d' Alene  district  is  of  the  picturesque  order.  Along  the  rail- 
roads running  through  this  section  are  foaming  rivers,  precipitous  and  overhanging 

cliffs,   deep    and   dark   canyons,    high  forest- 
covered  mountains  and  narrow  valleys.      It  is 
in  these  mountain-enclosed  valleys,  with  scarce- 
ly sufficient  area  for  a  broad  street,  that  the 
towns  of  the  district  are  located.      The  princi- 
pal towns  of  the  section  are  Wardner,  Wallace, 
Murray,   Burke,    Gem,    Osborne    and  Mullan. 
After  leaving  the  last  of  these  towns,  Wardner, 
the  traveler  journeying  westward  through  the 
CcEur  d'Alenes  reaches  Mission  Landing,  where 
still  stands  the  old  mission    church    erected 
by  the  Jesuit  Fathers  many  years  ago.      Neai    this  point  the  wild  and  romantic 
grandeur  of  the  mountains  is  broken  by  a  charming  vista  of  forest-inclose;^^;  river  and 
a  mountain-walled  lake. 

CcEur  d' Alene  Lake  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  picturesque  sheets  of  water 
in  the  Northwest.  It  is  60  miles  long  and  of  an  average  width  of  but  two  and  one- 
half  miles.  It  is  surrounded  by  low  wooded  hills  which  gradually  rise  in  height 
until,  in  the  background,  mountains  8,000  or  9,000  feet  greet  the  eye.  The  scenerj- 
all  along  this  lake  is  of  the  grandest  order.  Two  important  streams  empty  into  this 
lake.  These  are  the  St.  Joseph  and  CcEur  d'Alene  rivers.  The  latter  is  navigable 
for  a  distance  of  seven  miles  above  its  mouth.  The  St.  Joseph  river  is  navigable  for 
a  much  greater  distance.  It  runs  through  a  beautiful  farming  country  and  taps  a 
splendid  timber  district. 

The  Cceur  d'Alene  Indian  reservation  borders  the  lake  for  several  miles.  It 
embraces  a  large  area  of  the  richest  farming  land,  and  is  occupied  by  one  of  the  most 
intelligent  and  most  advanced  Indian  tribes  of  the  continent.  At  the  foot  of  the  lake 
is  located  Fort  Sherman,  garrisoned  with  about  400  soldiers.  Near  Fort  Sherman  and 
30  miles  distant  by  rail  from  Spokane  is  located  the  attractive  little  city  of  Cceur  d' 
Alene.  The  country  surrounding  this  beautiful  alpine  lake  is  remarkable  in  its 
diversity  of  contour,  its  beauty  and  its  grandeur.  The  rugged  mountain  peaks  that 
lie  far  beyond  the  gently  sloping  hills  that  enclose  the  limpid  waters  of  the  lake  are 
divided  by  enormous  canyons  thousands  of  feet  deep.  The  country  is  one  that 
appeals  with  irresistible  force  to  one  of  a  romantic  nature,  and  it  is  justly  regarded 
by  tourists  as  one  of  the  most  attractive  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Wardner,  Itlalio. — Wardner  is  a  picturesque  mining  town  occupying  a  site 
extending  along  Milo  gulch  for  a  distance  of  nearly  two  miles.  The  town  commences 
at  the  point  where  the  gulch  opens  into  the  South  fork  of  the  Cceur  d'Alene  river, 
and  ends  near  the  famous  Bunker  Hill  and  Sullivan  mines,  two  of  the  best  known 
properties  of  the  Cceur  d'Alene  mining  district. 

It  was  the  discovery  of  these  two  mines  in  1886  that  led  to  the  establishment  of  a 
town  at  Wardner.  The  main  street  of  the  town  runs  along  what  was  once  an  old 
trail  leading  up  the  center  of  the  gulch  and  it  is  on  this  thoroughfare  that  nearly  all 


Wallace,  Idaho. 


483 


■«5\''K^j'»^~'^ 


the  buildings  of  Wardner  a'-e  erected.  In  the  narrow  gulch  which  the  town  occupies 
there  is  barely  room  for  a  single  street.  Some  of  the  houses  are  perched  high  up  on 
the  side  of  the  mountain,  which  slopes  down  to  a  point  near  the  center  of  the  main 
street. 

The  population  of  Wardner  is  about  1,000.     It  is  loi  miles  cast  of  Spokane  and 
145  miles  west  of  Missoula.     It  is  reached  by  the  lines  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  the 
Northern   Pacific  railroads.     The  features  of  Wardner  that 
attract  attention  are  its  school  houses,  its  churches,  its  fine 
electric  light  plant  and  water-works  system,  weekly  news- 
paper, its  good  hotels  and  its  large  retail  stores. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Wardner  are  five  large,  developed 
mines  and  a  hundred  or  more  prospects  which  are  tributary 
to  it.  The  greatest  of  these  mines  are  the  Bunker  Hill  and 
Sullivan,  two  of  the  largest  silver  and  lead-producers  in  the 
United  States.  These  mines  are  located  on  the  sides  of  the 
gulch  in  which  the  town  is  situated,  one  on  either  side  of 
the  gulch.  The  concentrator  of  these  mines  has  a  cnpacity 
of  700  tons  per  day.  The  ore  is  conveyed  from  the  mines  to 
the  concentrator  a  distance  of  nearly  three  miles,  by  means  of  iron  buckets  suspended 
from  a  cable.  The  other  four  large  mines  of  Wardner  are  all  good  producers  of  rich 
silver-galena  ore  when  in  operation.  These  are  the  Last  Chance,  with  a  concentrator 
which  has  a  daily  capacity  of  150  tons,  the  Stemwinder,  with  a  loo-ton  concentrator, 
the  Tyler  and  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

Wallace,  Idaho. — Wallace  is  located  in  a  beautiful  valley  at  the  junction  of 
the  Canyon,  Nine  Mile  and  Placer  creeks,  with  the  South  fork  of  the  Cceur 
d'Aleue  river. 

Fivt:  narrow  and  deep  canyons  here  open  into  the  small  and  level  valley  which  is 
occupied  by  the  townsite.     It  is  up  these  canyons  that  some  of  the  great  silver  and 

lead  mines  of  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  are  lo- 


BuNKER  Hill  *no  Sullivan  Miitet, 

WARDNER. 


cated.  Wallace  is  located  on  the  Cceur 
d'Alene  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific. 
Between  this  point  and  Mission  Landing 
on  the  Cceur  d'Alene  river  the  company 
operates  a  narrow-gauge  railroad.  The 
distance  between  Wallace  and  Mission  is 
25  miles.  Boats  connect  with  the  cars  at 
Mission  for  Coeur  d'Alene  City,  from 
which  latter  point  cars  run  to  Spokane. 
Wallace  is  also  a  station  on  the  Mullan 
branch  of  the  Union  Pacific.  Both  of 
these  lines  parallel  each  other  touching 
at  nearly  all  the  camps  of  the  silver  and 
lead-producing  belt.  Branches  of  both 
roads  leave  the  main  lines  at  Wallace 
and  run  to  Burke  and  Gem. 
The  population  of  Wallace  is  about  r,2oo.  It  contains  a  number  of  handsome 
residences  and  substantial  brick  business  blocks.  The  streets  are  wide,  are  lined  with 
good  sidewalks  and  are  lighted  by  electricity.     A  supply  of  pure,  mountain  water  is 


View  of  Wallace. 


ff"' 


484 


The  Oreffonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  North , vest. 

conveyed  in  pipes  to  the  town  from  the  •  i:ighboring  creeks. 
Fire  hydrants  are  conveniently  located  on  the  main  streets, 
and  a  volunteer  fire  department  equipped  with  good  appa- 
ratus guarantees  the  town  against  fire.  The  Meihcdist  and 
Episcopal  denominations  have  houses  of  worship  here.  The 
school  facilities  of  Wallace  are  of  the  first  order,  there  being 
established  here  two  well  conducted  and  largely  attended 
public  schools. 

CMURCH     WALtACI. 

A  feature  of  Wallace  is  the  Providence  Miners'  Union 
Hospital,  which  occupies  a  large  three-story  brick  structure  with  a  handsome  mansard 
roof.  The  future  of  Wallace,  like  that  of  other  mining  camps  of  the  Coeur  d'Alcnes, 
wholly  depends  on  the  price  of  silver  and  lead.  With  silver  at  90  cents  and  lead  $4 
the  mines  here  can  be  profitably  worked.  Near  Wallace  are  a  number  of  mines  that  have 
already  added  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  to  the  wealth  of  the  nation.  Among 
these  mines  is  the  Granite,  owned  by  a  Portland  syndicate.  The  output  of  this  mine 
averages  $23,000  per  month  when  the  price  of  silver  is  above  90  cents.  Seven  miles 
northeast  of  Wallace  is  the  Custer,  another  rich  mine.  The  ore  from  this  mine  is  con- 
veyed by  cable  tramway  to  a  200-ton  concentrator  located  three  miles  south  of  the  mine 
shaft.  This  property  is  supplied  with  the  best  of  machinery  and  during  its  palmy  days 
yielded  large  regular  returns  to  its  owners.  In  Nine  Mile  Canyon  near  Wallace  is  a 
a  group  of  claims  consisting  of  the  Black  Cloud,  California,  Monarch  and  Panhandle, 
all  of  which  would  under  favorable  conditions  become  dividend-paying  mines. 


Tiger  Mine,  Burke. 


Biirke,  Idaho. — Burke  is  located  on  Canyon  creek,  eight  miles  north  of  Wal- 
lace. It  is  reached  from  the  latter  place  by  spurs  of  the  Union  Pacific  and  Northern 
Pacific  railroads.  The  population  of  the  town  is  about 
700.  It  has  a  good  hotel,  water  works,  fire  department 
and  a  public  school. 

Immediately  surrounding  Burke  is  a  rich  mineralized 
area,  very  little  of  which  has  been  explored  or  developed, 
Burke  owes  its  birth  to  the  discovery  near  this  point  of 
the  now  famous  Tiger  and  Poorman  mines.  In  i883-'84 
a  stampede  took  place  to  the  placer  fields  of  the  North 
fork  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  river.  The  miners,  on  arriv- 
ing at  their  destination,  found  that  the  richness  of  these 

fields  did  not  reach  their  expectations,  and  as  a  result  many  of  the  early  comers  left 
the  country  at  once.  Among  those  who  remained  was  John  Carten,  an  old  Montana 
miner,  who  knew  the  value  of  a  good  prospect  when  he  saw  it.  On  his  prospecting 
tours  he  reached  farther  out  into  the  mountains  than  the  other  prospectors,  and  in 
the  spring  of  1884  he  discovered  a  vein  of  rich  galena  ore  on  Canyon  creek.  This 
was  the  first  location  of  a  quartz  ledge  in  the  CcEur  d'Alenes.  Carten  subsequently 
sold  his  discovery  here  for  |35,ooo,  and  it  is  now  known  as  the  Tiger  mine. 

It  cost  $200,000  to  open  the  Tiger  mine  and  erect  a  concentrator  on  the  property. 
All  of  this  money  was  expended  before  a  ton  of  ore  was  shipped  from  the  mine. 
The  concentrator  here  has  a  daily  capacity  of  130  tons.  The  mine  produces  35  tons 
of  concentrates  a  day,  which  average  39  ounces  in  silver  and  30  per  cent.  lead. 


Mullan,  Idaho. 


48.'> 


V- 


P30RWAN  Mine,  Burke. 


The  Poorman  mine  was  located  soon  after  the 
discovery  of  the  Tiger.  A  large  sum  was  also  ex- 
pended in  developing  the  former  mine  and  in  equip- 
ping it  with  machinery  and  in  building  a  concentra- 
tor on  the  property.  The  daily  output  of  this  mine  is 
45  tons  of  concentrates.  This  ore  is  of  the  same 
average  richness  as  is  that  of  the  Tiger.  These  two 
mines  arc  among  the  best  producing  properties  of 
the  Creu/  d'Alenes  and  the  town  of  Burke  is  practi- 
cally supported  from  their  operation. 

Osborne,  Idaho. — Osborne  is  an  attractive  little  town  of  the  Coeur  d'Alenes, 
and  is  located  on  the  South  Fork  of  the  Cneur  d' Alene  river.  It  is  107  miles  east  of  Spo- 
kane and  139  miles  west  of  Missoula  by  the  line  of  the  Cceur  d'Alene  branch  of  the 
Northern  Pacific.  It  is  also  a  station  on  the  Mnllan  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific. 
The  town  contains  a  population  of  about  300.  It  is  the  diverging  point  from  the  rail- 
road for  the  stage  line  connecting  with  Murray,  in  the  heart  of  the  gold  belt. 

Osborne  has  an  excellent  system  of  public  schools  for  a  place  of  its  size,  a  church 
and  several  handsome  residences.  The  townsite  occupies  320  acres.  The  town  is 
practically  mountain-enclosed.  Like  every  important  town  of  the  Cceur  d'Alenes, 
Osborne  is  the  center  of  a  rich  mineral  district.  The  three  large  mines  here  are  the 
Mineral  Point,  St.  Elmo  and  Killbuck,  all  of  which  adjoin  each  other  on  the  same 
ledge  on  Mount  Percnthesis.  Other  claims  near  Osborne,  all  of  which  are  silver  and 
lead  properties,  are  the  Nellie,  Knickerbocker,  Daisy,  Comet  and  War  Eagle. 

Gem,  Idaho. — Located  in  Canyon  creek,  four  r--'"^s  from  Wallace,  is  the  town 
of  Gem,  one  of  the  most  important  mining  camps  of  tue  Coeur  d'Alenes.  Like  all 
the  towns  of  this  section,  Gem  is  located  in  a  narrow  valley  surrounded  by  high 
mountains,  far  up  on  the  sides  of  which,  and  overlooking  the  town  hundreds  of  feet 
below,  are  the  houses  of  the  Gem  and  other  rich  mines  here. 

Gem  is  reached  by  the  Northern  Pacific  and  Union 
Pacific  railroads.  Its  population  now  is  about  500. 
The  mines  located  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Gem 
are  the  San  Francisco,  Granite,  Black  Bear,  the  Gem, 
and  the  Formosa  group.  These  mines  when  in  opera- 
tion furnish  employment  to  over  300  men  and  they 
have  a  capacity  of  80  tons  of  concentrates  a  day. 
Concentrators  have  been  built  on  the  Gem,  Granite 
and  San  Francisco  mines.  The  ore  from  these  mines 
averages  30  ounces  in  silver  and  50  per  cent  lead  to 
the  ton.  It  is  by  the  operation  of  these  mines  that 
the  town  of  Gem  depends  wholly  for  existence.  When 
the  mines  here  are  shut  down  the  camp  is  practically  deserted.  When  the  mines  are 
in  full  operation,  however,  this  is  one  of  the  most  active  and  most  prosperous  towns  of 
the  Cceur  d'Alene  district 

Mullan,  Idaho.— This  important  mining  center  of  the  Cceur  d'  Alenes  is  located 
on  the  Coeur  d'Alene  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  112  miles  east  of  Spokane,  and 
128  miles  west  of  Missoula.  It  is  also  the  terminus  of  the  Mullan  branch  of  the 
Union  Pacific. 


Gem  Mine  and  Concenthator,  Oem 


In 


§ 


r 


i  t 


486 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacihc  Northwest. 


Nature  has  not  only  deposited  enormous  mineral  wealth  in  the  immediate  vicin- 
ity of  Mullan,  but  it  has  made  the  site  of  the  town  a  romantic  and  attractive  loca- 
tion. The  town  is  built  on  the  south  fork  of  the  C(fiur  d'Alene  river,  in  a  small 
valley  of  less  than  40  acres  in  extent.  Surrounding  this  valley  arc  high  and  rugged 
peaks  presenting  almost  every  phase  of  wild  mountain  scenery.  The  little  town  of 
500  people  is  the  one  bright  spot  in  the  center  of  the  green  rock-studded  mountains 
that  surround  it. 

Mullan  was  settled  in  1884,  and  it  was  named  in  honor  of  that  intrepid  and  tal- 
ented pioneer,  John  Mullan,  the  builder  of  the  great  Mullan  road  through  this  sec- 
tion. Mullan  is  a  progressive  town.  It  contains  a  $3,000  school  house,  a  handsome 
Catholic  cathedral,  and  a  well  cpnstructcd  town  hall.  The  lines  of  industry  of  the 
town  are  represented  by  a  sawmill,  a  shingle  plant  and  a  planing  mill.  The  water 
for  use  in  the  town  is  conveyed  from  a  mountain  stream  by  a  flume  to  a  reservoir 
located  257  feet  above  the  streets  of  the  town.  The  gravity  pressure  of  this  water  in 
the  hydrants  is  sufficient  to  throw  a  stream  to  considerable  more  than  cover  any 
building  in  the  place.  This,  with  a  well  drilled  volunteer  fire  department  here,  is 
an  absolute  safeguard  against  fire.  Mullan  is  lighted  by  about  350  incandescent 
lamps. 

In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Mullan  is  the  Chloride  Hill  group  of  mines.  This 
group  consists  of  the  Morning,  Evening  and  Night  Grouse,  Gettysburg,  You  Like, 
Lucretia,  Independence  and  other  valuable  properties.  Among  the  other  promising 
mines  and  claims  near  the  town  are  the  Little  Giant  group  on  Silver  creek,  the  Cen- 
tral on  Boulder  gulch,  the  Paymaster,  Keno,  Jersey,  Little  Chip  and  Bullion  on  Hunter 
gulch,  the  Daisy,  Missoula  and  Black  Diamond.  The  two  largest  and  best  known  mines 
here  are  the  Gold  Hunter  and  the  Morning.  The  Gold  Hunter  was  discovered  by 
J.  D.  Hunter,  in  1885.  Th»»  mining  district  around  Mullan  is  known  as  the  Hunter 
district,  named  in  honor  of  the  discoverer  of  the  Gold  Hunter.  The  Gold  Hunter 
is  now  owned  by  St.  Paul  capitalists.  It  has  a  daily  output  of  about  100  tons  of 
ore.  The  concentrator  connected  with  this  mine  has  a  daily  capacity  of  100  tons 
per  day. 

The  Morning  mine  here  was  purchased  for  |i2,ooo,  and  it  is  now  valued  at 
$r,ooo,ooo.  It  is  one  of  the  best  developed  mines  in  the  Coeur  d' Alenes.  The  con- 
centrator of  this  mine  has  a  daily  capacity  of  100  tons. 

The  You  Like  is  another  good  mine  on  which  a  large  body  of  rich  ore  has  been 
uncovered.  It  is  operated  by  a  stock  company  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000.  All  the 
mines  of  this  district  are  of  average  grade  and  yield  about  30  ounces  in  silver  and  58 
per  cent  lead  to  the  ton  of  concentrates, 

Murray,  Idafio. — Situated  in  a  narrow  valley,  in  the  heart  of  the  gold  belt 
of  the  CcEur  d' Alenes,  is  the  town  of  Murray,  the  seat  of  justice  of  Shoshone  county. 
Six  miles  from  Murray,  Pritchard  creek,  on  which  it  is  built,  forms  a  junction  with 
the  north  fork  of  the  Coeur  d'Alene  river.  It  was  at  this  point  that  A.  J.  Pritchard 
first  discovered  gold  in  tbe  Cceur  d' Alenes,  in  1882.  Since  the  country  was  first 
opened  to  settlement  Murray  has  remained  the  chief  town  and  supply  point  for  the 
"  North  End,"  a  term  designating  the  gold  districts  bordering  on  P'itchard  and  Bea- 
ver creeks  and  their  tributaries.  Murray,  at  the  present  time,  is  without  railroad 
connection.  It  is  reached  by  stage  from  Osborne,  a  station  on  the  Union  and  North- 
em  Pacific,  18  miles  to  the  sovith.  The  lack  of  transportation  facilities  has  been  a 
serious  impediment  to  the  development  of  the  many  rich  quartz  mines  in  the  vicinity 


Murray,  Idaho. 


487 


of  Murray.  For  this  reason  the  exceptionally  rich  gold  district  of  Bald  Mountain , 
at  the  head  of  Eagle  creek,  has  never  been  worked.  In  1893  hundreds  of  miners, 
who  had  been  thrown  out  of  employment  by  the  closing  down  of  the  silver-produc- 
ing properties  of  the  Cceur  d'Alenes  turned  their  attention  to  placer  mining  along 
Pritchard  creek  and  its  tributaries.  These  men  made  good  wages  at  this  work,  thus 
deoonstrating  the  richness  of  the  district.  Pritchard  creek  emplies  into  the  North 
Fork  about  two  miles  above  the  mouth  of  Beaver  creek.  It  runs  for  about  13  miles 
through  the  gulch  containing  the  placer  deposits  which  first  attracted  attention  to 
the  Cceur  d'Alenes.  The  mountains  on  either  side  of  this  and  other  gulches  are 
covered  with  what  is  called  "old  wash,"  being  hf^avy  deposits  of  gravel  in  which 
large  quantities  of  gold  are  found.  This  "  wash  "  was  either  a  prehistoric  river  bed 
or  the  track  of  a  moraine.  As  great  a  depth  of  gvavel  as  150  feet  has  been  found 
here.  Over  $2,500,000  in  gold  has  already  been  :aken  from  this  ground  by  labor 
on  the  rinirock  ar  :1  shallow  gravel  by  part'  ;s  of  uien  working  with  primitive  imple- 
ments. The  attention  of  capital  and  labor  is  now  being  largely  directed  toward 
Murray  district,  and  the  waters  of  the  neighboring  lakes  and  rivers  are  being  con- 
'ucted  to  such  points  along  this  "  old  wash"  as  will  allow  the  placer  ground  here 
10  be  fully  tested  and  developed.  It  was  not  u'ltil 
then  that  a  successful  attempt  was  made  to  reach 
bedrock  of  these  gravel  deposits  which  are  recog- 
nized by  all  mining  men  to  be  exceedingly  rich  in 
gold.  A  syndicate  of  capitalists  is  now  working  this 
ground  with  the  latest  hydraulic  appliances  and 
after  the  most  approved  methods  of  placer  mining. 
One  company  has  constructed  an  extensive  bedrock 
flume  along  one  of  the  sides  of  Eagle  creek,  which 
is  a  tributary  of  Pritchard.  Another  company  has 
under  consideration  the  building  of  a  bedrock  flume 
eight  miles  in  length  along  the  main  channel  of 
Pritchard  creek.  These  and  other  enterprises  now 
under  way  have  done  much  to  make  Murray  a  prosperous  and  important  mining  town. 

The  towT-.  of  Murray  itself  is  an  attractive  place,  surrounded  by  romantic  moun- 
tain scenery.  It  is  built  in  a  gulch,  from  which  steep  timber-covered  mountains 
rise  to  a  height  of  over  3,000  feet.  One  principal  street  runs  through  the  town,  on 
which  the  business  houses  front.  The  remainder  of  the  narrow  valley  here  in  which 
the  town  is  built  is  occupied  by  residences,  some  of  which  are  crowded  well  up  on 
the  mountain  side.  Like  other  progressive  mining  camps,  Murray  possesses  excel- 
lent school  facilities,  several  churches,  and  good  hotel  accommodations.  It  now 
claims  a  population  *■  about  1,200.  The  discovery  of  the  placer  mines  here  was 
followed  later  by  the  inding  of  lodes  from  which  the  gold  originally  came.  There 
are  now  several  gooc'  paying  quartz  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Murray.  One  of  the 
best  known  of  these  is  the  Mother  Lode,  on  which  a  lo-stamp  mill  has  been  located. 
This  mine  has  already  produced  about  $275,000.  Other  good  properties  here  are 
the  Golden  Chest,  with  a  lo-stamp  mill,  the  Golden  King,  also  with  a  lo-stamp 
mill,  the  Idaho,  with  a  20-stamp  mill,  and  the  Fay  Templeton,  with  a  25-foot  Hunt- 
ington mill. 

The  Buckeye  group  of  mines,  at  the  head  of  Dream  gulch,  are  paying  gold  pro- 
ducers, as  are  the  Occident  and  Treasure  Box,  adjoining  the  Mother  Lode.  It  now 
requires  large  capital  to  work  the  placer  mines  of  Murray  district,  as  water  in  great 


MOTHER  Lode  Mill,  Murray. 


1 1  ^ 


488 


The  Oreg-onian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


M-iN  Street,  Moscow,  looking  North  rnjM  Fourth 


quantities  for  working  the  deposits  here  has  to  be  brought  from  great  distances. 
The  Cceur  d'Alene  Mining  Company  are  working  the  placers  of  Fancy  gulch,  near 
Muiray.  Their  water  is  conveyed  to  the  gravel  deposits,  by  ditch  and  flume,  for  ii 
miles,  a  fall  of  So  feet  being  obtain'^d.  In  Dream  gulch,  the  Spokane  Hydraulic 
Pipe  Company  have  expended  over  $250,000  in  grounds  and  improvements.  Eight 
miles  of  16-inch  pipe  are  used  to  convey  the  water  to  their  grounds,  which  yield 
an  average  of  37  cents  per  cubic  yard  from  surface  to  bedrock.  The  increased 
activity  in  gold  mining  here,  in  1893,  which  resulted  from  the  depression  in  the 
silver  districts  of  the  Cceur  d'Alenes,  is  exerting  a  powerful  influence  in  Murray's 
advancement.  The  town  is  today  one  of  the  important  mining  centers  of  Idaho, 
and  the  attraction  of  capital  to  the  rich  gold  district  of  which  it  is  the  base  of  ope- 
rations, is  an  assurance  of  the  permanence  and  prosptr  tus  future  of  the  camp. 

Moscow,  Idaho. — Owing  to  its  favorable  location  at  the  west  end  of  Paradise 
valley,  Moscow  has  been  frequently  styled  the  "  City  of  Paradise,"  a  term  that  any- 
one who  has  ever  visited  the  town  will  admit  is  aptly  chosen.  Ap- 
proaching this  sightly  city  by  cither  of  the 
parallel  lines  of  railroad,  the  Union  Pacific 
or  the  Northern  Pacific,  the  traveler  is  at 
once  struck  with  vhe  beauty  of  Moscow's  lo- 
cation and  also  by  the  imposing  appearance 
which  the  city  itself  presents  as  a  whole. 
Many  new  and  tov/ering  brick  blocks  rise 
above  the  lower  structures  of  the  city  and 
the  place  has  every  aspect  of  a  solidly  built 
and  prosperous  center  of  trade. 

Although  Moscow's  population  at  the  present  writing  is  barely  3,500,  the  first 
impression  of  the  stranger  visiting  the  city,  is  that  the  place  is  much  larger.  This  is 
owing  to  the  unusupl  size  of  some  of  the  buildings  here  which  are  seldom  found  in  a 
city  of  Moscow's  population. 

Thirteen  years  ago  Moscow  was  a  mere  trading  point  and  as  late  as  1889  the  popu- 
lation of  the  place  hardly  exceeded  t,ooo.  The  rapid  growth  of  the  city  since  that 
time  has  not  been  attended  by  a  boom.  It  was  a  natural  result  of  the  development 
of  this  portion  of  the  Palouse  country  in  the  most  fertile  portion  ot  >7liich  Moscow 
is  located,  and  the  building  to  this  point  of  two  important  lines  of  railroad,  the 
Spokane  &  Palouse  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  and  the  branch  of  the  Union 
Pacific,  which  now  connects  with  the  main  line  of  the  Wash- 
ington division  at  Colfax.  Moscow  is  the  terminus  of  the  Union 
Pacific  branch,  while  the  Spokane  &  Palouse  extends  beyond 
this  poirt  south  for  31  miles  to  Juliaetta.  Between  Juliaetta 
and  Lewiaton  the  line  for  the  extension  of  this  road  is  almost 
all  graded,  a  distance  of  25  miles.  Lewiston  is  the  head  of  nav- 
igation on  the  Snake  river,  and  it  has  long  been  one  of  the 
most  important  cities  of  Northern  Idaho.  When  the  line  shall 
be  completed  clear  through  to  Lewiston,  a  large  extent  of  the 
richest  country  in  the  state  will  be  opened  to  settlement,  and  as 
this  country  is  developed  it  will  do  a  Iprge  part  of  its  trading  with  Moscow. 

The  town  of  Moscow,  although  young,  is  already  a  rich  center  of  population. 
Its  asoessed  valuation  is  now  placed  at  about  |i  ,500,000.    It  boasts  of  three  retail  and  job- 


HioH  School.  i.ioscow. 


Moscow,  Idaho, 


489 


,  I 


i^*;. , 


Jlfff 


•^^t 


Public  School,  Moscow. 


bing  stores,  each  of  which  occupies  quarters  covering  a  full  block  of  land.  These 
stores  carry  stocks  of  goods  valued  at  from  $ioo,oao  to  $200,000  each.  No  less  than 
four  banks  iire  doing  business  here  on  a  solid  basis.  The  city  has  nine  warehouses 
and  two  elevators,  while  the  average  annual  wheat  receipts  here  aggregate  from 
1,000,000  to  1,500,000  bushels.  In  addition  to  wheat  there  is  yearly  handled  at  this 
point  50,000  bushels  of  flax  seed  and  40,000  bushels  of  barley. 

Among  the  public  improvements  noted  at  Moscow  is  a  fine  system  of  water  works 
that  cost  $45,000.  The  water,  furnished  by  artesian  wells,  is  pumped  into  a  standpipe 
which  is  located  on  an  elevation  75  feet  above  the  main  street 
and  is  80  feet  in  height.  1  he  mains  extending  throughout  the 
city  are  six  inches  in  diameter.  Hydrants  are  located  at  the 
principal  street  corners  and  the  p-essure  is  sufiiciently  strong  in 
these  mains  to  throw  water  over  the  highest  buildings  of  the  city. 
The  city  has  an  excellent  fire  department,  an  arc  and  incandescent 
electric  light  system,  and  has  all  the  modern  improvements  ever 
found  in   a  place  of  this  size. 

Moscow  is  the  seat  of  justice  of  I  atah  county.  A  block  of  ground  has  already 
been  appropriated  for  a  court  house  h^re,  and  a  building  for  county  purposes  has  been 
erected  on  this  ground  at  a  cost  of  $25,000.  Moscow's  educational  advantages  are 
unsurpassed.  The  new  state  university  is  located  here.  An  illustration  of  this 
building,  together  with  an  article  descriptive  of  it,  is  published  in  connection  with  the 
present  article.  There  are  two  public  school  buildings  in  the  city,  one  of  which  is  a 
frame  structure  which  cost  $12,000,  and  the  other  is  a  brick  high  school  the  erection 
of  which  involved  an  outlay  of  $30,000.  An  excellent  system  of  grades  has  been 
adopted  in  these  schools,  and  1  competent  corps  of  teachers  is  constantly  employed 
here.  The  average  daily  attendance  of  scholars  at  the  public  schools  of  the  city 
is  800. 

Moscow  has  a  number  of  fine  church  edifices.  The  denomin- 
ations represented  are  the  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  two  Methodist, 
Christian,  Congregational,  Episcopal,  Catholic,  Seventh  Day  Ad- 
ventist  and  Dunkards.  A  strong  organization  of  th°  Young  Men's 
Christian  Af-sociation  is  maintained  here.  The  press  is  also  well 
represented  in  the  three  weekly  publications,  T/ie  North  Idaho 
Star,  The  Democrat  and  The  Mirror.  Moscow  is  well  supplied 
with  hotel  accommodations,  having  a  new  $30,000  hotel  building 
and  three  other  good  hotel  structures. 

Moscow  impresses  one  as  possessing  more  of  a  metropolitan  appearance  than 
perhaps  any  other  city  of  equal  size  in  the  Pacific  Northwest.  Its  moral  and  social 
features  are  in  striking  contrast  to  what  is  usually  found  or  expected  in  cities  of 
equal  population.  It  is  a  good  business  point,  as  is  demonstrated  by  the  fact  that 
three  large  and  successful  jobbing  houses  are  established  here.  The  territory  that 
is  necessarily  tributary  is  vast  in  extent,  and  the  trade  of  this  fertile  section  is 
rapidly  increasing.  Moscow  is  already  the  largest  city  in  Northern  Idaho,  and  it 
gives  promise  of  leading  in  population  among  the  cities  of  the  state  within  the  next 
few  years. 

Hon.  I.  C.  HatTahaugh.— The  Commercial  Bank,  of  Moscow,  was  organized  in 
1889,  with  a  capital  of  $50,000.  Its  surplus  and  undivided  profits  are  now  $20,000. 
The  bank  has  paid    a  semi-annual  dividend  of  6  per  cent  ever  since  its  establish- 


EPiscoPAL  Church, 

MOSCOW. 


Ti 


1 
.1.'  K I 

In 


I! 


<t 


■■  i 


490 


The  Oregonian^s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


raent.    The  officers  are  I, 
and  I.  A.  Funk,  cashier. 


COMMERCIAL  BANK,   MOSCOW. 


C.  Hattabaugh,  president,  George  Laugdon,  vice-president, 
The  president  of  the  Commercial  Bank,  Hon.  I.  C.  Hatta- 
baugh, is  a  representative  and  prominent  citizen  of 
Moscow,  inasmuch  as  there  are  but  few  undertak- 
ings of  public  enterprise  here  with  which  he  has 
not  been  conspicuously  identified.  Mr.  Hattabaugh 
was  born  in  Indiana  in  185 1,  and  he  received  a 
high  school  education.  He  is  a  democrat  in  poli- 
tics and  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being  the  only 
one  of  his  party  elected  to  office,  that  of  county 
treasurer,  at  the  last  state  election.  Latah  county 
is  strongly  republican,  but  Mr,  Hattabaugh  ran 
ahead  of  his  ticket  500  votes.  Mr.  Hattabaugh  is 
a  member  of  the  board  of  regents  of  the  State 
University.  He  is  grand  master  of  the  Masonic 
order  of  Idaho,  and  he  is  prominently  identified 
with  several  business  enterprises  of  Moscow  whose 
success  has  been  largely  due  to  his  sagacious  efforts. 

R.  S.  Browne. — The  Moscow  National  Bank  was  organized  in  1891  with  a  capital 
stock  of  $75,000.  Its  officers  are  R.  S.  Browne, 
president ;  J.  H.  Maguire,  vice-president ;  C.  S. 
Scott,  Cashier;  and  C.  M.  Browne,  assistant  cashier. 
Mr.  Browne,  the  president,  is  one  of  the  shrewdest 
financiers  of  the  Northwest,  and  he  has  been 
offered  at  various  times  positions  with  some  of  the 
strongest  banks  in  the  city  of  Portland,  Oregon. 
Mr.  Browne  was  born  in  Portland,  Michigan,  in 
1862,  where  he  received  his  education  in  the  high 
schools.  Twelve  years  i.go  he  came  to  Moscow 
and  identified  himself  with  the  well-known  firm 
of  McConnell  &  Maguire.  Afterwards  he  accepted 
a  position  as  cashier  of  the  First  National  Bank 
of  Moscow,  and  later  was  instrumental  in  organiz- 
ing the  Moscow  National  and  Savings  Bank,  of 
which  institution  he  is  now  president.  Mr.  Browne 
has  been  treasurer  of  Latah  county  for  three  terms  and  he  now  holds  the  office  of 
treasurer  of  the  regents  of  the  University  of  Idaho. 

W.  W.  Watkins. — There  is  perhaps  no  more  prominent  man  in  Moscow  than 
Dr.  W.  W.  Watkins.  He  has  earned  the  distinction  among  his  fellow  citizens  of 
being  foremost  in  almost  every  stroke  of  public  enterprise  that  requires  some  one  to 
lead.  Dr.  Watkins  is  a  native  of  New  Hampshire,  having  been  born- in  that  stale  in 
1846.  He  received  his  literary  and  medical  education  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  where 
he  took  his  last  degree  in  the  study  of  medicine  in  1872.  He  practiced  in  St.  Louis 
until  recent  years,  when  he  came  to  Moscow,  where  hi  has  at^^nined  marked  prominence 
as  a  physician  and  surgeon.  Notwithstanding  the  arduous  toil  necessarily  entailed 
by  a  successful  physician.  Dr.  Watkins  has  always  found  time  outside  his  practice  to 
spend  pro  bono  publico.  He  is  an  ardent  republican  and  was  chairman  of  the  first 
state  convention  held  in  Idaho,     He  is  president  of  the  Moscow  chamber  of  com- 


R.  S.  Browne,  President  Moscow  National  Bank, 


M 


Moscow,  Idaho, 


491 


W.   W.    WATKINS,   M.    D.,   MOSCOW. 
SECRETARY  BOARD  OF  REGENTS.   UNIVERSITY  OF  IDAHO. 


uierce  and  is  secretary  and  member  of  the  board  of 
regents  of  the  Idaho  State  University.  Dr.  Wat- 
kins  is  a  prominent  Knight  Templar  and  is  a 
member  of  the  Odd  Fellows.  He  has  accumulated 
considerable  property  in  both  Idaho  and  California, 
an  evidence  of  the  success  which  has  aiways  at- 
tended his  practice  as  a  physician. 

The  University  of  Idaho. — For  a  young 
state  to  repeat  the  mistakes  of  its  elders  is  inex- 
cusable. Many  states,  yielding  to  sectional  clamor, 
have  materially  and  permanently  weakened  their 
educational  powers  by  trying  to  maintain  several 
so-called  institutions  for  higher  education.  Such 
schools  necessarily  become  ill-fed  pensioners  upon 
the  public  bounty.  They  are  purely  local  and 
consequently  poorly  patronizerl,  disappointing  local 
expectations  both  as  to  their  value  in  a  commercial  sense  and  their  rank  as  institu- 
tions of  learning. 

Idaho  has  wisely  chosen  to  concentrate  its  support  of  higher  education  upon  its 
university,  with  the  hope  of  making  it  a  school  of  commanding  influence,  an  expec- 
tation that  present  appearances  fully  justify,  for  no  institution  -^ver  made  a  more 
auspicious  beginning  or  more  quickly  won  popular  confidence  and  support.     The 

University  of  Idaho  has  been  peculiarly  fortunate  from  the 
first  in  having  representative  men  of  the  state  upon  the  regency, 
men  of  personal  honor  and  business  methods  to  manage  its 

affairs  and  to  shape  its  destiny.  It  is  the 
unwritten  but  effectual  law  of  the  state 
that  political  subserviency  and  religious 
emulations  must  not  enter  into  the  man- 
agement of  the  university.  So  we  find 
the  governor  of  the  state  making  his  bi- 
ennial appointments  of  regeuts  solely  in 
the  interests  of  the  university. 

Hon.  Willis  Sweet,  M.  C,  was  the 
first  president  of  the  board  of  regents,  re- 
signing on  account  of  his  public  duties  in 
favor  of  Philip  Tillinghast,  Esq.,  whose 
training  in  Columbia  College  and  profes- 
sional experience  admirably  qualify  him 
for  the  position.  W.  W.  Watkins,  M.  D., 
the  efficient  secretary  of  the  board,  is  a  man  of  tireless  activity  and  unbounded  de- 
votion to  the  institution.  The  other  regents,  I.  C.  Hattabaugh,  Moscow,  C.  W.  Shaff, 
AI.  D.,  Lewiston,  J.  F.  Ailshie,  Grangeville,  Sherman  M.  Coffin,  Caldwell,  H.  H. 
Hoff,  Montpelier,  A.  A.  Crane,  Harrison,  and  A.  J.  Crook,  Clayton,  are  their  worthy 
co-workers. 

The  University  was  opened  to  students  October  3,  1892,  with  a  faculty  consisting 
of  the  president,  F.  B.  Gault,  and  one  professor.  A  yea*-  later  the  institution  had  12 
professors  and  instructors.     Here  again  the  regents  showed  complete  freedom  from 


University  of  Idaho,  Moscow. 


'% 


m 


i 


492 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


(  ' 


personal  and  political  interests  by  canvassing  the  country  for  the  best  possible 
qualified  men  and  women  for  teachers.  It  takes  teachers  to  make  a  school,  a  fact 
that  is  often  overlooked.  These  professors  have  graduated  from  the  leading  colleges 
of  this  country,  some  of  them  adding  foreign  study  and  travel  to  their  preparation. 
Beginning  without  equipment  of  any  kind,  the  libraries,  laboratories  and  other 
facilities  are  now  worth  over  $10,000,  and  well  selected  additions  are  being  made  con- 
stantly. 

The  main  university  building  is  one  of  the  finest  college  buildings  in  the  coun- 
try." It  is  built  of  brick,  the  interior  finish  being  in  California  redwood.  Being  four 
stories  in  height,  in  length  180  feet  and  in  width  122  feet,  the  building  contains  about 
50  bright,  cheerful  rooms,  admirably  adapted  to  school  purposes.  It  is  heated  by 
steam,  lighted  by  electricity,'  and  supplied  with  artesian  water.  Toilets,  lavatories, 
cloak  rooms  and  all  the  improvements  and  conveniences  that  characterize  modern 
public  buildings  are  supplied. 

A  choice  of  five  collegiate  courses  of  sttidy  is  already  offered  students.  These 
courses,  which  will  be  enlarged  in  scope  as  circumstances  permit  are  the  classical,  the 
scientific,  the  civil  engineering,  the  agricultural  and  the  English,  the  latter  embrac- 
ing courses  in  political,  financial,  ethical  and  sociological  sciences  and  designed 
especially  for  teachers,  business  men  and  those  preparing  for  public  life.  While  it  is 
the  intention  to  give  thorough  classical  training,  the  institution  will  make  its  courses 
in  the  English  classics,  the  sciences  and  those  subjects  pertaining  to  the  industries 
of  life  and  the  public  questions  of  the  day  particularly  strong  and  inviting. 

The  university  is  located  in  a  dry  climate  at  an  altitude  a  little  less  than  3,000 
feet.  The  climate  is  an  agreeable  relief  from  the  arid  regions  and  the  higher  altitudes 
and  from  the  humid  climate  along  the  Pacific  coast.  There  is  no  climate  in  the 
world  more  conducive  to  effective  study.  If  Idaho  shall  wisely  maintain  its  present 
policy  as  to  higher  education,  the  University  of  Idaho  is  destined  to  become  one  of 
the  leading  schools  of  the  great  West. 

Kenrtrlek,  Idaho. — The  distance  from  Moscow  to  Kendrick,  which  is  situated 
in  Latah  county,  is  26  miles  by  the  line  of  the  Spokane  &  Palouse  branch  of  the 
Northern  Pacific.     This  road  extends  for  a  distance  of  four  miles  beyond  Kendrick 

to  Juliactta,  a  small  town  of  perhaps  250  people.  A  part  of  the 
route  between  Moscow  and  Kendrick,  possibly  ten  or  more 
miles,  lies  through  a  narrow  defile  or  canyon  along  the  water- 
course known  as  Potlatch  creek.  It  is  in  this  canyon  that  the 
town  of  Kendrick  is  located.  The  stranger  visiting  this  point 
for  the  first  time  is  led  to  inquire,  on  what  can  a  town  located 
here  be  supported  ?  On  either  side  of  Kendrick  rise  sharp  hills 
to  an  elevation  of  about  1,500  feet.  Outside  of  the  railroad 
route  the  place  is  seemingly  inaccessible  and  yet  the  condition 
of  the  business  enjoyed  by  the  town  shows  this  to  be  one  of  the  most  prosperous 
points  of  the  state. 

An  easy  ride  over  one  of  the  numerous  winding  highways  which  reach  the  top  of 
the  hills  back  of  Kendrick  is  the  best  educator  on  the  subject  of  Kendrick 's  prosperity. 
As  far  as  the  eye  can  reach  from  the  summits  of  these  hills  stretch  away  the  rich 
lands  and  well  kept  farms  of  the  district  which  pours  all  its  wealth  into  the  coflFers  of 
its  principal  trading  center,  Kendrick.  This  land  is  gently  rolling  as  is  all  of  the 
good  wheat  land  of  Eastern  Washington,  and  it  comprises  one  of  the  most  fertile 


Public  Schooi,  Kendrick. 


;  -l 


Kendn'ck,  Idaho. 


493 


sections  of  the  coast.  This  land  when  properly  cultivated  yields  from  30  to  60  bnsh- 
els  of  wheat  to  the  acre,  and  in  this  district  are  situated  fine  farms,  well  kept  orchards 
and  it  is  occupied  by  a  well-to-do  and  progressive  set  of  farmers.  In  plain  view  of 
the  summits  of  the  hills  back  of  Kendrick  is  the  Nez  Perces  Indian  reservation,  only 
six  miles  distant  from  Kendrick.  This  reservation  comprises  fine  lauds,  its  total 
area  being  about  500,000  square  acres.  Those  who  are  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the 
wonderful  productiveness  of  the  soil  of  the  Potlatch  district  of  which  Kendrick  is 
the  trading  and  banking  center,  look  forward  with  considerable  interest  to  the  time 
when  the  lands  of  this  reservation  will  be  thrown  open  to  settlement.  It  is  hoped 
that  this  will  be  done  within  the  next  two  years.  The  opening  of  this  reservation 
would  largely  increase  the  general  prosperity  of  the  entire  section  tributary  to  Ken- 
drick and  it  would  also  insure  a  greater  degree  of  importance  to  the  town  itself  than 
this  place  now  enjoys. 

No  less  than  six  "ridges"  or  narrow  strips  of  agricultural  land,  separated  by 
canyons,  converge  at  Kendrick.  Good  county  roads  connect  the  town  with  all 
these  outlying  districts.  The  names  applied  to  these  several  "ridges"  are  the  Pot- 
latch,  Cedar  creek,  Texas,  Big  Bear,  Little  Bear  and  American.  The  soil  of  all  the 
lands  on  these  *'  ridges  "  is  noted  for  its  wonderful  fertility  and  it  will  produce  all 
the  cereals  and  fruits  such  as  peaches,  apples,  pears,  plums,  quinces,  prunes,  cherries 
and  smaller  fruits  in  great  abundance.  It  is  estimated  that  at  least  1,500  square  miles 
of  land  is  tributary  to  Kendrick  and  the  character  of  this  tributary  section  is  such 
that  its  trade  can  never  go  to  any  other  point  but  Kendrick.  In  addition  to  this, 
Kendrick  is  also  the  nearest  trading  point  for  the  Boulder,  Ruby  and  Cedar  mining 
districts.  The  section  tributary  to  this  town  is  also  rich  in  timber,  and  within  20 
miles  of  the  place  are  hundreds  of  acres  of  valuable  white  pine,  which  is  yet  practi- 
cally untouched. 

Kendrick's  location  is  a  strong  one.  The  merchants  here  have  no  fears  of  a  rival 
town  springing  up  at  a  near  point,  and  the  trade  that  comes  here  cannot  well  go  any- 
where else.  The  trade  of  the  place  being  in  the  staple  lines  of  an  agricultural  com- 
munity where  crops  never  fail,  the  people  here  do  not  suffer  from  the  financial 
depressions  which  with  annoying  regularity  worry  the  banks  and  business  men  of 
other  less  favored  localities.  The  town  of  Kendrick  is  today  less  than  four  years  old. 
Two  years  ago  the  place  was  almost  entirely  wiped  out  of  existence  by  a  fire,  and  its 
growth  has  practically  been  compassed  within  the  two  years  past.  It  now  contains 
about  700  people,  and  is  substantially  and  handsomely  built  up.  Several  good  busi- 
ness blocks  line  the  main  street,  and  the  merchants  here  carry  large  and  well  assorted 
stocks  of  goods.  The  town  has  the  benefit  of  good  water  works,  a  fine  electric  light 
plant  and  supports  a  weekly  newspaper,  The  Gazette.  Two  Methodist,  one  Presby- 
terian and  one  United  Brethren  churches  are  established  at  Kendrick.  The  town  has 
the  advantage  of  excellent  public  schools  and  the  many  public  improvements  which 
have  been  made  here  are  in  keeping  with  the  progressive  policy  of  the  citizens  who 
have  built  a  town  at  this  point. 

Kendrick  now  contains  a  flouring  mill,  with  a  daily  capacity  of  50  barrels,  and 
three  grain  warehouses.  During  the  past  year  (1893),  the  shipments  of  wheat  from 
this  point  amounted  to  about  500,000  bushels.  The  Spokane  &  Palouse  railroad  line 
which  was  completed  to  this  point  in  1891,  has  given  a  great  impetus  to  the  growth 
of  the  rich  section  of  country  in  which  Kendrick  is  located  and  it  is  this  railroad 
which  is  responsible  for  a  large  part  of  the  prosperity  which  the  town  now  enjoyB. 


I 


Vi\ 


W,'\ 


494 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


f  1 


First  National  Bank,  Kendrick. 


The  First  Nationai^  Bank. — The  First  National  Bank  of  Kendrick  was  organ- 
ized in  August,  1892,  with  a  capital  stock 
of  150,000.  Its  undivided  profits  now  ex- 
ceed $6,000.  The  officers  of  the  bank  are 
F.  N.  Gilbert,  president,  A.  T.  Gilbert,  vice- 
president,  Matthew  Jacobs,  cashier,  and  A. 
W.  Gordon,  assistant  cashier.  The  First 
National  Bank,  through  the  financial  prom- 
inence of  its  stockholders  and  the  conserva- 
tism of  the  cashier,  Mr.  Jacobs,  has  won 
the  confidence  of  a  long  list  of  depositors 
since  the  date  of  its  organization,  and  is  now 
on  the  strongest  of  financial  footings  and  is 
justly  popular  with  its  customers. 
HoTEi.  St.  Elmo.— The  Hotel 

St.  Elmo  is  a  new  and  practically 

fire-proof  two-story  brick  hotel.     It 

contains  32  neatly  furnished  rooms, 

all  of  which   are  lighted  by  elec- 
tricity.      It  is  the  only  hotel    in 

Kendrick  and  is  conducted  on   a 

strictly    first-class    plan.        M.   C. 

Normoyle  is  the  proprietor  and  he 

is  a  hotel  man  of  I'jng  experience. 

Guests  at  this  hotel  are  conveyed 

to  and  from  trains  and  they  receive 

the  most  courteous  attention  while 

stopping  at  this  popular  house. 

Potter  &  Coutts. — The  well-known  firm  of  Potter  &  Coutts  are  authority  011 
all  matters  pertaining  to  real  estate,  loans,  insurance,  investments  and  collections  in 
the  country  tributary  to  Kendrick.  This  firm  has  now  been  engaged  in  business  in 
Kendrick  for  three  years.  Mr.  Potter,  the  senior  member,  is  one  of  the  original 
owners  of  the  towusite  of  Kendrick.  Mr.  Coutts,  the  junior  member,  is  an  attorney 
at  law.  All  communications  addressed  to  this  reliable  firm  will  receive  prompt 
attention. 

E.  S.  Crumbaker. — Mr.  E.  S.  Crumbaker  is  an  attorney  at  law  and  gives 
special  attention  to  collections  and  real  estate  as  vvell  as  investments  and  insurance. 
Mr.  Crumbaker  will  be  glad  to  reply  to  all  inquiries  concerning  Kendrick  of  what- 
ever nature. 


^^ 

asTtt-H^ 

to^ 

^^m 

^ffl^^^^«^ 

'irf'^ff"-.'*'-'' 

!V-^rWfB'^'"r" 

BS^^^^^J^fl^wnB 

^  "^^UBB 

SEHnnfflfntHnnMn'* 

IgPi 

III 'fflVnoki'* 

s^^P^ 

-^^ 

HOTEL  St.  Elmo,  Kendrick. 


i 


Iiewlston,  IdaliO. — The  history  of  Lewiston,  the  capital  of  Nez  Perces 
county,  Idaho,  dates  back  vs  far  as  i860,  or  to  the  time  when  gold  discoveries 
were  first  made  in  the  Oro  Fino  and  Florence  districts  80  miles  to  the  east.  By  the 
latter  part  of  May,  1862,  it  is  claimed  that  20,000  people  had  flocked  to  the  scenes  of 
these  early  mining  operations  and  the  yield  of  gold  from  these  diggings  was  reported 
at  $7,000,000.  Lewiston  owes  its  location  to  the  fact  that  it  is  at  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion on  the  Snake  river,  and  it  was  from  this  point  that  the  thousands  of  early  gold 
hunters  who  had  come  up  the  river  from  the  coast  found  their  chief  outfitting  station. 


Lewiston,  Idaho. 


495 


Nez  perces  county  Couht  House, 
Lewiston, 


During  the  early  days  of  her  existence,  Lewiston  en- 
joyed a  remarkably  rapid  growth,  though  perhaps  a  little 
of  the  mushroom  order.  During  the  height  of  the  gold 
excitement  in  Norther:^  Idaho  the  town  boasted  of  a  popu- 
lation of  fully  10,000.  today,  Lewiston  contains  scarcely 
more  than  1,500  people,  and  yet  it  is  now  one  of  the  pros- 
perous and  solid  town?  of  the  northern  part  of  the  state.  It 
is  the  wealthiest  town  in  proportion  to  population  in  the 
state.  The  assessed  valuation  here  shows  real  estate  valued 
at  1750,000.  This  is  conceded  to  be  about  one-third  the 
actual  value  of  the  property  assessed.  The  300  vc  s  of 
Lewiston,  perhaps,  make  up  the  majority  of  land  owners  here.  The  assessment  rolls 
accredit  $2,500  worth  of  taxable  property  to  each  of  these  voters,  property  that,  at 
its  actual  valuation,  is  conceded  to  be  worth  |7,5oo.  Lewiston  challenges  the  world 
for  a  parallel  statement.  The  people  here  are  all  prosperous  and  happy  and,  with- 
out the  aid  of  railroad  connection,  Lewiston  is  conceded  to  be  one  of  the  richest 
inland  cities  of  the  coast. 

Lewiston  is  located  at  the  confluence  of  the  Snake  and  Clearwater  rivers,  each 
of  which  streams  carries  a  sufficient  volume  of  water  to  float  large  steamers.  A  regu- 
lar line  of  steamboats  operates  on  the  Snake  river  between  Lewiston  and  Riparia, 
connection  being  made  with  the  Union  Pacific  railroad  at  the  latter  point.  The 
elevation  of  Lewiston  is  but  700  feet  above  sea  level,  while  rising  on  all  sides  of  the 
town  are  plateaus  of  the  richest  farming  land  of  a  general  altitude  of  from  2,000  to 
4,000  feet.  The  winters  of  Lewiston  are  not  cold,  the  thermometer  seldom  dropping 
here  below  zero,  while  the  summers  are  not  uncomfortably  hot. 

The  soil  of  the  lands  idjacent  and  tributary  to  Lewiston  is  excellent  in  quality. 

It  is  deep  and,  without  the  aid  of  irrigation ,  yields  large  crops  of  cereals  and  grasses. 

In  certain  parts  of  the  countr}'  tributary  to  Lewiston  crops  during  seasons  of  pro- 
tracted drought  have  suffered,  but  it  is  claimed  by  those 
who  have  given  the  subject  the  most  careful  attention  here 
that  irrigation  can  easily  be  provided  for  these  arid  belts  at 
a  small  expense.  The  valley  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  Lewis- 
ton  are  especially  adapted  to  fruit  raising.  These  lands 
produce  with  the  most  lavish  abundance  almost  every 
variety  of  deciduous  fruits.  The  climate  and  soil  combine 
here  to  make  fruit  raising  a  very  profitable  industry.  The 
grapes,  peaches,  apricots  and  melons  of  the  Snake  River 
valley  are  famous,  while  apples,  pears,  prunes,  cherries  and 
all  the  smaller  fruits  grow  as  well  here  as  on  any  part  of  the 

coast.    Grapes  yield  as  high  on  these  lands  as  six  tons  to  the  acre,  while  the  peach 

crop  never  fails,  and  the  quality  of  the  peaches  raised  here  vies  with  that  of  the  finest 

peach  crops  of  New  Jersey. 

The  transportation  problem  is  one  which  the  people  of  Lewiston  have  vainly 
attempted  to  solve  for  many  years  past.  A  tri-weekly  steamer  now  runs  between 
Lewiston  and  Riparia,  a  six-hours'  ride  down  the  river,  where  close  connection  is 
made  with  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  on  the  through  line  betwen  Portland  and  Spo- 
kane. Two  daily  stage  lines,  one  of  which  is  run  to  connect  with  the  Northern 
Pacific  trains,  make  the  trip  from  Lewiston  to  Uniontown,  a  station  on  the  line  of 


Public  School,  Lewiston. 


i  I 


496 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


First  m    e.  Chuhch,  lewiston. 


the  Northern  Pacific,  12  miles  distant.  It  is  probable,  however,  that  Lewiston  will 
enjoy  railroad  communication  with  the  outer  world  at  an  early  day  in  the  future. 

The  Northern  Paci.ic  has  already  built  to  Juliaetta,  in  the 
Potlatch  district,  a  point  within  25  miles  of  Lewiston.  The 
citizens  of  Lewiston  have  raised  a  cash  bonus  of  $75,000, 
to  be  paid  to  the  Northern  Pacific  on  condition  that  the 
road  be  completed  to  Lewiston  by  January  of  the  present 
year.  The  roadbed  is  partially  graded,  but  owing  to  the 
prevailing  stringency  in  the  money  market  during  the  past 
year,  the  Northern  Pacific  was  unable  to  earn  the  subsidy. 
The  time  will  probably  be  extended,  however,  and  although 
the  road  is  now  in  the  hands  of  a  receiver,  the  short  con- 
nection between  Juliaetta  may  be  finished  during  the  present  year. 

Lewiston  is  solidly  built.  The  main  street  is  graced  with  a  number  of  two  and 
three  story  brick  blocks.  Main  street,  the  principal  business  thoroughfare,  is  broad 
and  well  kept.  It  is  fully  two  miles  long,  and  beyond  the  business  section  of  the 
city  is  lined  with  handsome  residences  with  ample  and  well  kept  surrounding  yards. 
The  street  is  well  shaded  on  either  side  with  the  Lombardy  silver  poplars.  Lewis- 
ton  contains  two  national  banks,  which  are  on  the  strongest  of 
financial  footings.  A  complete  system  of  water  works,  which  cost 
$too,ooo,  is  owned  by  citizens  of  the  town.  The  supply  of  water 
here  is  inexhaustible,  and  the  pressure  is  ample  for  protection 
Bgainst  fire.  Lewiston  has  a  good  fire  department  and  an  electric 
light  system.  Among  the  manufacturing  industries  of  the 
city  may  be  mentioned  a  patent  roller-process  flouring  m:l\ 
a  brewery,  two  saw  mills,  a  planing  mill  and  machine  works. 
Other  important  factors  that  contribute  to  Lewiston 's  pros- 
perity, are  two  daily  stage  lines  to  Uniontown,  one  daily 
stage  line  to  Camas  prairie,  and  stages  daily  to  Moscow, 
Genesee,  Asotin  and  Pomeroy,  and  a  tri-weekly  line  to  the 
Potlatch  country.  A  department  of  the  United  States  land 
office,  for  the  counties  of  Nez  Perces,  Idaho  and  Latah,  is 

also  established  at  this  point.  Lewiston  also  boasts  of  a  branch  of  the  supreme  court 
of  the  state.  The  town  is  the  distributing  center  for  a  large  area  of  rich  country, 
and  it  is  the  headquarters  for  the  immense  logging  interests  which  annually  handle 
large  drives  of  logs  on  the  Clearwater  river. 

Lewiston  is  justly  proud  of  her  excellent  educational  advantages.  The  public 
schools  are  of  the  first  order  in  their  appointments.  The  average  attendance  at 
the  public  schools  of  the  city  is  about  200.  The  last  session  of  the  Idaho  state 
legislature  designated  Lewiston  as  the  place  where  the  State  Normal  School  should 
be  located.  The  state  endowed  this  institution  with  the  revenue  to  be  derived 
from  50,000  acres  of  land.  The  buildings  for  the  normal  school  here  will  be  erected 
during  the  present  year.  The  St.  Alcysius  Academy,  a  Catholic  institution,  was 
first  opened  to  students  in  the  fall  of  1883.  The  attendance  at  this  school  has  stead- 
ily increased  each  year  since  it  was  first  opened.  Lewiston  boasts  of  some  very  hand- 
some church  edifices,  among  which  may  be  mentioned  the  First  Methodist,  the  Meth- 
odist Episcopal  South,  the  Episcopal,  Presbyterian  and  Catholic. 

Lewiston  supports  two  good  weekly  newspapers,  The  Teller  and  The  Tribune 
it  has  two  hotels  and  two  livery  stables. 


Episcopal  Church,  Lewiston. 


GrangeviUe  and  Camas  Prairie,  Idaho. 


4J>7 


The  following  figures,  obtained  from  the  United  States  land  office  at  Lewiston, 
will  furnish  satisfactory  information  of  the  amount  of  land  tributary  to  this  town. 
In  Nez  Perces  county  there  have  been  surveyed  :  fruit 
and  garden  lauds,  20,000  acres;  grain  land,  40,000  acres  ; 
grazing  land,  54,945  acres,  making  a  total  of  surveyed 
land  in  the  county  of  114,945  acres.  In  addition  to 
this  there  are  in  the  county  350,000  acres  of  unsurveyed 
grazing  lands.  On  Craig's  Mountain  there  have  been 
surveyed  75,000  acres  of  grain  and  timothy  lands,  and 
125,000  acres  of  grazing  lands  on  the  mountain  are  still 
unsurveyed.  On  Nez  Perces  Indian  Reservation,  in  Nez 
Perces  county,  there  are  385,000  acres  of  agricultural, 
timber  and  grazing  lands,  making  a  grand  total  of 
1,049,945  acresof  land  which  can  be  considered  tributary 
to  this  town. 


Presbyterian  Church.  Lewiston. 


Granfjeville  and  Camas  Prairie. — Idaho  county  occupies  a  central 
position  in  the  state  of  the  same  name.  It  reaches  from  the  boundary  line  of  Oregon 
on  the  west  to  the  dividing  line  between  Idaho  and  Montana  on  the  east,  a  distance 
of  about  200  miles,  while  the  length  of  the  county  from  north  to  south  is  about  the 
same,  the  shape  of  the  county  being  nearly  square.  While  the  surface  of  a  large 
portion  of  Idaho  county  is  rugged  and  mountainous,  yet  the  largest  body  of  agri- 
cultural land  in  the  state  lying  in  one  piece  is  found  in  Idaho  county.  This  fertile 
belt  is  what  is  known  as  Camas  prairie.  It  is  with  this  remarkable  section  of  land 
that  the  present  article  has  to  deal. 

Camas  prairie  can  be  reached  at  the  present  time  only  by  stage  from  Lewiston, 
which  is  located  in  Nez  Perces  county,  on  the  Snake  river.  A  few  miles  above  Lewis- 
ton  is  the  mouth  of  Salmon  river.  The  Lewiston  and  GrangeviUe  stage  line  extends 
in  a  southeasterly  direction  from  Lewiston,  running  between  the  Salmon  and  Clear- 
water rivers.  Forty  miles  above  Lewiston  the  stage  crosses  the  dividing  line  between 
Ntz  Perces  and  Idaho  counties.  For  one-half  of  this  distance  the  road  crosses  a 
country  of  low  elevation  and  prairie-like  character,  a  greater  portion  of  the  land  of 
which  is  now  under  cultivation.  At  the  boundary  line  of  Idaho  county  the  foot  of 
Craig's  Mountain  is  reached.  This  elevation  is  ascended  by  a  circuitous  though  not 
a  precipitous  county  roadway.      Near  the  summit  Lake  Waha,    a  crystal  sheet  of 

blue  water  abounding  in   gamy   fish  and   sur- 
rounded by  the  most  picturesque  charms  of  na- 
ture, is  passed.      The  shores  of  this  lake   are 
fast  becoming  a  popular  summer  resort  for  the 
people  of  the    surrounding  country. 
The  summit  of  Craig's   Mountain   is 
reached  from  the  lake  by  easy  grades. 
On  top  of  the  mountain   are   a   few 
miles  of  very  easy  traveling,  through 
fields  of  hay  and  waving  fields  of  grain, 
over  prairie  and  table-lands.      This  is 
the    great    plateau    of    the    summit. 
STOCK  SCENE,  cam«8  pRAiHrE.  Tfac  first  vlcw  of  Camds  prairie  from 

any  part  of  the  stage  route  is  obtained  when  Cottonwood  butte  is  reached  on 


: 


..;i.  \ 


gtr 


i 


498 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


the  descent  of  the  eastern  slope  of  Craig's  Mountain.  It  is  safe  to  venture  the 
assertion  that  the  traveler  who  has  arrived  at  this  point  for  the  first  time  will  uncon- 
sciously pause  and  meditate  for  some  moments  on  the  grandeur  of  the  landscape 
that  is  suddenly  presented  to  his  view  here.  The  scene  from  Cottonwood  butte  is 
truly  an  inspiring  one.  Spread  before  the  beholder  is  a  section  of  country  30  miles 
in  length  and  about  20  miles  wide.  On  a  clear  day  these  thousands  of  acres  of  gently 
undulating  land,  dotted  here  and  there  with  settlements,  and  on  which  large  bands 
of  horses  and  cattle  are  contentedly  feeding,  with  their  waving  fields  of  wheat,  oats, 
barley,  flax  or  timothy,  form  a  panorama  that  is  more  entrancing  than  is  the  greatest 
painting  of  the  master  artist.  To  the  south  from  this  point  are  seen  the  snow-capped 
peaks  of  the  Salmon  River  Mountains,  and  towering  still  above  these  lofty  elevations 
are  the  sawtooth  eminences  of  the  Seven  Devils.  Far  to  the  east  are  the  lofty  heights 
of  the  Bitter  Root  Range,  which  merges  into  the  CcEur  d'Alene  Mountains  on  the 
north  and  which  joins  Craig's  Mountain  on  the  west.  This  magnificent  circle  of 
mountains  is  unbroken  with  the  exception  of  easy  passes  here  and  there  which  will 
in  the  near  future  furnish  open  gateways  for  the  entry  of  railroad  lines  to  Camas 
prairie,  one  of  the  most  fertile  sections  of  the  West. 

As  before  stated,  Camas  prairie  is  about 30  miles  long  and  about  20  miles  in  width. 
It  lies  between  the  Salmon  and  Clearwater  rivers,  streams  which  parallel  each  other, 
the  Salmon  river  running  on  the  south  and  the  Clearwater  on  the  north  and  east. 
The  distance  between  these  streams  at  the  point  where  they  come  closest  to  each 
other  is  30  miles.  These  rivers  flow  through  deep  canyons.  The  Camas  prairie  is 
reached  from  these  water-courses  by  following  the  courses  of  the  several  creeks 
which  find  their  source  along  the  foothills  of  the  mountains  back  and  which  empty 
into  the  larger  streams  below. 

The  topography  of  Camas  prairie  is  best  described  as  being  of  a  gently  rolling 
character.  The  bedrock  below  the  soil  is  basalt  of  volcanic  origin,  while  the  sur- 
face above  this  is  a  deep,  black  loam  of  the  same  character  as  is  found  on  the  best 
lands  of  the  famous  Palouse  wheat  belt  of  Washington.  This  soil  produces  remark- 
able yields  of  all  kinds  of  cereals  and  grasses,  fruits  and  vegetables.  Camas  prairie 
is  well  watered  by  the  Cottonwood,  Three  Mile,  Butcher  and  John's  creeks,  which 
flow  through  it  and  empty  into  the  Clearwater  and  Grave  creeks  and  the  waters  of 
Rocky  canyon,  which  flow  into  Salmon  river.  A  bountiful  supply  of  well  water  is 
obtained  on  the  prairie  in  almost  any  locality  at  depths  varying  from  10  to  60  feet. 
The  altitude  of  Camas  prairie  is  about  3,000  feet  above  sea  level.  The  climate  of  this 
part  of  the  state  is  by  no  means  severe.  Frosts  seldom  appear  here  before  Decem- 
ber, and  the  snowfalls  during  the  winter  months  are  not  heavy  and  snow  seldom 
remains  on  the  ground  here  longer  than  a  week  at  a  time.  The  warm  chinook  winds 
blowing  up  from  the  southwest  and  the  currents  of  warm  air  which  rises  from  the 
river  canyons  below  tend  to  greatly  temper  the  rigors  of  winter  on  Camas  prairie. 

The  population  of  Camas  prairie  at  the  present  time  does  not  exceed  4,000. 
Owing  to  lack  of  railroad  connection  with  the  outside  world,  the  farmers  here 
now  give  their  attention  principally  to  stock  raising,  although  sufficient  products 
of  agriculture  are  raised  to  amply  meet  the  local  demands.  The  sale  of  sur- 
plus stock  in  this  section  is  annually  increasing  and  it  now  averages  yearly  about 
$100,000  in  value. 

The  mineral  resources  of  Idaho  county  are  worthy  of  more  than  passing  notice 
in  the  present  article,  owing  to  the  proximity  and  accessibility  of  these  mineral 


Grangeville  and  Camas  Prairie,  Idaho. 


499 


deposits  to  Camas  prairie.  The  excitement  attending  the  discovery  of  the  placer 
gold-fields  of  Oro  Fino,  Elk  City,  Florence  and  Warrens  diggings  here  in  the  early 
6o's  will  be  remembered  by  many  of  the  old  residents  of  the  Northwest.  Although 
placer  mining  is  now  on  the  decline, recent  valuable  quartz  discoveries  in  these  same  dis- 
tricts and  the  active  preparation  already  made  for  their  development  promise  a 
greater  activity  in  mining  in  these  districts  than  was  noted  30  years  ago.  In 
the  Warrens  district  several  valuable  gold-quartz  ledges  are  now  being  worked  at  a 
profit,  although  at  something  of  a  disadvantage  owing  to  the  lack  of  wagon  roads 
and  the  consequent  heavy  cost  of  hauling  supplies  to  the  mines.  A  state  wagon 
road  has  just  been  completed  at  a  cost  of  $50,000,  which  will  reach  these  mines. 
This  road  is  about  ready  to  be  opened  to  travel  and  it  will  undoubtedly  give  a  great 
impetus  to  the  working  of  the  valuable  quartz  mines  of  Idaho  county. 

A  very  rich  section  of  Idaho  county  is  the  Alton  mining  district.  It  is  noted  for 
its  rich  ledges  and  it  only  awaits  the  building  of  wagon  roads  to  become  a  very  prom- 
inent mining  section.  The  Elk  City  district  lies  in  the  foothills  of  the  Bitter  Root 
Mountains  and  is  regarded  by  experts  as  being  remarkably  rich  in  surface  display. 
A  road  to  this  district  is  assured  during  the  present  year  (1894).  The  completion  of 
this  road  will  give  Camas  prairie  means  of  communication  with  one  of  the  most 
promising  mineral  belts  of  the  Pacific  coast.  The  famous  Seven  Devils  mines 
are  copper  properties.  Active  preparations  are  now  being  made  to  develop  these 
mines  on  a  large  scale. 

The  timber  resources  of  Idaho  county  are  apparently  inexhaustible.  The  western 
slope  of  the  Bitter  Root  Mountains  alone  is  covered  with  a  dense  growth  of  pine,  fir, 
tamarack  and  cedar.  This  timber  belt  is  about  100x80  miles  in  extent.  The  forests 
here  are  easily  accessible  and  they  contain  sufficient  timber  to  meet  the  demands  of 
this  section  for  many  years  in  the  future. 

The  towns  of  Camas  prairie  will  always  remain  the  principal  supply  points  for  all 
the  vast  mineral  and  timber  sections  of  countrj'  back  of  this  belt  of  rich  agricultural 
land.  Camas  prairie  is  the  only  bodj*  of  agricultural  land  between  Lewiston  prairies 
and  the  mining  districts  of  Montana  and  it  is  also  the  only  fertile  belt  separating  the 
great  mineral  section  of  Northern  and  Southern  Idaho.  The  prevailing  cheapness 
of  land  in  this  prairie  at  the  present  time  will  undoubtedly  attract  a  large  immigra- 
tion to  this  part  of  the  state  during  the  present  year.  The  finest  ranches,  all  under 
fence  and  with  the  usual  farm  improvements  can  yet  be  bought  here  for  from  $10  to 
|20  an  acre.  Wild  and  unimproved  lands  on  the  prairie  find  a  ready  sale  at  from  $5 
to  $8  an  acre.  Three  years  ago  these  lands  could  have  been  purchased  at  less  than 
one-half  their  present  selling  price  and  three  years  hence  it  is  not  unreasonable  to 
expect  that  they  will  as  readily  bring  twice  the  amount  they  are  today  being  sold  for. 
The  population  of  Camas  prairie  is  rapidly  increasing  and  immediate  prospects  of 
railroad  connection  with  the  outside  world  promise  quite  a  boom  for  this  section 
in  the  near  future.  There  is  now  but  little  desirable  government  land  on  Camas 
prairie. 

The  soil  of  Camas  prairie  is  a  black  loam  varying  in  thickness  from  a  few  inches 
to  several  feet.  The  subsoil  is  clay  and  is  about  18  inches  in  depth.  The  land  here 
produces  a  fine  bunchgrass  which  is  self-curing  and  very  nutritious.  Cattle  and 
horses  range  on  the  natural  pasturage  almost  during  the  entire  year  without  attention. 
Some  of  the  finest  breeds  of  cattle  and  the  best  grades  of  horses  are  raised  on  Camas 
prairie.     The  surplus  stock  is  rounded  up  every  spring  and  fall  and  is  driven  to  Lew- 


n 


'■\  1 


500 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


iston  or  Genesee,  distant  about  65  miles,  and  shipped  from  these  points  by  the  Union 
or  Northern  Pacific  railroads  to  different  parts  of  Oregon,  Washington  or  Idaho. 
Large  bands  of  horses  are  frequently  bunched  and  driven  to  Montana  or  Dakota 
where  they  command  prices  ranging  from  $15  a  head  for  cay  uses  to  $300  a  span  for 
blooded  mares.  The  principal  crop  now  raised  on  Camas  prairie  is  timothy.  The 
cereals  do  well  here,  wheat  averaging  from  30  to  60  bushels  to  the  acre,  oats  50  to  75 
bushels  and  barley  60  bushels. 

Adjoining  Camas  prairie  on  the  north  and  east  is  the  Nez  Perces  Indian  reserva- 
tion, \<rhich  contains  765,000  acres  of  land.  At  least  three- fourths  of  this  land  is  sus- 
ceptible of  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  There  are  todaj*  about  1,800  Indians  in  the 
Nez  Perces  tribe  which  is  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  prosperous,  industrious  and 
intelligent  of  the  primitive  American  race.  The  Indians  here  have  already  received 
their  allotments  of  land  in  severalty.  The  remaining  lands  of  the  reservation,  com- 
prising about  500,000  acres,  will  soon  be  thrown  open  to  settlement  by  congress. 
This  land  is  among  the  finest  in  the  Northwest.  The  people  of  Camas  prairie,  as 
well  ai  others  interested  in  the  development  of  this  part  of  the  state,  are  urging  con- 
gress to  speedy  action  in  the  matter  of  appropriating  this  land,  and  it  is  hoped  that 
the  national  government  will  take  some  action  on  this  matter  during  the  present 
session  of  congress.  A  large  portion  of  the  reservation  is  directly  tributary  to  Camas 
prairie.  It  lies  directly  between  Camas  prairie  and  Snake  river.  It  is  felt  that  the 
opening  of  the  lands  of  this  reservation  to  settlement  will  alone  insure  Camas  prairie 
speedy  railroad  connection.  Both  the  Northern  and  the  Union  Pacific  have  already 
made  surveys  for  extending  their  lines  into  the  Camas  prairie  country.  The  Spokane 
&  Palouse  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  will  probably  be  completed  from  Juliaetta 
to  Lewiston  during  the  present  year,  and  it  is  expected  that  the  line  will  be 
extended  from  that  point  to  Camas  prairie.  The  Union  Pacific  has  run  surveys  from 
Lewiston  via  Camas  prairie  to  a  connection  with  the  main  line  in  the  southern  por- 
tion of  the  state.  It  is  hardly  probable  tha!  one  of  the  most  inviting  sections  of  the 
state  will  long  be  denied  railroad  coriutctior  with  the  outside  world,  and  with  the 
advent  of  the  iron  horse  Camas  prairie  n'ill  become  one  of  the  most  prosperous  sec- 
tions of  the  West. 


Grange vllle,  Irtalio. — Grangeville  is  the  largest  center  of  population  on 
Camas  prairie,  the  town  claiming  today  about  500  people.  It  is  favorably  situated, 
being  near  the  center  of  the  prairie   from  east  to  west,  and  not  far  from  the  foothills 

of  the   Bitter  Root  range  of 
^^  '  mountains  to  the  south.     Its 

proximity  to  the  mountains 
makes  its  a  particularly 
healthful  location, and  a  most 
desirable  lace  in  which  to 
reside. 

Grangeville  has  always 
enjoyed  a  marked  degree  of 
prosperity.  Its  three  large 
general  merchandise  stores 
do  an  annual  business  of  at 
least  $250,000.  Two  solid 
banks  and  various  small  bus- 


Main  Street,  Qranqeville,  Julv  4,  isei. 


Cottonwood,  Idaho. 


501 


always 

jree  of 

large 

stores 

of  at 

solid 

11  bus- 


iness houses  are  located  at  this  point.  In  addition  to  having  a  large  country 
trade,  Grangeville  is  the  present  supply  and  outfitting  point  for  the  rich  mines 
in  the  vicinity.  In  manufacturing  industries  the  town  has  a  large  roller-process 
flouring  mill  and  a  brewery.  A  large  sawmill  is  located  two  miles  distant  from 
the  town.  The  social  and  moral  tone  of  the  community  of  Grangeville  is  of  a  very 
high  order.  The  Methodist  and  Episcopal  denominations  have  church  buildings  and 
strong  organizations  here.  A  Chataiiqua  circle,  brass  baud,  and  a  company  of  Idaho 
National  Guards,  which  is  one  of  the  best  drilled  military  organizations  in  the  state, 
the  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  who  own  a  fine  hall  here,  are  notable  features  of  the  life 
of  the  town.  A  well  conducted  hij<h  school  and  an  academy,  under  the  patronage  of 
the  Methodist  church,  are  an  indication  of  the  demands  which  exist  here  for  the  best 
educational  f  •  ilities.  Grangeville  supports  one  of  the  best  conducted  weekly  news- 
papers in  Idaho.  This  is  The  Idaho  County  Free  Press,  edited  and  conducted  by 
A.  F.  Parker,  who  is  doing  much  to  advertise  the  resources  of  the  Camas  prairie 
country.  East  of  Grangeville  i  '2  miles  is  located  the  government  experimental  sta- 
tion, one  of  three  of  the  kind  assigned  to  the  state.  The  government  has  purchased 
here  160  acres  of  land  which  has  been  set  apart  for  experiments  in  agriculture. 
Appropriate  buildings  for  this  purpose  have  already  been  erected  here  and  scientific 
men  have  been  employed  to  conduct  experiments  along  the  lines  above  specified. 

Grangeville  was  first  started  as  a  town  in  1H74.  It  has  steadily  advanced  in 
wealth  and  population  since  that  time  until  it  has  become  a  most  important  center  of 
trade  for  the  Camas  prairie  country  and  for  the  mines  of  the  districts  adjacent.  The 
business  men  of  Grangeville  are  thoroughly  alive  to  every  advantage  which  their 
promising  city  enjoys,  and  they  are  united  in  all  efforts  to  further  the  city's  interests. 
The  citizens  of  Grangeville  are  public  spirited  and  they  fully  appreciate  the  fact  that 
the  development  of  the  Camas  prairie  country  insures  the  building  up  of  their  city, 
which  is  now  the  chief  commercial  center  of  this  rich  district.  It  has  been 
through  this  ambition  of  the  people  here  which  is  largely  responsible  for  the  pres- 
tige Grangeville  now  enjoys.  Among  the  more  enterprising  citizens  of  the  city  may 
be  mentioned  W.  W.  Brown,  the  successful  manager  of  the  Bank  of  Camas  Prairie; 
A.  F.  Parker,  editor  of  The  Free  Press  ;  Messrs.  Alexander  &  Freidenrich,  Henry 
Wax,  Messrs.  Vollmer  &  Scott,  the  proprietors  of  the  three  large  general  merchan- 
dise stores  located  here;  Frank  McGrane,  a  successful  business  man,  and  George 
Schmadeka,  one  of  the  pioneers  of  Camas  prairie.  Any  of  these  gentlemen  will 
be  glad  to  answer  all  letters  of  inquiry  addressed  to  them  concerning  Grangeville  or 
Camas  prairie.  Grangeville  is  in  the  line  of  rapid  improvement  and  its  many 
advantages  are  worthy  of  the  most  careful  inspection  of  people  from  abroad  at  the 
present  time. 

Lewiston  Addition  to  Grangevillk. — The  Lewiston  Addition  to  Grangeville 
lies  southwest  of  the  city  in  a  most  desirable  locality.  The  Addition  is  beautifully 
situated  and  commands  a  magnificent  view  of  Camas  prairie  and  the  mountains 
beyond.  Lots  here  are  50  x  142  feet  in  size  and  are  held  at  $50  for  inside  and  $100  for 
corners.  The  addition  is  owned  by  the  Lewis'on  Land  Company,  which  is  composed 
of  Lewiston  and  Grangeville  capitalists. 

Cottonwood,  Idaho. — Descending  the  east  slope  of  Cottonwood  butte,  re- 
ferred to  in  the  article  on  Camas  prairie,  the  traveler  is  greeted  with  a  view  of  the 
flourishing  little  town  of  Cottonwood.  This  is  one  of  the  oldest  settled  points  on 
Camas  prairie,  and  it  occupies  the  only  gateway  for  travel  by  stage  from  the  Snake 


^ 


-.:;  J, 


«■ 


502 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


"  f ! 


river  country  below,  and  it  will,  in  all  probability,  be  the  first  point  on  Camas  prairie 
reached  by  railroad . 

Cottonwood  is  attractively  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Camas  prairie,  under  the 
foothills  of  Craig's  Mountain.  The  location  for  a  town  at  this  point  is  desirable  in  many 
respects.  The  pure  mountain  air  here  is  invigorating,  and  the  ample  supply  of  the 
purest  mountain  water  which  the  town  enjoys  is  an  additional  safeguard  to  the 
health  of  the  inhabitants.  The  wealth  of  timber  with  which  the  surface  of  Craig's 
Mountain  is  supplied  makes  Cottonwood  a  promising  manv.facturing  point.  One 
sawmill  here,  recently  erected  by  E.  S.  Sweet,  is  already  turning  out  15,000  feet  of 
lumber  a  da;*.  The  merchantable  timber  accessible  to  Cottonwood  is  apparently 
inexhaustible,  and  as  the  demand  for  lumber  increases  on  Camas  piairie,  the  num- 
ber of  sawmills  at  Cottonwood  will  naturally  increase  in  proportion.  It  is  worthy 
of  note  here  that  when  the  summit  of  Craig's  Mountain  is  reached  the  descent  does 
not  commence  until  a  broad,  fertile  section,  varying  in  width  from  5  to  10  ruiles, 
the  great  plateau  on  the  summit,  is  crossed.  Much  of  the  land  on  this  plateau  is 
naturally  barren  of  forest  growth,  while  a  large  portion  is  but  lightly  timbered. 
These  ariible  lands  are  being  lapidly  occupied  by  an  industrious  class  of  settlers. 
These  people,  living  for  a  dis<^  .r.ce  of  18  miles  back  of  Cottonwood,  do  their  trading 
at  the  latter  point.  Cotton  vvcod  also  derives  a  large  patronage  from  Camas  prairie 
proper,  and  from  the  thickly  populated  districts  of  White  Bird  and  Dumax  plains. 

The  citizens  of  Cottonwood  are  always 
on  the  alert  for  new  enterprises  which  will 
aid  in  building  up  their  town.  As  a  result 
of  this  enterprise,  the  largest  roller-process 
flouring  mill  in  the  state  of  Idaho  is  lo- 
cated here.  This  mill  has  a  daily  capacity 
of  200  barrels.  It  was  established  at  Cot- 
tonwood during  the  past  year.  The  man- 
ager was  induced  to  select  this  point  for 
the  establishment  of  his  plant  by  the  many 
advatitages  offered  here  for  a  large  flouring 
mill,  and  also  by  a  liberal  land  and  cash 
subsidy  which  the  enterprising  people  subscribed  to  here. 

Prominent  among  tue  business  institutions  of  Cottonwood  are  a  bank,  the  large 
general  merchandise  .otore  of  Messrs.  Goldstone  &  Wax,  which  carries  a  stock  of 
goods  valued  at  $25,000,  a  live  weekly  newspaper,  The  Cottonwood  Report,  and  the 
usual  number  of  smaller  stores,  as  well  as  a  good  hotel  and  two  livery  stables.  Cot- 
tonwood has  a  population  of  about  150.  New  stores  and  new  residences  are  noted 
on  everj  hand,  and  the  probabilities  are  that  Cottonwood,  a  year  hence,  will  contain 
twice  as  r*  'ny  peoplv*  as  reside  here  today. 

The  Methodist  and  Catholic  denominations  have  neat  little  c  lurch  buildings  at 
Cottonwood,  and  the  organization  of  each  is  strong.  The  public  schools  of  the  town 
are  well  attended,  and  are  presided  over  by  two  competent  te'ichers.  As  befo'  ^ 
stated,  the  town  enjoys  an  enviable  location,  when  considered  in  relation  to  futur* 
railroad  connection  between  Camas  prairie  and  outside  points  now  reached  by  lines 
of  road.  Cottonwood  and  Meadow  Creek  passes  are  said  to  be  the  most  practicable 
routes  for  railroads  entering  the  prairie.  Surveys  have  already  been  made  through 
these  gaps,     A  careful  examination  of  a  map  of  this  country  will  show  very  plainly 


GENERAL  Store,  Goldstone  &  w«x,  Cottonwood. 


Denver,  Idaho. 


oOH 


las  prairie 


that  Cottonwood  is  en  the  direct  line  with  railroads  which  must  reach  Camas  prairie 
through  either  of  th>  above-named  passes. 

Cottonwood  is  fortunate  in  possessing  a  few  public- spirited  citizens,  who  are 
untiring  in  their  efforts  to  make  their  chosen  town  one  of  the  most  important  points 
en  Camas  prairie.  Prominent  among  these  are  Mr.  Goldstone,  of  the  firm  of  Gold- 
stone  &  Wax  ;  F.J.  Hogan,  a  successful  business  man,  representing  the  interests  of 
L.  P.  Brown,  of  Mt.  Idaho  ;  J.  H.  Wann,  assessor  for  Idaho  county,  and  owner  of  a 
valuable  addition  to  Cottonwood,  and  J.  S.  Rhoads,  who  is  interested  in  the  townsite 
of  Cottonwood.  Any  or  all  of  these  gentlemen  will  give  prompt  attention  to  all 
communications  addressed  to  them  concerning  Cottonwood  or  Camas  prairie. 

Denver,  Idaho. — The  Denver  of  Idaho  has  been  founded  and  located  exactly 
in  the  geographical  center  of  Camas  prairie,  on  the  broad  plateau  lying  between  the 
Salmon  and  the  Clearwater  rivers.  Scarcely  a  year  and  a  half  ago  a  syndicate  com- 
posed of  well-known  capitalists  of  Moscow,  Pullman  and  Camas  Prairie  was  formed, 
and  the  name  adopted  for  the  syndicate  was  the  Camas  Prairie  Land  and  Town 
Company.  They  purchased  from  Hon.  B  F.  Morris,  of  Camas  prairie,  a  tract  of 
2,720  acres  of  the  richest  loam  soil,  platted  the  center  section  of  640  acres,  and 
founded  on  this  site  the  town  of  Denver. 

The  site  occupied  by  the  town  of  Jjenver  is  a  natural  one  both  topographically 
and  geographically.  The  land  occupied  by  the  town  is  somewhat  higher  than  land 
in  the  immediate  vicinity.  This  affoid.s  the  best  of  dia'nage  facilities.  The  view 
crmmanded  from  the  site  occupied  by  the  town  is  almost  as  perfect  as  that  described 
from  Cottonwood  butte.  Grangeville  and  Mount  Idaho,  distai.t  10  and  13  miles,  res- 
pectively, from  Denver,  are  in  plam  sight  to  the  east,  while  tc  the  north  and  south 
rise  the  rugged  spi'-es  of  the  Seven  Devils,  Buffalo  Hump  and  the  loftier  range  of 
the  Bitter  Root  Divide,  wiiich  is  capped  with  perennial  snows. 

While  all  the  attractions  of  the  new  town  of  Denver  arc  inviting  and  the  view  is 
entrancing,  it  was  the  necessity,  from  a  commercial  standpoint,  of  a  tov/n  at  this 
point,  that  induced  its  location  here.  The  syndicate,  in  choosing  this  point,  located 
a  young  city  that  would  be  easy  of  access  from  all  points  and  where  it  would  naturally 
command  the  trade  of  a  vast  territory  that,  from  its  resources  alone,  must  become 
thickly  settled  in  Liie  near  future.  Even  to  the  casual  observer,  the  selection  of  this 
site  for  the  ur'.juilding  of  a  city  must  have  been  patent  at  a  glance.  The  promoters 
of  the  new  townsite  claim  tV.at  Denver  is  destined  to  become  the  metropriis  and 
commercial  center  of  the  Panhandle  of  Idaho,  and  the  results  of  developmeuts  at  this 
point  during  the  past  year  furnish  them  sufficient  grounds  for  making  this  claim. 

The  town  was  started  scarcely  a  year  and  a  half  ago.  Today  Denver  is  a  bust- 
ling little  town  having  a  population  of  about  200.  A  saw  and  planing  mill  and  a  sash 
and  door  factoiy  are  kept  constantly  running  here  to  meet  the  demands  for  lumber 
and  building  material  for  the  large  number  of  structures  that  are  constantly  going 
up  here.  Almost  every  line  of  busineds  is  already  represented  at  the  new  town, 
including  two  good  hotels  and  a  well  stocked  livery  stable.  A  weekly  newspaper, 
T/ie  Denver  Tribune,  is  a  very  creditable  pubHcation  for  a  new  town  of  the  size  of 
Denver,  Denver  is  on  the  route  of  the  daily  otage  line  running,  from  Dewiston  to 
Mount  Idaho,  and  it  is  midway  between  Cottonwood  and  Grangeville,  the  distance 
between  either  point  and  Denver  being  10  miles.  Both  the  Northern  and  Union 
Pacifi .  railroads  have  made  surveys  for  new  lines  of  road  which  cross  Denver's 


, 


604 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  oi  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


ii'i 


boundaries,  and  it  is  confidently  believed  that  both  these  roads  will  reach  Camas 
prairie  in  the  near  future.  It  is  also  believed  that  sufficient  influence  vests  in  the 
shareholders  of  the  Denver  Townsite  Company  to  make  Denver  one  of  the  objective 
points  for  any  railroad  that  enters  Camas  prairie. 

The  members  of  the  townsite  company  are  I.  C.  Hattabaugh,  I.  A.  Funk,  Spots- 
wood  &  Veatch,  Dernhim  &  Kaufmann,  Jay  Wood  worth,  Wm.  Hunter,  Moscow; 
Robert  Scblicher,  John  P.  VoUmer,  Lewiston  ;  Wallace  Scott,  Grangeville ;  B.  F. 
Morris,  Denver ;  W.  A.  Nixon,  Palouse  City,  and  the  Pullman  Mercantile  Company, 
PuUtrian.  All  of  the  above  are  well-known  business  men  and  firms  in  Idaho  and 
Washington,  and  they  will  undoubtedl}'  exert  every  effort  to  make  Denver  ti  e  i^rost 
important  point  on  Camas  prairie. 

The  resources  of  Camas  prairie,  together  with  the  timber  and  mining  di«t.ncts 
tributary,  are  sufficient  in  themselves  to  build  a  large  town  at  the  present  site  of  Den- 
ver. The  townsite  has  been  laid  out  with  a  liberal  hand.  The  streets  are  loo  feet 
wide,  with  broad  alley-ways.  The  land  company  are  liberal  in  their  donations  of 
land  or  money  to  enterprises  of  merit,  and  they  hold  out  reasonable  inducements  to 
every  worthy  manufacturing  industry,  or  to  individuals,  to  locate  at  this  point. 

Mount  Idalio,  Idaho. — Snugly  situated  under  the  "Golden  Rim"  of  the 
Bitter  Root  and  Salmon  River  Mountains  is  the  seat  of  Idaho  county,  Mount  Idaho. 
This  is  the  most  picturesque  spot  on  Camas  prairie.  As  early  as  1862,  Hon.  Loyal 
P.  Brown,  the  pioneer  settler  of  Camas  prairie,  chose  the  present  site  of  the  town  for 
an  ideal  place  to  settle.  Mt.  Idaho  is  situated  at  the  timber  line  amid  the  most 
inviting  surroundings  of  groves  and  springs.  Perfectly  sheltered  from  the  blasts  of 
winter,  it  has  the  advantage  during  the  heated  term  of  the  summer  months  of  the 
gentle,  cool  mountain  breezes  which  come  down  from  the  higher  elevations  at  this 
point. 

Mount  Idaho  is  located  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Camas  prairie,  at  the  loot  -^t 
the  Melnor  trail.  In  early  days  it  was  the  sole  trading  point  on  Camas  prairie  for 
the  rich  placer  diggings  which  were  then  at  the  zenith  of  their  success.  With  the 
decline  of  placer  operations  here  other  settlements  sprung  up  at  various  points  on 
Camas  prairie,  and  the  attention  of  the  settlers  here  gradually  became  directed  to  the 
diversified  pursuits  of  agriculture  and  stock  raising.  The  trade  which  Mount  Idaho 
had  thus  so  long  enjoyed  thus  became  divided.  The  popularity  of  the  town  as  a 
place  of  resort  and  as  a  site  for  residence  increased  with  the  growth  of  population  or 
the  prairie.  It  still  maintains  the  county  seat,  a  commodious  jail  and  court  house 
being  located  here.  The  county  officers  reside  at  this  point  and  many  of  them  owj; 
attractive  residences  here.  The  population  of  the  town  today  does  notperhap, 
exceed  100.  The  place,  however,  shows  many  evidences  of  prosperity.  A  new  am', 
attractive  Masonic  hall  has  just  been  completed  here  at  a  cost  of  $2,000.  i^  new 
public  school  building  is  now  in  course  of  erection,  and  established  at  this  point  are 
a  flouring  mill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  40  barrels,  a  sawmill  with  a  "sypacity  of  10,000 
feet  a  day,  a  planing  and  shingle  mill  and  furniture  bliop.  The  I^rcobyteriai.s  have 
an  organization  here,  and  they  contemplate  building  a  ni  w  churtl  I  .  ildin.f,'  at  this 
point  in  the  near  future  to  cost  about  |i,8oo.  The  town  possesses  tw^  good  general 
merchandise  stores,  a  hotel,  livery  stable  and  other  less  important  places  of  business. 

Mount  Idaho  is  the  oldest  town  in  Idaho  county.  The  .^irst  Republican  conven- 
tion held  in  Idaho  territory  assembled  at  Mount  Idaho  in  1863.      The  first  settler  on 


H- 

f. 


I  ) 


Weiser,  Idaho. 


505 


m- 


HON.  L.  P.  Brown,  Mt.  Idaho. 


Camas  prairie,  as  before  stated,  was  Hon.  Loyal  P.  Brown.  Mr.  Brown  emigrated  to 
Idaho  county  from  Oregon  in  1862.  He  early  foresaw  the  possibilities  of  future 
development  on  Camas  prairie,  and  he  chose  for  his  home  the  present  site  of  Mount 
Idaho,  where  he  is  still  residing.  He  has 
all  along  pinned  his  faith  to  the  future  of 
Mt.  Idaho  and  Camas  prairie.  He  has 
already  done  much  to  advertise  the  ad- 
vantages of  this  section  of  the  state,  and 
he  is  now  exerting  his  influence  in  aid  of 
the  present  needs  of  Idaho  county.  The 
citizens  generally  of  Mount  Idaho  appre- 
ciate the  fact  that  Camas  prairie  must  be 
occupied  by  settlers  and  the  mining  dis- 
tricts of  Mount  Idaho  must  be  developed 
before  Mount  Idaho  can  hope  to  increase 
largely  in  population.  Since  the  atten- 
tion of  capital  has  been  attracted  to  the 
valuable  quartz  deposits  in  the  Elk  City, 
Warrens,  Florence  and  other  mining  dis- 
tricts, the  people  here  have  looked  for  a 
return  of  the  prosperity  in  these  mines 
noted  in  the  early  60' s.  Active  prepara- 
tions are  now  being  made  for  the  develop- 
ment of  these  mines.  Mount  Idaho  is 
most  easily  accessible  from  these  districts 
by  any  of  vhe  numerous  trails  that  were  cut  here  during  the  early  days  of  the  placer 
diggings. 

Weisev,  Idaho. — The  new  town  of  Weiser,  Idaho,  is  the  outgrowth  of  the  old 
"own  of  th'i  same  name  which  was  almost  totally  destroyed  by  fire  three  years  ago. 
'.he  old  town  having  been  situated  more  than  a  mile  from  the  depot  of  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad  was  only  partially  rebuilt,  the  location  chosen  as  a  site  for  the  new 
town  being  on  the  direct  line  of  the  road.  The  present  combined  population  of  the 
new  and  old  town  of  Weiser  is  about  700.  Weiser  is  427  miles  east  of  Portland  and 
If  i.ated  at  the  coiifluence  of  the  Snake  asd  Weiser  rivers.  The  Snake  is  one  of  the 
giv  »t  ,1  ater-courses  of  the  United  States,  it  really  being  the  main  body  of  the  Colum- 
bia vviiich  it  joins  near  Pasco,  Washington,  just  as  the  Missouri  is  a  larger  stream  than 
is  t,.e  Missi  ;5ippi  above  the  point  where  the  former  river  empties  into  it. 

Weiser  contains  a  number  of  good  brick  buildings  in  which  the  principal  part  of 
the  business  of  the  place  is  conducted.  In  addition  to  the  business  blocks  the  town 
contains  a  fine  brick  court  house,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $20,000,  a  public  school  build- 
ing whose  erection  involved  an  outlay  of  $to,ooo  and  two  hotels  which  cost 
$25,000.  Weiser  is  the  judicial  seat  of  Washington  county,  and  the  place  is  the 
center  of  considerable  trade. 

A  roller-process  flour  mill  is  loca'.ed  at  Weiser.  This  mill  has  a  capacity  of  125 
barrels  a  day  and  supplies  a  large  number  of  neighboring  towns  with  floui  in  addition 
to  shipping  largely  to  the  town';  of  Oregon.  Weiser  is  the  trading  point  of  that 
part  of  Idaho  which  extends  tor  about  150  .miles  north.  The  remote  sections  of 
this  district  have  connection  with  Weiser  by  a  w^xgon  road  which  was  built  by  the  state 


:r;^t'i 


506 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


!l 


^  ! 
I  ■ 


at  a  cost  of  $50,000.  The  public  schools  of  Weiser  are  well  conducted  and  have 
an  average  daily  attendance  of  about  150  scholars.  The  Episcopal,  Baptist,  Con- 
gregational and  Catholic  denominations  own  church  buildings  in  th  j  town. 
The  town  supports  one  good  bank  and  also  a  weekly  newspaper,  The  Weiser 
Signal.  The  chief  exports  from  the  section  of  country  of  which  Weiser  is  the 
trading  point  are  horses,  cattle,  sheep,  wool  and  fruit.  The  shipments  of  wool  from 
the  town  for  the  past  year  aggregate  750,000  pounds  and  this  is  one  of  the  great  sta- 
ple products  of  this  ^    -i  of  the  state. 

Payette,  Idaho.  /ette  is  a  small  town  situated  in  the  Payette  valley  on 

the  river  of  the  same  name.  It  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  440 
miles  east  of  Portland,  and  contains  a  present  population  of  about  400.  Located  at  this 
point  is  one  small  sawmill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  15,000  feet.  The  logs  for  runniuj^ 
this  mill  are  rafted  down  the  Payette  river  from  the  timber  belt  about  150  miles  dis- 
tant.    This  is  the  only  manufacturing  enterprise  at  this  point. 

The  business  district  of  the  town  is  divided  among  three  separate  localities  which 
lias  resulted  in  a  townsite  covering  a  large  area  but  very  sparsely  settled.  The  busi- 
ness interests  of  the  town  are  represented  by  a  bank,  three  fair-sized  stores,  three 
hotels  and  two  livery  stables,  together  with  a  number  of  small  business  establisli- 
nients  usually  found  in  a  town  of  this  size.  The  place  supports  one  weekly  newspa- 
per, The  Payette  Independent.  The  enterprise  of  the  people  here  has  led  to  the 
erection  of  a  fine  brick  school  house.  The  average  daily  attendance  at  the  public 
schools  is  about  100. 

The  country  immediately  sur  runding  Payette  has  until  recently  been  compara- 
tively barren.  About  5,000  acres  of  this  land  have  been  reclaimed,  however,  by  a 
system  of  irrigating  canals  which  have  been  perfected  in  this  section.  This  land 
when  watered  is  among  the  most  productive  of  the  state.  It  is  estimated  that  tribu- 
tary to  Payette  are  no  less  than  40,000  acres  of  land  which  will  eventually  be  made 
highly  productive  by  irrigation.  The  irrigating  company  now  operating  in  this  part 
of  the  state  demands  |io  per  acre  for  a  perpetual  water  right  and  an  additional  rental 
for  the  use  of  the  water  of  |r  an  acre  per  year.  The  principal  dependence  of  Payette 
for  advancement  rests  largely  on  the  prospect  of  reclaiming  the  tributary  lands  by 
means  of  irrigation  and  the  success  which  has  already  attended  the  eiforts  to  get 
water  to  these  lands  promises  much  for  the  future  of  a  section  which  can  be  made 
highly  fertile  by  the  perfection  of  the  system  of  irrigating  canals  which  are  now 
being  dug  here 

Washington  County,    Idaho. — Washington   county   lies  in    the   south- 
western part  of    Idaho   and   is   75  miles  in  length  by  50  miles   in  width.      Chief 
among  its  resources  are   the  products  of  agriculture,    stock,    timber   and   mining. 
The  Weiser  valley   through  which  flows  the  river  of  the  same  name,  maintains  a 
general   level  of  about  2,000  feet   above  the  sea.     The  climate  of  the  valley  is  miUl, 
which  especially  favors  fruit  growing  in  this  section.     The  yield  of  wheat  on  the  val- 
ley lands  runs  from  25  to  40  bushels  to  the  acre,  while  other  grains  yield  equally  as 
well.     Weiser  valley  is  about  25  miles  in  length  and  about  5  miles  wide.     This  is 
the  best  part  of  Washington  county  and  the  valley  contains  many  farms  in  a  high 
state  of  cultivation.     An  irrigating  canal  20  miles  in  length  has  been  constructed  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river  through  the  valley  at  a  cost  of  $40,000.     This  canal  furnishes 
plenty  of  water  for  irrigating  purposes  to  about  35,000  acres  of  land.     These  lands  are 


va 


Caldwell,  Idaho. 


507 


and  have 
tist,  Con- 
h;  town. 
te  Weisey 
ser  is  the 
wool  from 
great  sta- 

valley  on 
Iroad,  440 
ted  at  this 
ir  runninj^ 

miles  dii-- 

ties  which 
The  busi- 
)res,  three 
establisli- 
y  newspa- 
ed  to  the 
:he  public 

conipara- 
;ver,  by  a 
This  land 
that  tribu- 
y  be  made 
1  this  part 
mal  rental 
of  Payette 
lands  by 
irts  to  get 
a  be  made 
1  are  now 


le 
h. 


south - 
Chief 
mining, 
aintains  a 
is  milrl, 
m  the  val- 
equally  as 
This  is 
I  in  a  high 
itructed  on 
1  furnishes 
t  lands  are 


PHOTO.  BY  FRANK  MOORE. 


being  rapidly  settled  and  hundreds  of  acres  are  being  planted  in  orchards  of  prunes, 
apples  and  other  fruits.  Much  attention  is  also  being  paid  in  this  part  of  the  state 
to  the  raising  of  cereals  and  vegetables. 

Other  important  valleys  of  Washington  county  are  those  of  Mann's  creek,  Middle 
Salubria,  Crane  creek  and  the  Indian,  Council,  Hornet  and  Salmon  Meadows 
valleys.  All  of  these  <^.e  great  grain  and  stock- producing  sections.  On  the  grazing 
lands  of  the  county  are  about  30,000  head  of  cattle,  25,000  head  of  horses  and  125,000 
sheep.  The  timber  belt  of  the  county  covers  a  total  area  of  about  900  square  miles. 
Located  in  the  northern  part  af  the  county  are  some  very  valuable  mineral  deposits 
which  are  now  being  developed  lo  some  extent.  The  resources  of  Washington 
county  are  as  varied  as  are  those  of  any  other  county  of  the  state  and  the  attention 
of  the  large  immigration  which  is  now  pouring  into  the  west  cannot  fail  to  be 
attracted  to  the  opportunities  afforded  in  this  part  of  the  state  for  farming,  stock  rais- 
ing or  successful  mining  if  intelligently  handled. 

CaldTvell,  Idaho. — Probably  the  most  progressive  town  in  Southern  Idaho 
is  Caldwell,  the  judicial  seat  of  the  recently  created  county  of  Canyon,  which  was 
formed  from  the  ri -vision  of  what  was  formerly  Ada  county.  Caldwell  boasts  of  a 
prosperous  populati«.u  of  about  1,200.  The  town  has  made  its  principal  growth 
within  a  period  of  a  few  years  past  and  the  prospects  for  future  advancement  are 
most  encouraging.  • 

Caldwell  is  located  in  the  heart  of  the  Bc'-e  valley 
and  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific,  478  miles 
east  of  Portland.  The  course  of  the  Boise  river  lies 
within  lYz  miles  of  the  center  of  the  town.  This  is  a  • 
stream  which  carries  a  large  volume  of  water.  Near 
Caldwell  the  river  has  a  fall  of  40  feet,  a  power  that 
could  be  easily  utilized  for  manufacturing  purposes. 
The  Boise  empties  into  Snake  river,  the  principal 
water-course  of  Idaho  and  one  of  the  great  riveis  of 
the  West. 

From  a  geographical  standpoint  Caldwell's  position  is  a  most  favorable  one.  It 
is  the  principal  shipping  and  trading  point  for  the  counties  of  Ada,  Owyhee  and  Can- 
yon, in  Idaho,  and  Malheur,  in  Oregon.  In  1892,  the  Caldwell  Forwarding  Com- 
pany shipped  1,600,000  pounds  of  wool  from  this  point.  This  was  the  bulk  of  the 
product  of  the  four  counties  named  above.  During  the  same  year  the  Central  Lum- 
ber Company  of  Caldwell  manufactured  and  shipped  4,000,000  feet  of  lumber,  which 

was  sent  to  supply  the  demand  in  the  mines  at  Silver  City  and 
De  Lamar,  the  Jordan  valley  and  Bruneau  countries  and  the 
territory  lying  east  of  Caldwell  on  the  Union  Pacific. 

The  importance  of  Caldwell's  position  with  reference  to  the 
surrounding  country  which  is  tributary  has  been  strengthened 
by  the  united  efforts  of  the  live  young  and  energetic  business 
men  of  the  place.  A  noticeable  feature  connect^''  with  Cald- 
well's progress  is  that  the  principal  promoters  of  the  town's 
welfare  are  young  men.  Caldwell  contains  a  number  of  gen- 
eral merchandise  stores,  the  values  of  the  stocks  of  which  vary 
Presbyterian  CHURCH,  CALDWELL,    all  the  way  from  $25,ooo  to  $5o,ooo  cach.    One  bank  is  locatcd 


■. 


MASONIC  Building,  Caldwell. 


Photo,  by  frank  moore. 


Ml 


508 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.  Bv  Frank  moohe. 


M.  E.  Church,  Caldwell. 


here.  This  bank  has  a  capital  of  $50,000  and  is  ably  managed.  Practically  every 
business  enterprise  at  Caldwell  is  in  a  flourishing  condition.  In  1892  the  volume  of 
the  business  handled  at  this  point  aggregated  11,830,000.  Caldwell 
offers  exceptional  educational  advantages  to  its  youth.  The  public 
school  system  of  the  town  is  considered  to  be  one  of  the  best  in 
the  state.  It  provides  a  high  school  grade  in  addition  to  instruc- 
tion in  the  primary  and  grammar  branches.  The  school  building 
is  of  brick  and  cost  the  district  $7,000.  A  principal  and  three  as- 
sistant teachers  are  employed  in  these  schools  and  the  ave'-age 
daily  attendance  of  scholars  is  about  200.  In  addition  to  the  ex- 
cellent public  school  Caldwell  is  the  seat  of  the  College  of  Idaho, 
which  is  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  the  Presbyterian  church. 
This  school  offers  opportunities  for  a  full  collegiate  course  of  study, 
and  it  is  one  of  the  best  conducted  colleges  of  the  West.  Caldwell 
has  a  good  water-works  plant,  and  an  efficient  fire  department.  The  place  contains 
three  hotels,  the  largest  of  which,  the  Pacific,  was  built  by  the  Union  Pacific  Railway 
Company.  One  weekly  newspaper,  T/te  Tribune,  is  published  at  this  point.  The 
Presbyterian  and  Methodist  denominations  have  recently  completed  very  handsome 
church  edifices  at  Caldwell,  and  the  Baptists  contemplate  erecting  a  building  for 
worship  here  in  the  near  future. 

The  assessed  valuation  of  property  in  Caldwell  in  1892  was  $230,000,  and  the  only 
bonded  indebtedness  of  the  town  at  the  present  time  is  $1 ,000.  Caldwell,  although  a 
comparatively  new  town,  is  today  the  fourth  in  population  in  the  state.  A  number  of 
brick  buildings  have  already  been  erected  at  this  point,  and  other  fine  structures  are 
now  in  course  of  construction. .  The  people  here  have  always  been  alive  to  everything 
that  promised  any  lasting  benefit  to  their  town.  The  division  of  Ada  county  was 
largely  due  to  the  efforts  of  Caldwell's  citizens,  and  it  was  also  through  their  efforts 
that  the  temporary  county  seat  was  located  at  Caldwell.  Being  the  most  centrally 
located  point  in  the  county  and  holding  the  balance  of  the  ballot  power,  there  is  but 
little  doubt  that  Caldwell  will  be  chosen  as  the  permanent  county  seat  when  the 
question  shall  be  voted  on  by  the  people  at  the  polls.  The  united  and  wide-awake 
efforts  of  the  people  at  this  point  doubly  assure  Caldwell's  future  prosperity  and  con- 
tinued advancement. 

Caldwell  now  has  stage  line  connections  with  the  various  tributary  sections  of 
Ada,  Owyhee,  Canyon  and  Malheur  counties.  The  proposed  North  &  South  railroad 
which  is  planned  to  connect  the  Owyhee  mining  country  with  the  forests  of  Long 
valley,  and  which  will  eventually  furnish  an  outlet  for  the  great  copper  mines  of  the 
Seven  Devils  district,  will  probably  cross  the  Oregon  Short  Line  at  Caldwell.  The 
completion  of  this  road  will  do  much  to  advance  the  interests  of  Caldwell  and  the 
country  of  which  the  town  is  the  commercial  center,  and  this,  in  connection  with  the 
Union  Pacific  system,  will  furnish  Caldwell  transportation  facilities  not  excelled  by 
any  populated  center  of  Southern  Idaho. 

Canyon  County,  Idaho. — The  new  county  of  Canyon,  in  Southern  Idaho, 
is  bounded  on  the  north  by  Washington  county,  on  the  east  by  Boise  and  Ada,  on 
the  south  by  Owyhee,  and  on  the  west  by  the  state  line  of  Oregon.  The  area  of  the 
county  is  about  800,000  acres,  half  of  which  is  susceptible  of  cultivation  by  means 
of  irrigation.     The  remaining  lands  of   the    county  are  principally  valuable    for 


ki 


Canyon  County,  Idaho. 


509 


jctions  of 
railroad 
of  Long 

les  of  the 
11.  The 
and  the 
with  the 

:elled  by 


grazing  purposes,  and  afford  line  winter  range  for  cattle.     The  county  is  watered  by 
the  Snake,  Boise  and  Payette  rivers  and  the  smaller  tributaries  of  these  streams. 

The  Boise  valley,  of  which  Caldwell  is  the  commercial  center,  is  a  magnificeht 
piece  of  agricultural  land.  This  valley  but  a  few  years  ago  was  a  barren  waste.  The 
impression  of  the  valley  at  that  time  was  one  of  absolute  worthlessness  for  farming 
purposes.  The  matter  of  reclaiming  these  lands  from  the  government  under  the 
"Desert  Act,"  and  making  them  highly  fertile  by  means  of  irrigation,  has  been 
solved.  The  best  lands  of  this  part  of  Idaho  lie  back  some  distance  from  the  line  of 
the  railroad,  which  does  not  allow  a  traveler  over  the  Union  Pacific  to  form  an  esti- 
mate of  the  capabilities  of  production  of  this  part  of  the  state.  An  hour's  drive  back 
uom  Caldwell,  however,  takes  one  into  one  of  the  most  fertile  districts  of  the  state. 
Here  are  magnificent  farms  of  waving  fields  of  grain,  orchards  of  trees  groaning 
under  their  loads  of  fruit,  and  live  stock  of  all  kinds  kept  fat  throughout  the  year  on 
the  succulent  grasses  of  this  section.  It  is  not  an  uncommon  sight  in  this  part  of  the 
state  to  see  alongside  a  field  of  alfalfa  or  wheat  the  virgin  sagebrush  land  from  which 
the  highly  productive  fields  have  been  made  through  the  reclaiming  power  of  irrigation. 
Water  for  irrigating  purposes  has  done  wonders  for  the  Boise  valley,  just  as  it  has 
done  for  other  parts  of  the  state.  The  success  of  the  irrigating  system  in  use  here 
can  only  be  appreciated  by  a  personal  visit  to  this  section.  In  the  Boise  valley  for 
instance,  there  are  perhaps  400,000  acres  of  land  which  are  being  made  productive  by 
means  of  irrigation.  The  Idaho  Irrigation  &  Colonization  Company  of  Caldwell, 
have  excavated  a  canal  for  a  distance  of  23  miles.  This  leads  from  the  Boise  river, 
near  Caldwell,  almost  to  the  Snake  river,  and  its  construction  has  involved  an  outlay 
of  about  $35,000.  The  canal  is  at  a  sufficient  elevation  to  cover  with  water  10,000 
acres  of  land  located  at  a  lower  level.  This  is  accomplished  by  means  of  lateral 
ditches,  the  flow  into  which  is  easily  regulated  by  means  of  small  locks. 

The  soil  of  Boise  valley  is  a  red  loam,  strongly  impregnated  with  alkali.  When 
this  soil  is  well  watered  it  yields  enormous  crops.  Grains  of  all  kinds,  fruits,  veget- 
ables and  grasses  give  large  returns  on  this  land.  Alfalfa  produces  three  crops  a 
year,  at  the  rate  of  about  four  tons  an  acre  for  each  crop.  Wheat  yields  from  40  to 
60  bushels  to  the  acre  on  this  same  land.  The  world-renowned  fruits  of  Idaho  are 
all  grown  on  irrigated  land.  The  cost  of  watering  this  land  is  not  high.  Some  irri- 
gating companies  operating  here  charge  as  much  as  $10  an  acre  for  a  perpetual  water 
right,  and  $1  per  acre  a  year  additional  for  the  use  of  the  water.  Other  companies  ask 
from  $x  to  $1.50  per  cubic  inch  for  water,  the  amount  ordinarily  required  for  an  acre 
of  land.  The  title  to  thousands  of  acres  of  this  dry  sagebrush  land  still  vests  in  the 
government,  and  this  land  can  still  be  obtained  under  the  "  Desert  Act "  at  $1.25  an 
acre,  provided  it  is  brought  under  cultivation  within  three  years  from  the  time  the 
first  filing  is  made.  The  cultivation  of  this  sagebrush  land  is  an  easy  and  inexpen- 
sive matter.  The  cost  of  removing  the  sagebrush  does  not  exceed  $1.50  an  acre.  After 
the  sagebrush  has  once  been  removed  the  soil  is  so  mellow  that  plowing  is  wholly 
unnecessary  to  put  the  land  in  condition  for  planting  the  crop.  The  ordinary  grain 
or  disc  drill  works  the  soil  sufficiently  for  the  sowing  of  seed.  The  sagebrush 
lands  of  Canyon  county  are  fast  being  reclaimed,  and  in  a  few  j'ears  the  system 
of  irrigation  so  successfully  inaugurated  here  will  be  extended  to  cover  the  entir^^ 
area  of  the  county  that  can  be  made  productive  by  water  carried  in  these  irrigating 
ditches. 


f  ■■^■i  t: 


510 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Idaho  State  oaoptol,  BorsE  Citv. 


Boise  City,  Idaho. — "Gem  of  the  Mountains,"  is  the  happy  sobriquet 
applied  to  the  new  state  of  Idaho.  In  a  more  contracted  sense  the  same  term  could 
be  fittingly  applied  to  Boise  City,  the  leading  city  and  capital  of  the  state.  Boise 
City  is  one  of  the  oldest  settled  communities  of  the  state.  It  is  beautifully  located, 
and  in  all  the  attributes  of  beauty  of  location  it  is  one  of  the  most  favored  cities  of 
the  West. 

Nature  dealt  sparingly  with  the  original  townsite  of  Boise  City.  Before  the 
reclaiming  hand  of  man  made  a  section  fertile  that  was  once  barren,  the  site  now 
occupied  by  the  capital  of  Idaho  was  a  sagebrush  plain  as  uninviting  to  the  eye  as 
it  was  unpromising  to  the  husbandman.  Boise  City  is  located  in  the  Boise  valley, 
through  which  the  river  of  the  same  name  flows.  This  level  stretch  of  land  is  sur- 
rounded by  towering  mountains  entirely  destitute 
of  forest  growth.  Before  the  problem  of  irriga- 
,  tion  was  satisfactorily  solved  in  this  part  of  the 
state,  the  surroundings  of  Boise  City  were  as  un- 
inviting as  they  are  today  attractive.  The  city  is 
now  the  scene  of  a  fine  park,  fine  trees  line  the 
principal  streets,  and  the  city  is  surrounded  by 
green  pastures,  well  cultivated  farms  and  attrac- 
tive fruit  orchards.  The  farms  of  Boise  valley, 
for  the  entire  distance  of  20  miles  between  Nampa, 
on  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific,  and  Boise 
City,  present  as  attractive  an  appearance  as  do  any 
of  the  best  farms  of  the  Willamette  valley  in  Oregon,  and  the  country  in  the  im- 
mediate vicinity  is  now  among  one  of  the  best  cultivated  sections  of  the  state. 

Prominent  among  the  many  striking  features  of  Boise  City  are  the  long,  i-road 
and  well  kept  streets.  These  streets,  with  the  exception  of  the  main  thoroughfare, 
are,  as  before  stated,  all  lined  with  finely  developed  shade  trees.  In  the  residence 
portion  of  the  city  are  many  handsome  private  dwellings,  surrounded  by  broad  green 
lawns,  which  bespeak  much  for  the  prosperity  and  good  taste  of  the  citizens  of  the 
capital  city.  Boise  City  also  contains  a  number  of  very  fine  public  buildings,  chief 
among  which  are  the  state  capitol,  court  house,  city  hall  and  public  school.  This  is 
the  richest  center  of  population  in  the  state,  and  it  can  be  said  to  be  the  social  and 
commercial  metropolis  of  Idaho. 

In  addition  to  being  the  state  capital,  Boise  City  is  also  the  judicial  seat  of  Ada 
county.  Ada  is  almost  a  counterpart  of  Canyon  county,  of  which  the  town  of  Cald- 
well is  the  seat  of  justice.  Boise  City  is  the  terminus  of  the  Boise  branch  of  the 
Union  Pacific  system,  which  leaves  the  main  line  at  Nampa,  507  miles  east  of  Port- 
land. This  branch  road  is  20  miles  in  length,  and  it  is  one  of  the  best  paying 
branches  of  the  Union  Pacific.  The  present  population  of  Boise  City  is  about  5,000, 
and  this  population  is  constantly  increasing.  The  claim  has  been  made  that  this 
city,  in  proportion  to  population,  is  one  of  the  richest  cities  in  the  United  States. 
The  assessed  valuation  of  city  ^^roperty,  by  the  returns  of  last  year,  are  11,850,000. 
The  estimated  value  of  real  estate  situated  within  the  municipal  limits  is  estimated 
to  be  no  less  than  $5,000,000.  Boise  City  being  the  leading  populated  center  of 
Southern  Idaho,  has  long  been  the  leading  supply  point  for  the  principal  por- 
tion of  the  southwestern  part  of  the  state.  Within  the  pt  :  few  years  the  new 
town  of  Caldwell,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific,  has  contended  with  Boise 


Boise  City,  Idaho. 


511 


Cour:-'  House,  Boise  City. 


for  a  part  of  this  trade,  but  although  Caldwell's  busi- 
ness with  this  part  of  the  state  is  constantly  increas- 
ing, it  is  a  safe  assertion  that  the  volume  of  the 
regular  business  held  by  the  merchants  of  Boise  City 
has  not  been  in  the  least  contracted  by  these  efforts. 

At  the  present  time  but  little  manufacturing  is 
done  at  Boise  City.  The  principal  manufacturing 
industries  here,  at  the  present  writing,  are  a  rol- 
ler-process flouring  mill,  and  a  foundry  and  machine 
shop  combined.  As  a  supply  center  for  a  wide  and 
rich  area  of  country,  however,  Boise  City  is  an  im- 
portant city,  and  it  is  this  jobbing  trade,  together 
with  the  business  which  naturally  comes  to  the  city 
as  the  capital  of  the  state  and  the  seat  of  a  rich  country,  that  constitute  Boise's 
principal  means  of  support. 

The  settlement  of  Boise  City  as  a  town  commenced  with  the  establishment  of  the 
military  post  of  Boise  Barracks  here  by  the  government  in  1863.  In  the  following 
year  the  territorial  capital  was  removed  here  from  Lewiston,  where  it  had  been  for- 
merly located,  and  the  impetus  thus  given  to  the  growth  of  the  town  was  followed 
soon  after  by  the  location  at  this  point  of  the  United  States  assay  office,  the  federal 
land  office  and  the  office  of  the  government  surveyor-general.  The  military  post  at 
Boise  is  still  maintained  by  the  government.  Located  here  are  an  infantry  and  cav- 
alry troup,  and  while  the  force  of  men  kept  in  the  barracks  is  not  large,  the  govern- 
ment disbursed  at  this  point  during  the  last  fiscal  year  no  uss  a  sum  than  |6o,ooo, 
most  of  which  money  was  added  directly  to  the  revenues  of  the  city.  The  building 
now  occupied  by  the  government  assay  office  is  a  handsome  stone  structure,  which  is 
situated  in  the  center  of  a  whole  block  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  During  1892  the 
amount  of  gold  bullion  handled  by  the  assay  office  reached  a  total  value  of  $830,753, 
and  the  number  of  depositors  during  the  year  was  1,594.  The  government  annually 
expends  about  $15,000  for  the  maintenance  of  this  office  at  Boise  City.  Most  of  the 
gold  bullion  which  reaches  Boise  is  taken  out  of  the  rich  placer  diggings  in  the  coun- 
try tributary  to  this  point  and  a  large  part  of  the  dust  brought  to  the  city  is  exchanged 
here  by  the  miners  for  merchandise.  Two  and  one-half  miles  east  of  Boise  City  is 
located  the  state  penitentiary.  The  penitentiary  is  situated  at  the  foot  of  Table  Rock, 
an  eminence  of  considerable  elevation  and  the  site  is  an  attractive  one.  The  build- 
ings here  consist  of  two  stone  cell  structures,  which  were  erected  at  a  cost  of  $55,000. 
The  grounds  comprise  160  acres  and  they  are  well  laid  out  and  neatly  kept.  The 
average  annual  cost  of  maintaining  the  penitentiary  is  about  $25,000,  and  the  average 
number  of  prisoners  confined  here  is  about  72.  Just  west  of  the  penitentiary  grounds 
is  a  graceful  knoll,  out  of  which  flows  the  hot  springs,  which  have  done  more  to 
effectually  advertise  Boise  City  than  any  other  feature  of  interest  here.  A  company 
has  already  expended  $175,000  in  the  construction  of  a  natatorium  at  Boise  City  to 
which  this  hot  water  is  conducted,  and  by  means  of  pipes  this  water  is  carried  to  all 
parts  of  the  city  where  it  is  used  for  heating  and  domestic  purposes.  Two  wells 
located  30  feet  apart  were  bored  to  depths  respectively  of  165  and  404  feet,  and  from 
these  depths  water  of  a  temperature  of  170  degrees  Fahrenheit  was  obtained.  The 
flow  from  these  two  wells  aggregates  about  1,000,000  gallons.  During  1891  six 
additional  wells  were  sunk  by  the  company  and  from  these  about  1,250,000  gallons  of 
cold  water  flow  daily.      This  cold  water  is  conducted  to  the  large  reservoirs  and  dis- 


512 


The  Orej^onian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


ii 


City  Hall,  Boise  City. 


tributed  from  these  throughout  the  city  under  a 
head  of  165  feet.  This  provides  more  than  an  am- 
ple supply  for  domestic  purposes,  and  also  fur- 
nishes the  safest  protection  against  fire.  The  nala- 
torium  itself,  designed  after  the  famous  Broadwater 
natatorium  at  Helena,  Montana,  is  in  the  shape  of 
a  gigantic  "T."  It  has  a  frontage  of  150  feet  and 
a  depth  of  200  feet.  The  entire  building  is  con- 
structed in  a  most  elaborate  style.  The  great 
plunge  is  50  x  80  feet  in  size,  through  which  a  fresh 
supply  of  water  is  constantly  passing.  An  electric 
car  line  extends  from  the  city  to  the  natatorium, 
a  distance  of  two  miles.  The  entire  natatorium  is 
lighted  by  electricity  and  is  supplied  with  all 
modern  conveniences. 
It  was  found  after  a  careful  test,  that  the  hot  water  taken  from  the  wells  here 
could  be  used  for  heating  the  buildings  ot  Boise  in  place  of  steam.  Over  7,000  feet 
of  mains  and  1,500  feet  of  laterals  were  laid  for  conducting  this  hot  water  to  all  parts 
of  the  city.  The  water,  which  maintains  a  temperature  of  165  degrees  after  flowing 
through  2,900  feet  of  pipe,  is  now  being  used  in  many  of  the  best  residences  and  busi- 
ness blocks  of  Boise  City. 

The  city's  supply  of  water  tor  irrigating  purposes  is  obtained  from  a  canal  lead- 
ing from  the  Boise  river.  This  canal  runs  through  the  city  and  distributes  the  water 
by  means  of  large  wheels  which  are  kept  in  con^.tant  motion  by  the  natural  flow  of 
water  in  the  canal. 

The  fire  department  of  Boise  City  consists  of  two  engines  and  the  same  number 
of  hook  and  ladder  trucks.  There  are  150  men  connected  with  the  department  which 
is  run  as  a  volunteer  organization. 

Boise  City  has  the  best  of  public  school  advantages.  The  Central  High  School 
here  is  one  of  the  most  imposing  edifices  in  the  state  and  was  erected  at  a  cost  of 
$100,000.  It  is  of  brick  and  stone  combined  and  contains  every  modern  appointment 
and  accessory  for  the  most  efficient  school  work.  Fifteen  teachers  are  employed  in 
the  public  schools  here  at  salaries  ranging  from  $70  to  $80  a  month  each.  In  addi- 
tion to  the  efficient  public  schools,  St.  Theresa's 
Academy,  a  Catholic  institution  of  learning,  is 
maintained  at  Boise.  This  school  is  in  charge  of 
eight  sisters  and  the  average  daily  attendance  is 
about  90.  St.  Margarettc's  school  for  young  ladies, 
under  the  patronage  of  the  Episcopal  school,  occu- 
pies a  new  building  recently  erected  here  at  a  cost 
of  $25,000.  The  attendance  at  the  latter  school 
averages  about  50  scholars.  The  Presbyterian, 
Baptist,  Congregational,  Methodist,  Episcopal  and 
Catholic  denominations  own  church  buildings 
here.     These  churches  have  large  memberships  and  they  are  all  well  supported. 

The  banking  business  of  Boise  City  is  on  the  strongest  of  footings.  The  three 
laige  banking  houses  located  here  did  an  aggregate  business  of  $4,510,000  during 
1892.      TAe  Boise  Statesman,  published  at  this  point,  is  one  of  the  ably-conducted 


Public  School,  Boise  City. 


Boise  City.  Idaho. 


513 


inder  a 
an  am- 
Iso  fur- 
It  nala- 
adwater 
shape  of 
feet  and 
r  is  coll- 
ie  great 
I  a  fresh 
electric 
itoriuui, 
)rium  is 
with   all 

2lls  here 
,000  feet 
all  parts 
r  flowing 
and  busi- 

nal  lead- 
;he  water 
1  flow  of 

number 
nt  which 

School 

cost  of 

ointment 

oyed  in 

In  addi- 


ted. 

he  three 
K)  during 
onducted 


daily  papers  of  the  West.  In  addition  to  The  Statesman^  The  Idaho  Democrat  (tri- 
weekly), and  The  Boise  Sentinel  (weekly),  are  also  published  here.  Boise  City  has  a 
new  opera  house,  completed  at  a  cost  of  $30,000,  with  a  seating  capacity  for  1,000 
people.  Views  of  a  number  of  the  fine  public  buildings  are  published  in  connection 
with  the  present  article. 

For  a  number  of  years  Boise  City  suffered  many  disadvantages  from  not  having 
connection  by  rail  with  the  main  line  of  the  Union  Pacific  which  passes  within  20 
miles  of  the  city.  The  advantage  of  a  location  on  the  main  line  of  road  was  not 
fully  appreciated  by  the  people  of  the  city  at  the  time  the  Oregon  Short  Line  was 
being  built,  and  as  a  result  the  proposition  of  the  railroad  management  to  carry  their 
line  through  Boise  for  a  certain  subsidy  was  not  favorably  acted  upon.  This  matter 
was  subsequently  partially  rectified  by  the  completion  of  a  branch  road  from  Nampa, 
on  the  main  line  to  Boise.  This  branch  slopped  within  a  distance  of  i^  miles  of  the 
city  proper,  however,  until  a  little  more  than  one  year  ago  when  it  was  extended  into 
the  city.  The  railroad  company  has  since  constructed  a  handsome  freight  and  pas- 
senger depot  at  Boise  City  at  a  cost  of  about  $60,000.  Boise,  as  before  stated,  is  an 
attractive  place  of  residence,  the  climate  is  healthful,  the  surrounding  country  is  rich 
in  diversified  interests  of  farming  and  mining,  and  the  prospects  for  future  growth  at 
Boise  are  believed  to  be  encouraging. 

Governor  William  J.  McConnell. — W.  J.   McConnell,  the  present  governor 
of  Idaho,  was  born  in  Commerce,  Oakland  county,  Mich,,  on  September  18,  1839. 
His  early  life  was  spent  upon  the  farm.     He  received  his  education  in  the  common 
schools  and  academies  of  his  state,  alternately  teaching  and  attending  school  afte 
he  was  16  up  to  the  time  he  was  20  years  of  age. 

In  the  spring  of  i860  he  started  overland  to  California.  Being  without  money, 
upon  reaching  the  Missouri  river  he  hired  out  to  drive  a  six-mule  team  to  Salt  Lake 
City,  and  successfully  accomplished  the  feat,  although  he  had  never  had  his  hands  on 
a  mule  before.  Fifty-three  days  were  consumed  on  this  trip,  for  which  he  received 
$1  per  day. 

Mr.  McConnell  has  had  a  very  exciting  and  eventful  life.  He  crossed  the 
plains,  fought  Indians  and  for  a  short  time  he  followed  r  ';  '/g  in  California.  He 
subsequently  taught  school  in  the  Willamette  valley,  Oregon,  and  afterwards  farmed 
very  successfully  in  Idaho.  He  proved  his  executive  ability  and  bravery  in  the  im- 
portant office  of  deputy  United  States  marshal,  and  when  in  charge  of  the  head  office 
at  Boise  City  during  the  most  troublesome  times  of  the  territory. 

In  the  fall  of  1866  Mr.  McConnell  returned  to  Oregon,  where  he  had  been  engaged 
in  teaching  school  before  coming  to  Idaho,  and  married  a  j'oung  lady  there  and 
returned  to  Humboldt  county,  California,  engaging  in  the  cattle  business,  for  five 
years,  after  which  he  again  returned  to  Oregon  and  interested  himself  in  merchan- 
dising and  in  politics.  In  1887  he  removed  his  family  to  his  present  home  in  Mos- 
cow, Idaho. 

During  the  time  he  was  in  politics  in  Oregon,  he  made  frequent  political  cam- 
paigns for  the  republican  party,  of  which  he  was  always  a  member,  and  served  as 
president  of  the  state  senate  during  the  memorable  Mitchell  contest. 

He  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  convention  which  framed  the  present  constitu- 
tion of  the  state  of  Idaho  and  went  to  Washington  and  assisted  in  securing  the  admis- 
sion of  the  state.    He  was  elected  one  of  the  first  senators  who  represented  Idaho  in 


514 


The  Orcgonian's  Handbook  of  the  I'acific  Northwest. 


the  United  States  Senate.  He  was  there  but  the  short  term  of  the  fifty-first  congress, 
having  drawn  the  shortest  term,  but  while  there  he  was  noted  for  his  activity  and  the 
promptness  with  which  he  entered  into  the  questions  of  the  day.  When  only  a  few- 
days  in  the  senate,  he  made  a  speech  on  the  silver  question,  and  on  the  i6lh  of  Febru- 
ary, 1 891,  he  made  his  memorable  speech  on  the  bonded  indebtedness  of  the  Union 
Pacific  railroad. 

Mr.  McCounell  is  a  type  of  the  self-made  American.  What  he  has  accomplished 
he  owes  to  his  own  energy  and  determination  to  succeed.  He  has  ever  proved  him- 
self a  foeman  worthy  of  any  champion's  steel,  whether  in  debate  or  otherwise.  His 
term  of  office  as  governor  of  Idaho  will  expire  January  ist,  1895. 

GENERAiy  James  F.  Curtis. — General  James  F.  Curtis,  the  present  able  secre- 
tary r*"  the  state  of  Idaho,  was  born  and  passed  his  early  youth  in  Boston,  Massachu- 
setts, vsince  1850  he  has  resided  on  the  Pacific  coast.  He  has  for  a  number  of 
years  past  been  very  prominent  in  Idaho's  state  affairs,  and  he  is  justly  reputed 
today  to  be  one  of  the  most  popular  and  able  men  in  public  life  in  the  '"^w  state 
of  Idaho. 

The  ancestors  of  General  Curtis  were  distinguished  in  the  early  hist  '  New 

England.  His  father  was  a  lieutenant  on  the  frigate  Constitution  and  other  ships  of 
the  United  States  navy  during  the  war  of  1812.  At  the  breaking  out  of  the  Rebel- 
lion General  Curtis  recruited  a  regiment  of  California  volunteers,  of  which  he  was 
appointed  major.  In  1864  he  received  his  promotion  as  colonel  of  the  Fourth  Cali- 
fornia Infantry,  and  he  was  subsequently  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier  general 
of  volunteers.  He  commmanded  this  regiment  until  the  close  of  the  war.  The 
Fourth  saw  much  service  on  the  coast  from  Washington  on  the  north  to  Arizona 
on  the  south. 

General  Curtis  came  to  Idaho  in  18S6.  In  the  spring  of  1891  he  was  appointed 
inspector-general  on  the  staff  of  the  governor  of  the  state,  and  was  sent  to  the 
Coeur  d'Alenes  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  mining  troubles  there,  where  he  was 
appointed  to  the  command  of  the  Idaho  National  Guard.  Upon  his  return  from 
active  duty  Governor  Willey  reported  a  message  to  the  legislature  in  which  he 
referred  to  the  able  service  rendered  by  General  Curtis  as  follows  :  '*  For  the  peace- 
ful solution  of  the  difficulties  the  state  is  greatly  indebted  to  the  coolness  and  sound 
discretion  of  General  J.  F.  Curtis." 

General  Curtis,  as  before  stated,  holds  the  highly  honorable  position  of  secretary 
of  state  of  Idaho,  he  is  a  member  of  the  Grand  Army  of  the  Republic  and  of  the 
Loyal  Legion  of  California,  and  he  is  one  of  the  best  known  and  most  highly  respected 
citizens  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 

Gecirge  M.  Parsons. — George  M.  Parsons,  the  present  attorney-general  of  the 
state  of  Idaho,  was  born  in  Cambridge  City,  Indiana,  January  15,  1850,  and  received 
his  education  in  the  public  schools  of  Cincinnati  and  Hamilton,  Ohio.  At  the  youth- 
ful age  of  15  Mr.  Parsons  enlisted  as  a  soldier,  and  he  served  during  the  last  year  of 
the  war  as  a  private  in  company  F,  i89thOhio  volunteer  infantry.  In  1871  Mr.  Parsons 
moved  to  Idaho,  where  he  has  since  resided.  Being  possessed  of  indomitable  pluck, 
which  is  marked  in  self-made  men,  Mr,  Parsons  pressed  rapidly  to  the  front  in  pub- 
lic esteem,  and  he  was  finally  chosen  a  member  of  the  7th  and  loth  sessions  of  the 
Idaho  legislature.  During  the  years  1883-84  he  held  the  office  of  probate  judge  of 
Alturas  county,  Idaho,  and  in  the  following  year  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  Mr. 
Parsons  now  enjoys  the  honor  of  holding  one  of  the  highest  offices  within  the 
gift  of  the  people  of  the  state,  and  he  is  justly  popular  with  his  constituents. 


ngres>, 
iiid  the 
y  a  few 
Febru- 
;  Union 

iplished 
;d  him- 
le.     His 

e  secrc- 
issachu- 
nber  of 
reputed 
^w  state 

■  New 
ships  of 
»  Rebel- 
1  he  was 
rth  Cali- 
r  general 
ar.  The 
I  Arizona 

ppointed 
to  the 
he  was 
urn  from 
irhich  he 
le  peace- 
id  sound 

secretary 
d  of  the 
respected 

ral  of  the 

received 
le  youth - 

t  year  of 
Parsons 

e  pluck, 

t  in  puli- 
ns  of  the 

judge  of 
Dar.     Mr. 

thin   the 

ts. 


Is! 


i!^;;' 


r 


m 


'1  ■'  V 


516 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Frank  C.  Ramsey. — Frank  C.  Ramsey,  the  present  auditor  of  the  state  of 
Idaho,  is  yot  a  young  maii,  u  wing  been  born  in  Fulton  county,  Pennsylvania,  in 
1855.  Mr.  Ramsey  attended  tlii  public  schools  of  Fulton  and  Blair  counties  until  he 
had  reached  the  age  of  10,  when  he  was  thrown  on  his  own  resources.  In  1871  he 
went  to  Ohio,  ana  later  spent  several  years  on  cattle  ranges  in  Kansas  aVid  Colorado. 
Inspired  with  the  Far  Western  fever,  Mr.  Ramsey  came  to  Idaho,  in  1884,  where  he 
again  engaged  in  the  cattle  business.  In  the  meantime  he  had  begun  to  take  some 
interest  in  politics,  and  he  was  finally  elected  assessor  of  Cassia  county,  in  1888.  In 
1890  he  was  sent  to  the  state  legi.«lature,  and  in  1892  he  received  a  flattering  majority 
for  the  office  of  auditor  of  the  state,  which  office  he  now  holds.  Mr.  Ramsey  is 
another  strong  type  of  the  self-made  man.  By  persistent  endeavor  he  has  won  for 
himself  a  distinction  that  has  often  been  denied  those  who  enjoyed  greater  opportu- 
nities dur:rg  their  youth  than  fell  to  his  lot  from  the  time  he  was  first  compelled 
to  care  for  himself  as  a  boy  until  he  reached  manhood's  estate. 

WrivWAM  C.  Hit,!,. — Hon.  William  C.  Hill,  the  presc^nt  efficient  state  treasurer  of 
Idaho,  is  a  native  of  Missouri.  He  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  of  that  state,  in  1846.  He 
had  the  advantages  of  a  good  common  school  training  in  his  youth,  and  later 
attended  college  until  1863.  Mr.  Hill's  early  manhood  was  devoted  to  a  purely  busi- 
ness career,  during  which  time  he  gained  a  practical  knowledge  of  business  and 
finance  that  has  proved  of  great  benefit  to  him  hi  his  subsequent  life.  Until  1870  he 
was  engaged  successfully  in  the  mercantile  business  in  St.  Louis.  In  1871  he  moved 
to  Denver,  Colorado,  where  he  again  became  identified  with  the  mercantile  business. 
Mr.  Hill  spent  nearly  13  years  in  the  Eldorado  of  the  West,  and  during  that  time  he 
noted  the  same  great  changes  in  that  city  that  he  subsequently  saw  in  the  young  state 
of  Idaho,  his  present  home.  The  period  between  1370  and  1883  was  the  initial  stage 
of  Denver's  future  greatness,  and  it  was  the  efforts  of  the  progressive  young  business 
men  of  the  city,  among  whom  Mr.  Hill  occupied  a  prominent  position,  which  insured 
the  subsequent  rapid  growth  of  the  city. 

In  18S3  Mr.  Hill  moved  to  Idaho,  and  the  results  of  his  efforts  in  the  latter  state 
since  that  time  are  best  shown  in  his  election  to  the  highly  honorable  and  responsible 
position  of  state  treasurer,  November  8,  1892. 

B.  EvRON  Lower. — B.  Byron  T,ower,  the  state  superintendent  of  public  instruc- 
tion in  Idaho,  was  born  in  Wabash  coanty,  Indiana,  May  7,  1861.  In  1865  his  parents 
moved  to  Isabella  county,  Michigan  where  he  attended  the  county  schools  in  the 
winter  season,  and  as  he  be(;ame  o'dcr  worked  on  the  farm  during  the  suramet 
months.  At  the  age  of  20  Mr.  Lov/er  graduated  from  the  Mount  Pleasant  high 
school,  and  after  three  years  of  teachinjj;  school  he  entered  the  Northern  Indiana 
Normal  School  at  Valparaiso,  Indiana,  from  which  institution  he  graduated  in  18S6. 
Mr.  Lower  came  to  Idaho  in  the  fall  of  1887  i>nd  taught  the  schools  of  Matad  City  and 
Silver  City  until  1890,  when  he  received  the  appointment  of  deputy  auditor  and 
recorder  of  Owyhee  county,  which  office  he  filled  with  credit  until  his  election  as 
state  superintendent  of  schools  in  1892.  Mr.  Lower,  although  a  comparativelj- young 
man,  is  thoroughly  acquainted  with  school  work  in  all  its  branches,  and  he  is  there- 
fore well  qualfied  for  the  exalted  position  which  he  now  holds. 

Irrigation  In  Idaho. — Ten  years  ago  a  large  part  of  that  section  of  Southern 
Idaho  which  now  contains  fine  farms,  well  kept  orchards,  and  is  the  home  of  thous- 
ands of  contented  settlers,  was  a  sagebrush  waste,  as  sterile  as  it  was  uninviting. 
There  was  then  ab?  >lutely  nothing  in  this  section  to  merit  the  attention  of  home- 


Irrigation  in  Idaho. 


517 


;  state  of 
Ivania,  in 
!S  until  he 
[n  1871  he 
Colorado, 
where  he 
take  some 
1888.  In 
g  majority 
Ramsey  is 
as  won  for 
T  opportu- 
compelled 

reasurer  of 

1846.     He 

and  later 

urely  busi- 

iiness  and 

;il  1870  he 

he  moved 

s  business. 

at  time  he 

^oung  state 

lilial  stage 

ig  business 

ich  insured 

latter  state 
esponsible 

ic  instruc- 
his  parents 
jols  in  the 
le  summer 
isaut  high 
n  Indiana 
d  in  1886. 
id  City  ami 
jditor  and 
election  as 
vely  youuj> 
e  is  there- 

f  Southern 
:  of  thous- 
minviting. 
of  home 


seekers,  and  outside  of  a  few  settlements  and  the  mining  centers,  Southern  Idaho 
was  as  much  a  wilderness  as  was  the  v'rgin  soil  of  Dakota  before  the  advent  of  the 
railroad. 

The  open  sesame  to  future  prosperity  in  this  part  of  the  state  was  the  one  word, 
irrigation — with  the  ability  to  make  irrigation  a  success.  In  the  articles  on  Canyon 
county,  found  in  another  part  of  "The  Handbook,"  will  be  noted  a  brief  description 
of  a  single  system  of  this,  the  vast  chain  of  irrigating  canals  which  now  cover  a 
large  part  of  Southern  Idaho.  The  results  which  have  been  accomplished  here  during 
the  past  10  years  have  been  no  greater  than  can  be  looked  for  during  the  next  decade 
and  it  is  safe  to  predict  that  10  years  hence  but  little  available  land  in  this  vast  district 
will  be  denied  the  use  of  water  to  insure  its  cultivation. 

In  Washington  county  no  large  canals  have  yet  been  dug,  but  a  number  of  small 
ditches  connecting  with  the  Weiser,  a  branch  of  the  Snake,  have  been  dug,  and  these 
laterals  water  a  section  of  considerable  extent.  In  Canyon  county  the  Payette  canal 
just  completed,  at  a  coLt  of  1250,000,  is  one  of  the  most  important  irrigating  ditches 
of  the  state.  This  caaai  is  60  miles  long  and  carries  a  volume  of  water  sufficient  to 
irrigate  ioo,cx)o  acres  of  land.  TJ  ■'  Phillis  canal  starts  in  Ada  county  near  Boise  City, 
and  extends  through  Canyon  county  to  the  rich  placer  mines.  Its  entire  length  is 
ibout  70  miles.  The  water  from  this  canal  is  used  both  for  irrigating  purposes  and 
tor  placer  mining.  The  source  of  supply  'or  this  caual  is  the  Boise  river.  Near 
Caldwell  are  two  smaller  canals  which  are  described  at  length  in  the  article  f^n  Can- 
yon county.  The  Boise  City  and  Nampa  canal  is  the  longest  completed  irrigating 
ditch  in  the  state,  its  total  U  igth  now  being  100  miles.  The  water  for  this  canal  is 
taken  out  of  the  Boise  river  and  it  covers  a  territory  of  150  000  acres  in  extent.  The 
New  York  canal,  in  the  same  district,  has  already  cost  a  half  a  million  dollars,  and 
when  completed  will  be  100  miles  long  and  will  irrigate  no  less  than  250,000  acres, 
hi  Elmore  and  Owyhee  counties  there  are  no  large  streams,  but  about  60  000  acres  in 
the  Snake  River  valley  in  Owyhee  county,  can  be  watered  by  means  of  a  system  of  res- 
ervoirs, the  supply  for  which  will  be  obtained  from  the  Bruneau  river.  Logan  county 
which  perhaps  contains  the  largest  body  of  agricultural  land  in  the  state,  and  Alturas 
county,  rich  in  mining  development,  are  irrigated  with  water  taken  from  Wood  river. 
In  this  portion  of  the  state  there  are  no  large  canals,  but  a  number  of  small  irrigating 
ditclies  have  been  dug  here  by  the  individw  ^1  farmers.  Cassia  county,  south  of  Logan, 
is  dependent  on  Goose,  Cassia  and  Salmon  Falls  creeks  for  its  water  supply.  The  farm- 
ers in  this  county  have  already  constructed  several  small  canals.  Bannock  county,  cf 
which  Pocatello  is  the  seat  of  justice,  has  a  canal  25  miles  in  length,  which  extends 
to  Bancroft.  The  water  for  this  canal  is  taken  from  Soda  creek  and  is  of  sufficient 
volume  to  irrigate  from  3o,o<3o  to  40,000  acres.  The  greater  portion  of  Bannock 
county  at  present  is  occupied  by  the  Fort  Hall  Indian  reservation.  This  reservation, 
as  stated  in  the  article  on  Pocatello,  contains  about  250,000  aces  of  fine  agricultural 
land  lying  principally  along  the  banks  of  the  Snake  river,  which  will  some  day 
furnish  homes  for  thoasands  of  people.  In  Bingham  and  Fremont  counties  are  the 
St.  Anthony  and  the  Grv^at  Western  canals,  both  located  on  the  west  side  of  the 
Snake  river,  and  respectively  25  and  60  miles  in  length.  These  canals  will  irrigate 
about  65,000  acres  of  laud.  Ou  the  east  side  of  Snake  river  in  the  county,  are  the 
Eagle  Rock,  Willow  Creek  and  Idaho  canals,  the  last  of  which  is  50  miles  long  and 
extends  to  the  Blackfoot  river.  The  Idaho  canal  furnishes  water  for  the  Indian  res- 
ervation, It  is  the  intention  to  extcmd  this  canal  in  the  near  future  to  Pocatello, 
which  will  make  it  the  longest  canal  in  the  state. 


3(1 


l    ffTf" 


518 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


:.| 


M' 


i !  i;' 


i.r 


The  above  description,  for  want  of  space,  merely  touches  on  the  principal  canals 
of  the  soathern  part  of  the  state,  and  does  not  mention  the  many  irrigating  ditches 
of  this  section,  which  vary  in  length  fron  5  to  10  miles  each.  The  general  character 
of  the  soil  of  the  low  lands  of  Southern  Idaho  is  a  red,  sandy  loam,  impregnated 
with  alkali,  or  a  decomposed  lava  free  from  alkali.  Either  of  these  soils  is  barren 
only  when  parched  under  the  heat  of  the  summer  months,  and  when  well  watered 
this  land  is  as  highly  productive  as  is  any  of  the  choicest  land  of  the  state.  Irriga- 
tion has  already  done  much  for  this  part  of  the  state,  and  it  is  irrigation  which  will 
prove  the  strongest  factor  in  the  future  advancement  of  this  promising  part  of  the 
Northwest. 

Slioslioiie,  Idaho. — Shoshone  is  in  Logan  county,  and  is  located  on  the  main 
line  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  623  miles  east  of  Portland.  It  is  the  place  of 
junction  of  the  main  line  and  the  Wood  River  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  system. 
Shoshone  was  at  one  time  the  division  headquarters  for  an  important  part  of  the 
Union  Pacific,  and  in  the  palmy  days  of  the  existence  of  the  town  from  200  to  300 
men  were  regularly  employed  by  the  company  in  the  roundhouse  and  repair  shops 
here.  On  account  of  some  dissatisfaction  on  the  part  of  the  railroad  management 
with  the  proprietors  of  the  townsite  of  Shoshone,  the  Union  Pacific  made  Glenn's 
Ferry,  a  point  53  miles  west,  division  headquarters,  and  large  repair  shops  are  now 
conducted  at  the  latter  point.  All  the  railroad  buildings  at  Shoshone,  occupied 
formerly  for  repair  shops,  were  built  of  stone,  and  they  are  very  substantial  edi- 
fices. Only  50  men  are  now  employed  in  these  shops,  the  principal  part  of  the  repair 
work  being  done  at  Glenn's  Ferry. 

The  population  of  Shoshone  is  about  400,  The  most  attractive  building  in  the 
town  is  a  brick  school  house,  vVhich  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $10,000.  The  town 
supports  a  weekly  newspaper.  The  Journal,  it  has  two  hotels  and  a  single  livery  sta- 
ble. The  Methodist  and  Episcopal  denominations  own  church  buildings  here.  Sho- 
shone is  supported  principally  by  the  rich  farming  section  tributary,  and  increased 
areas  of  this  land  are  yearly  being  made  fertile  by  means  of  irrigation. 

The  Wood  River  Valley,  Idaho.-— The  Wood  River  valley  country,  which 
includes  both  of  the  counties  of  Logan  and  Alturas,  is  about  35  miles  in  length,  and 
has  a  width  varying  from  i^  to  3  miles  Although  there  are  thousands  of  acres  of 
land  in  this  valley  which  can  be  cultivated  by  means  of  surface  and  sub-irrigation, 
the  attention  of  the  people  in  this  part  of  the  state  has  been  confined  principally,  in 
tfap  past,  to  the  pursuit  of  mining.  Some  of  the  finest  mining  properties  in  the 
state  are  located  in  the  northern  part  of  the  valley,  in  the  vicinity  of  Bcllevue, 
Hailey  and  Ketchum,  and  beyond  Ketchum  isa  mountainous  section,  not  easih' acces- 
sible, which  is  rich  in  precious  metals.  The  depression  of  the  silver  market  has 
retarded,  in  a  great  measure,  the  whole  of  this  great  mining  district. 

Embraced  within  the  limits  of  the  Wood  River  valley  is  Camas  prairie,  an  unus- 
ually fertile  belt  of  farming  land,  which  is  watered  by  the  sub-irrigation  process. 
These  lands,  together  with  the  lands  of  the  valley  proper,  yield,  when  properly 
watered,  Ir.rge  crops  of  alfalfa,  all  kinds  of  cereals,  root  crops  and  fruits.  The  stag- 
nation in  mining  circles  in  all  parts  of  the  Northwest  has  had  the  effect  to  cause  the 
people  of  the  Wood  River  country  to  turn  their  attention  more  and  more  to  agricul- 
ture and  stock  raising,  and  this  is  fast  becc  jiing  one  of  the  most  prosperous  farming 
sections  of  the  southern  part  of  the  state. 


Hailey,  Idaho. 


51!) 


Bellevixe,  Idalio. — Bellevue  is  a  tired  looking  town,  with  a  population  of 
about  500.  It  is  prettily  situated  in  the  Wood  River  valley,  on  the  line  of  the  Wood 
River  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific,  52  miles  north  of  Shoshone,  and  5  miles  south 
of  Hailey. 

Until  recently  the  sole  dependence  of  Bellevue  for  support  was  on  the  mining 
resources  of  the  rich  mineral  belt  adjacent.  With  the  decadence  of  mining  in  this  sec- 
tion, however,  has  come  the  necessity  for  the  people  here  to  turn  their  attention  to 
other  pursuits,  and  as  a  result  the  cultivation  of  the  rich  agricultural  lands  of  Logan 
county,  of  which  Bellevue  is  the  seat  of  justice,  is  now  perhaps  the  most  important 
industry  of  this  part  of  the  state.  Bellevue  contains  a  good  brick  public  school 
building,  four  churches,  of  the  Presbyterian,  Baptist,  Episcopal  and  Catholic  (denom- 
inations respectively,  two  hotels  and  two  livery  stables.  Two  weekly  papers,  T/ie 
Herald  and  The  Review,  are  published  at  this  point.  A  number  of  strong  business 
houses  are  established  here,  and  the  place  enjoys  considerable  regular  trade  with  a 
section  of  country  that  is  making  steady,  if  not  rapid,  progress. 

At  one  time  Bellevue  was  the  seat  of  some  of  the  heaviest  mining  operations  in 
the  Northwest.  Located  within  a  stone's  throw  of  the  town  are  the  Minnie  Moore 
and  Queen  of  the  Hills  mines,  two  of  the  best  known  mining  properties  of  the  state. 
These  mines  are  silver  and  lead-producing  properties.  The  Minnie  Moore  has  already 
yielded  over  |8, 000, 000  in  silver,  and  over  $3,o(kj,ooo  worth  of  silver  has  been  dug  out 
of  the  Queen  of  the  Hills.  Roth  of  thest  cat  mines  have  not  been  worked  for  nearly 
three  years  past.  An  English  syndicate  'vover,  has  recently  purchased  the  Queen 
of  the  Hills  and  this  syndicate  is  now  making  every  preparation  to  'esume  opera- 
tions here.  In  the  mining  section  tributary  to  Be'  ivue,  valuable  ('iscovcries  arc 
constantly  being  made  and  the  only  thing  wauteil  to  infuse  lift  into  the  town  is 
plenty  of  capital  to  work  what  would  undoubtedly  develop  into  goml  paying  proper- 
ties. In  the  agricultural  development  of  Logan  county  is  sufficient  proniise  for  the 
support  of  a  considerable  town  at  this  point  and  there  is  no  reason  foi  conjecture 
that  Bellevue  will  ever  be  any  smaller  than  it  is  to  day. 


Hailey,  Idaho. — Hailey,  the  county  seat  of  Alturas  county,  is  situated  between 
the  foothills  of  the  Sawtooth  range  of  mountains  and  on  the  east  bank  of  Wood  river . 
It  is  on  the  Wood  River  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific,  57  miles  nor'  >  of  Shoshone. 
Hailey  is  the  mining  and  commercial  center  of  the  Wood  River  i'  Sawtooth  mining 
sections  and  the  city  has  a  population  to-day  of  about  1,200. 

The  first  discoveries  in  the  rich  mineral  belt  of  which  Hailey  is  the  center  were 
made  in  1880.  SiJicc  the  time  of  the  first  great  Wood  River 
excitement  more  than  13  years  ago,  over  $25,000,000  has 
been  produced  by  the  great  mining  properties  here,  a  record 
that  is  not  surpassed  by  the  output  of  any  other  mining 
belt  of  the  state.  Among  the  best  known  mines  of  this  sec- 
tion are  the  Minnie  Moore,  Idahoan,  Jumbo,  Red  Cloud, 
Mayflower,  Bullion,  Queen  of  the  Hills,  Red  P'lephant  and 
Buttercup.  In  the  palmy  days  of  the  Wood  River  country 
these  were  all  great  mineral-prodining  properties  and  this 
section  was  the  seat  of  one  of  the  greatest  bullion-producing  belts  of  the  United 
States. 

Hailey  is  a  town  of  an  attractive  appearance.     It  contains  a  number  of  tery  fine 


ALTURAS  County  Court  House,  Hailey. 


620 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


brick  business  blocks  in  addition  to  a  fine  brici'.  court  house,  school  building,  hotel 
and  a  fine  bank  building.  The  public  school  building  at  this  point  was  erected  at  a 
cost  of  $35,000.  The  school  is  presided  over  by  good  teachers  and  it  is  graded  and 
well  conducted.  The  Presbyterian,  Methodist,  Episcopal  and  Catholic  denominations 
own  churches  at  Hailey.  The  town  contains  a  complete  system  of  water  works,  a 
fine  electric  light  plant,  and  a  telephone  exchange  which  also  connects  with  the  prin- 
cipal mines,  smelters  and  mills  located  within  a  radius  of  12  miles  of  Hailey. 

Located  at  Hailey  are  sampling  works  with  a  daily  capacity  of  200  tons.  A  side- 
track connects  these  works  with  the  line  of  railroad  passing  this  puiut.  Tlie  sampling 
works  give  employment  to  a  large  force  of  men  and  they  regularly  disburse  in  the 
town  large  sums  of  money,  which  adds  directly  to  the  prosperity  of  the  place. 

Two  small  daily  papers.  The  Times  and  The  Neivs- Miner  a.r&  published  at  Hailey. 
The  fact  that  two  daily  papers  are  supported  in  a  town  of  the  size  of  Hailey  can  be 
taken  as  evidence  of  the  progressive  spirit  of  its  people.  A  feature  of  interest  to  the 
visitor  to  this  point  lies  in  the  numerous  fine  drives  leading  out  from  the  town  in  all 
directions.  Natural  roads  lead  from  Hailey  to  the  very  ridges  of  the  mountain  chains 
which  hem  in  the  valley  here,  and  a  drive  over  any  of  these  roads   presents  niie 

stretches  of  scenery  of  remarkable  rnggedness  and  grandeur. 
The  forests  through  which  many  of  these  roads  run  are  filled 
with  an  abundance  of  large  and  small  game  and  the  small 
streams  along  the  way  are  alive  with  the  gamiest  of  trout. 
The  entire  surroundings  of  Hailey  are  healthful  and  invicing. 
The  altitude  of  this  part  of  Idaho  is  high,  affording  a  clear, 
dry  atmosphere  that  is  delightfully  cool  during  the  summer 
months  and  this  is  fast  becoming  one  of  the  most  popular 
inland  summer  resorts  of  the  West.  Added  to  delightful 
surroundings,  Hailey  is  the  seat  of  a  mining  district  that 
contains  untold  stores  of  wealth  and  wlim  operations  are  once  again  resumed  in 
this  mineral  belt  on  a  scale  that  they  wen-  fDrmerly  conducted,  this  will  be  one  of 
the  most  prosperous  towns  in  the  state  of  Idaho. 

HaiIvEY  Hot  Springs  Hotel. — This  beautiful  health  and  pleasure  resort  is 
kept  open  the  year  round.  The  hotel  is  of  a  colonial  style  of  architecture,  three 
stories  in  height,  and  the  hotel  is  strictly  first-class  in  all  it.s  appointments.  It  has 
incandescent  lights  throughout.  In  connection  with  the  house  is  an  elegant  ball- 
room, a  billiard  room,  lo-pin  alleys  and  ladies'  and  gentlemen's  cement  hot  plunges, 
35  X  70  feet  in  size.  All  the  bath  tubs  of  the  house  are  of  porcelain.  The  rates  of  the 
hotel  per  day  are  from  $2.50  to  $3.50,  and  per  week  frcn  114  to  $21. 

The  hot  springs  connected  with  this  hotel  are  highly  mineralized,  and  of  a  tem- 
perature of  160°  fahrenheit.  The  water  of  the  springs  is  unsurpassed  for  the  cure  of 
rheumatism,  kidney  troubles,  dyspepsia,  malaria  and  all  diseases  humanity  is  subject 
to.  Hotel  guests  have  the  benefit  of  hot  mineral  miul  plunges  which  are  more  highly 
mineralized  than  any  others  in  the  United  States.  These  baths  have  no  equal  for 
the  cure  of  rheumatism,  venereal  disorders,  gout  and  al^  chronic  diseases.  This 
beautiful  resort  is  reached  by  the  Wood  River  branch  of  the  Oregon  Short  Line  from 
Shoshone.  Shoshone  is  distant  only  57  miles  from  Hailey.  This  latter  is  a  beauti- 
ful city  of  2,500  inhabitants.  The  Springs  Hotel  is  one  and  one-half  miles  distant 
from  Hailey.      The  hotel  hack  meets  all  trains  at  Hailey.      With  the  finest  climate 


PUBLIC  School,  hailey. 


Ketchum,  Idaho. 


521 


HAiLEr  Hot  Springs,  hailev. 


in  this  liil'ir-mountain  coun- 
try, with  fine  drives  in  all  di- 
rections from  the  hotel,  with 
trout  in  abundance  in  the 
numerous  mountain  streams 
near  the  doors,  with  grouse, 
chicken  and  deer  hunting 
unsurpassed  in  the  foothills 
near  by,  this  is  at  once  an 
ideal  pleasure  and  health 
resort.  The  hotel  is  run 
under  the  proprietorship 
of  R.  Strahorn  Co. 

The  analysis  of  the  water 
of  the  Hailey  hot  springs, 
rtade  by  Professor  N.   Gray 

Bartlett,  of  Chicago,  gives  the  following  results  :  (This  is  to  each  nine  gallons  of 
water. )  silica,  3.6  grains  ;  carbonate  of  magnesia,  1,5  grains  ;  carbonate  of  lime,  1.3 
grains ;  carbonate  of  soda,  2.6  grains ;  sulphate  of  soda,  4.3  grains ;  chloride  of 
sodium,  4.7  grains ;  total,  18  grains;  oxide  of  iron,  alumina  and  organic  matter, 
traces  ;  carbonic  acid  gas,  5.6  cubic  inches. 

Lemmon  &  Boone. — One  of  the  most  enterprising  and  successful  business  firms 
of  Hailey  is  that  of  L,emmon  &  Boone,  who  have  been  engaged  in  the  insurance, 
real  estate  and  loan  business  since  18S2.  This  young  firm's  business  extends  over 
Alturas  county  and  a  large  portion  of  Southeastern  Idaho,  and  their  knowledge  of 
this  territory  is  both  accurate  and  reliable. 

Ketclilim,  Idaho. — Ketchum,  Alturas  county,  is  the  terminus  of  the  Wood 
River  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  railroad,  and  is  69  miles  north  of  Shoshone.  This 
a  few  years  ago  was  an  active  and  prcjgr'^ssive  mining  town  of  twice,  possibly  thrice 

its  presi.  .  population ,  which  is  perhaps  about  500. 
Located  at  this  point  is  a  large  smelter  with  a  capacity 
of  180  tons  of  ore  a  day.  The  erection  of  this  mam- 
moth plant  involved  an  outlay  of  f 500,000.  With  the 
exception  of  a  short  period  during  the  winter  of 
1892-93,  this  smelter  has  not  been  operated  since  1887. 
Some  notably  rich  lead  and  silver  mines  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  of  Ketchum  are  the  Elkhom, 
which  produced  fi, 000,000  between  1882  and  1884, 
and  the  Baltimore  and  Independence  mines,  which 
are  said  to  have  at  least  $100,000  in  ore  in  sight. 
The  Parker,  another  rich  mining  property  of  this 
district,  netted  $100,000  in  1884,  and  $750,000  has  been 
taken  out  of  the  North  Star  here.  All  of  these  mines  are  now  idle,  a  condition  at- 
tributed to  the  prevailing  low  price  of  silver. 

Ketchum  is  the  principal  outfitting  and  shipping  point  for  the  miners,  tourists 
and  hunters  of  three-fourths  of  Alturas  county,  all  of  Custer  and  portions  of  Idaho 
counties.  The  town  boasts  of  one  bank,  a  $10,000  brick  school  house  and  supports 
a  weekly  paper  called  The  Keystone.     The  Methodists,  Episcopalians  and  Catholics 


Public  School,  Ketchum, 


522 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


own  churches  here.  Two  hotels  and  two  livery  stables  are  located  at  this  point.  The 
people  here  base  their  p  ]r>cipal  hopes  for  future  prosperity  on  renewed  activity  in 
the  mining  region,  the  rt.c  irces  of  which  are  now  lying  dormant. 


PHOTO.    BY  J.  J.   MCeVOV. 


•Sire^M 


Opera  house  Block,  pocatello. 


Pocatello,  Iclaho. — The  official  government  census  of  1890  credited  Pocatello, 
tha  scat  of  Bannock  county,  with  the  largest  population  of  any  town  in  the  state. 

Since  that  time  there  has  been  a  retrogression  in  the  pros- 
perity which  the  place  formerly  enjoyed,  and  todaj-  the 
population  does  not  exceed  3,500.  Pocatello  is  strictly 
a  railroad  town.  The  machine  and  carshops,  as  well  as 
the  boiler  works  and  roundhouses  of  the  Union  Pacific 
are  located  at  this  point.  These  works  give  employment 
to  a  large  number  of  men,  from  300  to  350  hands  being  on 
the  company's  payroll  at  this  point.  The  railroad  com- 
pany regularly  disburses  here  from  |4o,ooo  to  |6o,ooo  a 
month. 

Pocatello  is  at  the  junction  of  the  main  line  and  the 
Utah  &  Northern  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific.  It  occu- 
pies a  site  in  the  Portneuf  valley,  a  level  stretch  of  country 
which  extends  west  and  north  to  the  rich  lands  of  the 
Snake  river  valley.  All  of  this  territory  which  surrounds 
the  town,  however,  is  embraced  within  the  limits  of  the 
Fort  Hall  Indian  reservation,  and  comprises  about  i,ooo,coo  acres,  one-half  of  which 
is  regarded  as  good  agricultural  land.  Two  tribes  of  Indians,  the  Bannocks  and 
Shoshones,  numbering  in  all  about  1,400,  occupy  this  reservation.  Until  this  reser- 
vation is  thrown  open  to  settlement,  Pocatello's  growth  will  necessarily  be  slow,  its 
sole  dependence  being  centered  in  the  heavy  railroad  interests  at  this  point. 

Almost  every  line  of  business  is  represented  here.  The  town  boasts  of  two  na- 
tional banks,  two  weekly  newspapers.  The  Tribune  and  The  Herald,  and  two  good 
hotels.  The  public  schools  are  held  in  a  very  h  tndsome  two-story  stone  structure, 
which  was  built  at  a  cost  of  $30,000.  Five  teachers  are  employed  ii  the  public 
school  here  and  the  average  dail^'  attendance  is  about  400.  In  addition  to  the  public 
school,  St.  Joseph's  Academy,  a  Catholic  seat  of  learning,  is  located  here.  This 
school  employs  five  teachers  and  is  well  patronized.  The  Cougregationalists, 
Episcopalians,  Methodists,  Baptists,  Catholics  and  Latttr  Day  Saints  own  attractive 
church  buildings  here.  The  town  is  provided  with  two  electric  light  plants.  It  has 
an  efficient  water-works  system  and  boasts  of  a  number  of 
notable  public  improvements.  The  supply  of  water  for  city 
purposes  is  held  in  two  large  reservoirs  of  3,300,000  gallons 
capacity.  Pocatello  contains  a  handsome  brick  opera  house, 
with  a  seating  capacity  of  700,  which  was  erected  at  a  cost 
of  $25,000.  The  people  here  base  their  hopes  for  future 
prosperity  on  the  opening  of  the  Fort  Hall  Indian  reservation 
to  settlers.  The  occupancy  of  this  land  by  a  thrifty  class 
of  people  would  add  largely  to  the  regular  trade  which 
Pocatello  now  enjoys,  and  the  cultivalion  of  the  thousands 
of  acres  now  lying  idle  here  would  make  this  one  of  the  most  prosperous  farming 
sections  in  Idaho. 


PHOTO.    BY  J.    J.  MC  EVOY. 


Public  School   Pocatello. 


Idaho  Falls,  Idaho. 


623 


Blackfoot,  Idaho.— Blacktoot,  tne  county  seat  of  Bingham  county,  lies 
about  25  miles  north  of  Pocatello,  on  the  line  of  the  Utah  &  Northern  branch  of  the 
Union  Pacific.  It  is  located  just  beyond  the  northern  liriit  of  the  Fort  Hall  Indian 
reservation  on  the  Blackfoot  river,  and  the  town  is  surrounded  by  a  fine  stretch  of 
farming  country. 

Blackfoot  has  a  population  of  about  450.  In  addition  to  the  regular  lines  of 
business  usually  found  in  a  town  of  this  size.  Blackfoot  contains  a  bank  and  supports 
one  weekly  newspaper,  T/ie  News.  A  fine  orick  court  house,  the  erection  of  which 
involved  the  expenditure  of  about  |25,coo,  occupies  a  full  block  in  the  center  of  the 
town.  A  three-story  stone  flouring  mill  hts  recently  been  completed  at  this  point. 
This  mill  has  a  daily  capacity  of  75  barrels  and  represents  the  manufacturing  industrj- 
at  this  point. 

Located  at  Blackfoot  are  the  two  churches  of  the  Presbyterians  ano  the  Baptists. 
The  town  is  the  seat  of  the  state  insane  asylum.  The  building  occupied  for  the 
insane  here  is  of  brick  and  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $65,000.  A  fine  farm  of  120 
acres  surrounds  the  asylum.  This  farm  is  weM  watered  by  an  irrigating  canal  con- 
necting with  Snake  river  and  it  luruishes  the  asylum  occupants  with  an  ample  supply 
of  the  choicest  vegetables.  At  the  present  time  there  are  about  ico  patients  confined  in 
the  asylum  here.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Blackfoot  a  number  of  large  irrigat- 
ing canals  are  either  completed  or  are  in  course  of  construction  and  it  is  this  system 
of  irrigation  which  is  proving  the  greatest  factor  in  the  steady  advancement  y  this 
section. 


Idalio  Falls,  Idaho.— The  town  of  Idaho  F^.lls  is  located  on  the  east  bank 
of  the  Snake  river,  50  miles  north  of  Pocatello  on  the  line  of  the  Utah  and  North- 
ern branch  of  the  Union  Pacific  system.  It  is  790  miles  east  of  Portland,  186 
miles  north  of  Ogden,  196  miles  south  of  Butte,  Montana  and  540  miles  northwest 
of  Denver. 

Idaho  Falls  is  a  progressive  town  of  about  700  population.  Within  the  city 
limits    is    an     available    water  power  of   very    great    extent.       This  magnificent 

power  is  utilized  at  the  present  time  by  a  single  roller- 
process  flouring  mill  witii  a  daily  capacity  of  75  barrels. 
The  people  of  the  town  hav*.  hopes,  however,  of  making 
this  a  manufacturing  point  of  considerable  magnitude 
and  strong  efforts  are  being  made  to  induce  manufac- 
turers to  locate  here.  Bingham  county,  in  which  Idaho 
Falls  is  located,  is  one  of  the  most  productive  agricultural 
IDAHO  STATE  ooD  FELLOWS'  HOME  IDAHO  FAL.s  scctious  of  the  State.     lu  1 89 1  the  shipmcuts  of  produce 

from  Idaho  Falls  aggregated  about  17,000,000  pounds, 
about  63o  carloads.  In  addition  the  merchandise  and  stock  shipments  from  this 
point  during  the  same  year  were  520  carloads.  The  valuation  of  property  within  the 
corporate  limits  of  Idaho  Falls  is  now  p.bout  $600,000  and  this  value  is  rapidly 
appreciating. 

Among  the  prominent  ^:uildings  of  the  town  are  a  handsome  brick  owned  and 
occupied  by  the  state  order  of  Odd  Follows,  which  represents  an  outlay  of  $30,000,  a 
brick  school  house  which  cost  $10,000,  a  brick  and  stone  hotel  which  also  cost 
$10,000,  three  fine  churches  occupied  by  the  Baptists,  Presbyterians  and  Mormons. 
The  town  contains  four  large  business  houses,  a  bank,  the  regular  number  of  smaller 


I 


il 


,    V 

1 

;      ■ 

i^ 

.  i      ■- 

\ 

i. 
i  i 
;  f 

t  < 

624 


The  Oregonian^s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    By  J.  J.    MCEVOY. 


Stores  and  two  weekly  papers,  T/ie  Times  and  The  Register.  The  city  has  a  good  fire 
department  and  also  a  fine  system  of  water  works.  Idaho  Falls  boasts  of  a  crack 
militia  company  which  occupies  a  stone  armory  building.  The  armory  is  also  used 
for  the  purposes  of  a  public  hall.  The  traveling  public  here  is  cared  for  by  three 
hotels. 

Irrigation  ha?  done  as  much  to  reclaim  the  lands  in  the  vicinity  of  Idaho  Falls 
as  it  ^has  in  other  parts  of  Southern   Idaho,  and  it  has  been  the  cultivation  of  this 

reclaimed  land  v\hich  has  been  responsible 
for  the  principal  growth  of  the  town  during 
the  past  few  years.  In  Bingham  county  at 
the  present  writing  are  about  500  miles  of 
main  canals  and  laterals  which  carry  water 
for  irrigating  a  very  large  area  of  land.  The 
fertility  of  the  soil  of  this  section,  which 
is  free  from  alkali  has  attracted  the  atten- 
tion of  a  very  desirable  class  of  settlers  who 
have  been  pouring  into  the  country  at  a  very 
rapid  rate.  Among  the  largest  and  best 
VIEW,  GREAT  WESTERN  CANAL,  THROUGH  ?2-Foor  CUT,  IDAHO  FALLS,  kuowu  caHals  uow  vo.  use  ucar  Idaho  Falls 

are  the  Idaho,  50  miles  in  length,  the  Great 
Western,  60  miles  long,  the  Eagle  Rock,  Willow  Creek,  Idaho  Falls,  Porter  and 
Farmers' Friend,  the  latter  of  which  are  much  shorter  than  the  two  first  mentioned. 
The  development  of  this  section  during  the  past  five  years  has  been  very  rapid. 
Prior  to  that  time  large  quantities 
of  farm  produce  were  regularly 
shipped  to  Idaho  Falls.  Today 
this  town  is  one  of  the  most  im- 
portant shipping  points  in  the  state 
for  wheat,  oats,  hay,  barley  and 
potatoes  as  well  as  horses,  cattle 
and  sheep.  The  volume  of  business 
now  regularly  handled  at  Idaho 
Falls  reaches  a  total  of  about  1500,000  and  with  the  solid  wealth  of  the  tributary  ter- 
ritory this  business  is  on  a  most  satisfactory  basis. 

T.  J,  Smith. — When  the  advantages  of  Idaho  Falls  as  regards  water  power  and 
shipping  facilities  are  considered,  land  values  in  the  immediate  vicinity  are  remark- 
ably low.  Mr.  T.  J.  Smith,  a  prominent  and  reliable  real  estate  agent  of  Idaho  Falls, 
states  that  he  can  furnish  land,  including  a  perpetual  water  right  in  the  vicinity  of 
Idaho  Falls  for  from  |8  to  $10  an  acre.  The  annual  assessment  per  acre  for  irrigating 
the  same  land  varies  from  5  to  25  cents.  Although  there  is  scarcely  any  government 
land  within  range  of  irrigating  canals  thus  far  constructed,  Mr.  Smith  always  has  on 
hand  a  number  of  relinquishments  which  he  is  in  a  position  to  sell  at  from  $200  to 
I300  per  half  section  of  320  acres.  The  government  price  for  this  land  is  $1.25  per 
acre.     The  perpetual  water  right  will  cost  from  $1  to  $5  per  acre. 

Mr.  Smith  is  thoroughly  acquainted  with  lands  and  their  values  throughout 
Bingham  county  and  communications  addressed  to  him  on  the  subject  will  be 
cheerfully  answered.  • 


PHOTO.   BY  J.  J.    MCEVOY. 


Upper  View,  main  Headgate,  Great  Western  Canal.  Idaho  Falls. 


Horse  Plains,  Montana. 


525 


Tliompsoii  Falls,  Montana. — Thompson  Falls  is  a  prosperous  mining  and 
and  lumbering  town  located  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  and  on 
Clark's  Fork  river,  102  miles  west  of  Missoula.  Its  name  was  derived  from  the  falls 
near  the  town  formed  by  the  Clark's  Fork  river  flowing  through  a  narrow  canyon  and 
tumbling  over  precipitous  masses  of  rock.  These  falls  furnish  an  excellent  available 
water  power  at  this  point,  although  up  to  the  present  writing  this  power  has  only 
been  utilized  for  operating  a  small  sawmill. 

Thompson  Falls  now  contains  a  population  of  300.  A  number  of  large  general 
merchandise  stores  located  here  enjoy  a  good  trade  with  the  tributary  mining  and 
lumbering  districts.  The  mountains  adjacent  to  the  town  are  covered  with  a  heavy 
growth  of  good  timber,  and  lumbering  has  been  and  will  continue  to  be  for  many 
years  in  the  future  one  of  the  chief  industries  of  the  town.  There  are  now  two  saw- 
mills located  here  with  a  combined  daily  cutting  capacity  of  35,000  feet  of  lumber. 
The  output  of  these  mills  is  consumed  in  the  towns  and  among  the  mines  of  Missoula 

county.  In  the  mountains  20  miles  distant 
from  Thompson  Falls  are  extensive  deposits  of 
antimony.  This  is  a  rare  mineral  which,  when 
converted  into  a  marketable  state,  is  useful  in 
promoting  the  fusion  of  metals,  and  is  used  es- 
pecially in  the  casting  of  cannon  balls.  It  is 
also  used  as  an  ingredient  in  the  manufacture 
of  concave  mirrors.  Its  use  in  bell  metal  ren- 
ders the  sounds  of  bells  more  clear  and  added 
to  tin  makes  the  latter  metal  hard,  white  and 
sonorous.  In  its  crude  state  it  is  harmless  to 
the  human  constitution,  but  many  of  its  com- 
pounds act  violently  as  emetics  and  cathartics. 
The  only  medicinal  value  of  the  mineral  at  the 
present  time  is  in  its  use  as  an  ingredient  in 
condition  powders  for  animals.  Gold  and  silver 
are  found  in  paying  quantities  a  few  miles  from  Thompson  Falls  and  the  number  of 
apparently  valuable  prospects  here  are  now  awaiting  capital  to  develop  them. 

Thompson  Falls  is  much  frequented  during  the  summer  season  by  anglers  who 
find  in  the  vicinity  some  of  the  best  fishing  in  the  state.  The  trout  here  are  all  gamy 
and  living  as  they  do  in  the  ice-cold  waters  of  the  streams  of  this  section  their  flesh 
possesses  a  firmness  and  sweetness  not  found  in  the  same  variety  of  fish  caught  in 
the  streams  further  to  the  west. 


■<*••. 


Pend  d'Oreille  River. 


■..f«ii^ 


Horse  Plains,  Montana. — At  the  eastern  extremity  of  a  beautiful  and  fertile 
valley,  is  the  town  of  Horse  Plains,  an  important  agricultural  trading  point  of  West- 
ern Montana.  It  is  on  the  main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad,  76  miles  west 
of  Missoula. 

In  the  early  history  of  Montana  the  country  surrounding  the  present  town  of 
Horse  Plains  was  a  favorite  grazing  ground  for  wild  horses,  and  it  was  from  this  that 
the  town  subsequently  built  here  derived  its  name.  The  valley  in  which  the  town  is 
located  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Clark's  Fork  river  and  covers  an  area  of  about  60,000 
acres.  The  entire  valley  is  settled  and  divided  up  into  farms  which  are  generally  of 
about  160  acres  each.  These  farms  are  all  well  improved  and  the  farmers  here  are  in 
a  prosperous  condition.    The  soil  of  the  valley  lands  is  a  rich,  sandy  loam  and  crops 


526 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacif-  Northwest. 


ii 


NEW  County  Court  House, 
Missoula. 


are  raised  here  without  irrigation.  The  valley  farms  produce  annually  large  crops  of 
grain  and  hay.  It  is  also  a  fine  gardening  country  and  certain  varieties  of  fruit  do 
well  here.  In  bearing  condition  are  now  fine  orchards  in  the  valley  which  were  set 
out  more  than  20  years  ago. 

The  town  of  Horse  Plains  contains  a  population  of  about  150.  It  is  the  most 
important  place  in  the  valley  and  the  merchants  here  do  a  good  business.  It  pos- 
sesses a  Catholic  church  and  a  good  public  school,  and  is  in  advance  of  other  towns 
of  the  same  size  in  the  matter  of  public  improvements. 

Missoula,  Montana. — In  the  mountain-inclosed  valley  of  the  Missoula  river 
and  at  the  mouth  of  Hell  Gate  canyon,  is  located  the  commer- 
cial center  of  Missoula,  one  of  the  large  and  prosperous  citits 
of  Montana.     A  few  miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Hell  Gate 
canyon  the  Hell    Gate   and  Blackfoot  rivers  join  each  other 
and  form  the  Missoula  (river  of  awe).     This  turbulent  stream 
then  passes  out  through  the  canyon,  and  in  its  winding  course 
of  30  miles  to  the  mountains  to  the  west  it  cuts  in  twain  the 
beautiful  Hell  Gate  valley.     This  valley, 
inclosed   on   all  sides    by  grass-covered 
mountains,  is  30  miles  long  and  from  2 
to  7  miles  in  width.    Opening  into  it  from 
the   south    is  the    Bitter    Root    valley. 
The  waters  of  the  river  of  the  same  name  join  those  of  the 
Missoula  a  short  distance  below  the  site  of  the  city  of  Missoula. 
Missoula  derives  much  of  its  trade  from  the  farming  com- 
munities and  towns  of  the  Bitter  Root  valley,  which   extends 

north  and  south  from  this  point,  its  length  being  about  85  miles,  while  it  varies  in 
width  from  i  to  15  miles.  It  was  in  this  valley  that  Father  DeSmet,  in  1841,  es- 
tablished the  St.  Mary's  Mission,  the  first  white  settle- 
ment in  Montana.  The  Bitter  Root  valley  is  called  the 
garden  spot  of  Montana.  Its  rich  soil  yields  large  crops 
of  grain  and  vegetables,  and  it  is  the  only  section  of  Mon- 
tana where  fruit  raising  is  successfully  carried  on.  This 
valley  dates  its  occupancy  by  the  white  people  from  the 
building  of  the  famous  Mullan  road  in  the  early  6o's.  This 
historic  road,  which  extends  from  The  Dalles,  on  the  West, 
clear  through  to  Fort  'Benton,  on  the  east,  passes  through 
Hell  Gate  canyon.  This  great  thoroughfare,  over  which 
thousands  of  immigrants  wended  their  westward  way  in  the  early  history  of  Ore- 
gon, Washington  and  Idaho,  was  completed  by  the  federal  government  in  i860. 
Accounts  of  this  great  trail  are  closely  interwoven  with  the  history  of  Montana, 
and  for  years  preceding  the  coming  of  the  iron  horse  it  furnished  the  only  great 
artery  of  travel  over  that  vast  s'-.retch  of  country,  800  miles  in  length,  between 
the  head  of  navigation  on  the  Missouri  river,  dt  Fort  Benton,  to  The  Dalles,  where 
connection  was  made  on  the  Columbia  river  for  Portland  and  the  sea. 

In  June,  i860.  Captain  C.  P.  Higgins  and  Frank  L.  Worden  arrived  in  the  Hell 
Gate  valley  with  a  pack  train  of  76  horses  laden  with  merchandise.  These  men 
built  a  log  store  on  the  Mullan  road  at  a  point  <"our  miles  above  the  present  site  of 
Missoula.     This  store   and   the   small  settlement   which   subsequently  sprung  up 


Hell  Gate  Canyon,  near  Missoula. 


A  Business  Block,  Missoula. 


uii. 


Missoula,  Montana. 


527 


A  Prominent  Cornfr    Missoula. 


around  it,  became  known  as  Hell  Gate.  The  origin 
of  the  name  in  this  section  was  as  follows.  In  the 
earliest  history  of  Montana  the  Blackfoot  and 
Flathead  Indians  were  deadly  enemies.  The 
Blackfeet  claimed  the  canyon  now  known  as  Hell 
Gate,  and  used  it  as  an  open  hij^hway  for  their 
war  parties.  If  the  Flatheads  or  others  camped 
near  the  canyon,  the  camping  parties  were  almost 
certain  to  be  raided  and  their  camps  despoiled 
by  the  Blackfeet,  From  these  frequent  depreda- 
tions of  the  Indians  came  the  trite  remark  that  it  was  as  unsafe  to  camp  at  the  gates  of 
hell  itself  as  near  the  mouth  of  the  canyon.  It  was  thus  that  Hell  Gate  canyon  was 
named,  and  it  is  by  this  name  that  it  has  since  been  known. 

The  little  settlement  at  Hell  Gate  passed  through  the  trying  vicissitudes  incident 
to  the  growth  of  the  frontier  towns  before  the  advent  of  railroads.  For  a  consider- 
able time  after  its  establishment  it  enjoyed  the  unenviable  reputation  of  being  a 
"tough  place."  In  1864  the  store  at  this  point  was  moved  to  the  site  now  occu- 
pied by  the  flourishing  city  of  Missoula.  It  was  thus  that  the  town  of  Missoula  was 
born,  and  although  from  the  date  of  its  first  settlement  the  name  of  Missoula  was 
attached  to  the  town,  it  was  for  many  years  subsequent  to  its  settlement  known  bet- 
ter as  Hell  Gate. 

On  August  7,  1883,  the  first  cars  of  the  North- 
em  Pacific  railroad  reached  Missoula.  The  com- 
pletion of  this  great  transcontinental  road,  30 
years  after  its  route  across  the  continent  had  been 
selected,  gave  Missoula  its  first  real  start  towards 
metropolitan  importance.  It  opened  up  new 
avenues  of  tiade  for  the  town,  it  brought  many 
people  to  settle  in  the  immediate  vicinity,  and 
was  the  means  of  bringing  capitpl  to  the  West  to 
develop  its  wonderful  resources  Missoule.  owes 
its  great  growth  since  the  completion  of  the  Northern  Pacific  to  its  location  in  a  sec- 
tion of  country  of  great  and  diversified  resources.  From  a  mere  hamlet  of  proba- 
bly 50  people,  in  1864,  the  place  has  grown  to  a  cit>  of  -,  cx)  population.  It  is  now 
the  great  jobbing  center  of  Western  Montana,  enjoying  an  extensive  trade  '.vith  the 
rich  agricultural  valleys  of  the  Bitter  Root  and  Flathead  valleys,  and  with  the  rich 
mining  centers  of  the  Coeur  d' Alenes.  The  business  streets  of  the  city  are  lined  with 
imposing  three  and  four-story  buildings,  constructed  of  pressed  brick,  cut  stone  and 
granite.  These  buildings  are  all  modern  in  their  appointments,  being  as  finely 
fitted  as  are  any  of  the  best  structures  of  Chicago  or  New  York. 

There  is  still  a  prevailing  impression  in  the 
minds  of  the  Eastern  people  that  Missoula  and  the 
other  cities  of  Montana  are  still  the  scenes  of 
wild  frontier  life.  In  refutation  of  this,  it  can  be 
stated  that  all  the  great  cities  of  Montana  are 
today  as  well  governed  as  are  any  of  the  older  set- 
tlements of  the  East.  In  Missoula  the  people 
are  not  only  law-abiding,  but  they  are  prompt  to 
discountenance  all  efforts  of  the  vicious  element      ^„„^„„^  p.^,,„  „.  „.  „„3,,„,,  „„,„,,,. 


Fort  Missoula 


U\ 


IIP 


ill 


528 


The  Oreffonian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


'Sir-  t«>*"=i^,^^^'^-^.*''-i> 


Water  Works,  Missoula,  in  isee. 


to  create  disturbances  of  any  kind.      It  may  also  be  news  to   Eastern  readers  of 
"The  Handbook"  to  state  that  few  cities  of  the  present  population  of  Missoula, 

anywhere,  contain  as  many  costly  business  blocks 
as  are  found  here,  while  the  elegant  private  homes 
of  the  city  would  grace  the  best  streets  of  Chicago. 
The  residence  portion  of  Missoula  presents  a  most 
attractive  appearance.  Its  homes  are  of  a  modern 
style  of  architecture,  and  these  homes  are  sur- 
rounded with  well  kept  lawns,  while  the  profusion 
of  flowers,  trees  and  shrubbery  which  are  found 
here  has  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  title,  "Garden 
City,"  for  this  flourishing  center  of  trade.  The 
principal  streets  of  the  city  are  loo  feet  wide.  The 
streets  are  well  lighted  after  nightfall  by  electricity, 
the  business  portion  of  the  city  is  connected  with  the  Northern  Pacific  depot  by  a 
well  equipped  horse-car  line,  and  on  every  hand  is  seen  here  evidence  of  the  manv 
public  improvements  which  are  found  in  any  of  the  largest  Eastern  cities. 

Missoula's  supply  of  water  is  taken  from  the  Rattlesnake,  a  pure  mountaii 
stream  which  furnishes  an  inexhaustible  source  of  supply  for  the  city.  The  fall  from 
the  point  where  the  water  is  taken  out  of  this  stream  to  the  city  affords  sufficient 
pressure  to  furnish  an  ample  protection  against  any  fire  that  might  ever  obtain  head- 
way here.  A  fine  volunteer  fire  department  is  maintained  here,  which  is  a  double 
safeguard  against  fire. 

Excellent  educational  advantages  are  afforded  the  youth  of 
Missoula.  The  public  school  system  of  the  city  requires  the 
use  of  three  large  school  houses,  in  which  15  teachers  are  em- 
ployed. In  1893  the  total  average  enrollment  at  these  schools 
In  addition  to  the  public  schools  the  youth  of  the 
soon  have  the  advantages  for  a  higher  education 
by  the  Montana  State  University.  The  building 
which  this  advanced  seat  of  learning  will  oc- 
cupy is  now  under  course  of  construction. 
It  will   have   cost    when   completed    about 

|ioo,ooo.  There  is  also  maintained  at.  Missoula  an  excellent 
Catholic  school  which  has  a  large  attendance  of  pupils.  The 
people  of  Missoula  take  a  just  pride  in  their  excellent  school  sys- 
tem. In  addition  to  the  educational  work  of  the  schools  here  is  a 
fine  public  library,  which  contains  over  2,000  volumes  of  standard 
literature.  The  religious  organizations  of  the  city  are  represented  by  one  Catholic 
and  six  Protestant  churches  which  are  liberally  supported. 

Missoula  is  an  important  railroad  center.  In  addition  to  its  location  on  the  main 
line  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  it  is  also  the  terminus  of  the  Missoula  &  Bitter  Root 
V:iMcy  and  the  DeSmet  &  Cceur  d'Alene  branches  of  the  same  system.  The  Bitter 
Root  Valley  branch  runs  through  the  valley  of  the  same  name  to  Grantsdale,  a  dis- 
tance of  50  miles.  All  the  country  traversed  by  this  road  is  well  settled,  and  its  trade 
is  controlled  by  Missoula.  The  DeSmet  branch  runs  through  the  great  Coeiir 
d'Alene  miaing  districts,  and  with  its  extensions  makes  a  continuous  route  from 
Missoula  to  Spokane,  the  largest  inland  city  in  Washington.    The  building  of  this 


was  700. 
city  will 
afforded 


NORTH  Side  School, 
Missoula. 


mm 


Central  School,  Missoula 


1 :,  I 


Missoula,  Montana. 


52{> 


Catholic  Church,  Missoula. 


'  cut  off,"  as  the  DeSniet  branch  is  culled,  has  resulted  iu  mak- 
ing Missoula  the  eastern  outfitting  point  for  the  mines  of  the 
Crt-'ur  d'Alenes.  The  commercial  relations  of  Missoula  with 
the  rich  mineral  belt  opened  up  by  the  completion  of  the  De- 
vSmet  branch,  and  with  the  other  mining  districts  which  im- 
mediately surround  the  city,  are  most  important  factors  in  its 
progress  and  prosperity.  With  these  mineral  districts  and  with 
the  rich  agricultural  sections  tributary,  Missoula  now  does  a 
trade  which  approximates  about  |2, 000,000  annually. 

It  is  claimed  that  Missoula  occupies  the  only  site  on  which  a  large  city  can  be 
sustained,  l)etwecn  Helena  on  the  east,  125  miles  distant,  and  Spokane,  250  milts 
west.  A  careful  study  of  the  topographical  features  of  the  sections  of  country 
intervening  between  these  points  will  convince  any  reader  of  the  truth  of  this  state- 
ment. Missoula  is  thus  made  the  metropolis  of  a  vast  area  extending  north  from 
this  point  to  the  British  boundary,  west  to  the  Idaho  line  and  east  to  the  summit  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  also  the  banking  center  for  a  rich  and  populous  center 
of  country.  The  banks  of  Missoula  today  are  the  First  National,  with  a  capital  of 
1150,000  and  a  surplus  and  undivided  profits  of  $350,000  and  the  Western  Montana 
Bank,  with  a  capital  stock  of  |75,ooo  and  a  surplus  and  undivided  profits  of  $25, (XX). 

Missoula  is  the  headquarters  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  division 
of  the  Northern  Pacific.  Residing  in  the  city  are  350  regular  em- 
ployes of  this  road.  Large  machine  acd  repair  shops,  car  houses 
and  roundhouses  are  maintained  here  by  the  railroad  company. 
The  company's  hospital  is  also  maintained  at  this  point.  With 
the  exception  of  the  railroad  shops  there  are  no  large  industrial 
plants  located  at  Missoula.  In  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  city, 
however,  are  a  number  of  large  sawmills  and  wood-working 
plants  owned  principally  by  Missoula  capital.  At  Bonner,  six 
miles  distant,  is  a  large  sawmill  with  a  daily  capacity  of  135,000  feet  of  lumber. 
The  output  of  this  and  the  other  mills  in  Missoula  county  is  largely  used  in  mining 
development  work  throughout  Western  Montana.  The  lumber  industry  here  is  an 
important  one,  and  in  this  connection  it  is  significant  that  the  greater  portion  of  the 
lumber  consumed  in  Montana  is  cut  in  Missoula  county. 

The  immediate  surroundings  of  Missoula  are  attractive  to  both  the  home-seeker 
and  to  the  tourist.  The  mountain  scenery  here  is  picturesque.  Viewed  from  any 
of  the  principal  streets  of  Missoula,  the  entire  valley  in  which 
the  city  is  located  is  apparently  entirely  enclosed  by  mountain 
ranges.  The  peaks  of  these  ranges,  while  not  covered  with 
perennial  snows,  are  yet  lofty  enough  to  serve  as  landmarks 
for  a  wide  extent  of  country.  The  valley  is  perfectly  sheltered 
by  these  hills  from  the  cold  blasts  of  winter,  while  during  the 
heated  term  of  the  year  cool  breezes  sweep  down  from  these 
heights  into  the  valley  below,  thus  insuring  the  people  of  Mis- 
soula an  escape  from  the  torrid  heat  of  other  parts  of  the  state, 
and  nights  sufficiently  cool  t(>  insure  sleeping  with  comfort  un- 
der a  blanket. 

Near  Missoula  are  a  number  of  thermal  springs  the  waters 
of  which  are  largely  mineral  in  their  nature.      The  most  fre- 


METHODIST  Church, 
Missoula. 


First  Presbvteriam  Church. 

MlSSOUL.a,, 


w 
m 


530 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


quented  of  these  springs  are  those  at  the  head  of 
the  Lo  Lo  canyon,  30  miles  distant.  Four  miles 
southwest  of  Missoula  on  .be  easi  bank  of  the  Bit- 
ter Root  river  is  the  fort  of  the  same  name,  at 
which  a  government  post  is  ma  ntained.  It  is 
garrisoned  by  three  companies  of  infantry.  The 
military  reservation  on  which  the  fort  is  located 
comprises  3,000  acres.  This  post  was  established 
in  1876  on  account  of  its  favorable  location  for  dispatching  troops  and  supplies  to 
various  points  in  the  Northwest.  This  fort  is  a  distinguishing  feature  of  interest 
in  the  section  of  country  of  which  Missoula  is  the  trading  ce.nter,  and  it  is  visited 
by  the  great  numbers  of  tourists  v/ho  uow  annually  visit  Missoula  in  search  of  health 
aiid  recreation. 


Hfff''Jfiti;'\:'^H,'*'-' '" 


Historic  Foht  Owen,  Stevensville,  Bitter  R'j.jT  Valley. 


I 


n^-" 


Stevensville,  Montana. — vStevensville,  tne  oldes'.  settlement  in  Montana, 
is  located  on  the  east  side  of  the  Bitter  Root  valley,  28  miles  south  of  Missoula.  The 
line  of  the  Missoula  &  Bitter  Root  Valley  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  runs  aboi\t 
three  miles  distant  from  the  town,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river.  A  good  bridge 
spans  the  river  at  the  railroad  station,  thus  affording  eas}'  access  to  the  town. 
Stevensville  now  contains  a  population  of  about  200,  and  it  contains  many  of  the 
types  of  men  who  were  famous   n  Montana  a  quarter  of  a  century  ago. 

Stevensville  is  a  place  of  great  historic  interest.  It  was  first  known  as  vSt. 
Mary's  and,  subsequently,  as  Fort  Owen.  The  Flathead  Indians  occupying  the  val 
ley  here  before  the  advent  of  the  white  man  were  a  tractable  race 
much  further  advanced  towards  civilization  than  were  the  other 
Northwestern  tribes.  These  Indians  having  heard  of  the  "Black 
Gowns,"  as  they  termed  the  Jesuit  priests,  were  anxious  to  have 
these  priests  come  to  their  valley.  They  dispatched  four  of  their 
number  to  St.  Louis  to  invite  the  reverend  fathers  to  come  and  live  ,^____„. 
among  them.  The  result  of  this  visit  was  that  Father  De  Smet  and 
other  priests  came  to  the  Bitter  Root  valley  in  the  spring  of  1841  and  ■"'""'■"  "  stpvensviue. 
established  the  famous  mil•;^5ion  of  St.  jNIary's.  The  Flathead  Intlians,  under  the 
teachings  and  example  of  the  Jesuit  Fathers,  rapidl}'  embraced  the  Caiholic  religion, 
and  it  is  the  boast  of  the  tril>e  that  they  never  shed  wliite  man's  blood. 

In  1850,  Major  John  Owen,  an  army  sutler,  caviie  into  the  Bitter  Root  valley. 
He  saw  tlie  eligibility  of  the  site  of  St.  Mary's  mission  for  a  trading  post.  He  pur- 
chased the  land  here  from  the  Catholic  Fathers  who  removed  a  mile  or  two  further 
up  the  valley,  where  they  established  a  new  mission  but  retained  for  it  tiie  old  name 
of  St.  Mary's.  The  church  at  the  site  of  the  lat<^?r  mission  is  .still  standing  in  a  good 
state  of  preservation.  At  th<-  abandoned  mission  Major  Owen  first 
bn'' .  a  palisade  fort  and,  sub.sequently,  he  erected  a  iort  of  adobe. 
The  enclosure  was  known  as  l'"ort  Owen,  auvl  portions  of  the  walls 
of  this  early  fort  and  two  of  the  bastions  are  still  standing  as  land- 
marks of  the  early  settlement  of  the  Bitter  Root  valley. 

In    1864  the  townsite  of  Stevensville  was  laid   out.      This  occu 
pied  n,  site  between  Fort  Owen  and  .St.  Mary's  mission.     In  the  old 
mission  cemetery,  near  the  town,  stands  a  marble  shaft  which  marks 
Church  at  Stevensville.  the  last  rcstinj^  place  of  Father  Ravalli,  a  pioneer  priest  who  figured 


I 


fmmm 


The  Flathead  Valley,  Western  Montana. 


531 


*k 


figured 


prominently  in  Montana's  early  history.     This  was  erected  by  act  of  the  Montana 
legislature. 

Stevensvllle  is  no*,,'  the  seat  of  justice  of  Ravalli  county,  which  was  created  by 
act  of  tiie  state  legiaiature  in  March,  .^393.  The  town  presents  a  pastoral  appearance, 
with  its  four  houses  of  worship  and  its  neat  and  tasty  residences  well  shaded  by  fine 
trees.  Among  the  features  of  the  town  worthy  of  mention  are  a  five-room  school 
house,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $7,500,  a  public  library  and  two  weekly  newspapers.  The 
Bitter  Root  valley  at  this  point  assumes  its  greatest  width,  it  being  about  15  miles 
wide  here.  It  is  well  settled  in  the  vicinity  of  Stevensville,  and  the  town  enjoys  the 
trade  of  a  1  -osperous  farming  community  which  is  yearly  increasing  in  population 
and  importance. 

Hamilton,  Montana. — Hamilton,  the  largest  town  in  the  Bitter  Root  val 
ley,  is  located  47  miles  north  of  Missoula,  on  the  Bitter  Root  branch  of  the  Northern 
Pacific  railroad.  It  was  founded  in  the  fall  of  1890,  and  now  contains  a  population  of 
about  1 ,200.  The  townsite  is  attractively  laid  out  with  broad  streets,  the  lots  all 
having  a  wide  frontage.  In  addition  to  a  number  of  general  merchandise  stores, 
Hamilton  contains  a  fine  public  school,  three  churches,  a  bank,  one  weekly  news- 
paper and  two  well-conducted  hotels.  Nearly  all  the  wage  earners  of  the  town  are 
employed  in  the  large  sawmill  of  the  Bitter  Root  Development  Company  located  at 
this  point.  This  mill  has  a  daily  capacity  of  ioo,cxk)  feet  of  lumber  and  it  is  ore  of 
the  great  manufacturing  industries  of  Western  Montana. 

Hamilton's  chief  distinction  lies  in  its  being  situated  within  the  confines  of  the 
famous  Marcus  Daly  stock  ranch.  The  area  of  this  ranch  is  between  9,000  and  10,000 
acres.  Over  150  men  and  women  are  employed  on 
tlie  great  ranch  in  various  capacities.  The  brood 
mares  on  the  Daly  ranch  have  been  culled  from  ?.ll 
tbe  noted  breeding  establishments  both  of  the  East 
and  the  Wast.  They  have  been  selected  not  only  for 
their  breeoing  qualities  but  for  the  individual  perfec- 
tion of  the  animals.  Nearly  every  trotting  sire  of 
note  in  the  United  States  has  one  or  more  represen- 
tatives on  tin  5  ranch.  The  tho  oughbred  running 
horses  owned  by  Mr.  Daly  won  many  of  the  great 
turf  races  of  1S92.  The  total  winnings  of  horses  from 
this  ranch  in  that  single  year  amounted  to  |i  15,000. 
This  remarkable  success  of  Western  horses  on  East- 
ern race  tracks  resulted  in  Montana's  becoming  famous  throughout  the  Union  as  the 
home  of  some  of  the  greatest  racers  that  were  ever  put  on  the  turf. 

The  Flatliead  Valley,  Western  Montana. — The  picturesque  and  fer- 
tile Flathead  valley  with  its  numerous  creeks,  lakes  and  rivers,  lies  between  the 
ranges  of  the  Rocky,  Mission  and  Kootenai  Mountains.  It  is  an  irregular  basin  ex- 
tending north  and  south  for  about  150  miles.  Its  northern  limit  is  British  America 
and  its  southern  boundary  is  found  within  the  limits  of  the  Flathead  reservation, 
abo'it  three  miles  north  of  Ravalli,  a  station  on  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad.  It 
varies  in  width  from  lo  to  30  miles.  Numerous  smaller  valleys  open  into  the  Flat- 
head and  these,  with  the  main  valley  of  the  Flathead,  form  an  immense  body  of  rich 
agricultural  land. 


Superior,  Montana. 


"'[ 


; 


ll 


'v'i 


pi 


'^1 


1     li 


I    ^i! 


1    'I 

,i  „;l 


!:f,'  i  ■! 


i  H 


'8.1  M 


o32 


TAe  Oregonian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Glimpse  of  Fl»the»d  Lake. 


The  Flathead  river,  flowing  south   from  the   British 
possessions  to  the  north,  empties  into  Flathead  Lake  near 
l|?r    the  center  of  the  valley  of  the  same  name.      This  river 
is  fed  by  numerous  streams  which  find  their  source  in  the 
ij  small  lakes  in  the  valley  and  the  mountains  which  sur- 
I*  round  it.     Flathead  Lake  is  a  magnificent  sheet  of  water, 
about  30  miles  long  and  10  miles  wide.       It  is  the  largest 
lake  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  system.     Its   outlet   is   the 
Pend  d'Oreille  river,  a  swift-flowing  stream  that  joins  its 
waters  with  those  of  the  Clark's  Fork   river   near    Horse 

An  Indian  Chief  and  Family,  Montana.  --.,     .  /r^i  i  c  t-^i     i.i  i    t      i  i  •  i        i 

Planis.     Ihe  shoresof  I'lathead  Lake  make  an  ideal  sum- 
mer resort,  the  surroundings  being  beautiful  and  highly  picturesque  in  scenic  effects. 
Tall  mountains  rise  at  the  sides  of  the  lake,  wooded  islands  with  craggy  shores  dot 
the  surface  of  the  waters,  and   numerous  arms 
of  the  lake  stretch  far  towards  the  interior  of 
the  mountain  ranges.     The  water  of  the  lake   is 
clear,   of  a  deep  blue  tinge  and  in  places  it  is 
very  deep.     The  lake  teems  with  gamy  fish  and 
its  shores  and  islands  are   favorite   resorts   and 
breeding  places  for  aquatic  wild  fowl.  A  number 
of  steamboats  ply  on  the  lake  and,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  short  season   during  the   winter 
when  the  lake  is  frozen   over,  make  daily  trips. 
The  lake  is  reached  without  difficulty  by  a  daily  stage  from  Ravalli. 

The  rich  soil  of  the  Flathead  valley  produces  good  crops  without  .ne  aid  of  irri- 
gation. Some  of  the  lands  under  cultivation  yield  from  two  to  three  tons  of  hay,  60 
bushels  of  oats  and  45  bushels  of  wheat  to  the  acre.  Apples,  plums  and  cherries  are 
grown  here  and  the  success  attending  their  culture  has  stimulated  the  settlers  in  the 
valley  to  further  effort  in  the  raising  of  fruits.  A  good  market  for  the  products  of 
the  valley  is  found  in  the  cities  and  mining  camps  to  the  south.  The  Flathead  valley 
was  for  many  years  known  as  a  grazing  country,  and  at  one  time  immense  herds  of 
cattle  roamed  over  its  grass-covered  lowlands.  This  was  not  considered  a  good  farm- 
ing country  until  about  five  years  ago.  The  tilling  of  the  soil  may  be  said  to  have 
commenced  about  the  time  the  Great  Northern  railway  proposed  to  build  a  line 
across  its  northern  limits.  When  the  tracks  of  this  road  did  reach  the  valley  it 
brought  with  it  a  great  tide  of  emigration  which  settled  here.  In  a  short  time 
thousands  of  acres  in  the  valley  were  placed  under  cultivation  and  a  greater  portion 
of  the  lands  in  the  northern  part  of  the  valley  were  enclosed  by  fences. 

The  principal  towns  of  the  Flathead  valley  today  are  Kallispell,  Demersville, 
Columbia  Falls  and   Egan,  all   flourishing  towns  with  excellent  schools,  churches, 

etc.  The  general  altitude  of  the  valley  is 
about  3,000  feet.  The  summers  here  arc 
warm  and  pleasant  with  cool  nights. 
Winter  does  not  set  in  here  as  early  as  it 
docs  in  the  Middle  Western  States,  and 
while  the  fall  of  snow  during  the  winter 
months  is  usually  heavy  it  disappears  early 
in  the  spring,  thus  allowing  ample  time 
ST  iQNATiu,  MISSION,  FLATHFA.  INDIAN  resf.rvation.  ^r  UiB  plautiug  &xu\  matuHng  of  crops. 


•^■^■■MfBMfnannumuii 


i 


Phillipsburg,  Montana. 


538 


■i<S<-s- 


There  is  still  a  large  area  of  vacant  government  land  in  the  valley  and  when  the 
government  throws  open  the  great  Flathead  Indian  reservation  thousands  of  acres 
additional,  the  finest  land  in  the  state,  will  be  ready  for  occupancy.  This  reserva- 
tion comprises  an  area  of  over  2,cxk)  square  miles.  It  is  a  tract  of  country  extending 
from  the  center  of  Flathead  Lake  to  the  mountainous  district  lying  south  of  the  line 
of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad.  It  is  now  occupied  by  1,500  Indians  and  half  breeds, 
many  of  whom  have  farms  under  a  high  state  of  cultivation.  These  Indians  are 
law-abiding  and  they  form  an  important  adjunct  to  the  working  population  of  the 
state  of  Montana. 

Drximmoncl,  Montana. — Drummond  is  the  diverging  point  from  the  main 
line  of  the  Northern  Pacific  for  Phillipsburg.  This  branch  connects  Drummond  with 
Phillipsburg  and  the  famous  Granite  Mountain  mines,  a  distance  of  26  miles. 

Drummond  is  72  miles  west  of  Helena,  and  310  miles  east  of  Spokane,  It  has  a 
population  of  about  150.  The  principal  importance  of  the  town  is  its  connection 
with  the  Northern  Pacific  as  the  terminal  point  of  the  Phillipsburg  branch  road. 

Pliillipsbnrg,  Montana. — This  old  and  interesting  town  is  the  supply  cen 
tor  for  one  of  the  most  important  mining  districts  of  Montana.  It  is  located  26  miles 
south  of  Drummond,  on  a  branch  of  the  Northern  Paci- 
fic which  runs  to  the  famous  Granite  Mountain  mines. 
The  town  lies  in  the  Flint  Creek  valley,  at  Lhe  base  of  a 
heavy  spur  of  the  Rockies.  It  was  first  settled  in  1866. 
In  the  following  year  the  first  silver  mill  in  Montana 
was  erected  in  Phillipsburg,  on  the  Hope  mine  property. 
The  pans  of  this  mill  were  shipped  by  wagon  all  the 
way  from  San  Francisco.  In  crossing  the  Rio  Virgin,  in 
Southern  Utah,  the  wagon  sunk  in  the  quicksands,  and 
the  pans  remained  buried  therr;  until  they  were  finally 

raised  by  derrick  months  afterwards.  With  the  exception  of  slight  intervals  of  rest, 
this  lo-stamp  mill  has  been  constantly  operated,  since  1867,  in  crashing  the  free- 
milling  ores  taken  from  the  deposits  of  Hope  Hill. 

Phillipsburg  is  now  an  attractive  city  of  3,000  inhabitants.  It  occupies  a  site  of 
sufficient  area  for  a  city  of  many  times  its  size.  The  grassy  vale  in  which  it  is  built 
■s  surrounded  bj'  high  wooded  mountains.  Five  miles  from  Phillipsburg  are  the 
great  mineral  properties  of  Granite  Mountain.  These  mines,  when  in  operation,  fur- 
nish employment  to  over  2,(X)o  men.  The  trading  for  these 
mines  is  all  done  at  Phillipsburg.  In  the  town  one  princi- 
pal street  leads  down  the  gradual  incline  on  which  the 
place  is  built  to  the  Northern  Pacific  depot,  located  half  a 
mile  distant  from  the  business  center.  Leading  across  this 
main  thoroughfare  the  other  broad  streets  of  the  town  ex- 
tend. On  the  main  street  are  a  number  of  substantial  busi- 
ness blocks,  Two  strong  banks  are  located  here.  Phillips- 
burg has  several  hotels  and  a  number  of  very  strong  busi- 
ness houses.  It  has  a  complete  system  of  electric  lights, 
and  it  is  supplied  with  pure  mountain  water  taken  off  the 
granite  bedrock  and  piped  to  the  town  from  large  reser- 
voirs. Two  public  school  buildings  are  established  here,  as 
are  several   strong  church  organizations.     Phillipsburg  is 


Dry  Crushing  Chloridizing  Mill, 
Bi-Met»llic  Mining  Co.,  Phillipsburq, 


;3r>A,.-f- 


HOISTING  Engine  and  Mill, 

Bl-METALLIC   MiNF,  GRANITE. 


584 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


one  of  the  principal  mining  centers  of  Montana  outside  of  Butte  and  Helena,  and 
large  sums  of  money  are  invested  in  the  city  and  in  the  mining  properties  adjacent. 

An  act  of  the  Montana  legislature,  in  the  session  of  1892-93,  created  the  county 
of  Granite,  which  was  cut  olT  from  the  former  large  county  of  Deer  Lodge.  Phillips- 
burg,  by  this  act,  was  made  the  seat  of  justice  of  the  new  county.  This  has  added 
considerably  to  the  importance  which  the  town  previously  enjoyed.  When  the 
mines  are  all  in  operation  here,  their  combined  pay-roll  amounts  to  thousands  of 
dollars  a  month.  This  money  is  regularly  spent  in  Phillipsburg,  thus  insuring  suffi- 
cient money  in  circulatien  here  at  all  times  to  insure  the  prosperity  of  the  business 
community. 

The  district  of  which  Phillipsburg  is  the  center,  contains  about  5,000  mineral 
locations,  but  few  of  which  have  been  sufficiently  developed  to  show  their  merits. 
A  large  number  of  these  claims  show  immense  deposits  of  low-grade  ore,  which  varies 
in  richness  from  7  to  20  ounces  in  silver  per  ton.  This  is  knc  /n  as  the  Flint  Creek 
mining  district.  It  comprises  an  area  of  mineral  land  15  miles  square,  situated  on 
the  western  exposure  of  the  Granite  range,  near  the  head  of  Flint  Creek  valley.  It 
incloses  the  famous  Granite  Mountain  ledge.  Three  miles  from  Phillipsburg  is  the 
Granite  mine.  This  was  discovered  in  1872.  by  Eli  D.  HollaucT,  and  it  was  recorded 
in  July,  1875,  by  J.  W.  Estill,  E.  D.  Holland  and  J.  M.  Merrell.  There  was  but  very 
litttle  development  work  done  on  this  property  until  the  autumn  of  1880.  In  that 
year  a  sj'ndicate  was  formed  under  the  name  of  the  Granite  Mountain  Mining  Com- 
pany, to  make  the  attempt  to  demonstrate  the  value  of  this  property.  Befoie  the 
syndicate  purchased  this  claim  it  had  been  bonded,  on  several  different  occasions, 
for  less  than  ;^o,ooo.  A  mine  that  could  have  been  held  at  one  time,  by  tho.se  who 
had  bonded  it,  on  the  payment  of  a  few  thousand  dollars,  subsequently  paid  divi- 
dends of  over  $1 2,000,000.  The  Granite  is  now  one  of  the  bonanza  mines  of  America. 
From  August,  18S5,  to  July  31,  1891,  the  output  of  the  mine  amounted  to  250,043 
gross  tons  of  ore,  which  yielded  17,756,374  ounces  of  silver  and  21,648  ounces  of  gold. 
Up  to  December  31,  1892,  the  Granite  had  paid  dividends  of  |i  1,880,000.  In  1890 
the  Granite  company  paid  dividends  of  $2  500,000,  and  during  the  same  jear  they 
expended,  in  development  work,  over  $1,300,000.  In  that  year  the  ore  from  the 
mine  averaged  71  ounces  in  silver  per  ton,  and  in  1891,  51  ounces.  The  Granite  com- 
pany operates  a  loo-stamp  mill  at  Rumsey,  and  a  90-stamp  mill  at  Granite.  Both  of 
these  places  are  small  camps  near  and  directly  tributary  to  Phillipsburg.  During  1891 
the  average  cost  of  mining  the  ore  of  the  Granite  mine  was  I15  a  ton. 

Adjoining  the  Granite  and  on  the  same  ledge  are  the  properties  of  the  Bi-Metallic 
Mining  Companj-.  This  company  was  organized  in  1S86  with  a  capital  stock  of  $10,- 
000,000,  divided  into  400,000  shares  ot  a  value  of  I25  each.  Its  history  is  similar  to 
that  of  the  Granite  Company.  At  first  the  Bi-Metallic  properties  were  not  considered 
of  the  first  order.  As  they  were  developed,  however,  immense  bodies  of  ore  were 
discovered.  This  ore  runs  from  60  to  75  ounces  in  silver  per  ton.  In  the  Blaine, 
owned  by  this  company,  a  shoot  of  ore  two  feet  wide  and  150  feet  long,  assayed  800 
ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton.  The  Bi-Metallic  is  now  one  of  the  bonanza  dividend- 
paying  companies  of  Montana.  The  total  dividends  paid  by  the  company  up  to 
December,  1892,  amounted  to  f  1,800,000.  This  company  owns  20  lode  claims  on  and 
adjoining  the  Granite  Mountain  ledge,  and  12  claims  near  Phillipsburg  where  their 
two  50-stamp  chloridizing  dry -crushing  mills  are  located. 

South  of  Phillipsburg  lie  the  possessions  of  the  Algonquin  and  Northwest  Mining 
Companies.     The  property  owned  by   these  companies  consists  of  well   developed 


Deer  Lodge,  Montana. 


635 


mines.  The  Northwest  Company  suspended  operations  in  1879,  and  the  Algonquin  in 
1882.  At  that  time  the  heavy  cost  of  transportation  in  hauling  supplies  to  these 
mines  only  permitted  the  companies  operating  them  to  handle  high-grade  ores. 
Ores  then  that  averaged  less  than  70  ounces  in  silver  to  the  ton  could  not  be  profit- 
ably worked.  Two  chloridizing  dry-crushing  mills,  erected  by  these  companies  at  a 
cost  of  1325,000,  have  been  permitted  to  lie  idle  and  decay  during  the  past  few  years 
when  they  could  have  been  run  at  a  profit  to  the  owners.  The  stockholders  in  these 
two  companies  reside  in  the  East,  and  for  10  years  prior  to  1893  they  neglected  prop- 
erties at  Phillipsburg  which,  if  worked,  would  have  paid  large  dividends.  Other 
mines  at  this  point  are  the  Bath,  West  Granite,  North  Granite,  San  Francisco, 
Latonia  and  Princeton.  In  addition  to  these  are  many  other  rich  mines  or  claims 
near  Phillipsburg,  which  the  owners  hope  will  ultimately  develop  into  as  great  prop- 
erties as  are  the  Granite  and  the  mines  of  the  Bi-Metallic  Comp^ihy. 

Garrison,  Montana. — Garrison  is  situated  in  Deer  Lodge  county,  on  the 
Hell  Gate  river,  51  miles  west  of  Helena.  Although  a  small  place,  containing  but 
about  100  population,  it  is  an  important  point  on  account  of  its  being  the  junction  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  and  the  Montana  Union  railroads.  The  latter  line  runs  in  a 
southerly  direction  from  Garrison  to  Butte,  a  distance  of  51  miles.  The  road  between 
Garrison  and  Butte  passes  through  the  towns  of  Deer  Lodge,  Stuart,  Anaconda  and 
Silver  Bow.  In  the  vicinity  of  Garrison  is  excellent  hunting  and  fishing.  Large 
game  is  plentiful  here,  and  the  Blackfoot  river  and  its  tributaries  near  by  are  full  of 
the  finest  varieties  of  speckled  trout. 

Deei'  Tjortjjfe,  Montana.— Deer  Lodge,  on--  of  the  oldest  settlements  in  Mon- 
tana, is  situated  in  the  center  of  the  agricultural  valley  of  the  Deer  Lodge  river.  It 
is  a  station  on  the  line  of  the  Montana  Union  railroad,  11  miles  south  of  Garrison, 
the  junction  of  the  Montana  Union  and  the  Northern  Pacific.  Helena  is  62  miles 
distant  from  Deer  Lodge,  while  the  town  is  separated  from  Butte  by  a  distance  of 
40  miles. 

The  early  history  of  the  town  of  Deer  Lodge  is  replete  with  interesting  and  sen- 
sational incidents  of  frontier  life.  It  was  near  this  place  in  1864  that  many  of  the 
desperate  characters  of  Montana's  early  history  paid  the  penalty  for  their  crimes,  they 
having  been  executed  by  the  Montana  committee  of  safety.  In  the  early  days  of 
Montana  there  were  no  courts  of  justice  in  the  territory  and  the  protection  of  life  and 
property  was  by  common  consent  relegated  to  the  vigilantee  committees  made  up 
o*"  the  most  respected  people  of  the  community.  By  summary  methods,  taken  in  all 
cases,  however,  after  the  fairest  of  trials  and  the  fullest  convictions,  the  territory  soon 
ceased  to  be  terrorized  by  the  lawless  element  and  it  is  the  boast  of  the  surviving 
members  of  the  old  vigilantee  committees  of  the  early  history  of  the  present  rich 
state  that  life  and  property  were  never  more  secure  than  they  were  during  the  time 
that  the  people  governed  themselves  without  the  aid  of  courts  or  lawyers. 

It  was  in  that  portion  of  Montana  which  is  now  embraced  within  the  limits  of  Deer 
Lodge  that  the  first  discovery  of  gold  was  made  in  the  stale.  The  honor  of 
this  first  discovery  rests  on  Francois  Finlay,  an  Indian  trader,  who  took  out  the  first 
dust  in  1850.  In  1864,  following  the  great  discovery  of  surface  gold  at  Bannock  City 
and  Alder  Gulch,  prospectors  began  to  arrive  in  Deer  Lodge  county,  and  about  the 
same  time  Deer  Lodge  was  founded  as  a  trading  and  outfitting  point  for  the  surround- 
ing mineral  districts.  The  importance  of  the  sotttement  here  in  the  early  days  of  its 
history  and  the  amount  of  trade  it  enjoyed  may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  the 


636 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


placer  fields  of  Deer  Lodge  county  yieldea  the  immense  sum  of  113,250,000  between 
1863  and  1868.  In  1870  the  first  signs  of  t  .e  failing  returns  from  the  placers  here 
became  apparent  and  the  attention  of  the  mining  men  from  that  time  forward  began 
to  be  diverted  to  the  more  arduous  and  then  less  promising  fields  of  profit  oifered  by 
the  development  of  the  rich  quartz  ledges  which  the  territory  contained. 

The  working  of  quartz  ledges  in  Deer  Lodge  county  is  now  an  industry  of  great 
and  constantly  increasing  Magnitude.  In  1891  this  county  produced  4,850,821  ounces 
of  silver,  and  19,586  ounces  of  gold.  The  decline  of  the  price  of  silver  in 
1893  has  resulted  in  the  working  of  the  placer  mines  here,  and  at  the 
present  writing  within  a  radius  of  20  miles  of  Deer  Lodge  there  are  hundreds 
working  at  fair  wages  in  the  placer  diggings.  Some  of  the  placer  fields  in  Deer 
Lodge  county  have  now  been  constantly  worked  for  more  than  20  years  past  with- 
out anj-  indication  of  their  giving  ont,  but  the  yield  of  gold  from  these  diggings 
is  small  today  in  comparison  with  the  wonderful  output  of  the  placers  here  in 
the  early  6o's. 

The  growth  of  Deer  Lodge  City  has  kept  pace  with  the  development  of  the 
county  of  which  it  is  the  trading  center  and  seat  of  justice.  It  is  now  an  attrac- 
tive and  wealthy  city  with  a  population  of  about  1,600.  The  site  it  occupies  is  evenly 
laid  out,  with  wide  and  deep  lots,  broad  thoroughfares  which  are  lined  on  each  side 
with  shade  trees.  The  business  blocks  are  well  built  and  many  elegant  and  costly 
residences  are  scattered  over  the  city.  Few  cities  of  equal  population  contain  a 
greater  number  of  fine  residences  than  are  found  in  Deer  Lodge.  There  are  in  the 
city  today  mansions  that  cost  as  high  as  $50,000  and  there  are  many  beautiful  homes 
here  valued  at  from  fio.ooo  to  $20,000  each.  A  feature  of  the  city  that  adds  much  to 
its  attractiveness  is  a  $50,000  court  house  which  occupies  the  center  of  a  square  laid 
out  in  walks  and  flower  beds.  Other  imposing  edifices  of  the  place  are  the  large 
brick  buildings  of  the  College  of  Montana  and  vSt.  Mary's  Catholic  Academ}-.  These 
institutions  rank  high  among  the  seats  of  learning  in  the  West,  and  their  establish- 
ment at  this  point  has  resulted  in  making  Deer  Lodge  an  important  educational  cen- 
ter. The  city  possesses  a  lo-room  public  school  building  which  was  erected  at  a  cost 
of  $30,000.  The  western  division  of  the  Montana  state  penitentiary  is  located  here 
and  it  occupies  well  appointed  buildings  with  ample  surror.nding  grounds. 

A  model  system  of  electric  lights  illuminates  the  streets  and  business  houses  of 
Deer  Lodge  and  an  excellent  system  of  water  works  provides  an  ample  supply  of  the 
purest  water  to  its  citizens.  This  water  is  taken  from  a  mountain  stream  near  the 
city.  The  altitude  of  Deer  Lodge  is  4,500  feet.  The  extremes  of  heat  and  cold  are 
not  felt  as  much  here  as  they  are  on  the  lower  levels  of  the  state,  and  the  climate 
of  this  part  of  the  state  is  said  to  be  a  delightful  one. 

The  raising  of  standard  bred  and  blooded  stock  is  an  important  and  growing  busi- 
ness on  the  ranches  in  the  vicinity  of  Deer  Lodge.  The  land  and  climate  here  are 
especially  favorable  tothe  raising  of  fine  slock,  and  during  recent  years  Deer  Lodge  has 
become  known  throughout  the  East  as  the  home  of  hor.scs  of  national  reputation.  Thor- 
oughbreds foaled  and  raised  at  Deer  Lodge  have  figured  prominently  in  some  of  the 
classic  events  of  the  American  turf.  Deer  Lodge  is  the  home  of  Poet  Scout,  High  Tariff, 
Nevada,  Eolian,  Regent,  and  a  number  of  other  well-known  thoroughbreds  that  have 
won  laurels  on  the  turf. 

Farmering  is  now  carried  on  in  Deer  Lodge  valley  by  means  of  irrigation. 
The    small   grains,    vegetables,    grasses   and    hardy    fruits    grow   here    to   perfec- 


Helena,  Montana. 


587 


•1  ;h 
■   ;»  ■ 


'•"ft'^^Kti" 


135"!?=:=;; 


MT.  Helen*.  Helen*. 


tion.  The  lakes  and  hills  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city  abound  in  fish  and  game. 
The  Big  Blackfoot  river  is  a  famous  trouting  ground  and  within  half  a  day's  ride  of 
the  city  are  the  Dempsey  Lakes  where  myriads  of  speckled  trout  are  found. 
Eighteen  miles  to  the  south  of  Deer  Lodge  are  the  famous  Warm  Springs  while  a 
few  miles  beyond  these  is  the  favorite  resort  of  the  Gregsou  Hot  Springs.  Both  of 
these  springs  are  noted  resorts  for  tourists  and  invalids. 

The  location  in  Deer  Lodge  of  splendid  educational  institutions,  the  homes  of 
wealthy  men  together  with  its  fine  climate  and  healthful  environments  all  combine  to 
make  the  city  a  most  desirable  place  of  residence. 

Helena,  Montana. — Helena,  the  capital  city  of  Montana  and  the  judicial 
seat  of  Lewis  &  Clarke  county,  is  situated  on  the  eastern  slope  of  the  main  range  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  great  wealth,  unsurpassed  scenic  surroundings  and 
romantic  history  of  this  city  have  combined  to  make  it  widely  known  throughout  the 
United  States. 

Nature  has  endowed  the  country  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  Helena  with  many 
scenic  attractions  and  a  diversity  of  mineral  wealth.  Towering  behind  the  city 
proper  is  the  grass-covered 
and  pine-clad  Mount  Hele- 
na. Lying  in  front  of  the 
city  and  stretching  away  for 
15  miles  is  the  beautiful 
Prickly  Pear  valley.  Near 
the  city  are  a  number  of 
health- restoring  thermal  springs.  Twelve  miles  to  the  north  of  Helena  lies  the 
Missouri  river,  which  from  this  point  north  to  Fort  Benton  presents  one  of  the 
scenic  wonders  of  the  world. 

It  was  not  natural  beauty  of  surroundings  or  favorable  climatic  conditions  that 
first  led  to  the  establishment  of  a  settlement  at  this  point.  Out  of  the  neighbvjring 
hills,  from  the  gulches  in  the  immediate  vicinity  and  f-om  the  very  site  on  which  the 
city  stands  today  millions  of  dollars  worth  of  gold  dust  has  been  taken,  and  it  was 
the  discovery  of  the  rich  gold  deposits  here  that  gave  birth  to  a  place  that  has  since 
become  one  of  the  most  prosperous  inland  cities  of  the  continent. 

Helena  owes  its  birth  to  a  fortunate  incident  in  the  career  of  four  men.  On  Julj' 
15,  1864,  four  weary  and  disappointed  prospectors,  who  had  been  wandering  in  search 
of  gold  among  the  gulches  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  camped  for  the  first  time  within 
the  present  city  limits  of  Helena.  The  following  day  they  began  to  prospect  along 
a  small  tributary  of  the  Prickly  Pear.  It  was  their  last  chance  to  find  gold  before 
turning  homeward,  and  before  a  pan  of  dirt  was  washed  they  named  the  locality 
Last  Chance  gulch.      Fortune  smiled  on  these  intrepid  miners.     The  first  pan  of 

washed  gravel  revealed  $20  in  coarse  gold.  They  had 
finally  "struck  it  rich  "  The  news  of  this  rich  dis- 
covery was  not  long  in  reaching  the  mining  camps 
of  the  territory  and  a  few  weeks  later  hundreds  of 
men  were  working  the  Last  Chance  placers.  For- 
tunes were  made  in  these  diggings  in  a  few  days, 
and  during  the  first  six  years  after  their  discovery 
these  placers  had  yielded  over  $15,000,000  in  gold. 
OLD  LAND  MARKS,  MAIN  STREET,  HELENA.       p'roui  thc  200  fcet  SQuarc  uow  occupied  by  the  Helena 


WF 


538 


II 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BY  LAWSON, 


depot  of  the  Montana  Central  Railway  Company  two  men  took  out  over  $330,cxx)  in 
gold  dust.  Another  rich  strike  was  made  within  the  present  city  limits  pn  the  site 
now  occupied  by  the  First  National  Bank  building.  All  the  business  section  of 
Helena  may  be  said  to  cover  what  was  once  one  of  the  richest  gold  fields  in  the  world. 

Soon  after  the  discovery  of  gold  in  Last  Chance  gulch  there  sprung  into 
existence  in  its  center  a  town  of  several  hundred  inhabitants.  On  October  30  of  the 
same  year  gold  was  discovered  here,  the  gallant  miners  named  the  new  town  Helena, 
in  honor  of  Homer's  heroine  of  ancient  Troy.  The  early  history  of  Helena  is  but  a 
repetition  of  the  history  of  the  other  rich  and  isolated  mining  camps  of  the  state. 
The  fame  of  the  rich  placers  of  Last  Chance  gulch  attracted  not  only  thousands  of 
honest  miners  but  a  horde  of  the  most  disreputable  members  of  society  as  well. 
Many  of  the  fortunes  made  here  by  the  miners,  after  the  hardest  kind  of  toil,  v  ere 
spent  by  them  in  riotous  living,  and  many  a  lucky  prospector  in  the  gulch  spent  his 
gold  as  fast  as  he  took  it  from  the  sluice  box.  It  was  not  uncommon  for  miners  to 
wash  out  of  the  ground  from  $15  to  |(75  a  day  apiece,  and  yet  these  same  men 

returned  to  work  each  morning  penniless  after  their 
night's  debauch.  Others,  more  prudent,  amassed  for- 
tunes, and  many  of  the  stately  buildings  which  now  Hue 
Helena's  streets  are  monuments  to  their  enterprise  and 
energy.  The  vicious  element  not  only  coveted  the  hard- 
earned  money  of  the  miners  but  they  were  a  menace  to 
the  lives  of  law-abiding  (  tizens.  The  better  element  in 
the  camp  at  length  four  it  necessary,  in  order  to  pro- 
tect their  lives  and  property,  to  execute  a  number  of 
these  thieves  and  murderers.  Thirteen  men  in  all  met 
their  death  at  the  hands  of  the  Helena  Vigilance  Com- 
mittee. All  of  these  men  had  committed  atrocious  crimes 
and  justly  deserved  the  punishment  which  was  meted 
out  to  them.  Hanjiman's  tree,  from  a  branch  of  which 
the  rope  that  executed  these  men  was  suspended,  was  for 
many  years  an  historic  mark  of  Helena.  The  tree  stood  as  a  menace  to  wrong-doers 
until  finally  cut  down  in  1876. 

In  1869  the  former  greatness  of  the  placers  in  Last  Chance  gulch  began  to  wane 
and  population  here  began  to  dwindle.  In  1867  Helena  contained  3,400  people.  In 
1876  it  did  not  contain  to  exceed  2,000  people.  During  the  years  of  Helena's  decad- 
ence an  indu'itry  was  being  developed  in  the  section  of  country  which  subsequently 
became  the  best  of  Helena's  tributary  district.  This  was  the  raising  of  live  stock. 
By  1878  and  1879  the  live  stock  interests  of  Montana  had  attained  proportions  of  con- 
siderable magnitude.  A  number  of  the  wealthy  cattle  men  of  the  territory  selected 
Helena  as  their  headquarters.  These  men  traded  with  Helena  and  they  built  their 
homes  in  the  town.  The  coming  of  these  men  with  their  millions  of  capital  stimu- 
lated the  growth  of  Helena,  and  by  the  time  the  tracks  of  the  Northern  Pacific  rail- 
road reached  this  point  the  town  was  in  a  very  flourishing  condition. 

Following  the  period  when  the  placers  of  Last  Chance  gulch  gave  out  the  miners 
of  this  section  began  to  turn  their  attention  more  to  quartz  mining.  A  large  number 
of  quartz  locations  were  made  near  Helena.  Some  of  these  in  time  proved  very  valu- 
able, but  before  the  advent  of  the  railroad  they  were  practically  worthless  as  their 
owners  were  without  the  facilities  for  properly  treating  the  ores  they  contained.     In 


Main  Street,  Helena,  Looking  South. 


Helena,  Montana. 


539 


PHOTO,    BY  LAWSON. 


MAIN  STREET,    HELENA. 


1880  the  Utah  Northern  railroad  reached  Montana  from  the  south,  and  three  years 
later  the  tracks  of  the  Northern  Pacific  reached  Helena.  The  building  of  these  roads 
wrought  a  great  change  in  Helena  and  in  the  section 
of  country  of  which  the  town  had  long  been  the 
trading  center.  New  mines  were  opened  up  here,  old 
prospects  which  owing  to  low-grade  or  refractory  ores 
had  been  deemed  worthless  became  paying  properties, 
and  new  life  was  infused  into  a  rich  country  which 
had  remained  unoccupied  for  the  one  reason  of  its 
isolation.  The  4th  of  July,  1883,  was  a  memorable 
one  in  the  history  of  Helena.  On  that  day  a  train  of 
36  cars  loaded  with  1,000,000  pounds  of  silver  bullion  left  Helena  for  the  East.  This 
shipment  attracted  the  attention  of  the  world,  and  although  it  was  but  the  fore- 
runner of  many  which  followed  it,  it  was  one  of  the  most  effectual  advertisements 
the  city  in  the  heart  of  the  Rockies  ever  received. 

The  coming  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  at  once  removed  all  doubts  regard- 
ing the  permanence  of  Helena  as  a  prosperous  city  of  the  West.  This  road  opened 
up  for  the  city  new  avenues  of  trade  and  industry  and  it  brought  it  into  closer  con- 
nection with  the  large  section  of  tributary  country  it  had  so  long  dealt  with.  At  the 
time  of  the  completion  of  the  Northern  Pacific  to  this  point  Helena  was,  as  it  is 
today,  the  political,  judicial,  financial,  commercial  and  educational  center  of  Mon- 
tana. From  1883  to  the  present  writing  the  city  has  made  remarkable  strides  in  a 
rapid  increase  of  population  and  wealth.  Its  people  now  claim  that  it  is  the  richest 
and  most  compactly  built  city  of  its  size  in  the  world.  The  wealth  of  the  city  is 
shown  by  its  assessed  valuation  of  property  here  in  1893,  when  the  returns  showed 
|2o,ooo,ooo  worth  of  taxable  property,  property  that  was  assessed  at  about  50  per 
cent,  of  its  valuation.  Dividing  the  $20,000,000  by  13,000,  the  present  population  of 
Helena,  it  gives  a  wealth  per  capita,  based  on  the  figures  of  the  assessment  roll, 
of  $1,538. 

Another  evidence  of  the  vast  amount  of  capital  accumulated  in  this  city  is  the 
number  and  wealth  of  its  strong  financial  institutions.  Seven  banks  are  now  doing 
business  in  Helena.  These  banks  have  an  aggregate  capital  of  $2,325,000,  a  surplus 
and  undivided  profits  of  $1,079,646,  and  total  deposits  of  $7,176,812.  These  are  the 
First  National  Bank,  with  a  capital  of  $500,000 ;  the  Merchants  National,  capital 
$350,000;  Montana  National,  capital  $500,000;  Second  National,  capital  $75,000; 
Helena  National,  capital  $500,000;  American  National,  capital  $200,000;  Cruise  Sav- 
ings, capital  $100,000,  and  Montana  Savings,  capital  $100,000.     Deposits  flow  to  these 

banks  from  all  parts  of  Montana,  and  they  form  a  clearing 
house  for  the  vast  amount  of  mineral  wealth  annually  pro- 
duced in  the  vicinity  of  Helena.  The  buildings  owned 
and  occupied  by  these  banks  are  imposing  five  and  six-story 
structures,  constructed  principally  of  granite  and  marble. 
The  banks  of  no  other  city  of  the  West  are  better  housed 
than  are  the  banks  of  Helena.  During  the  stringency  of 
the  summer  of  1893  two  of  the  Helena  banks  suspended,  but 
the  assets  of  these  banks  were  in  the  most  satisfactor)' 
shape,  and  the  suspensions,  as  in  the  case  of  other  strong  banking  houses  of  the 
country,  were  the  result  of  a  temporary  scare  of  the  people,  which  the  most   con- 


PHOTO,    BY  LA*SON. 


A  Business  Block,  Helena. 


540 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


scrvative  of  bankers  find  it  impossible  to  prepare  for.     The  business  blocks  of  Helena 
are  costly,  stately  and  modern  edifices  of  handsome  architectural  designs. 

The  depots  of  the  Northern  Pacific  and  Great  Northern  railroads  are  situated  in 
the  valley,  a  mile  or  more  from  the  business  center  of  Helena.  The.  traveler  who 
alights  from  the  train  of  either  road  at  Helena,  sees,  first,  stretches  of  gravel  or 
furrowed  ground,  which  was  dug  over  years  ago  in  the  search  for  gold.  Near  the 
depots  the  large  warehouses  are  located,  and  this  is  the  least  attractive  part  of  the 

city.  About  half  a  mile  from  the  depots  the  outskirts  of 
the  business  and  residence  sections  of  the  city  are  crossed. 
Beginning  on  Main  street,  at  its  intersection  with  Sixth 
avenue,  and  extending  for  half  a  mile  towards  the  base 
6f  the  mountains,  is  one  almost  unbroken  line  of  suli- 
stantial  and  elegn^  '  business  houses.  Many  of  these 
buildings  are  couh.ructed  entirely  of  Montana  granite, 
quarried  about  three  miles  distant  from  the  city.  Others 
are  constructed  of  marble,  red  sandstone  and  pressed 
brick.  Several  of  these  buildings  are  five,  six,  and  even 
seven  stories  high,  and  nearly  all  arc  equipped  with 
electric  lights,  modern  elevators,  and  other  conveniences. 
Scattered  here  and  there  through  the  city  are  many 
fine  buildings,  including  several  first-class  hotels,  and 
the  |i5o,ooobuildingof  the  Montana  Club,  a  strongsocial 
organization  of  the  city. 

The  public  and  private  improvements  of  Helena  are 
on  a  most  magnificent  scale.  Everywhere  in  the  city  is 
there  this  same  evidence  of  lavish  expenditure.  These 
expensive  improvements  were  not  the  result  of  a  poorly  administered  city  govern- 
ment or  the  squandering  of  public  moneys.  The  tax  rate  of 
the  city  is  low,  being  but  14  mills,  while  Helena's  bonded  in- 
debtedness is  less  than  $300,000.  The  millionaire  mine  owners 
have,  in  Helena,  some  of  the  finest  appointed  homes  and 
most  beautiful  surrounding  yards  on  the  continent.  The  fine 
houses  here  are  all  of  brick  and  stone,  and  the  residence  por- 
tion of  the  city  vies  favorably  with  the  most  select  residence 
section  of  any  city  in  the  West.  1 


Montana  Club,  Helena 


PHOTO.    BV   LAWSON. 


PHOTO.    OV   LAWSON. 


COURT  House,  Helena. 


li  !-'•    E. 


UNITED  States  Assay  Office, 
Helena. 


The  public  buildings  of  Helena  are 
especially  worthy  of  attention.  The 
Lewis  &  Clarke  county  court  house 
here,  stands  on  an  eminence  at  the  head 
of  Broadway  street.  It  was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $250,000,  and, 
as  shown  by  the  accompanying  illustration,  is  a  handsome  and 
striking  piece  of  architecture.  It  is  occupied  by  the  governor 
of  the  state,  by  the  state  and  county  officers,  and  it  is  here 
that  all  state  and  county  business  is  transacted.  A  marble- 
statue  of  the  Father  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence, 
Thomas  Jefferson,  occupies  a  prominent  place  in  the  lawn 
fronting  the  court  house.  Other  fine  public  buildings  of  Helena 
are  the  auditorium,  with  a  seating  capacity  of  10,000  people,  a 


Helena,  Montana. 


o41 


of  Helena 

ituated  in 
veler  who 
gravel  or 
Near  the 
art  of  the 
atskirts  of 
e  crossed. 
nth  Sixth 
s  the  base 
le  of  sul)- 

of  these 
a  granite, 
y.  Others 
d  pressed 

and  even 
)ped  with 
,'eniences. 
ire  many 
)tels,  and 
ong  social 

lelena  are 
;he  city  is 
e.  These 
y  govern- 


PMOTO.    BY  UAASON. 


GOO,  and, 
some  and 
governor 
it  is  here 
A  marbU' 
)endence, 
the  lawn 
f  Helena 
people,  a 


City  hall  ano  Fine  Department 
headquarters,  helena. 


PHOTO.    BY  LAWSON. 


The    NATATQHtUM,    HELENA. 


PHOTO.    BY  LAWSON. 


county  jail,  constructed  of  granite  at  a  cost  of  |5o,ooo,.  and 
a  large  brick  city  hall.  The  United  States  assay  office  is 
located  at  Helena.  There  were  deposited  in  this  assay  office, 
during  1892,  68,429  ounces  of  gold,  valued  at  $1,273,104,  and 
99,111  ounces  of  silver,  worth  $78,932,  a  total  of  $1,352,036 
in  precious  metals  handled  here  during  the  year. 

Helena  has  its  fashionable  West  End,  and  in  this  part 
of  the  city  are  many  elegant  and  palatial  residences.     The 

wealthy  citizens  of  the  city  have  vied  with  each 
other  in  erecting  houses  that  cost  tens  of  thou- 
sands of  dollars  each.  These  mansions  do  not 
differ  materially  from  the  class  of  fine  houses 
found  on  Summit  avenue,  St.  Paul,  Walnut 
Heights,  Cincinnati,  Nob  Hill,  Portland,  and 
the  fashionable  districts  of  other  leading  cities. 
The  noticeable  absence  of  frame  structures  in 
Helena  is  due  to  the  fact  that  in  the  early  his- 
tory of  the  place  die  city  was  visited  by  three 
great  conflagrations.  It  was  the  lesson  learned 
by  these  great  fires  which  was  largely  respon- 
sible for  the  adoption  of  brick  and  stone  for  building 
material  here.  No  great  fire  could  gain  headway  in 
Helena  today,  and  the  city  is  as  near  fire-proof  as  the 
adoption  of  fire-proof  materials  in  building  could  make  it. 
Among  the  notable  features  of  Helena  are  its 
libraries.  The  public  library  here  contains  10,000  vol- 
umes of  carefully  selected  books.  This  institution  is 
supported  by  a  tax  levy  of  three-tenths  of  a  mill.  This 
furnishes  a  steadily  increasing  fund  for  the  purchase  of 
hooks.     The  library  rooms  are  large  and  pleasant,  and 

are  located  in  the  auditorium  building.  The  state 
library  here  contains  about  5,000  volumes.  A  valuable 
collection  of  books,  original  manuscripts,  maps,  etc., 
numbering  in  all  5,000  pieces,  is  held  by  the  historical 
society's  library  here.  The  law  library  and  the  historical 
society  are  quartered  in  the  county  court  house. 

In  marked  contrast  to  the  bull  teams  which  trav- 
ersed Helena's  streets  in  the  early  history  of  the  town,  is 
the  splendidly-equipped  system  of  electric  cars  which 
now  reaches  to  all  parts  of  the  city,  photo,  by  lawson 
The  street-railway  system  here  consists  of  23  miles  of  electric 
lines.  Nine  miles  of  this  track  is  operated  by  the  Helena  Elec- 
tric Railway  Company  and  16  miles  by  the  Helena  Rapid 
Transit  Company.  The  first-named  company  has  in  use  10 
electric  cars  and  the  last-named  company  are  now  running  six. 
Both  of  these  companies  operate  a  line  to  the  natatorium,  Hele- 
na's great  summer  resort.  Over  $500,000  was  expended  on  this 
resort.  Water  is  supplied  here  at  a  comfortable  temperature  for 
bathing  and  the  natatorium  is  much   frequented  by   Helena's 


A  Summer  Resort  hotel,  Helena. 


PHOTO.    BY  LAWSON. 


SWIMMINQ  BATH,   HELENA. 


High  School,  Helena, 


542 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    B¥    LAWSON. 


Bryant  School,  Heuna. 

chil.dren  in  the  camp. 


PHOTO.   BY  LAWSON. 


Kenwood  School,  Helena. 


PHOTO.   BY  LAWSON. 


people  and  by  the  thousands  of  tourists  who  annually  visit 
the  city.  Helena  is  well  supplied  with  other  places  of 
amusement.  Among  these  is  a  cozy  theater,  an  athletic 
park,  gun  club  grounds  and  a  fast  driving  park  at  which 
race  meetings  are  held  twice  a  year. 

A  wandering  pedagogue  opened  the  first  school  in  Last 
Chance  Gulch  in  1865.  He  did  not  meet  with  much  suc- 
cess, because  at  that  time  there  were  only  five  or  six 
The  pioneer  teacher,  however,  managed  to 
eke  out  a  living  here  by  working  as  a  stone  mason  during  the 
time  he  was  not  engaged  in  his  school  duties.  A  remarkable 
transformation  has  been  effected  since  the  first  school  was  opened 
in  Helena.  The  city  now  boasts  of  nine  public  school  houses, 
a  Catholic  convent  and  parochial  school,  the  Montana  University, 
several  sectarian  schools  and  two  business  colleges.  The  school 
property  owned  by  the  city  is  now  valued  at  1432,574.  The 
buildings  occupied  for  school  purposes  represent  a  value  of  $241,- 

809.  There  is  invested  $155,975  in  realty  and  134,790  is  in- 
vested in  the  school  furniture.  In  1893  there  were  1,823  pupils 
enrolled  in  the  public  schools  of  the  city.  Forty  teachers  are 
now  regularly  employed  in  these  schools.  The  school  build- 
ings are  models  of  architectural  beauty  and  they  are  a  source 
of  great  pride  to  the  citizens.  The  cost  of  each  of  the  school 
buildings  here  was  as  follows :  Central,  $20,000 ;  High 
School,  $120,000;  Hawthorne,  $30,000;  Sheridan,  $3,981; 
Carey,  $14,682;  Lincoln,  $3,000;  Jefferson,  $15,000;  Bry- 
ant, $4,000;  Emerson,  $20,146. 
The  Helena  High  School  is  worthy  of  more  than  a 
passing  notice.  This  school  occupies  a  beautiful  granite 
edifice,  superior  in  design  and  finish  to  that  of  any  school 
house  of  the  Pacific  Northwest.  Its  exterior  appearance  can 
be  judged  by  the  illustration  of  it  which  appearr  in  this  pub- 
lication. A  winding  granite  stairway  witli  round  brass  rail- 
ings leads  from  the  ground  to  the  top  floor.  The  different 
floors  are  supported  by  massive  pillars  of  granite  and  sand- 
stone richly  carved.  A  wainscoting  of  porcelain-covered 
brick  extends  along  the  walls  of  the  hallways,  the  floors 
of  which  are  laid  in  ornamental  tile.     Private  study  rooms 

for  the  use  of  the  teachers  open  off  the  large  class  rooms.  The 
building  is  also  supplied  with  a  library,  laboratory  and  gyni- 
nasium. 

Like  the  schools,  the  churches  of  Helena  date  from  an 
humble  beginning.  The  first  church  here  was  a  log  buildini,' 
erected  in  April,  1865.  This  pioneer  church  was  liberally  sup- 
ported by  the  miners  who,  however,  seldom  attended  it  unless 
a  funeral  or  a  marriage  was  the  attraction.  It  is  on  record  that 
the  keeper  of  a  gambling  house  daily  eased  his  conscience  by 
depositing  a  few  dollars  in  gold  dust  in  the  contribution  box 
CAREY  School.  Helena.        which  huug  on  the  outsidc   of  the  church,  regularly  after  his 


HAWTHORNE  SCHOOL,  HELENA. 


PHOTO.  BY  LAWSON. 


■^"iiiffffi^^^^. 


LINCOLN  SCHOOL,   HELENA. 


PHOTO.    BY  LAWSON. 


hi 


ma 


Helena,  Montana. 


.J43 


PHOTO,    av  LAW90N. 


JEFFEHS"N  School,  Helen*. 


PHOTO.    BY  LAWSON. 


Emerson  School    Helen*. 


game  was  closed  for  the  night.  In  subsequent  years  the  church- 
going  element  of  Helena  largely  increased  and  the  tone  of 
the  city  today  is  a  distinctly  moral  one.  The  church  buildings 
are  among  the  most  attractive  edifices  of  the  city  and  the  con- 
gregation of  each  is  very  strong. 

As  an  adjunct  to  the  religious  organizations  of  the  city,  the 
hospitals  and  orphan  asylums  of  Helena  are  well  supported. 
The  St.  John's  Hospital  (Catholic)  occupies  a  $35,000  building 
while  the  building  occupied  by  St.  Peter's  Hospital  (Episcopal) 
was  erected  at  a  cost  of  $40,000.  Orphan  asylums  are  maintained  here  by  the  Cath- 
olic and  Protestant  churches. 

Helena  is  the  railroad  center  of  Montana.  The  city  is  reached  by  the  lines  of 
the  Northern  Pacific  and  the  Great  Northern  railroads,  and 
connection  is  also  made  with  the  Union  Pacific  from  this 
point.  The  Great  Northern  gains  an  entrance  to  the  city  over 
the  tracks  of  the  Montana  Central,  which  it  controls.  At 
Butte,  75  miles  to  the  southwest  of  Helena,  both  the  Montana 
Central  and  the  Northern  Pacific  connect  with  the  Utah  North- 
ern, a  branch  of  the  Union  Pacific.  A  number  of  lateral  lines 
spread  out  from  Helena,  and  these  roads  tap  the  rich  mineral 
districts  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city.  The  Helena,  Jefferson, 
Wicks,  Boulder  Valley  &  Butte  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
runs  58  miles  through  a  well  settled  mineral  and  agricultural 
district.  The  Helena  &  Red  Mountain  branch  runs  out  from  Helena  to  Rimini,  a 
distance  of  16  miles,  and  another  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific,  called  the  Helena 
&  Northern,  runs  to  Marysville,  where  the  great  Drum  Lunimon  gold  mine  is  located. 
On  the  lines  of  the  Montana  Central  and  Northern  Pacific  railroads,  four  miles  east 
of  Helena,  is  Prickly  Pear  Junction,  or  East  Helena.  It 
is  at  this  point  that  the  extensive  smelting  works  of  the 
Helena  Smelting  and  Refining  Company  are  located.  Over 
300  men  are  employed  in  these  works,  which  cost  $750,000, 
and  which  have  a  capacity  of  250  tons  of  ore  per  day.  The 
railroad  systems  centering  at  Helena  are  among  the  most 
complete  in  the  West,  and  the  city  can  justly  lay  claim  to 
being  a  great  railroad  center. 

Helena's  water  supply  is  obtained  from  creeks,  which  drain  an  area  of  3,600 
square  miles.  A  large  portion  of  this  area  drained  is  a  perpetual  snowshed.  The 
available  flowof  water  here  is  from  12,000,000  to  13,000, 000 gallons  every  24  hours.  The 
water  company  at  Helena  has  constructed  storage  reservoirs  in  the  mountains  back 
of  the  city.  These  reservoirs  have  a  combined  holding  capacity 
of  1 1 ,000,000  gallons.  Water  for  city  use  is  taken  from  these  res- 
ervoirs by  gravity  to  the  reservoirs  within  the  city  limits,  from 
which  latter  it  is  distributed  throughout  the  city.  The  water- 
works plant  consists  of  65  miles  of  pipe  and  f-^ur  reservoirs  hav- 
ing a  total  storage  capacity  of  16,000,000  gallons  of  water.  The 
pressure  of  water  in  the  city  mains  is  sufficient  to  throw  streams 
over  any  of  the  tallest  buildings  of  the  city,  thus  saving  the  city  the 
great  expense  of  the  purchase  and  maintenance  of  fire  steamers. 
FIRE  Alarm  Tower,  Helen*.  The  fire  department  of  Helena  consists  of  one  hook  and  lad- 


Entrance,  cemetery,  Helena. 


photo,  by  lawson. 


rA4 


The  ()rei;oninn's  Handbook  xif  ^ht^  I'acific  Northwest. 


fMOTO.    BV  1.AV/80N. 


Congregational  Church    Ht-nNA 


PHOTC.    BY  LAWSOS. 


Methodist  Church, 
Helena. 


<ler,  24  whet!  hose  carriages,  one  chemical  enjjine,  and  n 
reserve  apparatus  consistiiij^  of  a  7.5-foot  aerial  ladder  ami 
one  steLmer.  The  working  force  of  the  lire  departnunt 
consists  of  75  men  9  of  whom  are  fully  paid. 

The  police  force  of  Helena  is  well  disciplined  and  otTi- 
cered.      It  consists  of  a  chief  and  14  patrolmen. 

Until  the  organization  of  a  municipal  government,  in 
18.S1,  Helena  was  ruled  by  the  Board  of  Trade.  This  or- 
ganization is  still  maintained  and  is  in  a  nourishing  con 
dition.  It  numbers  among  its  members  all  the  substantia 
busiiiess  men  of  the  city.  It  has  done  much  to  advance 
the  interests  of  the  city,  and  is  the  medium  through  which  all  the  business  of  •: 
quasi-public  natui'e  pertaining  to  Helena  is  transacted. 

The  climate  of  that  part  of  Montana  in  which  Helena  is  located  ir-  perfect.  Tlu' 
dry  atmosphere  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  districts  is  highly  bene- 
ficial to  ihvalid.s.  Pulmonary  troubles  are  practically  unknown 
in  the  vicinity  of  Helena.  The  city  is  located  in  a  sheltered  nook 
of  the  mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  4,200  feet  above  sea  level.  It 
offers  numy  advantages  both  as  a  place  of  residence  and  as  a 
re.sort  for  tourists  and  invalids.  1  he  summers  here  are  cool  and 
pleasant.  The  heat  of  even  the  days  when  the  thermometer  gets 
the  highest,  is  not  oppressive.  During  the  winter  months  there 
are,  at  times,  some  extremely  cold  days,  but  the  absence  of 
moisture  in  the  atmosphere  has  a  remarkable  influence  in  tem- 
pering the  keenness  of  the  cold,  and  even  dnrirg  the  coldest 
days  people  go  on  the  streets  without  discomfort.  The  meteorological  records  at 
Helena  show  that  for  a  period  of  eight  years  the  city  enio3-ed  an  average  of  2S1  fair 
days  each  year  during  that  tune.  sA^ithin  easy  distance  of  Helena 
are  a  number  of  mineral  springs  whose  remedial  properties  hav° 
lieen  known  for  years.  The  greatest  of  these  springs  art  the 
White  vSulphur,  ir  Meagher  county,  the  Jefferson,  Clancy  and 
Boulder  w  ■  m  springs  of  Jefferson  county,  the  warm  sprmgs  in 
Deer  Lod,s;c  county,  and  Hunter's  hot  springs  in  the  upper  Yellow- 
stone valhn\  The  last  named  springs  have  identical  properties 
with  the  famous  hot  springs  of  Arkansas,  and  the  minerals  of 
these  springs  are  almost  a  sure  specific  f  >r  the  cure  of  diseases  re- 
sulting from  any  form  of  blood  poisoning. 
Lying  within  a  radius  of  80  miles  of  Helena  are  bodies  of  silver  and  gold  ores 
of  inestitiablc  value.  Centuries  of  constant  working  will  not  exhaust  the  riches 
of  these  vast  deposits.  On  the  bunchgrass  ranges  of  Mon- 
tana are  vast  herds  of  cattle  and  sheep  which  contribute  direct- 
ly to  Helena's  wealth  and  prosperity.  In  the  pocket  gulches 
of  the  mountains  within  easy  distance  of  Helena,  are  la.rge 
quautiticj  of  precious  stones.  Among  these  deposits  is  that  of 
Kldorado  bar.  The  sapphire  fielcts  here  are  now  being  worked 
by  an  English  company.  This  company  is  capitalised  for 
1500,000,  and  the  work  it  is  handling  at  Eldorado  bar  is  yield- 
ing large  returns.     Near  Helena  are  deposits  of  the  bes*  clay    ^ 

.    '^  "  A^  ■'       Church  of  the  Sacred  H'-^ht, 

tor  making  brick,  terra  cotta  and  pottery,  as  well  as  quarries  Helena. 


Temple  ■"■•^NUEL,  Helena. 


rHOTO     <JV  LA*"'0N. 


ITl 


Wicks,  Montana. 


545 


ne,  ami  i 
;lck'r  ami 
partme-nt. 

and  offi- 

imeiit,  ill 
This  oi- 
ling con 
ibslantia'' 
advance 
iiess  of   :i 

ect.     The 


DiST  Church, 

-tCLENA. 

records  al 
)f  2S1  fair 
of  Helen .1 
rties  hav? 
s  art    the 

incy  and 
spnngs  in 

r  Yellow  • 
properties 

nerals   of 

seasies  it. - 

t'old  ores 
le  riches 


\p"f 


Lutheran  Gehman  Chuhch, 

HELENA. 


CREU  H'"\.1T. 


of  numerous  varieties  of  the  most  durable    and  most    valuable   of  building  stone. 

In  addition  to  these  great  sources  of  wealth,  Helena  has  the  advantage  of  being  lo- 
cated near  the  geographical  center  of  Montana, 
thus   making   it  the  most  convenient  point  to 
reach  from  all  parts  of  the  state. 

In  the  tril  r'^ary  district  to  Helena  new 
mines  are  beinj^  constantlj-  opened.  These 
mines,  as  soon  as  their  value  is  determined, 
are  bought  up  by  the  rich  syndicates.  The 
opening  of  a  new  mine  on  a  large  scale  calls 
for  the  investment  of  thousands  of  dollars,  and 

St.  PETEFi's  Episcopal,  Church. 

HELENA.  already  millions  01  dollars  are  invested  herein 

mines  and  mining  machinery.       Helena  is  the 

center    of  one   of   the  greatest  mineral-producing   sections   of  the   world,    and  the 

handling  of  this  vast  mineral  wealth  has  made  this  city  one  of  the  greatest  c(mi- 

mercial  centers  of  the  West.  • 

Rimini,  Montana. — Rimini,  an  important  mining  town  of  Montana,  is 
situated  in  the  center  of  an  important  mining  district,  16  miles  southwest  of  Helena. 
It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Helena  &  Red  Mountain  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific 
railroad. 

Rimini  is  picturesquely  located  at  the  base  of  Red  Mountain  and  near  the  junc- 
tion of  Ten  Mile  and  Beaver  creeks,  two  swift-ilowing  mountain  streams.  A  mile  to 
the  west  of  Rimini  is  the  Lee  Mountain  mine,  owned  by  the  Consolidated  Ten  Mile 
Mining  &  Reduction  Company.  It  is  a  gold,  silver  and  lead  property  with  2,oex)  feet  of 
developments.  The  main  tunnel  is  960  feet  in  length  and  the  other  tunnels  are  700, 
400,  300  and  340  feet.  The  ore  in  this  mine  is  found  in  a  fissure  vein  over  30  feet 
wide,  in  vSyenitic  granite.  It  is  a  low-grade  concentrating  ore,  running  from  |2o  to 
J30  to  the  ton. 

Another  mine  at  Rimini  owned  by  the  same  company  is  the  David  Stanton. 
This  contains  ore  averaging  40  ounces  in  silver  and  40  per  cent,  lead  and  I5  in  gold. 
South  of  Rimini  is  the  Red  Mountain  group  of  mines.  These  consist  of  the  Ameri- 
can Flag,  Rureka,  Northern  Pacific  and  other  developed  and  working  properties. 
South  of  these  mines  on  the  same  mountain  are  the  Good  Priday  and  Nellie  Grant. 
On  Providence  Hill  near  Rimini  are  the  Vautour  and  PeerleS;^  Jenny  mines,  both  of 
which  are  heavy  silver  producers.  Rimini  will  eventually  become  a  much  larger 
and  more  important  mining  center  than  it  is  today.  There  are  some  very  rich 
gold  properties  near  the  town  still  undeveloped  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  place  are 
some  of  the  most  promising  prospects  of  Montana. 

Rimini  now  contains  a  district  school,  two  churches,  a  hotel  and  several  well 
stocked  mercantile  .stores.  Its  population  is  about  350.  The  creeks  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  town  furnish  good  trout  fishing  and  large  game  is  found  in  the  neighboring  hills. 
V  single  carload  of  ore  from  the  Vautour  mine  here  yielded  $3, 900 and  large  bodies  of 
ore  in  the  Peerless  Jenny  have  assayed  from  250  to  600  ounces  in  silver.  This  can  be 
taken  as  evidence  of  the  richness  of  the  mining  district  tributary  to  the  town  and  of 
the  resources  on  which  this  flourishing  little  place  relies  for  support. 

WiflvS,  Montana. — This  town  occupies  a  commanding  position  in  the  center 
of  a  large  and  rich  mineral  district.     It  is  the  terminus  of  the  Helena  &  Jefferson 


i 


m 

1; 


546 


The  Orcffonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


it 


m 


ill 


branch  of  the  Northern   Pacific  railroad  and  it  is  also  a  station  on  the   line  of  the 
Montana  Central. 

Wicks  is  located  in  Joffersc  .  mty,  lo  miles  northwest  of  Boulder  and  25  milts 
south  of  Helena.  It  now  contains  a  ],  ipulation  of  about  600.  It  has  excellent  public 
school  facilities,  good  churches,  we  1  co..ducted  hotels  and  the  usual  number  of  stores 
found   n  a  place  of  this  size. 

Ivocated  near  Wicks  arc  the  large  mines  of  the  Helena  vSmelting  &  Refining  Com- 
pany, which  are  locally  known  as  the   Hauser  properties.     The  mines  owned  by  this 
company  here  are  the  Alta,  Comet,  Northern  Pacific,  Gregory  and  Banner.     The  Aha 
is  the  largest  and  best  developed  mine  of  the  group.     Its  main  shaft  is  down  i,oc;o 
feet  and  it  has  ten  levels  with  developments  of  over  i,2CO  feet  each.     The  ore  chutes 
in  all  these  levels  run  low  in   grade  but   are  extensive,  varying  from  15  to   24  feet  in 
width.     The  mine  is  connected  with  a  concentrator  located  at  Corbin  by  a  narrow-gauge 
railroad  3J^  miles  in  length.     The  coticentraled  ore  from  the  Alta  mine  averages  2u 
ounces  in  silver  and  50  per  cent,  lead  to  the  ton.     The  Comet  is  developed  by  a  f^ 
500  feet  deep  and  by   five  levels.     It   is   connected  with  the  smelter  at  Wicks  ]..■ 
bucket  tramway  4^  miles  in  length.     The  Comet  is  an  average-grade  mine.     Of  the 
other  mines  of  the  group,    all  of  which  are  well  developed,  the  Custer  is  the  most 
valuable  and  the  one  of  best  promise. 

At  Corbin,  two  miles  distant  from  Wicks,  is  the  Rumley  mine.  The  shaft  of  this 
mine  is  now  down  350  feet.  The  ore  is  a  sulphide  running  about  12  per  cent,  lead, 
30  ounces  in  silver  and  $3  per  ton  in  gold. 

Among  the  other  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Wicks  are  the  Munich,  Pen  Yan, 
Blue  Bird,  Weiser  and  the  Kennedy  group  near  Clancy.  In  the  Sterling  mine  a; 
Clancy  two  leads  of  high-grade  galena  ore  have  been  opened  up.  The  ore  runs  t,(i 
ounces  in  silver  and  $6  in  gold  per  ton.  There  are  also  a  number  of  gold  properties 
near  Wicks  which  are  in  various  stages  of  development.  The  Basin  mining  district 
is  'lirectly  tributary  to  Wicks.  The  latter  is  one  of  the  most  promising  mining  dis- 
tricts of  Montana.  The  trade  of  Wicks  is  altogether  with  a  mining  section  of  coun- 
try and  it  enjoys  all  the  prosperity  which  attaches  to  a  mining  section  when  all  the 
mines  are  being  worked. 

Marysvlllo,  Montana. — Marysville,  one  of  the  most  important  miniiu^ 
towns  in  Montana,  is  situated  on  Silver  creek,  21  miles  north  of  Helena.  It  1^ 
reached  by  the  Montana  Central  railroad,  and  it  is  the  terminus  of  the  Helena  is: 
Northern  branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific. 

Placer    gold    was  discovered    on  Silver  creek    in   May,    1.S64.       In    subsequent 

years  the  diggings  here  yielded  a  large 
amount  of  gold.  Following  the  work- 
ing out  of  the  vSilver  creek  placers 
miners  began  to  seek  for  the  quart/ 
ledges  which  it  was  known  must  exist 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  former  nch  pk 
cers.  In  ICS76  Thomas  Cruse,  now  ; 
well-known  banker  of  Helena,  found 
the  ledge  of  the  famouv  Drum  Lum- 
mor  mii'.e.  This  mine  is  no\  the 
greatest  gold  producer  in  Montana. 
Fvariy    in  1883    Mr.    Cruse    sold    this 


PHOTO.  BY    HALL. 


Mah>5ville,  Montana. 


Alarrsville,  Montana. 


547 


mine  to  an  FInglish  syndicate  for  |2,5cx),otx),  who  organized  under  the  name 
of  the  Montana  Company  (Limited)  stocked  for  6ix),i.k)o  shares  of  a  par  value 
of  $5  each.  T'p  to  January,  1892,  this  mine  had  produced  494,838  tons  of  ore,  from 
which  |5, (375,298  in  gold  and  I3, 593,228  in  silver,  a  total  of  19,268,526,  had 
been  taken.  The  average  value  of  the  ore  taken  from  the  Drum  lAimmon  has 
varied  greatly  since  it  was  first  worked.  In  1883  the  ore  averaged  |'65.63  per  ton. 
In  1890  it  averaged  $13.43,  a»d  in  1892  but  $7  43.  The  total  nndergrt)und 
development  in  this  mine  represents  45,000  lineal  feet,  or  about  8'j  miles  of 
drifts,  shafts,  crosscuts  and  tunnels.  The  miners  operate  through  a  tunnel  1,200 
feet  long,  which  cuts  the  vein  400  feet  from  the  surface.  From  the  level  of  this  tun- 
nel two  shafts  have  been  sunk  and  these  shafts  have  now  reached  a  depth  of  over  i  ,400 
feet  below  the  surface.  There  are  two  mills  on  the  property,  one  of  50  and  the  other 
of  60  stamps.  In  the  smaller  mill  the  stamps  weigh  900  pounds  each  and  drop  96 
times  a  minute.  Each  of  the  stamps  of  this  mill  crushes  about  2 '4  tons  a  day.  The 
other  mill  cost  $140,000  and  its  stamps  weigh  620  pounds  each  and  drop  94  times  a 
minute.  The  toial  engine  capacity  of  the  Drum  Lumnion  plant  is  2,435  horse  power. 
The  vein  of  this  mine  is  a  true  fissure  anti  extends  north  and  south  through  slates 
and  near  a  contact  of  granite  and  slate  on  the  footwall  side.  On  the  hanging  walls  is 
a  porphj'ry  dyke,  which  is  regarded  as  intluencing  the  formation  of  ore  bodies.  The 
ore  is  not  continuous  in  the  vein,  but  occurs  in  shoots.  Between  these  shoots  tiie  vein  is 
barren  and  is  in  some  places  pinched  to  a  mere  seam.  The  ore  shoots  vary  from  5  to 
over  30  feet  in  width. 

About  30CJ  men  are  employed  in  the  Drum  Lummon,  and  it  is  this  mine  which 
practically  supports  the  town  of  Marysville.  The  population  of  Mar^  sville  is  about 
1,500.  In  addition  to  this  mine,  however,  the  town  has  other  resources,  the  develop- 
ment of  which  will  prove  an  important  factor  in  the  growth  of  the  place.  Within  a 
radius  of  eight  miles  of  Marysville  are  numerous  silver  and  gold  claims,  which  can 
be  nitide  good  paying  properties.  On  the  foothills  of  Mount  Belmont,  a  short  dis- 
tance from  Marysville,  are  the  Peuobscott  and  Whipperville  mines,  both  of  which 
have  been  gond  producers  and  are  still  valuable  mines.  Other  mines  in  this  locality 
are  the  Blue  Bird,  Hickey  and  Belmont.  Three  miles  from  Marysville  are  the  prop- 
erties of  the  Bald  Butte  Mining  Company.  These  consist  of  the  Black,  Douglas, 
Albion,  Genesee,  Sterling  and  Keiiawa.  The 
Albion  is  developed  with  a  shaft  200  feet  deep 
and  six  working  tunnels.  The  ore  from  this 
mine  runs  about  $32  a  ton.  Since  July,  i8t;o, 
it  has  yielded  $390,000.  Next  in  point  of  de- 
velopment in  ihis  group  is  the  t  euesee,  which 
has  a  shaft  250  feet  deep  and  about  1,200  feet  of 
tunnels.  The  ore  is  free-mil'ing  gold,  running 
about  $34  to  the  ton.  It  is  found  in  a  solid  vein 
from  5  to  24  feet  wide.  The  Bald  Butte  Company  operates  a  20-stamp  mill ,  with  a  crush- 
ing capac.  •  of  30  tons  a  day.  Development  work  has  been  done  on  the  other  four 
mines  here  opened  by  this  company. 

In  the  vicinity  of  Marysville  are  other  numerous  quartz  mines,  many  of  which  it  is 
believed  will  becornc  dividend-paying  ])roperties.  As  with  ^very  other  mining  dis- 
trict, capital  is  needed  here  to  develop  rich  claims  now  lying  id''^ 

Marysville  occupies  an  attractive  site  in  a  narrow  valley  <'  lu  base  of  a  spur  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.     A  few  hundred  feet  up  the  mountaii   'i 'c  is  the  shaft-house 


Drum  lummon  Minl.  M*HysviLi.t 


T7T1 


! 


'ii£« 

11 

f                                    j 

11 

11, 

'       '                              1 

II 

M  ■        i 

1 

-   .'■        1 

1 

!p     ! 

II 

l-iH 

r 

1 

1 

lli 

1 

1 

Lli^-_ 

548 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


CROSsiNn     The  Plains"  to  Montana. 


of  the  Drum  Lummon  niiue,  immediately  under  which,  on  level  ground,  are  the 
stamp  mills  to  which  the  ore  is  sent  down  in  a  chute.  Scattered  through  the  town 
are  many  cosy  cottages  and  several  brick  business  Ijlocks.  Two  good  public  schools 
are  maintained  here,  and  three  strong  church  organizations  are  supported  in  the  town. 
Marysville  presents  a  more  attractive  appearance  than  do  most  mining  camps.  The 
streets  are  graded  good  sidewalks  have  been  laid  and  the  town  is  lighted  by  electric- 
ity. A  system  of  water  works  supplies  the  town  with  the  best  of  water,  taken  from 
the  springs  and  creeks  in  the  vicinity.  Marysville  has  daily  stage  connection  with 
Empire  via  Gloster.  The  place  is  a  prosperous  mining  camp  and  a  trading  center 
that  claims  for  the  town  considerable  commercial  importance. 

Butte,  Moiitaiia. — Situated  at  an  altitude  of  5,700  feet  above  the  sea  level, 
on  the  western  slope  of  the  main  divide  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  is  Butte,  the  largest 
city  in  Montana  and  the  greatest  mining  camp  in  the  world. 

Nearly  all  mining  camps  consist  of  a  motley  col- 
lection of  cheaply  constructed  buildings,  but  Butte  is  a 
city  possessing  every  metropolitan  feature  and  with  a 
population  of  35,000  energetic  and  public-spirited  people. 
It  is  a  place  without  parallel  in  America.  Underlying 
the  city  and  its  environs  are  apparently  inexhaustible 
bodies  of  copper  and  silver  ores.  The  whole  district  of 
which  Butte  is  the  center  is  a  network  of  mineral  veins. 
The  site  occupied  by  Butte  is  a  part  of  the  great  mineralized  area,  nearly  all  of 
which,  under  favorable  circumstances,  could  be  profitably  mined.  A  shaft  could  be 
sunk  in  almost  any  of  the  back  yards  of  the  city  and  a  body  of  ore  encountered.  In 
the  very  heart  of  the  city,  at  the  rear  of 
some  of  the  imposing  business  blocks,  are 
developed  mines  with  their  shaft  houses  and 
hoisting  engines.  This  peculiarity  of  Butte 
at  once  impresses  the  stranger  with  the  faot 
that  he  is  in  a  great  mining  camp,  an<!  that 
perhaps  under  his  very  feet  lies  hidden  the 
wealth  of  a  Croesus.  With  this  evidence 
of  mining  before  his  eyes,  however,  he 
notes  on  all  sides  every  evidence  of  a  great  city,  and  he  finvls  hew  a  thousand  miles 
or  more  from  the  Pacific  ocean,  one  of  tltte  great  inland  cities  of  the  continent. 

The  bonanza  mines  of  Butte  are  the  ^rreatest  copper  v^rodnoers  -ii  the  world.  Of 
the  silver  and  gold  mines  here,  there  are  a  scort'  or  nioin-  whose  annual  output 
aggregates  millions  of  dollars.  In  this  district  over  4,000  -Miners  daily  deiicer'l  into 
the  very  bowels  of  the  earth  and  extract  from  the  storehc>«s!e  01   nature  here  thousandj> 

of  tons  of  copper  an.:  ^.Iver  ores.  In  addition  to 
this  large  force  of  Mti,,  5,  kx)  others  are  employed 
in  various  capacities  about  the  mines  and  m  the 
great  smelting  operations  about  this  point.  These 
men  and  the  other  wage  earners  of  Butte  arc  paid 
about  $1,300,000  monthly.  Nearly  all  oJ  this  im- 
mense sum  is  expemled  with  a  lavish  extrava- 
gance peculiar  to  mining  camps  anx5,  10  the  aver- 
age man  who  has  been    brought  up  in  the  niivist 


PHOTO.    PALAIS  STUDIO. 


"  -■■■■  --■?»{-""-■     .-  ,^^S?» 


BUTTt,  IN    1fl76. 


PHOTO.    PALAIS   STUDIO. 


View  or  Butte 


1 


■U\ 


Ihitte,  Montana. 


649 


In 


PHOTO.    PALAIS  STUDIO, 


Business  Center,  Butte. 


of  the  petty  economies  of  the  people  of  the  Eastern  states,  the  manner  of  spending 
mone}-  in  Butte  by  even  the  common  laborer  is  a  revelation. 

Butte  claims  to  produce  more  wealth  and  to  expend  more  money  pi'r  capita  than 
does  any  other  city  of  equal  population  in  the 
world.  Within  a  radius  of  two  miles  from  the 
court  house  here,  ores  of  che  enormous  aggre- 
gate value  of  |26,ouo,ooo  are  annually  dug  out 
of  the  earth.  Were  this  great  annual  reve- 
nue equally  divided  among  the  inhabitants  of 
Butte,  every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  .. 
city  would  receive  the  snug  little  sum  of  $8o<3  a 
year.  The  production  of  this  wealth  and  the 
distribution  of  a  large  part  of  it  in  wages  has 
given  Butte  characteristics  possessed  by  no 
other  city  in  America,  and  a  reference  to  the 
idioms  of  the  people  will  not  be  found  devoid  of  interest  in  the  present  article. 

On  the  streets  of  Butte  may  be  seen  all  the  characteristics  and  picturescjue  phases 
of  mining  life,  together  with  the  scenes  incident  to  an  industrial  and  commercial 
center  of  prominence.  Situated  on  the  hills,  within  the  corporate  limits  of  the  city, 
are  the  large  red-painted  shaft  houses  of  some  of  the  greatest  producing  mines  in 
America.  Along  the  railroad  tracks  at  the  foot  of  the  city  and  on  the  uplands  of  the 
suburbs  are  smelters  to  which  are  carried  for  reduction  not  only  the  product  of  the 
many  mines  in  the  vicinity  of  Butte,  but  also  ores  from  other  mineral  properties  of 
distant  Washington,  British  Columbia  and  even  Alaska. 

Before  becoming  the  centerof  great  quartz  mining 
operations,  Butte  was  for  some  time  a  rich  placer 
camp.  In  the  early  60' s,  at  a  time  when  thousands 
of  men  were  washing  gold  from  the  sands  of  Alder 
gulch,  a  party  of  hardy  and  adventurous  fortune 
seekers  pushed  their  way  over  the  main  divide  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  and  discovered,  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  site  on  which  Butte  now  stands,  the  ricii  placer 
mines  on  Silver  Bow  creek.  Shortly  ruler  the  ad- 
Vent  of  these  men,  others  followed,  and  by  the  fall  of 
1S64,  hundreds  of  miners  were  working  the  vSilver 
Bow  placers.  The  camp  that  sprung  up  at  this  point 
derived  its  name  frovn  a  solitary  and  picturesque 
PARK  STREET,  BuTTE.  mouud  OX  buttc  whlch  rises  from  Silver  Bow  valley, 

in  front  of  the  present  imposing  city. 

The  placers  at  Butte  proved  very  productive,  and  for  some  years  this  settle- 
ment, together  with  the  flourishing  camp  of  Silver  Bow,  was  in  a  flourishing  con- 
dition. As  was  the  case  in  all  the  camps  of  Montana  during  the  early  days  of  the  coun- 
try's history,  food  supplies  brought,  fabulous  prices.  I'iour  sold  for  $100  a  sack,  eggs 
brought  $1  apiece,  apples  were  scarce  at  50  cents  each,  and  grapes  sold  readily  at  $10 
a  pound.  At  even  these  prices  for  the  necessaries  of  life,  the  miners  did  well,  and 
maiiv  a  fortune  was  taken  out  of  the  placers  here  by  the  miners>  of  30  years  ago. 
The  yield  of  all  placer  mines  in  this  district,  from  1862  to  1868  inclusive,  was  $13,- 


PHOTO.    PALAIS  STUDIO. 


'if 


550 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


K«!  ■  n 


PHOTO.    BV 
PALAIS  STUDIO. 


SlLVEfl    BOW. 


PHOTO,    PALAIS  STUDIO 


250,000.  lu  1867  Butte,  as  a  placer  camp,  reached  its  climax. 
At  the  end  of  that  year  its  future  doubtless  seemed  as  hopeless 
to  the  then  residents  of  the  city  as  did  the  outlook  of  the  Mon- 
tana mines  during  the  great  agitation  of  the  sil- 
ver question  last  year.  The  people  who  had  braved 
the  hardships  to  reach  this  point  in  their  search 
for  fortune,  were  not  the  men  to  be  deterred  by  ad- 
verse circumstances  in  their  career,  and  the  men 
who  have  built  a  city  at  this  point  are  not  the 
men  who  will  allow  their  present  great  interests  at 
Butte  to  long  remain  idle,  even  should  the  world 
demonetize  silver  as  a  medium  of  exchange. 
After  the  placer  mines  at  Butte  were  practically  exhausted,  the  town  was  almost 
deserted.  The  few  years  immediately  following  1S64  saw  a  revival  of  the  old- 
time  excitement  in  the  town,  and  in  the  early  70's  Butte  took  a  start  which  has  built 
here  one  of  the  most  progressive  cities  of  the  continent.  The  first  quartz  location 
tfrom  heresay  evidence)  was  made  north  of  the  present  city,  in  August,  1864.  Today 
over  4,000  claims  have  been  filed  in  the  city  and  its  immediate  vicinity.  Prior  to 
1875  quartz  claims  were  located  here  only  for  the  gold  they  were  supposed  to  con- 
tain. No  development  work  worthy  of  note  was  done  on  these  claims,  and  the 
knowledge  of  the  large  deposits  of  rich 
copper  and  silver  ore  hidden  but  a  few 
feet  below  the  surface  was  reserved  for  a 
later  generation.  In  that  time  there  were 
no  facilities  for  treating  the  ores  of  these 
ledges,  and  there  was  but  little  prospect 
of  the  establishment  of  smelters  and 
stamp  mills  here,  owing  to  the  then  so- 
lated  condition  of  the  entire  country.  In 
those  days  prospects  that  have  since 
proved  immensely  valuable  sold  for  a  few 
dollars.  As  an  instance  of  the  Inck  of 
confidence  felt  in  the  quartz  ledges  here 
during  the  early  history  of  the  camp,  it 
can  be  stated  that  the  Lexington, 
which  is  now  one  of  the  greatest  silver-producing  prv^i>erties  in  Montana, 
was  purchased,  by  the  late  millionaire,  A.  J.  Davis,  in  the  early  70's,  for  a  |20  horse. 
This  same  mine  was  afterwards  sold  by  Mr.  Davis,  to  a  V^^ench  company,  for  |i,ooo,- 
000.  Other  valuable  claims  here  were  traded  by  their  original  owners  for  a  sack  of 
dour  and  a  piece  of  bacon. 

In  the  fall  of  1S75  a  number  of  the  old  abaitiloU'od  quartz  claims  were  re-located  by 
parties  who  had  learned  of  their  value,  and  it  soon  Ivcamv  vuuiored  abroad  that  the 

black  ledges  of  Butte  were  rich  «»  silver  and  copper.  This 
discovery  of  the  value  of  tht\"»v  ledges  soon  attracted  the  at- 
tention of  provspvctors,  and  hvuidrt-ds  of  men  eii.ger  to  in- 
vestigate the  merits  of  the  new  field  journeyed  across  the 
mountains  to  Butte,  which,  in  a  few  months'  time,  again 
V)ecanic  the  mecca  of  Western  mining  men.  In  1876,  the 
PARROT  SMELTERS,  Bui TE  buildiug  of  thc  Centeunial,  Dexter,  Burlington  and  Lexing- 


MouLTON  Mill  anp  Smelteh,  Butte, 


PHOTO.    PALAIS  STUDIO. 


TOP 


liutte,  Montana. 


561 


-cS*'^, 


Colorado  Concentrator,  outte. 


ton  mills  here  for  crushing  ore,  greatly  facilitated  mining  operations  i.t  this  pt)int, 
and  soon  after  the  completion  of  these  mills,  Butte  became  one  of  the  most  promis- 
ing mining  centers  of  the  West.  From  that  time  until  the  completion  of  the  Union 
Pacific  to  this  city,  in  j88i,  the  camp  steadily  advanced. 

In  the  spring  of  1881  Butte  was  incorporated  with  a  population  of  about  3,cxk). 
It  was  about  this  time  that  the  extensive  development  of  mining  properties  was 
begun  here,  as  well  as  the  erection  of  large  smelters  and  quartz  mills.  With  the 
coming  of  the  railroad  and  the  building  of  the  great  smelters,  Butte  emerged  at 
once  from  the  uncertain  condition  of  a  primitive  camp,  with  an  unsettled  and  tur- 
bulent population  to  the  dignity  of  a  city.  Its  growth,  the  development  of  its  mines, 
their  production  of  wealth  and  the  prosperity  of  the  city  from  that  time  to  the 
present  have  been  phenomenal,  and  scarcely  without  parallel  in  the  rise  of  mod- 
ern cities. 

Soon  after  the  completion  of  the  Union  Pacific  to  this  point  the  Montana  Union 
was  finished  to  Butte.  This  latter  roads  connects  Butte  and  Garrison,  51  miles  dis- 
tant, where  a  junction  is  made  with  the 
main  line  of  the  Northern  Pacific.  At  a 
later  period  the  Great  Northern  complet- 
ed its  main  line  to  Butte,  and  in  1S90  the 
Northern  Pacific  constructed  a  'cut-off" 
from  Logan  in  the  Gallatin  valley,  via 
Butte,  to  Garrison.  The  latter  company 
now  runs  one  of  its  overland  passenger 
trains  through  Butte.  It  will  thus  be  seen  that  with  three  great  transcontinental  lines  of 
road  passing  through  or  terminating  at  Butte,  the  transportation  facilities  of  the  city 
are  not  excelled  by  those  of  any  other  city  of  the  west.  The  volume  of  business 
regularly  handled  by  these  railroads  at  Butte  aggregates  millions  of  dollars  annually, 
and  this  business  furnishes  a  good  illustration  of  the  city's  prosperity.  Forty-six 
trains  now  leave  or  arrive  at  the  various  depots  of  Butte  every  24  hours,  of  which  20 
are  passenger  and  26  freight  trains.  These  trains,  it  is  estimated,  carry  on  an  average 
i,<vv>  people  in  and  out  of  the  city.  The  annual  receipts  of  the  railroads  from  the 
freight  business  of  the  city  approximates  about  $5,000,000  a  year. 

The  site  occupied  by  the  city  of  Butte,  begins  in  the  valley 
of  Silver  Bow  creek,  where  are  -^ituated  the  railroad  yards,  and 
extends  by  an  easy  grade  to  the  top  of  one  of  the  foothills  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  On  the  crest  of  the  highest  hill  of  the 
city  the  shaft  houses,  concentrators  and  rock  piles  of  the  chief 
mines  stand  out  in  bold  relief.  Back  of  these 
mines  are  the  suburbs  of  Centerville  and  Walk- 
erville,  both  lively  aud  picturesque  places,  pre- 
senting interesting  scenes  typical  of  mining 
life.  lYoni  the  '"rest  of  the  hill  here  a  delight- 
ful view  is  obtained  of  the  densely  built  city 
lying  hundreds  of  feet  below.  Ten  miles  to 
the  east  from  this  point  is  the  rugged  slope  of 
the  main  divide  of  the  Rockies.  Extending  in  front  of  the  city  is 
Silver  Bow  valley,  from  which  rises  the  bare,  cone-shapt-dbutte  which  Scandinavian  me. church 
gave  the  name  to  the  city  built  near  it.      Beyond  the  valley  rise  the 


photo.    PALAIS  BTUDIO. 


PHOTO.    PALAIS  STUDIO. 


Catholic  Chusch,  Butte. 


m 


552 


The  Omgonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


' 


i 


I    i 


PHOTO.  PALAIS  STUDIO. 


snow-capped  peaks  and  bleak  slopes  of  broken  ranges  and  the  Rocky  Mountains.  To 
the  west  of  the  city  the  monotony  of  bleak  and  rocky  hillsides  is  broken  by  nu- 
merous prospect  holes  and  shaft  houses.  Here,  on  all  sides,  there  is  evidence  of 
man  having  endeavored  to  make  the  earth  reveal  here  the  hidden  sources  of  its 
treasures.  Some  of  these  early  seekers  worked  for  months  in  digging,  only  to  be 
rewarded  with  failure.  Others,  more  fortunate,  sunk  shaft  holes  only  a  few  feet  dis- 
tant from  barren  places,  only  to  find  rich  croppings  which  finally  resulted  on  a  later 
development  in  their  becoming  millionaires. 

■Main  street,  one  of  the  principal  business  thoroughfares  of  Butte,  extends  from 
the  valley  below  to  the  crest  of  the  hill,  and  from  this  latter  point  to  Walker villc. 
Along  this  street  are  many  five  and  six-story  business  blocks,  all  of  which  equal  in 
construction  and  appointments  the  largest  structures  of  any  Eastern  city.  A  cable 
line  runs  on  this  street  from  the  depot  to  Walkerville,  a  distance  of  three  miles. 
Nearly  all  parts  of  the  city  are  reached  by  splendid  rapid-transit  lines  of  road.  This 
system  is  controlled  by  the  Butte  Consolidated  Railway  Company.  The  system  con- 
sists of  15  miles  of  track,  lyi  miles  of  which  are  cable,  and  the  remainder  is  operated 
by  electric  power.  These  lines  carried  in  1H92  1,500,000  passengers,  out  of  a  popula- 
tion of  35,000,  an  average  of  43  rides  to  each  resident  of  the  city. 

Crossing  Main  street  about  midway  up  the  hillside,  are  the 
four  other  business  streets  of  the  city.  These  streets  are  named 
respectively,  Mercury,  Park,  Broadway  and  Granite.  All  '>f  these 
streets  are  constantly  crowded  day  and  night  with  repress  itatives 
of  nearly  every  nationality,  and  it  is  this  cosmopolitan  and  pic- 
turesque mass  of  humanity,  its  lavish  expenditures  for  amuse- 
ments and  the  luxuries  of  life,  and  the  resorts  that  are  supported 
by  it,  that  has  made  Butte  famous  as  the  liveliest  city  in  the 
union. 

One  reason  for  the  flourishing  condition  of  affairs  at  Butte  is  the  fact  that 
nowhere  in  America  are  laboring  men  paid  as  high  wages  as  they  are  in  Butte.  Here 
the  common  laborer  receives  $3  a  day  for  his  work,  while  the  miners  are  paid  from 
I3.50  to  $5  a  day,  and  skilled  mechanics  from  I4  to  $8  a  day.  This  scale  of  wages  is 
maintained  and  protected  by  the  labor  organizations  of  Butte,  organizations  that  have 
a  total  membership  of  8,323. 

Butte  is  distinctly  a  well  governed  city.  It  is  re- 
markably free  from  the  depredations  of  the  lawless 
element,  which  is  held  in  .subjection  by  a  well  disci- 
plined police  force  consisting  of  28  patrol  men,  a 
chief  and  a  marshal.  The  city  hall  is  a  handsome 
four-story  brick  structure  occupied  by  the  police  de- 
partment and  the  officers  of  the  city.  The  mayor  of 
Butte  is  Eugene  O.  Dugan.  The  career  of  this  gen- 
tleman is  an  illustration  of  the  rapid  advancement 
made  by  men  of  integrity  and  worth  in  the  West. 
Mr.  Dugan  was  born  in  St.  Johns,  New  Brunswick, 
on  March  24,  1862.  He  attended  the  public  schools 
of  his  native  city  and  after  a  brief  business  experience 
there  he  moved  to  Butte  in  1884.  Shortly  after  his 
arrival  in  Butte  the  citizens  of  the  second  ward  elected         hon  e.  o.  dugan,  mavor.  butte. 


Episcopal  Church,  butte. 


PHOTO.   PALAI?   studio. 


Ihttte,  Montiitm. 


SAS 


Photo, 
palais  studio 


him  a  representative  in  the  city  council,  (^thcr  honors  were  bestowed  on  Mr.  Dii^an 
and  in  April,  1S93,  he  was  elected  mayor  of  the  city,  dekating  liis  republican  oppo- 
nent by  a  large  plurality.  He  is  now  the  senior  member  of  the  lirm  of  Diigan  & 
Jones,  insurance  and  financial  agents. 

Among  the  public  buildings  of  Butte  is  the  county  court  house,  a  stately  edifice 
occupied  by  the  countv  officials  of  Silver  l^owcounty,  of  which  Hutte  isthcseat  of  jus- 
tice. Another  handsome  structure  recently  completed  at  a  cost  of  575.o'io  is  the  Hutte 
Public  Library  building.  This  library  contains  over  I5,ckjo  volumes  of  carefully 
selected  literature  and  is  a  fitting  refutation  of  the  charge  sometimes  made  in  the  juist 
that  a  mining  town  does  not  contain  a  cultured  peoi)le  with  social  and  literary  as])ir- 
ations.  Of  the  other  fine  buildings  of  Butte  arc  several  first-class  hotels,  a  costly 
opera  house  and  numerous  brick  and  stone  business  block?.. 
A  peculiarity  about  the  dwelling  houses  of  Butte  is  that 
most  of  them,  while  small  but  cozy  cottages,  occupied  by 
workingmen,  arc  furnished  with  costly  furniture  and  the  ap- 
pointments of  elegant  homes.  The  high  wages  paid  here 
have  allowed  the  workingman  to  live  in  a  manner  un- 
dreamed of  by  his  less  favored  co-worker  of  the  Eatt.  Al- 
though small  houses  predominate  here  there  are  many 
palatial  homes  scattered  over  the  city.  There  are  also  main- 
tained in  Butte  three  social  clubs  or  organizations  which 
enjoy  a  wide  reputation  for  hospitality  and  which  afford 
their  members  all  the  comforts  afforded  by  any  of  the  best 
maintained  clubs  of  the  East.  These  clubs,  the  Irish- 
American,  Oro  Plata  and  Silver  Bow  occup)'  apartments 
fitted  up  in  an  expensive  manner  and  the  doors  of  all  these  clubs  are  always  open  to 
the  stranger  or  the  tourist  visiting  Butte. 

During  the  financial  crisis  of  1893,  when  frightened  depositors  gathered  around 
the  paying-tellers'  windows  of  hundreds  of  banks  throughout  the  United  States 
and  forced  many  of  the  strongest  financial  institutions  to  suspend  payment,  the 
pcJople  of  Butte,  having  the  utmost  confidence  in  the  soundness  of  their  local  banks, 
refused  to  withdraw  their  deposits.  This  confidence  was  not  misplaced,  for  during 
the  eventful  period  there  was  not  a  single  bank  failure  in  Butte.  The  banks  of  the 
city  arc  the  First  National,  with  a  capital  and  undivided  profits  of  $1,000,000,  the 
Silver  Bow  National,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000  and  a  surplus  and  undivided 
profits  of  $300,000,  the  State  Savings  Bank,  with  a  capital  stock  of  $100,000  and  a 
surplus  and  undivided  profits  of  $30,000.  In  addition  to  the  above  are  the  private 
banking  houses  of  W.  A.  Clark  &  Bro.  and  Hogc,  Brownbee  &  Co.,  both  of  which 
have  at  their  disposal  over  $1,000,000. 

The  educational  facilities  of  Butte,  both  public  and  private,  are  equal  to  those 
of  any  city  in  the  progressive  West.  The  history  of  the  public 
schools  of  Butte  is  but  a  repetition  of  the  history  of  the  city 
itself.  From  in  humble  beginning  in  1866  the  public  school 
system  has  grown  here  until  it  is  now  a  crowning  monument 
to  the  intelligence  and  public  spirit  of  the  people.  There 
are  today  16  public  schools  in  Butte  and  its  suburbs,  and  the 
school  property  here  is  valued  at  $200,000,  exclusive  of  the  cost 
PUBLIC  SCHOOL,  BUTTE.  of  thc  grouud  thc  buildings  occupy.      These  consist  of  a  large 


COURT  HOUSE,  Butte. 


PHOTO.    PALAIS  STUDIO. 


V 

V 

1 

l>^ 


VA 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PMOTO.    PALAtS  STUDIO. 


PHOTO.    PALAIS  STUDIO. 


brick  high  school,  erected  at  a  cost  of  $80,000;   three  handsome   12- 
room  buildings,  modem  in  design  and  equipment,  and  nine  smalltr 
buildings.    The  total  enrollment  in  the  public  school  shere  in  1892  \v;is 
3,643,  which  was  an  increase  of  600  over  the  total  number  of  pupils 
enrolled    the  previous    year.      The  course    of  instruction   in   these 
►schools  corresponds  with  that  of  the  best  public  schools  of  the  Kasl. 
In    the   primary  department  there  is  a  kindergarten  system.     The 
SOUTH  School,  Butte,  grammar  course  is  the  same  as  pursued  elswhere,  and  the  high  sciool 
gives  a  pupil  a  thorough  preparatory  collegiate  course.       In  addi.iun 
to  the  public,  school  system  of  the  city   is  a   Catholic  parochial  school,  which  occu- 
pies an  |8o,ooo  school  building. 

The  spiritual  welfare  of  the  citizens  of  Butte  is  cared  for  by  15  church  organiza- 
tions, nearly  all  of  which  occupy  imposing  edifices.  These  churches  have  over  io,o<x> 
communicants,  and  own  property  valued  at  |375,ooo. 

A  description  of  the  water-works  system  of  a  mountain  city  near  where  there  are  n  ^ 
large  lakes  or  streams  may  prove  interesting  in  con- 
nection with  this  article.  The  Butte  City  Water 
Company  iias,  within  the  past  two  years,  entirely 
rebuilt  and  remodeled  the  water-works  system  of  the 
city.  The  source  of  supply  of  this  water  is  the  melt- 
ing snows  of  the  mountain,  augmented  by  springs 
and  creeks,  a  source  that  insures  the  absolute  purity 
of  the  water.  The  company  is  now  constructing  a  ma- 
sonry dam  120  feet  in  height  and  located  al)out  13 
miles  south  of  the  city.  This  will  dam  the  waters  of 
Basin  creek  at  its  junction  with  Bear  creek  and,  when 
completed,  will  form  a  storage  reservoir  with  a  hold- 
ing capacity  of  many  million  gallons  of  water.  This 
water  will  cover  an  area  of  130  acres,  and  its  greatest 
depth  will  be  about  ico  feet.  The  reservoir  supplies 
water  by  gravity  to  the  highest  point  on  Broadway 
street.  From  that  point  it  is  pumped  twice  in  order 
to  reach  the  most  elevated  sections  of  the  city  and  to 
supply  the  large  mining  properties  to  the  north  of 

Butte,     This  water  is  carried  from  the  reser- 
voir to  within  three  miles  of  the  city  in  a  24- 
incli  banded  redwood  pipe.     The  remaining: 
distance,  owing  to  the  heavy  pressure  of  the 
water,  it  is  conducted  through  a  wrought- 
iron  pipe.    The  redwood  main  is  constructed 
of  California  redwood   staves,     banded    to- 
^^-  gether  with  steel  bands,  and  it  is  capable  of 
with,standinga  maximum  pressure  of  200 feet. 
The  street  pipe  system  is  built  of  Ka- 
lowein  pipe,  varying  from  6  to  20  inches  in 
diameter.      Mains  are  laid  on  all  the  prin- 
cipal streets,   and  there  are  132  double  fire 
•apiiisr^" "s ,;- *  -  hydrants  located  at  various  points  through- 

DAM,  watcr  works,  BUTTE.  o^t  tlic  city.     Thc  pressure  on  these  mains 


24-lNCH  Redwood  Main    from  Reservoir  to 
City  Water  Works,  Butte. 


PHOTO.    PALAIS  studio. 


m :  '>' 


dsome  1 2- 
tie  smaller 
11  1S92  was 
■  of  pupils 
in  these 
the  Kast. 
:em.  The 
igh  sc.if)ol 
ti  acUli-.ion 
liich  occu- 

orgaiiiza- 
ver  io,o<M) 

lereareu^ 


t>u^> 


Wp-. 


p'' 


Reservoir  to 

UTTE. 

the  reser- 
tyin  a  24- 
emaiiiing 
ure  of  the 
wrought- 
ustructed 
iided  to- 
:apable  of 
>f  200  feet. 
It  of  Ka- 
inches  in 
the  priii- 
ouble  fire 
thro ugh - 
se  mains 


^^m 


liutte,  Montana. 


a-v^ 


"MOTO.    P«LAH  »TUD'0. 


varies  from  65  to  175  pounds  per  scjuare  inch.  A  pumping  station  located  on  Ciulena 
street  takes  the  water  from  the  gravity  system  and  punips  it  into  what  is  known  as 
I'Hevation  6,ckxj,  from  which  it  is  rei)umped  to  give  a  fire  pressure  at  an  elevatioii  of 
6,300  feet.  The  paid  and  volunteer  fire  department  of  Hutte,  with  apparatus  consist- 
ing of  two  fire  engines  and  two  trucks  and  five  hose  wagons,  furnishes  ample  pro- 
tection to  the  city  again.st  fire. 

Butte  is  lighted  almost  exclusively  by  electricity,  although  the  city  also  boasts 
of  a  good  gas  plant.  There  are  in  use  here  15,000  incandescent  lights  and  250  arc 
lamps.  In  addition  to  surface  lighting, 
some  of  the  underground  workings  of  the 
largest  mines  are  lighted  by  electricity  gen- 
erated in  the  shaft  houses. 

The  permanence  of  Butte's  mineral  re- 
sources is  now  conceded.  Unlike  other 
mining  camps  that  have  sprung  up  in  a 
month,  produced  their  millions  in  an  in- 
credibly short  time  and  then  faded  away 
into  oblivion,  Butte,  with  her  practically 
inexhaustible  veins  of  copper  and  silver 
will,  probably,  100  years  hence  still  be  the 
center  of  vast  mining  operations.  Copper 
is,  today,  king  in  Butte.  From  the  mining 
of  this  mineral  the  city  derives  the  greater 
portion  of  its  revenue.  Over  |6oo,oc;o  is 
paid  out  monthly  here  to  the  employes  of 
copper  mining  and  smelting  companies. 
There  are  millions  of  dollars  invested  here 
in  silver  properties,  but  if,  by  any  misad- 
venture, the  white  metal  should  even  be  no 
longer  an  article  of  commerce  Butte  from 
her  other  resources,  would  still  remain  a 
wealthy  and  prosperous  city. 

The  mines  of  Butte  are  annually  adding  to  the  wealth  of  the  world  many  mil- 
lions of  dolU.s.  For  the  12  years  ending  with  1S92,  the  total  production  of  these 
mines  amountc^i  v  )  the  enormous  sum  of  $176,707,600.  This  output  by  years  is  as 
follows:  i.'8r,  Ji, 247, 600;  1882,  $2,100,000;  1883,  $4,160,000;  1884,16,720,000;  1885, 
$11,479,000;  (886,113.246,500;  18S7,  $18,275,000;  1888,  $22,i86,fX)o  ;  1890,  $25,900, - 
(XX3 ;  1891,  $26, .\5o,  joo ;  1892,  $28,000,000.  At  no  other  place  on  the  surface  of  the 
globe  dfies  so  small  an  area  as  that  of  the  mining  district  here  yield  from  the  store- 
houses of  nature  such  vast  annual  sums  of  wealth.  The  greatest  of  the  mines  here 
are  the  famous  Anaconda  group,  managed  by  the  well-known  millionaire,  Marcus 
Daly.  These  mines  are  copper  producers,  but  their  output  in  silver  amounts  to  many 
thousands  of  dollars  a  month.  The  Anaconda  Company  own  the  Anaconda,  St. 
Lawrence,  Mountain  Consolidated,  Wake  Up  Jim, Green  Mountain  and  other  prop- 
erties, nearly  all  of  which  are  located  within  half  a  mile  of  the  business  center  of 
Butte.  The  average  daily  output  of  these  mines  is  about  5,000  or  6,000  tons.  This 
ore  is  shipped  to  Anaconda,  where  the  company  operates  extensive  reduction  works. 
The  reduction  works  of  Butte  and  Anaconda  together  represent  an  invested  capital  of 


Chief  Skeeas,  Cree  Indians,  Montana. 


V" 

.<>,  *> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


25 


iii.  12  8 
^     m^m     ,11,1 


1.4 


•^  IIIIIM 


1.6 


"^y^'^ 


'/ 


I%otogrdphic 

Sciences 

Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(716)  S72-4S03 


h 


<^ 


<'^ 


556 


The  Oreffonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    PALAIS  STUDIO 


$12,003,000,  which  in  itself  is  an  assurance  of  the  confidence  of  the  mine  owners  in 
the  permanence  of  the  great  bonanzas  of  Butte. 

The  Anaconda  and  St.  Lawrence,  two  of  the  greatest  copper  mines  in  the  world 
adjoin  each  other  on  the  same  vein.  The  underground  workings  of  both  are  lij^lued 
by  electricity.  The  main  shafts  of  these  mines  are  i  .000  feet  in  depth  and  the  veins  are 
from 60  to  loj  feet  in  width.  The  Mountain  Consolidated,  another  of  the  -AnacoiKla 
group,  is  a  copper  and  silver  producer,  and  is  developed  by  a  1,000  foot  shaft  and  l)v 
numerous  cross-cuts  and  level.s.  The  vein  of  this  mine  is  about  60  feet  wide,  and  the 
daily  output  is  about  1,200  tons.  The  Green  Mountain,  Wake  Up  Jim,  High  Ore  and 
Modoc  all  belong  to  the  .\naconda  Company  and  are  situated  just  east  of  the  Mount- 
ain Consolidated.  These  properties  are  all  in  operation  and  are  supplied  with  the 
latest  improved  machinery. 

Next  in  size  to  the  Anaconda  are  the  Boston  &  Montana  Company's  possessions, 
consisting  of  38  mines  and  two  smelters,  having  a  daily  combined  capacity  of  450 
tons.  This  company  also  operates  a  smelter  at  Great  Falls  having  a  capacity  of  1,000 
tons.  Of  the  claims  owned  by  this  company  only  six  are  developed.  The.se  are  the 
Mountain  View,  Enst  Colusa,  West  Colusa,  Harris  Floyd,  Moose  and  Badger  State. 
Of  the  six  the  Mountain  View  is  the  most  promising.  It  is  developed  by  a  i.ofKi 
foot  shaft  from  which  cross-cuts  and  levels  have  been  extended  to  the  north  and  south 
veins,  each  of  which  is  from  30  to  40  feet  wide,  from  the  500- foot  level  to  the  bottom. 
Ii  is  estimated  that  there  are  now  more  than   1,200,000  tons  of  ore  in  sight  in  this 

mine.  The  two  Colusa  mines 
are  next  in  importance  belonji;injr 
to  the  company.  In  the  East 
Colusa  a  body  of  copper  ore  60  feet 
in  width  has  been  opened  up, 
while  in  the  West  Colusa  two 
bodies  the  combined  width  of 
which  is  about  70  feet,  have  been 
explored  to  such  an  extent  that 
1,000,000  tons  are  now  exposed. 
The  Harris-Floyd  is  another  good 
property  from  which  the  com-  ''^'^iiiBK'  pary  derives  a  large  amount  of 
revenue.      It  was  purchased  for  .♦fj'   '*^^        $^'^^,^^00    and    is    now    valued    at 

$i,50(j,ooo.       The    Moose     nnd  "■*'!v;^S^        Badger  State  are  both  smaller  prop- 

erties,   but    are  fast  being  de-  '  yeloped   into  great  mines.     There 

are  now  over  1.500  men  on  the  payroll  of  the  Boston  &  Montana  Mininj,' 
Company.  The  dividends  paid  by  the  Butlc  mines  of  this  company  up  to  the  first  of 
December,  1892,  amounted  to  $2,075,000. 

Another  large  corporation  operating  here  is  the  Butte  &  Boston  Company. 
Besides  a  4o-stamp  mill  and  a  well  appointed  smelter  the  company  owns  33  mines, 
all  of  which  produce  when  the  ore  is  desired.  The  principal  mines  worked  by  the 
company  are  the  Silver  Bow,  the  ore  from  which  is  mostly  copper ;  the  Belle  of  Butte 
(silver),  the  Rast  and  West  Grey  Rocks  (silver  and  gold)  and  the  La  Platte,  con- 
taining gold  and  silver.  The  output  of  these  claims  keeps  both  the  mill  and  smeller 
in  constant  operation.  The  smelter  owned  by  this  company  has  a  daily  reducing 
capacity  of  400  tons.  There  are  about  500  men  on  the  payroll  of  this  compan\ . 
The  amount  of  money  regularly  paid  out  to  these  men  in  wages  foots  up  to  over 
$60,000  a  month. 


Butte,  Montana. 


iVM 


up, 
two 
th  of 
i)eeu 
tliat 
posed, 
gooil 
unt  of 
led  a  I 
rpro]i- 
There 
Mining 
first  of 


Indian  Squaw,  Montana. 


Next  in  size  to  the  Butte  &  Boston  is  the  Parrot  Copper  &  Silver  Mining  Company 
whose  possessions  consist  of  a  smelter  having  a  daily  capacity  of  400  tons  per  day, 
and  four  good  mines,  all  located  at  Butt'j.  The  amount  of  fine  copper  turned  out  by 
this  company  each  month  amounts  to  about  2,ooo,(xk)  pounds,  and  the  monthly  out- 
put in  silver  is  valued  at  about  |6o,ocx).  The  company  employs  about  400  men. 
The  dividends  paid  by  this  company  up  to  the  first  of  December,  .-Kga,  amounted  to 
Ji.Soo.cxx). 

The  Colorado  Copper  &  Silver  Mining  Company  owns  and  operates  a  smeker 
here  having  a  capacity  of  150  tons  a  day,  together  with  about  six  gooa  mines,  all  of 
which  arc  now  producing  a  large  amount  of  high-grade  ore,  carrying 
copper,  silver  and  a  1  mall  percentage  of  gold.  Of  the  mines  belong- 
ing to  the  company,  the  Gagnon,  located  right  in  the  heart  of  the 
city,  is  the  most  productive.  This  mine  is  developed  by  a  i.ocxa  foot 
incline  shaft  and  numerous  cross-cuts  and  levels.  The  monthly 
output  of  the  company  is  approximately  2cx)  tons  of  matte,  con- 
taining 70,000  ounces  of  silver,  150  ounces  of  gold  and  lootons  of 
copper.  In  addition  to  the  smelter,  the  company  also  operates  a 
100-ton  concentrator.  The  company  employs  about  300  men  in  its 
various  departments. 

Among  the  copper  producers  of  Butte  are  the  Butte  Reduction  Works,  owned 
exclusively  by  W.  A.  Clark,  The  ore  on  which  the  works  are  kept  in  operation 
comes  from  Mr.  Clark's  mines,  of  which  there  are  about  14,  all  producing  properties. 
The  daily  capacity  of  the  smelter  is  ^oa  tons,  200  tons  of  which  passes  through  the 
concentrator,  while  the  remainder  is  reduced  in  blast  and  reverberating  furnaces. 
These  works  furnish  employment  to  over  150  men. 

The  largest  silver  producer  in  the  camp  is  the  Alice  Company.  The  Alice  mine 
has  reached  a  depth  of  1,300  feet,  at  which  depth  ore  bodies  are  showing  up  very 
rich  veins.  At  intervals  of  each  100  feet  from  the  surface,  both  the  north  and  souih 
veins  have  been  explored  and  have  shown  remarkably  large  reserves  of  sulphuret  ore. 
Besides  the  Alice  proper  the  company  owns  nearly  15  other  mines,  of  which  several 
are  producers.  The  annual  output  of  these  mines  is  over  |7cx),ooo,  and  the  working 
force  employed  here  averages  between  300  and  375  men.  The  dividends  paid  by  the 
Alice  up  to  the  first  of  December,  1892,  amounted  to  #975,000. 

The  silver  and  gold-producing  properties  of  the  Blue  Bird  Mining  Company,  con- 
sisting of  the  Blue  Bird,  Mono  and  Poorman  mines,  are  located  about  two  miles  west 
of  Butte.  The  ore  from  the  Blue  Bird  averages  about  50  ounces  in  silver  and  p>> 
in  gold,  and  is  free  milling.  The  company  operates  a  go-stamp  mill,  and  employs 
about  350  men. 

The  Lexington  company  is  also  a  large  gold  and  silver  producer.  Its  proj)erty 
is  located  just  north  of  the  city  limits,  and  consists  of  the  Lexington,  AUie  Brown 
and  other  mi  es,  and  has  a  6o-stamp  mill  having  a  daily  capacity  of  85  tons.  On 
the  Lexington  proper,  a  shaft  has  been  sunk  to  a  depth  of  1  early  1,480  feet,  which 
is  deeper  than  any  other  shaft  in  the  camp.  Like  the  other  large  mines  in  the 
district,  the  Lexington  contains  a  north  and  south  vein,  from  which  millions  of 
tons  of  ore  have  already  been  extracted.  The  payroll  of  the  company  averages 
about  240  men,  who  receive,  in  the  aggregate,  about  $27,000  in  wages  per  month. 
Up  to  the  1st  of  December,  1892,  the  total  dividends  paid  by  the  Lexington  amounted 
to  $609,000. 


H 


668 


The  Ore^onian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


There  are  a  great  many  other  valuable  producing  mines  near  Butte,  but  space 
will  not  permit  a  description  of  these  mines.  The  combined  number  of  mines 
owned  and  operated  by  corporations  in  Butte,  today,  exceeds  230,  in  addition  to 
which  there  about  300  more  being  worked  by  individuals.  All  of  these  mines,  when 
sufficiently  developed,  become  heavy  producers,  and  thereby  add  much  to  Butte's 
wealth  and  prosperity. 

^-^The  formation  around  Butte  is  granite,  with  occasional  porphrj',  and  all  veins 
run  east  and  west,  dip  towards  the  south,  and  are  true  fissures.  Unlike  those  of 
other  mining  camps,  the  veins  of  the  Butte  mines  are  numerous, 
and  run  parallel  to  each  other  at  a  distance  of  from  50  to  150  feet 
apart.  They  vary  in  width  from  10  to  hxj  feet,  and  seem,  as  tliey 
appear  in  granite,  like  vast  channels  filled  with  argentiferous  or 
scrupiferous  ores.  The  ore  occurs  in  shoots,  usually 
varying  in  length  from  100  to  1,000  feet.  The  niaj,'- 
nitude  and  extent  of  the  ore  bodies  can,  therefore, 
be  imagined  from  the  size  of  the  district,  which  com- 
mences at  a  point  south  of  the  city  limits  and  extends 
four  miles  north.  The  length  of  the  district  is  abont 
10  miles.  In  the  heart  of  the  city  it  is  almost  ini- 
cusTEH  MONUMENT,  ON  THtGHf.  D.TTLE  GROUND,  possiblc  to  uxcavatc  forthc  fouudatiou  of  a  house 
without  encountering  a  body  of  ore  rich  in  precious  metals.  All  of  the  copper 
ore,  however,  is  found  in  the  veins  passing  just  north  of  the  center  of  the  city,  while 
south  and  north  of  this  point  silver  predominates. 

In  many  of  the  copper  mines  here  enough  gold  and  silver  is  found  to  pay  all 
operating  expenses.  This  is  the  case  with  the  Anaconda  company's  large  copper 
mines.  The  great  mineral  veins  of  Butte  are  practicably  inexhaustible  in  their  su])- 
plies  of  wealth.  Experts  who  have  carefully  examined  into  the  situation  here  are 
confident  that  centuries  of  constant  mining  would  not  e.xhaust  the  ore  bodies  in  the 
mines  of  Biittc  already  opened. 

Of  the  real  estate  and  financial  agents  of  Butte,  the  firm  of  W.  McC.  White  iS: 
Co.  is  the  oldest  and  most  prominent.  The  gentlemen  connected  with  this  finn 
have,  for  some  years  been  actively  identified  with  every  movement  of  a  public  nature 
in  Butte,  and  they  will  cheerfully  answer  any  inquiries  about  the  realty,  mines  or 
finances  of  the  city.  W.  McC.  White  &.  Co.  make  a  specialty  of  investing  money  of 
non-residents,  both  in  real  estate  and  mortgages. 

Aiiacoiida,  ^^oiituim. — Among  the  mountains  of  Deer  Lodge  County,  Mon- 
tana, a  prosperous  n  ining  town  has  sprung  up  in  recent  years.  The  country  imme- 
diately surrounding  .Vnaconda  is  bleak  and  barren.  Here  and  there  on  the  black  and 
rocky  sides  of  the  adjacent  hills  a  stunted  pine  tree  struggles  for  life.  Nourished  bv 
water  trickling  down  from  the  melting  snow,  grass  springs  up  here  during  the  first 
few  days  of  spring,  but  the  summer  heat  soon  causes  it  to  wither. 

Far  below  Anaconda,  and  contrasting  with  its  bleak  surroundings,  is  a  beautiful 
green  valley  through  which  winds  the  Deer  Lodge  river.  Krom  chis  valley  the  site 
of  the  city  can  be  determined  by  the  clouds  of  smoke  which  hover  over  it  night  and 
day.  Although  Anaconda  has  no  mills,  factories,  wholesale  houses,  or  mines,  it  con- 
tains 2,800  wage-earners,  none  of  whom  work  for  less  than  $3  a  day.  Everything 
consumed  in  the  place  is  shipped  in   from  outside  points.     The  place  depends  for  its 


;i   '!; 


Stock  Rnisitiff  in  Montann. 


-).-){) 


but  space 
jf  mines 
dition  to 
es.  when 
0  Butte's 

all  veins 
those  of 
umeroiis, 
)  150  feet 
I,  as  they 
iferous  or 
I,  usually 
fhe  niti),'- 
herefore, 
licli  coiii- 
il  extends 
t  is  about 
most  im- 
a  house 
le  copper 
ity,  while 

to  pay  all 

L?e  copper 

heir  su])- 

here  are 

ies  in  the 

White  .S: 
this  firm 
ic  nature 
mines  or 
inouev  of 


tv,  Men- 

imine- 

lack  ami 

ished  b\ 

the  first 


jeautiful 
the  site 
ifjht  and 
it  con- 
jrythiug 
Is  for  its 


Anaconda  Smelters. 


support  upon  one  industry  alone.  Yet  this  city  has  the  finest  hotel  in  Montana  and 
here  is  published  a  daily  paper  which  enjoys  the  distinction  of  having  a  circulation 
larger  than  that  of  any  other  paper  in  the  state. 

Anaconda  owes  its  existence  to  the  genius  of  Marcus  Daly,  one  of  the  great 
men  of  Montana.  The  poor  boy  who  left  Ireland  many  years  ago  and  landed  at 
at  the  docks  of  New  York  penniless  now  counts  his  wealth  by  millions.  This  boy 
was  Marcus  Daly.  The  city  itself,  its  newspaper, 
its  hotel  and  the  model  cottages  in  which  its  work- 
ingmen  live,  are  the  productions  of  Mr.  Daly. 
This  gentleman  selected  Anacon<la  as  the  site  of 
the  reduction  works  for  the  treatment  of  the  ore 
output  of  the  famous  Anaconda  group  of  mines  at 
Ruttc.  These  mines  are  today  the  greatest  copper 
producers   in  the  world.       They  are  owned  by   a 

syndicate,  of  which  Mr.  Daly  is  the  manager.  The  works  for  the  reduction  of  ore, 
established  by  Mr.  Daily  at  Anaconda,  are  the  largest  of  their  kind  in  the  United 
States.     Around  these  works  has  sprung  up  the  now  prosperous  city  of  Anaconda. 

Anaconda  is  located  27  miles  northwest  of  Kutte  and  25  miles  southeast  of  Deer 
Lodge  City.  It  is  connected  with  tlie  main  line  of  the  Montana  Union  Railway  by 
a  branch  eight  miles  in  length.  A  company,  of  which  Mr.  Daly  is  the  leading  spirit, 
is  now  engaged  in  constructing  a  railroad  direct  from  the  mines  at  Butte  to  the 
reduction  works.  The  works  of  the  Anaconda  Reduction  Comj)any  have  a  capacity 
lor  treating  5,000  tons  of  ore  a  day.  They  etnploy  2,500  men.  About  3,(xxj  tons  of 
copper  ore  arc  treated  here  daily.  The  company  has  recently  added  a  new  building 
640x350  feet  in  size  which  contains  in  additioti  to  its  concentrating  machinery,  stamps 
and  pans  for  the  treatment  of  silver  ore.  This  plant  has  a  capacity  of  about  iSo 
tons  a  day. 

The  machine  and  car  shops  of  the  M(mtana  I'nion  Railway  located  at  this 
point  furnish  employment  to  300  men.  Anaconda  has  an  electric  light  plant,  water 
works,  a  police  department,  a  fire  department  and  a  fine  opera  house.  In  the  matter 
of  public  improvements  it  is  far  ahead  of  most  cities  of  equal  population  in  the 
world. 

fStoek  liaising  hi  Moiitaiiai. — .\n  industry  of  Montana  thac  'i  second  only 
to  that  of  mining  in  the  state,  is  the  raising  of  cattle  on  the  fine  bunciigrass  lands  of 
this  part  of  the  West.  This  is  a  great  source  of  wealth  in  Montana,  and  the  large 
cattle  owners  of  the  state  are  no  less  heavy  capitalists  than  arc  many  of  the  leading 
mining  men  here. 

The  greater  portion  of  the  fine  bunciigrass  lands  of  Montana  were  on'i  ""ew 
years  ago  covered  by  an  Miimense  herd  of  6,(xxj,cxx)  buffalo.     This  vast  herd  u  er 

an  extent  of  country  extending  from  the  valley  of  the  Little  Missouri  to  t'  )ot- 
hills  of  the  Main  Divide.  Unmolested,  except  by  small  hunting  parties  c  ,.ians 
who  inhabited  the  country,  the  buffalo  herds  constantly  increased  in  number  until 
the  threads  of  the  great  railroad  systems  began  to  stretch  their  way  across  the 
plains  toward  Montana.  With  the  advent  of  the  iron  hor.se  there  came  an  army  of 
pot-hunters.  These  men  poured  into  the  Yellowstone  valley  and  at  once  commenced 
their  war  of  extermination  against  the  buffalo.  During  the  first  few  months  mil- 
lions of  Imffalos  were  killed,  and  a  few  years  of  the  slaughter  eflfectually  did  the 
work  of  extermination.     In  18S3  the  last  remnant  of  the  vast  herd  was  exterminated 


660 


The  Oregoniiin'a  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


X. 


ii 


A  Montana  Ranch. 


near  Glendive,  and  with  the  exception  of  a  few  scatter- 
ing animals  which  escaped  the  general  slaughter,  and 
which  ai  e  protected  in  the  Yellowstone  Park ,  and  a  ffw 
small  bands  which  hi^ve  been  domesticated  by  the 
stockmen  here,  the  buffalo  which  formerly  roamed 
by  the  thousands  over  the  plains  of  Montana  is  an 
extinct  animal.  As  an  indication  of  the  importance 
the  buffalo  traffic  attained  at  one  time,  it  may  be 
stated  that  there  was  once  noticed  at  Glendive  a  stack 
8   feet   high  and  over  1,000  feet  long  awaiting  ship- 


of  the  hides  of  these  animals 
ment  at  this  point. 

During  the  time  the  buffalo  of  Montana  were  being  killed  off  thousands  of  head 
of  cattle  began  to  be  driven  from  Texas  and  Kansas  to  the  grazing  grounds  along 
the  Yellowstone  and  Missouri  rivers.  This  was  the  commencement  in  the  state  of 
an  industry  on  a  large  scale.  Prior  to  the  time  of  the  influx  of  these  outside  herds 
there  had  been  about  200,000  cattle  scattered  throughout  different  sections  of  the, 
then,  territory.  The  individual  holdings  of  cattle  here  were  small,  but  the  busiiiess 
of  cattle  raising,  in  the  aggregate,  was  an  important  one  in  the  territory.  The  cattle 
industry  of  Montana  dates  back  to  the  early  6o's,  when  the  bull  teams  of  several 
freighting  outfits  were  turned  loose  for  the  winter  on  the  bunchgrass  lands  here. 
To  the  surprise  of  the  owners  of  these  animals,  they  turned  up  in  the  spring  in  bet- 
ter condition  than  they  were  when  turned  out  to  graze  before  snowfall.  This  estab- 
lished the  possibility  of  raising  cattle  here  without  attention  during  the  winter 
months,  it  l)eing  proved  that  cattle  could  care  for  themselves  on  the  open  plains 
during  even  the  heaviest  snowfalls. 

The  vast  plains  and  foothills  of  Montana  afford  pasturage  for  millions  of  domes- 
tic animals.  Nearly  one-half  of  the  lands  of  the  state  are  valuable  chiefly  for  graz- 
ing purposes.  It  has  been  found  that  much  of  this  land,  while  very  rich,  will  pro- 
duce only  the  native  grasses,  it  not  being  adapted  to  agricultural  pursuits  for  the 
reason  that  it  can  not  be  irrigated,  and  without  irrigation  crops  will  not  do  well 
here.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  in  the  state,  today,  i6,oco,ooo  acres  of  farm- 
ing land,  and  38,000,  xx)  acres  of  grazing  land.  Nature  l;c2  covered  the  latter 
with  various  varieties  of  rich  grasses  which  thrive  on  little  moisture.  Where  the 
lands  are  apparently  the  dryest  or  most  sterile  the  grass  grows  in  scattered  tufts, 
from  which  the  name,  bunchgrass,  is  derived,  while  on  the  richer  soils  it  attains  a 
luxuriant  growth.  This  grass,  after  reaching  maturity,  is  self-curing.  Although 
apparently  dead,  it  retains  its  nutritive  qualities,  and  becomes  an  unsurpassed  winter 
food  for  cattle  and  horses.  Cattle  turned  out  on  the  open  ranges  here  have  no  trouble 
in  keeping  in  prime  condition,  except  during  the  severest  of  winters,  and  it  is  onl^' 
occasionally  that  severe  losses  are  incurred  by  the  cattle  men  of  this  part  of  the 
West.  The  heavy  loss  which  the  cattlemen  here  met  with  during  1886,  when  nearly 
one-third  of  the  range  cattle  perished  from  hunger,  resulted  in  some  radical  changes 
in  the  manner  of  wintering  cattle  here  which  had  formerly  been  in  vogue.  The 
fencing  of  large  tracts  of  grazing  land,  either  as  leased  property  or  when  taken  up 
under  the  desert  land  law,  is  generally  the  system  now  adopted  by  Montana  cattle- 
men. This  system  enables  the  cattlemen  here  to  drive  their  cattle  to  close  ranges  in 
winter,  and  if  necessary,  owing  to  ht  .vy  snowfall,  to  feed  these  corralled  stock  with 
hay.  This  has  resulted  in  largely  reducing  the  loss  incurred  by  cattlemen  here,  and 
it  accords  more  with  the  views  of  the  various  humane  societies  throughout  the  coun- 


Stock  Raisinff  in  Montana. 


661 


try  who  entered  the  most  earnest  protests  against  the  heartlessness  of  allowing  thou- 
sands of  cattle  to  starve  to  death  during  severe  winters. 

At  one  time  the  cattle  business  of  Montana  was  practically  controlled  by  a  few 
individuals  or  companies,  whose  herds  appropriated  the  greater  portion  of  the 
ranges  here.  The  tendency  of  late  years,  however,  has  been  rather  *o  increase  the 
number  of  small  ownerships  of  cattle  and  there  are  today  thousands  o/  stockmen  in 
the  state  where  a  few  years  ago  the  herds  were  controlled  by  hundreds.  The  cheapntss 
with  which  stock  can  be  fattened  on  the  ranges  here  and  the  natural  increase  of  the 
herds  has  made  cattle  raising  in  the  state  a  most  profitable  industry.  The  growth  of  this 
industry  is  indicated  by  the  following  figures:  In  1877  there  were  182,659  cattle  in 
the  territory,  in  1880,  274,316  head;  1884,509,768,  head;  1S85,  613,882  head ;  1H86, 
663,716  head;  1887,  471,171  head;  1888,  488,467  head;  1889,  650,033  head;  1890, 
649,757  head  ;  1891,  621,742  head  ;  1H92,  684,090  head.  Over  one  half  the  cattle  now 
in  the  state  are  on  the  ranges  of  Custer,  Chateau  and  Dawson  counties.  In  these 
counties  are  the  immense  herds  and  large  outfits  of  the  bonanza  cattle  concerns  of 
Montana.  The  annual  round-up  of  these  great  herds  and  the  scenes  connected  with 
their  care  present  one  of  the  most  picturesque  phases  of  Western  life  around  which 
even  literature  and  art  have  already  woven  a  veil  of  romance  which  appeals  with 
equal  force  to  the  educated  and  the  untutored  mind  alike. 

The  cowboys  who  take  care  of  the  immense  herds  of  cattle  in  Montana  are  an 
active  and  fearless  l)ody  of  young  men.  They  are  splendid  horsemen  and  with  their 
ponies,  lariats,  branding  irons  and  picturesque  personal  attire  form  an  interesting 
feature  of  life  on  the  plains.  The  relative  rank  of  the  "cow  counties"  of  Montana 
with  the  number  of  cattle  in  each  in  1892  was  as  follows  :  Custer,  200,000 ;  Choteau, 
108,375;  Dawson,  86,541;  Fergus,  69,373;  Yellowstone,  28,583;  Madison,  25,393; 
Meagher,  24,714;  Beaverhead,  23,111;  Cascade,  22,573;  Park,  2i,3So;  Gallatin,  18,298; 
Deer  Lodge,  18,900;  Lewis  &  Clarke  14,684;  Missoula,  12,053;  Jefferson,  8,722;  Silver 
Bow,  1390  ;  total  for  the  state,  684,000.  Ihe  assessed  valuation  of  this  stock  was 
1110,296,003.  It  is  estimated  that  the  cattle  in  Montana  increased  eight  per  cent,  in 
1893  and  that  the  showing  for  the  present  year  will  be  equally  as  satisfactory. 

There  is  still  room  in  Ihe  thousands  of  acres  of  good  land  now  lying  idle  along 
the  numerous  streams  for  increased  cattle  raising  in  the  state.  This  land  can  be 
secured  at  a  nominal  cost.  Back  of  nearly  all  the  rich  bottom  lands  are  splendid 
j^razing  ranges:  Many  of  these  ranges  are  unuppropriated  today.  A  settler  with 
moderate  means  can  start  here  with  a  small  band  of  cattle  and  if  he  takes  good  care 
of  his  stock  during  the  winter  it  is  only  a  question  of  a  few  years  hence  when  he 
will  be  independent. 

Next  in  importance  to  cattle  raising  in  Montana  is  the  raising  of  sheep  and  the 
handling  of  wool.  In  every  county  of  the  state  are  thousands  of  sheep  the  handling 
of  which  is  attended  with  most  profitable  results.  The  mountainous  portions  of  the 
state  furnish  good  grazing  grounds  for  sheep  and  there  are  still  vacant  in  the  state 
thousands  of  acres  of  grass-covered  hills,  lands  especiallj'  adapted  to  this  industry. 
The  United  States  depirtment  of  agricultural  statistics  places  Montana  seventh  in 
the  list  of  sheep-raising  states,  the  states  ranking  ahead  of  Montana  in  this  industry 
being  as  follows :  Texas,  Ohio,  California,  New  Mexico,  Oregon  and  Michigan. 
The  first  record  of  Montana  sheep  is  found  in  the  territorial  auditor's  report  for  1868. 
This  report  states  that  the  total  number  of  sheep  assessed  that  year  was  1,752  head  of 
a  total  valuation  of  19,685,  or  about  $5.50  per  head.     In  1892,  24  years  later,  the  total 


662 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


number  of  sheep  in  the  territory  had  increased  to  1,884,086  and  the  assessed  valuation 
of  this  immense  flock  was  $5,098,931.  The  growth  of  the  sheep  industry  of  the  state 
is  shown  by  the  following  figures.  The  number  of  sheep  found  in  the  itate  in  the 
different  years  was  as  follows  :  1877,  79,288;  1880,  249,978;  1884,  593,896;  1885,  79.S,- 
682;  1886,968,298;  1887,  1,062,141;  1888,  1,153.771;  '^89,  1,368,848;  1890,1,555,116; 
1891.  1.597./53;  1892,  1,883,840.  The  returns  of  1893  showed  that  Choteau  county  is 
now  the  principal  sheep-raising  section  of  the  state,  and  that  the  three  counties 
Choteau,  Fergus  and  Meagher  contain  considerable  more  than  one-half  of  all  the 
sheep  in  the  state.  The  sheep  of  Montana  yield  annually  14,000,000  pounds  of  wool 
and  the  value  of  mutton  sold  here  annually  is  |2, 200,000. 

The  raising  of  horses  is  al^o  a  great  industry  of  Montana.  Horses  here  arc  left 
to  graze  on  the  ranges  throughout  the  year,  they  receiving  little  if  any  attention  from 
their  owners  even  during  the  severest  winters.  These  horses  arc  rounded  up  at  cer- 
tain intervals  and  shipped  to  Eastern  points  for  sale.  The  ("ange  horse  industry  of 
Montana  has  maintained  a  healthy  growth  through  a  long  series  of  years  and  it  is 
now  one  of  the  permanent  resources  of  the  state.  Its  development  is  recorded  by 
the  territorial  and  state  auditor's  reports  as  follows,  the  number  of  head  of  horses  in 
Montana  being  given  after  each  year:  1879,  44,416;  1884,  99,843;  1885,  114,925; 
1886,  127,748;  1887,  136,978;  1888,  142,040;  1889,  160,940;  1890,  161,962;  1891,  161,311; 
i?92,  169,259. 

Montana  possesses  in  addition  to  thi;  range  stock,  a  large  number  of  valuable 
standard-bred  horses  and  cattle,  and  some  of^  the  greatest  thoroughbred  runninj^ 
horses  in  America.  The  raising  of  thoroughbred  horses  is  now  successfully  and 
extensively  carried  on  in  the  Deer  Lodge  and  Bitter  Root  valleys.  At  Hamilton,  in 
the  last  named  valley,  Marcus  Daly  has  established  one  of  the  largest  horse  ranches 
in  .America.  A  number  of  Knglish  and  Normaa  draft  stallions  have  been  imported 
into  the  state  and  arc  used  for  breeding  with  native  horses.  The  su:all  farmers  of  the 
state  and  the  leading  stock  men  are  now  raising  a  fine  breed  of  cattle  and  in  the  near 
future  Montana  will  be  as  widely  known  for  its  blooded  animals  as  it  is  now  famous 
for  its  range  stock. 

The  Vlj^llantes  of  Montuna.— Nowhere  in  the  world  is  justice  more 
impartially  administered  or  is  crime  more  severely  punished  than  it  is  in  Mon- 
tana. In  nearly  every  city  of  the  state  are  stately  temples  of  justice,  the 
tribunals  of  which  arc  presided  over  by  fearless  and  impartial  judges.  Every 
hamlet  has  its  well  disciplined  police  force  or  constabulary,  and  the  citizens  here 
absolutely  secure  in  the  possession  of  their  property  and  in  the  safety  of  their  lives 
are  more  free  from  the  depredations  of  the  lawless  element  than  are  even  the  people 
of  New  York.  In  marked  contrast  to  the  safeguards  now  thrown  around  life  and 
property  here,  and  the  law-abiding  and  peaceful  citizens  now  lomiciled  in  Montana, 
was  the  lawlessness  of  the  camps  and  the  turbulent  elcme.it  residing  here  in  1863. 

In  the  early  6o's  the  settlements  of  Montana  were  over  400  miles  distant  from  any 
official  authorized  10  administer  an  oath,  and  there  was  no  officer  authorized  to 
administer  the  law  nearer  than  the  Mormon  towns  of  Utah.  The  outlaws  and  des- 
peradoes who  flocked  to  the  newly  discovered  placer  diggings  of  the  territory,  find- 
ing there  was  practically  no  restraint  put  on  their  actions  here,  at  once  commenced  a 
career  of  crime.  The  atrocities  of  the  criminal  element  continued  until  determined 
and  law-loving  men  banded  together  and  formed  the  Vigilance  Committee  of  Mon 


,11 1 


The  Vigilantes  of  Montana. 


S68 


.'aluation 
the  slate 
ite  in  the 
^85,  79'^,- 
,555. '16; 
county  is 
counties 
>f  all  the 
3  of  wool 

:  are  left 
tion  from 
ip  at  cer- 
dustrj-  of 
and  it  is 
orded  by 
horses  in 

114,925; 
,  161,311; 

valuable 
runnin)4 
fully  and 
tiilton,  in 
;  ranches 
imported 
ers  of  the 
the  near 
w  famous 


ce  more 
in  Mon- 
tice,  the 
Every 
ens  here 
leir  lives 
le  people 

life  and 
^I  on  tan  a, 

in  1863. 

roni  any 
orized  to 
and  des- 
)ry,  find- 
nenced  a 
lemiined 
of  Mon 


tana.  A  detailed  recital  of  the  acts  of  this  committee,  and  the  crimes  perpetrated  by 
the  outlaws  if  published  would  fill  a  volume.  A  short  account  of  the  work  of  this 
committee  in  the  present  publication  will  be  found  of  great  interest,  however.  The 
Orkgonian  is  indebted  to  T.  J.  Dunsdale's  work,  entitled  "  The  History  of  the 
Vigilantes,"  for  the  following  summarized  account  of  the  work  of  the  vigilantes 
of  Montana. 

In  1863  Bannock  and  Virginia  City  were  the  two  principal  mining  camps  of  Mon- 
tana. The  first  named  camp  sprung  into  existence  on  Grasshopper  creek  in  the 
spring  of  1862.  Virginia  owed  its  birth  to  the  discovery  of  rich  placer  diggings  in 
Alder  gulch  in  June,  1863.  These  camps,  now  well  governed  towns,  are  situated  75 
miles  apart  from  each  other.  In  1863  and  1864  it  is  estimated  that  their  combined 
population  exceeded  15,000.  With  the  thousands  of  gold  hunters  that  flocked  to 
these  camps  there  also  came  many  desperadoes,  outlaws  and  abandoned  women,  who  . 
scenting  the  prey  from  afar,  flew  like  vultures  to  the  battle  field. 

The  streets  of  Virginia  and  Bannock  in  the  early  history  of  the  camps  presented 
scenes  which  will  doubtless  never  again  be  witnessed  in  a  civilized  community.  On 
all '  iies  there  were  saloons,  dance  halls,  bawdy  houses  and  gambling  dens.  The 
patrons  of  these  resorts  were  constantly  quarreling  with  each  other,  and  disputes 
were  commonly  decided  on  the  spot  by  the  knife  or  the  revolver.  Wounded  men  lay 
almost  unnoticed  abo  it  the  camps,  and  a  night  or  a  day  without  a  shooting  or  a  seri- 
ous cutting  or  shooting  escapade  would  have  been  recognized  as  a  small  and  welcome 
installment  of  the  millenium.  So  far  were  the  depredations  of  the  lawless  element 
carried  that  it  was  unsafe  for  resp2Ctable  people  to  venture  out  of  doors  after  night- 
fall. Every  few  days  there  would  be  found  lying  on  the  highway  the  murdered  and 
robbed  body  of  some  unfortunate  miner.  Women  of  easy  virtue  promenaded 
through  the  camps  habited  in  the  gayest  and  most  costly  apparel.  Drunken  desper- 
adoes booted,  spurred  and  armed  to  the  teeth,  paraded  through  the  streets,  ready  to 
commit  homicide  on  the  slightest  provocation.  The  trails  le.'^ding  into  the  camps 
were  infested  by  a  band  of  road  agents  under  the  leadership  of  t'.ie  notorious  Henry 
Plummer.  This  individual,  known  among  his  friends  as  "a  perfect  gentleman,"  was 
in  reality  not  only  a  profe.ssional  gambler  but  also  one  of  the  most  dangerous  villains 
in  the  territory.  He  was  a  man  of  prepossessing  appearance,  well  educated,  and  with 
a  certain  degree  of  refinement  that  made  for  him  many  friends.  He  concealed  for  a 
time  his  many  misdeeds  under  an  assumed  cloak  of  gentility,  and  even  while  chief 
of  the  road  agents  he  managed  to  induce  the  miners  to  elect  him  to  the  responsible 
position  of  sheriff"  of  Montana.  He  appointed  his  deputies  from  his  band  of  robbers. 
The  members  of  this  gang  were  scattered  all  over  Montana.  Many  a  miner,  after 
having  toiled  for  months  in  amassing  a  few  thousand  dollars  in  gold  dust,  left  camp 
for  home,  only  to  be  robbed  and  possibly  murdered  by  the  very  men  who  were  sworn 
to  protect  him  and  on  whom  he  relied  for  protection. 

So  bold  did  these  miscreants  become  in  time  that  they  made  little]effbrt  to  conceal 
their  identity.  Men  who  had  been  robbed  on  the  open  highway,  on  returning  to 
camp,  would  often  see  their  plunderers  lounging  around  the  streets,  but  so  great  was 
the  dread  felt  of  these  malefactors  that  the  innocent  suff'erers  by  their  misdeeds  dared 
not  to  accuse  them,  and  under  the  authority  of  the  law  Henry  Plummer  robbed  and 
ruled  the  community  as  the  fancy  seized  him. 

By  the  discoveries  of  the  bodies  of  several  victims  of  this  band  and  through  the  con- 
fessions of  several  of  the  murderers  before  they  were  executed  and  through  the  valuable 


664 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


information  sent  to  the  vigilante  committee,  it  was  discovered  to  a  certainty  after 
several  months  of  these  depredations  that  102  people  had  been  killed  by  Plummei  s 
gang  and  their  confederates  in  various  places,  and  it  was  believed  in  addition  to  this, 
scores  of  unfortunates  had  been  murdered  and  buried  whose  remains  were  undiscov- 
ered and  whose  fate  to  this  day  is  not  definitely  ascertained.  All  that  was  known 
definitely  regarding  these  missing  people  was  that  they  started  from  camp  with  sums 
of  money  in  their  possession  and  were  never  heard  of  afterwards.  Such  was  the  con- 
dition of  affairs  in  Montana  when  five  of  the  leading  men  of  Virginia  City  and  four 
of  the  best  citizens  of  Bannock  started  the  movement  which  resulted  in  the  forma- 
tion of  the  vigilance  committee  of  Montana.  Nearly  every  law-abiding  and  respected 
resident  of  the  territory  at  once  joined  this  organization  and  within  a  ft;w 
weeks  afler  its  formation  every  desperado  in  the  West  knew  that  the  voice  of 
outraged  justice  had  spoken  in  no  uncertain  tones.  It  was  about  this  lime 
that  a  most  atrocious  cold-blooded  robbery  and  murder,  committed  by  Geof^e 
Ives  a  renowned  desperado,  aroused  the  law-and-order  element  of  Alder  gulch 
to  prompt  action.  Ives  and  two  or  three  members  of  Plummer's  gang  were  arrested 
by  a  committee  of  citizens  and  broui!;ht  to  Nevada  for  trial.  Tidings  of  the  capture 
spread  rapidly  through  every  inhabited  part  of  Montana.  Couriers  were  sent  by  the 
road  agents  to  inform  distant  members  of  their  band  that  the  life  of  one  of  their 
number  was  in  danger.  The  arrest  of  these  men  caused  the  most  intense  excitement 
and  hundreds  of  men  anxious  to  be  present  at  the  trial  soon  reached  Nevada  from 
Virginia  and  the  other  camps  of  Alder  gulch. 

Ives  was  tried  in  the  open  air  in  the  presence  of  the  whole  body  of  citizens.  The 
miners  reserved  to  themselves  the  ultimate  decision  of  all  questions  arising  durinjf 
the  trial,  but,  fearing  that  an  injustice  might  be  done  the  prisoner,  they  appointecl 
an  advisory  jury  consisting  of  24  men.  Never  has  there  occurred  in  the  West  a  more 
sensational  or  dramatic  trial.  Before  the  arrest  of  Ives,  citizens  had  spoken  of  the 
atrocities  of  Plummer's  band  with  bated  breath.  Even  during  the  progress  of  this 
trial  many  of  the  spectators  expected  to  see  the  judge  and  jury  shot  down  by  the 
outlaws  and  their  friends.  Not  only  was  the  fate  of  Ives  depending  on  the  result  of 
this  trial,  but  also  the  lives  of  numerous  other  desperadoes,  and  the  question  of  the 
future  preservation  of  law  and  order  in  Montana.  It  was  the  crisis  of  the  fate  of  the 
territory.  The  judge,  prosecutors  and  jurors,  in  taking  an  active  part  in  the  Ives 
trial,  staked  their  lives  for  the  future  welfare  of  society.  Judge  Byam  shouldered 
the  responsibility  of  the  whole  proceedings,  and  the  prosecution  was  conducted  by 
Colonel  W.  F.  Saunders,  now  one  of  Montana's  foremost  citizens.  The  defense 
of  the  prisoners  on  this  trial  was  conducted  by  several  able  lawyers. 

In  the  center  of  the  crowd  at  this  famous  trial,  and  surrounded  by  a  guard  armed 
to  the  teeth,  was  a  wagon  occupied  by  the  judge  and  advocates.  Seated  near  the 
wagon  was  the  jury,  and  in  front  of  the  jury  the  prisoner  was  seated,  heavily  ironed. 
After  listening  to  the  evidence  the  jury  retired  for  deliberation  and,  within  an  hour, 
returned  with  the  verdict  of  guilty.  Colonel  Saunders  then  mounted  the  wagon  and 
moved  that  George  Ives  be  forthwith  hanged  by  the  neck  until  he  is  dead.  The 
prisoner  was  led  to  the  scaffold  in  58  minutes  after  his  doom  was  fixed.  A  perfect 
babel  of  voices  saluted  the  movement.     Every  roof  was  covered,  and  cries  of  "  hang 

him,"  "don't  hang  him,"  *' banish  him,"  "  I'll  shoot,"  " their  murdering  soul." 

"let's  rescue  him,"  were  heard  on  all  sides.     The  guard  around  the  prisoner  stood 
like  a  rock,  however.      They  heard  the  muttered  threats  of  rescue  from  the  crowd 


The  Vigilantes  of  Montana. 


666 


nty  after 
immei's 
I  to  this, 
udiscov- 
s  known 
ith  sums 

the  con- 
and  four 
e  for  ma - 
especttMl 
in  a  few 
voice  of 
his   time 

Geori^e 
ler  jj;ulcli 

arrested 
;  capture 
it  by  the 

of  their 
citetnent 
ada  from 

ins.    The 

ig  durinij; 

ppointeil 

5t  a  more 

-.n  of  the 

IS  of  this 

n  by  the 

result  of 

an  of  the 

ite  of  the 

the  Ives 

ouldered 

noted  by 

defense 

d  armed 
near  the 
ironed, 
an  hour, 
igon  and 
1.  The 
L  perfect 
f  "  hang 
igsoul." 
jer  stood 
le  crowd 


before  the  prisoner  was  led  out,  and  they  stood  ready  to  keep  the  rescuers  back  with 
rifle  balls  if  necessary.  As  the  prisoner  stepped  on  the  large  dry  goods  box  above 
which  hung  the  hempen  noose,  however,  the  noise  ceased,  and  the  stillness  became 
even  painful.  The  noose  was  quickly  adjusted,  and  to  the  usual  question  as  to 
whether  the  condemned  man  had  anything  to  say,  brought  forth  the  reply  :  "  I  am 
innocent  rf  this  crime."  All  being  ready,  ihe  signal  was  given  ;  the  ominous  click 
of  the  gun  locks  rang  shrirply  and  the  gun  barrels  flashed  in  the  moonlight  as  they 
were  brought  to  bear  on  the  crowd.  The  box  flew  from  under  the  murderer's  feet 
with  a  crash  and  the  body  of  George  Ives  swung  in  the  night  breeze  facing  the  moon 
that  lighted  up  the  scene  of  retributive  justice.  As  the  click,  click  of  the  locks 
sounded  their  note  of  deadly  warning  to  the  intended  rescuers,  the  crowd  stampeded 
in  wild  confusion,  even  roUiho  over  one  another  shrinking  and  howling  with  terror. 
A  few  resolute  desperadoes  who  knew  not  fear,  but  seeing  that  their  case  was  hope- 
less and  that  their  comrade  was  dead,  retired  with  muttered  curses  of  the  fate  that 
had  befallen  them. 

George  Ives  was  a  young  man  of  rather  prepossessing  appearance,  probably  about 
27  years  of  age.  The  carriage  of  this  renowned  desperado  was  sprightly  and  his 
coolness  imperturbable.  Long  practice  confronting  danger  had  made  him  absolutely 
fearless.  He  would  face  all  danger  of  death  with  an  indifference  that  had  become  a 
part  of  his  nature,  and  the  spirit  of  reckless  bravado  with  which  he  was  animated 
made  him  the  terror  of  the  citizens.  Ives'  death,  however,  sounded  the  death  knell 
of  the  Plummer  gang's  desperate  acts,  and  it  was  a  realization  of  this  fact  by  the  dis- 
cerning members  of  the  band  that  caused  them  to  take  the  execution  of  Ives  so 
f.eriously  to  heart. 

George  Hilderman,  a  petty  thief,  was  arrested  by  the  same  committee  that  captured 
Ives.  His  gastronomic  feats  at  Bannock  had  procured  for  him  the  name  of  the  Great 
American  Pie-eater.  He  earned  this  title  by  placing  his  capacious  jaws  over  a  layer  of 
ten  pumpkin  pies  and  biting  through  their  entire  thickness.  As  pies  at  that  time  were 
worth  $1.50  apiece  the  pastime  was  an  expensive  one.  He  escaped  the  results  of 
lawless  pie-eating,  but  the  committee  banished  him  from  Montana  for  his  petty 
stealing. 

Following  the  execution  of  Ives,  all  the  prominent  friends  of  justice  were  dogged, 
threatened  and  watched  by  the  roughs.  An  attempt  was  made  to  kill  Colonel  Saund- 
ers and  the  lives  of  other  men  prominent  in  the  trial  of  Ives  and  who  have  since 
gained  a  national  reputation,  were  in  constant  jeopardy.  The  ramiflcations  of  the 
league  of  safety  and  order,  however,  extended  in  a  week  or  two  after  Ives'  execution 
all  over  the  territory,  and  on  the  14th  day  of  January,  1864,  the  coup  de  grace  was 
given  to  the  power  of  the  band  by  the  execution  of  five  of  the  chief  villains  of  Plum- 
mer's  band  at  Virginia  City.  In  the  meantime  a  number  of  highly  dramatic  events 
occurred,  the  most  startling  of  which  was  the  execution  of  Henry  Plummer  himself, 
*.he  chief  of  the  road  agents  and  the  sheriff  of  Montana. 

The  vigilantes  of  Bannock  arrested  Plummer  just  as  he  was  preparing  to  leave 
the  country.  At  the  same  time  Stinson  and  Ray,  two  members  of  the  band,  were 
taken  into  custody.  Through  the  darkness  of  night  the  three  prisoners  were  marched 
to  a  scaffold  erected  a  few  yards  from  the  camp.  The  spectators  were  allowed  to 
come  up  to  within  a  certain  distance,  but  they  were  halted  here  by  the  guard  who 
refused  to  allow  them  either  to  depart  or  to  come  nearer  the  dead  line  on  pain  of 
being  instantly  shot.     Plummer  exhausted  every  argument  and  plea  that  his  imagiua- 


In 


666 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


•¥ 


tion  could  suggest  in  order  to  induce  his  captors  to  spare  his  life.  He  begged  to  he 
chained  down  in  the  meanest  cabin,  he  offered  to  leave  the  country  forever,  he  wantc(l 
a  jury  trial,  he  asked  for  time  to  settle  his  affairs  and  falling  on  his  knees  with  tears 
and  sighs  decUred  to  God  that  he  was  too  wicked  to  die.  He  confessed  his  numer- 
ous murders  and  crimes  and  seemed  almost  frantic  at  the  prospect  of  immediate 
death. 

After  the  execution  of  Ray  and  Stinson,  the  order  to  "bring  up  Plummer,"  was 
passed  and  repeated,  but  no  one  stirred.  The  leader  went  over  to  this  "perfect  gen- 
tleman," as  Plummer's  friends  called  him,  and  was  met  with  the  request  to  "give  u 
man  time  to  pray."  Well  knowing  that  Plummer  relied  for  a  rescue  on  other  than 
Divine  aid  the  leader  said  briefly  but  docidedly,  "  Certainly,  but  let  him  say  his 
prayers  up  here."  Finding  that  all  efforts  to  avoid  death  were  useless,  Plumnici 
arose  and  said  :'o  more  prayers.  He  mounted  the  gallows  which  he  him<«f1f  had 
erected  in  his  capacity  as  sheriff  for  the  execution  of  a  murderer  sentencctt  by  a 
miners'  jury,  He  slipped  off  his  necktie  and  threw  it  over  his  shoulder  to  a  yoiinj^ 
friend  who  liad  boarded  at  his  house  and  who  believed  him  innocent,  saying  as  he 
tossed  it  to  his  friend,  "Here  is  something  to  remember  me  by."  In  the  extremity  of 
his  grief  the  young  man  threw  himself  weeping  to  the  ground.  Plummer  requested 
that  his  executioners  give  him  a  good  "drop  "  and  a  moment  later  the  most  polished 
but  desperate  villain  that  ever  terrorized  Montana  was  dead. 

The  effect  of  the  execution  of  Plummer  wes  electrical.  There  was  much  yet  to 
be  done,  however,  to  insure  lasting  peace  to  the  community.  By  this  time  eight  of 
the  road  agents  had  met  a  felon's  death.  There  were  still,  however,  many  blood- 
thirsty villains  at  large.  These  men  had  made  constant  threats  against  the  members 
of  the  vigilantes,  and  a  plot  to  rob  several  stores  in  Virginia  had  been  nearly  matured 
when  it  was  discovered.  Every  man  who  had  taken  part  in  the  pursuit  of  the  crim- 
inals in  Montana  was  marked  for  slaughter  by  the  vigilantes,  and  the  work  of  the 
vigilantes  remained  unfinished  until  the  last  of  these  miscreants  was  captured  and 
summarily  executed  on  the  scaffold. 

On  the  13th  of  January,  1864,  the  executive  committee  of  the  vigilantes,  in  sol- 
emn conclave  assembled,  determii'ed  on  hanging  six  of  the  outlaws  forthwith. 
Express  messengers  were  sent  to  inform  the  members  of  the  vigilantes  of  the  neigh- 
boring towns  of  Alder  Gulch  of  the  action  decided  on  by  the  executive  committee. 
All  that  night  grim  and  determined  men  rode  towards  Virginia  City.  The  breaking 
of  dawn  on  the  following  day  found  the  pickets  of  the  vigilantes  stationed  on  the 
crest  of  every  eminence  and  point  of  vantage  around  tht  city.  The  news  flew  like 
lightning.  Many  a  guilty  heart  quaked  with  fear,  and  many  an  assassin's  lips  turned 
pale,  and  the  roughs  quaked  with  inexpressible  terror.  The  detachments  of  the  vigil- 
antes, with  compressed  lips,  for  they  were  thoroughly  in  earnest,  marched  into  the 
town  and  halted  in  a  body  on  Main  street.  Members  of  the  band  were  at  once 
detailed  for  the  capture  of  the  road  agents,  and  all  succeeded  in  their  mission  except 
the  ones  who  went  after  Hunter,  who  managed  to  escape  by  crawling  out  of  town 
through  a  drain  pipe. 

Frank  Parish  was  the  first  desperado  brought  in.  He  was  arrested  without  the 
least  trouble  in  a  store,  and  he  seemed  not  to  expect  death.  He  even  took  the  exec- 
utive officer  aside  and  coolly  asked  what  he  was  arrested  for.  He  was  told  for  being 
a  road  agent  and  a  thief.  At  first  he  pleaded  innocence,  but  at  last  he  confessed  to 
having  committed  many  crimes. 


The  Vigilantes  of  Montana. 


')(J7 


Club-Foot  George,  as  he  was  known  (George  Lane),  was  brought  in.  He  was 
perfectly  cool  and  collected,  and  on  being  told  that  his  sentence  was  death,  quietly 
asked  for  a  minister.  He  evidently  thought  no  more  of  hanging  than  the  ordinary 
man  would  of  eating  his  breakfast.  Boone  Helm  was  seized  before  he  was  able  to 
make  an  effort  towards  resistance.  A  man  at  each  arm  and  one  behind  him  with  a 
cocked  revolver,  brought  him  to  tVe  place  of  rendezvous.  Helm  lamented  greatly 
that  hfc  "  had  no  show  "  when  t&ken  id  he  quietly  added,  "they  would  have  had 
a  gay  time  taking  me  if  I  had  known  what  they  were  after.'  He  said  further  :  "  I 
am  as  innocent  as  the  babe  unborn.  1  have  never  killed  anyone,  or  defrauded  any 
man.  I  am  willing  to  swear  it  pm  .he  Biule."  Anxious  to  see  if  ht  was  really  so  aban- 
doned a  villain  as  to  swear  to  this,  the  ^ook  was  handed  him,  when,  with  the  utmost 
assumed  solemnity,  he  repeated  an  oath  to  that  effect,  making  the  most  terrific  pen- 
alties on  his  soul  in  case  he  was  swearing  falsely.  He  kissed  the  book  most  rever- 
ently. He  then  addressed  a  gentleman  present,  and  asked  him  if  he  would  accom- 
pany him  (Boone)  into  a  private  room.  Thinking  that  Boone  wanted  someone  to  pray 
with  him,  he  proposed  sending  for  a  clergyman,  Imt  Boone  quietly  retorted,  "  You'll 
do."  On  reaching  the  room  the  prisoner  asked  his  friend  if  there  was  no  escape 
from  his  present  predicament.  Being  told  that  there  was  not,  and  that  he  must  die, 
Boone  admitted  that  he  did  kill  a  man  named  Shoot,  in  Missouri,  after  which  he 
escaped  to  the  West.     He  also  admitted  killing  of  a  "chap  "  in  California. 

Helm  was  the  most  hardened,  cool  and  deliberate  scoundrel  of  the  whole  band, 
and  murder,  with  him,  had  become  mere  pastime.  Finding  that  all  his  asservatioiis 
and  pleas  availed  him  naught,  he  thus  unburdened  himself:  "  I  have  dared  death  in 
all  its  forms,  and  I  do  not  fear  to  die."  He  called  repeatedly  for  whisky,  and  it  was 
necessary  to  reprimand  him  several  time  for  his  conduct  on  the  verge  of  eternity. 
The  other  two  outlaws.  Haze  Lyons  and  Jack  Gallagher,  were  brought  in,  the  former 
penitent  and  the  latter  abusing  and  cursing  his  captors. 

After  all  arrangements  had  been  made  for  hanging  the  desperadoes  the  prisoners 
were  marched  into  the  center  of  a  hollow  square  which  was  flanked  by  four  ranks  of 
the  vigilantes  and  by  a  column  in  front  and  rear  armed  with  shotguns  and  rifles  car- 
ried at  half  present,  ready  to  fire  at  a  moment's  warning.  Other  members  of  the 
vigilantes,  armed  with  pistols,  were  dispersed  through  the  crowd.  The  party  started 
forward  and  marched  to  an  unfinished  building  which  had  been  prepared  for  the  exe- 
cution. The  main  beam  for  the  support  of  the  rooi',  which  ran  across  the  center  of 
the  building,  was  used  as  a  gallows,  the  ropes  being  thrown  over  it  and  then  taken  to 
the  rear  and  fastened  around  some  of  the  bottom  logs.  Five  boxes  were  placed 
under  the  beam  as  a  substitute  for  drops.  The  procession  halted  for  a  few  moments 
before  reaching  the  place  of  execution,  Club-Foot  George  having  called  a  citizen  to 
him  and  asked  him  to  speak  regarding  his  character.  This  the  gentleman  declined 
to  do,  saying  to  George  that  while  their  dealings  with  each  other  had  been  square  he 
was  not  competent  to  speak  of  the  prisoner's  dealings  with  other  people.  Club-Foot 
George  then  asked  the  gentleman  he  had  spoken  to  to  pray  with  him.  This  request 
was  granted,  both  men  kneeling  down  and  offering  a  fervent  prayer.  Ge^/ge  and 
Jack  Gallagher  also  knelt  in  prayer.     Boue  Helm,  after  the  prayers  were  over,  called 

to  Gallagher,  "Jack,  give  me  that  coat;  you  never  gave  me  anything."  "D d 

sight  of  use  you'd  have  for  it,"  replied  the  man  who  had  been  on  his  knees  a  moment 
before.     The  two  worthies  after  this  kept  addressing  shore  and  pithy  remarks  to  their 
friends  around  them,  such  as  "  Hello !    they  have  got  me  this  time."  "  Bill,  old  boy 
I'm  going  to  cash  in,  sure,"  and  other  remarks  typical  only  of  wild  mining  life. 


r 


668 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


The  guards  finally  marched  iuto  the  place  appointed  for  execution.  They  opered 
ranks  here  and  the  prisoners  stepped  onto  the  boxes  above  which  hung  the  dangling 
ropes,  the  nooses  were  quickly  adjusted  and  all  being  ready  Jack  Gallagher  got  a  stay 
of  proceedings  by  asking  as  a  last  request  for  a  glass  of  beer,  which  was  given  him. 
Club-Foot  George,  recognizing  an  old  friend  in  the  audience,  cooly  hailed  him  with 
the  remark,  "  Good-by,  old  fellow  ;  I'm  gone,"  and  hearing  the  order,  "Men,  do  your 
duty,"  without  waiting  for  the  box  to  be  knocked  from  under  him,  as  coolly 
jumped  to  his  death.  Jack  Gallagher  used  the  most  profane  and  obscene  language  while 
standing  on  the  box  awaiting  execution,  a  tirade  he  kept  up  until  the  tighteniii;,' 
noose  cut  him  short.  The  character  of  Boone  Helm  can  be  judged  by  his  careless 
remark  as  he  looked  at  the  quivering  form  of  Gallagher  dangling  by  the  rope,  "  Kick 
away,  old  fellow ;  I'll  be  in  hell  with  you  in  a  minute."  Helm's  last  words  wen-, 
"Everyman  for  his  principles ;  hurrah  for  Jeff.  Davis;  let  her  rip."  The  sound  of 
his  voice  had  hardly  died  away  before  he  too  was  hanging  from  the  rope,  Frank 
Parrish  requested  the  privilege  of  having  a  handkerchief  tied  over  his  face.  His  own 
black  tic,  fastened  in  the  road  agents  knot,  was  taken  from  his  throat  and  dropped 
over  his  face  like  a  veil,  and  with  this  death  mask  he  was  dropped.  A  bystander, 
after  the  execution,  asked  a  guard  who  had  adjusted  the  rope  around  the  neck  of 
Parrish,  if  he  did  not  feel  for  the  poor  man  when  he  put  the  rope  around  his  neck. 
The  vigilante,  whose  friend  had  been  murdered  by  road  agents,  regarded  his  interro- 
gator for  a  moment  with  a  stern  look  and  then  answered  slowly,  "  Yes  ;  I  felt  for  his 
left  ear."  Haze  Lyons  evidently  expected  deliverance  from  death  up  to  the  last 
moment.  Finding,  however,  that  entreaty  was  useless,  he  requested  that  his  gold 
watch  be  given  to  his  mistress  with  his  dying  regards. 

The  bodies  of  the  desperadoes,  after  being  allowed  to  hang  for  two  hours,  were 
cut  down  and  carried  to  the  street  in  front  of  the  house,  where  they  were  found 
by  friends  and  carried  away  for  burial.  The'*-  '-odies  now  lie  in  the  cemetery  at 
Virginia. 

These  last  executions  ended  the  rule  of  the  road  agents  in  Montana.  Where 
once  rode  masked  highwaymen  and  midnight  marauders  in  the  state  are  now  ojjcn 
highways  where  man  is  assured  of  the  protection  that  he  has  in  any  of  the  best  governed 
communities  of  the  United  States.  It  v/as  stern  justice  meted  out  to  the  desperadoes 
that  impressed  all  wrong-doers  with  a  full  sense  of  the  fate  that  awaited  them  if  tliey 
committed  any  overt  acts  and  these  executions  at  the  same  time  impressed  the  law- 
abiding  people  with  their  full  power  when  once  thoroughly  aroused,  and  it  was  the 
moral  force  of  the  community  that  was  triumphant  here  jnst  as  it  always  is  in  any 
civilized  country  after  the  man  who  respects  his  own  rights  and  the  full  rights  of  his 
fellow  man  has  been  goaded  to  a  certain  point  by  the  lawless  acts  of  desperadoes  and 
criminals. 

British  Coluiubla. — The  first  settlement  made  in  the  vast  territory  now 
known  as  British  Columbia  dates  back  to  the  establishment  of  a  trading  post  at  I'ort 
Victoria,  on  Vancouver  Island,  by  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  in  1842.  It  was  not 
until  1H71,  however,  that  the  mainland  north  of  the  49th  degree  of  nortli  latitude  and 
Vancouver  island  were  united  under  the  name  of  British  Columbia  and  entered  into 
confederation  with  the  Dominion  of  Canada.  Victoria  was  chosen  the  capital  of  the 
new  province.  The  nature  of  the  country  was  such  that  only  a  few  people  were 
attracted  to  British  Columbia  and,  until  1886,  the  only  two  towns  of  importance 
in  the  entire  province  were  Victoria,  situated  on  Vancouver  Island,  and  New  West- 


British  Columbia. 


269 


minster,  on  the  mainland,  the  latter  place  being  located  on  the  Fraser  river,  i6  miles 
above  the  point  where  the  waters  of  this  stream  enter  the  Gulf  of  Georj;ia.  In  1886, 
the  Canadian  Pacific  railroad  was  completed  to  tidewater  on  the  Pacific  coast.  The- 
western  terminus  of  this  great  transcontinental  line  is  at  Vancouver,  situated  on  the 
mainland,  on  Burrard  Inlet,  about  14  miles  distant  from  the  old  town  of  New  West- 
minster. Vancouver  is  today  the  metropolis  of  British  Columbia.  The  completion 
of  this  greatest  of  transcontinental  roads  has  marked  a  new  epoch  in  the  history  of 
the  province.  Before  the  cars  of  this  road  reached  tidewater  at  Vancouver,  Victoria 
was  the  leading  city  of  British  Columbia,  and  it  was  one  of  the  richest  and  most 
prosperous  cities  of  the  coast.  It  was  the  one  port  of  British  Columbia  to  which  all 
the  diversified  productions  of  the  province  paid  tribute,  and  it  was  at  this  point  ihat 
countless  fortunes  were  made  from  the  immense  trade  with  the  north  and  east  which 
Victoria  so  long  held.  Today,  Victoria  is  still  the  home  of  many  of  the  richest  men 
of  British  Columbia,  but  her  former  prestige  is  gone.  Victoria  is  the  leading  city  on 
Vancouver  Island,  the  resources  of  which,  when  fully  developed,  will  alone  support 
a  city  at  this  point  of  a  much  larger  population  tlian  Victoria  contains  today.  Van- 
couver, however,  as  the  western  terminus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific,  will,  probably, 
always  remain  the  leading  city  of  British  Columbia,  and  it  is  at  the  present  site  of 
Vancouver  that  the  people  of  the  province  expect  to  see  a  city  grow  that  will  some 
day  rival  San  Francisco  or  Portland  in  wealth  and  commercial  importance. 

British  Columbia  is  a  country  of  wonderful  possibilities.  Long  before  a  city  of 
any  pretensions  had  been  established  on  the  shores  of  Puget  Sound,  the  rich  gold 
deposits  of  the  Fraser  river  and  of  the  Caribou  district  farther  inland  had  attracted 
gold  seekers  from  all  over  the  coast,  and  the  Fraser  river  gold  excitement  of  the  early 
6o's  was  second  in  importance  only  to  the  great  rush  of  gold  hunters  to  California 
a  little  more  than  10  years  earlier.  British  Columbia  is  essentially  a  mountainous 
country.  Far  to  the  interior  of  the  province  are  found  those  same  vast  plains,  covered 
with  alluvial  deposits  of  the  richest  soil,  which  are  found  in  Eastern  Oregon  and 
Eastern  Washington,  but  for  a  distance  of  200  miles  or  more  inland  from  Puget 
Sound  the  province  is  one  vast  upheaval,  mountain  piled  on  mountain,  and  the 
entire  section  is  generally  rough  and  uneven.  Lying  between  the  higher  elevations 
of  this  part  of  the  province  are  many  little  valleys  easily  cultivated  and  highly 
fertile.  The  principal  sources  of  wealth  of  the  province,  however,  prior  to  the  time  of 
the  completion  of  the  Canadian  Pacific,  were  the  wonderfully  rich  gold  n^incs  of  the 
interior,  the  great  coal  deposits  of  Vancouver  Island,  the  fisheries  of  the  Fraser  river 
and  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  and  the  vast  quantities  of  fur-bearing  animals  which  were 
annually  trr.pped  along  the  coast  and  in  the  streams  of  the  mainland.  These  were 
pro  lucts  that  were  easily  convertible  into  money.  The  lack  of  proper  transportation 
facilities  and  the  cost  of  reaching  the  province  necessarily  kept  people  out  of  British 
Columbia,  and  the  result  of  these  conditions,  which  existed  prior  to  18H6,  was  that 
money  was  plentiful  here,  and  Victoria,  the  leading  city,  may  have  been  fairly  said 
to  have  rolled  in  wealth,  a  tribute  she  exacted  from  the  immense  trade  which  for 
many  years  regularly  came  to  this  port. 

The  largest  body  of  agricultural  land  in  the  western  part  of  British  Colu  nbia  is 
found  along  the  Fraser  river  between  the  (iu'if  of  Georgia  and  Yale.  Three  varieties 
of  soil,  all  highly  productive,  are  found  in  tue  Fraser  River  valley.  These  are  deep 
black  earth,  alluvial  deposits  and  a  clay  loam.  Wonderful  crops  are  raised  on  these 
lands  and  this  is  truly  the  agricultural  belt  of  the  province.     Good  lands  for  agricul- 


■'A : 


570 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Ill 


tural  purposes  are  also  found  on  Vancouver  Island,  and  a'iong  the  banks  of  the  Thomp- 
son river  and  Shuswap  lakes  are  many  fine  farms  in  the  highest  state  of  cultivation. 
East  of  the  Cascades  in  the  province  are  vast  stretches  of  the  finest  grazing  and 
farming  lands,  and  the  cattle  fattened  on  the  succulent  grasses  of  these  inland  prai- 
ries are  the  largest  and  best  beef  cattle  raised  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  most  important  industry  of  British  Columbia  at  the  present  writing  is  the 
mining  of  coal.  On  Vancouver  Island  are  found  the  largest  and  most  valuable 
deposits,  of  coal  on  the  coast.  Nanaimo,  a  city  of  about  6,000  inhabitants,  located  on 
the  eastern  side  of  Vancouver  Island,  and  north  of  Victoria,  is  supported  entirely  by 
the  ten  great  coal  mines  situated  in  the  vicinity  of  the  place.  Four  of  these  mines 
are  operated  by  the  New  Vancouver  Coal  Company.  The  daily  output  of  these  four 
mines  is  2,400  tons.  The  coal  tal'en  from  one  of  these  mines  is  unexcelled  for  gas- 
making  purposes.  It  burns  to  a  red  ash,  making  a  fine  quality  of  coke  and  yielding 
about  11,000  feet  of  gas  to  the  ton,  of  an  illuminating  power  of  22  candles.  The  coal 
from  another  of  this  same  company's  mines  is  burned  largely  by  the  steamers  plyiuj^ 
on  the  Puget  Sound  and  up  and  down  the  coast.  The  New  Vancouver  Coal  Company 
employs  regularly  about  1,400  men.  They  also  use  about  140  mules  in  the  mines, 
these  animals  working  constantly  underground.  The  principal  part  of  the  product 
of  the  company  is  fhipped  to  San  Francisco,  although  regular  shipments  are  also 
made  from  these  mines  to  Portland,  Southern  Cali/omia  and  the  Sandwich  Islands. 

The  Great  Wellington  coal  mines  are  located  at  the  terminus  of  the  Esquimalt  & 
Nanaimo  railroad  and  operated  by  the  same  company  that  runs  the  railroad.  Welling- 
ton coal  is  the  best  of  the  coast  coals,  and  is  always  in  great  demand  in  San  Francisco 
and  other  coast  cities.  The  output  of  the  Wellington  mines  is  only  limited  by  the 
transportation  facilities  afforded  for  getting  it  to  market.  Most  of  the  output  of  the 
mines  is  sent  over  the  Esquimalt  &  Nanaimo  Company's  own  road  to  Departure  Bay, 
where  the  company  owns  large  wharves  and  coal  bunkers.  Steam  colliers  of  as  high 
as  3,00c  tons  carrying  capacity  carry  the  coal  from  Departure  Bay  to  San  Francisco 
and  other  coast  ports.  Four  miles  from  Nanaimo  are  located  the  East  Wellington 
Collieries,  and  there  is  also  the  rich  Comox  coal  mine  near  Union,  also  located  ou 
Vancouver  Island  a  few  miles  distant  from  Nanaimo. 

Th2  mountains  of  British  Columbia  are  rich  in  deposits  of  gold,  silver,  copper, 
iron  and  all  the  baser  metals.  The  greatest  of  the  gold  and  silver-producing  sections 
of  the  province  today  is  the  Kootcnay  district.  This  mineral  belt  is  located  in  the 
southeastern  part  of  the  province,  and  contains  an  area  of  about  7,000  square  miles. 
The  section  is  enjoying  something  of  a  boom  at  the  present  time,  and  during  the 
latter  part  of  1892  and  early  in  1893  over  2,000  claims  were  filed  in  this  section  within  a 
pericr'  of  six  months.  The  old  gold  diggings  around  Yale,  the  Lilloet,  Cassiar  and 
Caribou  gold-producing  districts  are  still  rich  in  gold  quartz  and  silver  ores,  and  the 
working  of  the  mines  of  these  important  districts  will  some  day  prove  one  of  the 
most  important  industries  of  British  Columbia. 

A  large  part  of  the  area  of  British  Columbia  is  covered  with  dense  forests  of  the 
finest  timber.  The  varieties  of  timber  found  here  are  the  same  as  are  contained  in  the 
forests  of  Western  Washington  and  Western  Oregon  to  the  south.  The  British  Col- 
umbia timber  belt  is  practically  a  part  of  the  same  forests  which  extend  from  the 
southern  boundary  of  Western  Oregon  north  as  far  as  Alaska,  and  as  the  timber 
resources  of  Oregon  and  Washington  are  fully  treated  in  another  part  of  this  publi- 
cation, any  extended  mention  of  the  great  forests  of  British  Columbia  is  unnecessary 
in  the  present  instance. 


, 


1 

i 


Victoria,  British  Columbia. 


571 


One  of  the  great  industries  of  British  Columbia  at  the  present  time  is  the  catch- 
ing and  curing  of  fish.  The  great  inland  streams  of  the  province  abound  in  the  suc- 
culent salmon,  the  mimmoth  sturgeon  and  other  food  fishes  found  in  the  Columbia 
and  Sacramento  rivers  to  the  south,  and  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  other 
parts  of  the  great  inland  sea  washing  these  shore  are  alive  with  the  finest  of  salt 
water  fishes.  These  waters  furnish  an  inexhaustible  supply  of  the  finny  tribe,  valu- 
able as  food  products,  rich  in  oil,  hundreds  of  barrels  of  which  are  annually  exported 
from  the  province,  and  the  value  ot  fur- bearing  aquatic  animals  annually  caught  in 
these  waters  runs  into  the  thousands  of  dollars.  During  1890  the  product  of  the  fish- 
eries of  British  Columbia,  including  seals  and  oil,  reached  the  enormous  amount  of 
$6,550,275.  This  amount  was  made  up  as  follows:  approximate  value  offish  con- 
sumed in  the  province,  $3,085,000 ;  canned  salmon,  400,000  cases,  $2,400,000  ;  salted 
salmon,  3,800  ban  sis,  $41,800;  fresh  salmon,  2,000,000  pounds,  $240,000;  smoked 
salmon,  13,000  pounds,  $3,250 ;  fresh  halibut,  750,000  pounds,  $75,000  ;  fresh  sturgeon, 
320,500  pounds,  $16,025  ;  fresh  trout,  20,000  pounds,  $2,cjo  ;  other  fish,  fresh,  salted 
and  smoked,  905,000  pounds,  $90,500;  making  a  total  ^f  $5,953,575.  Add  to  this 
150,000  gallons  of  fish  oil,  $75,000;  isinglass,  etc.,  $21,700,  and  seal  skins  and  other  furs, 
$500,000,  and  we  have  the  grand  total  of  $6,550,275  as  the  value  of  the  year's  product 
of  the  fishing  industries  of  the  province. 

Most  of  the  salmon  canned  in  British  Columbia  is  handled  by  the  many  large 
canneries  located  on  the  Fraser  river.  During  1890  the  product  of  these  canneries 
amounted  to  246,050  cases,  valued  at  $1,476,300.  Invested  in  the  canneries  of  the 
Fraser  river  is  the  sum  of  $1,357,000.  These  plants  employ  over  7,500  men  during 
the  fishing  season  and  pay  out  annually  in  wages  about  $1,025,000.  An  important  part 
of  the  fishing  industry  of  the  province  is  the  shipping  of  fresh  halibut,  sturgeon  and 
trout  to  the  East.  These  shipments  arc  made  in  refrigerator  cars,  and  the  fish  is 
landed  thousands  of  miles  from  where  it  is  caught  in  as  fresh  a  condition  as  it  was 
when  first  taken  out  of  the  waters. 

The  climate  of  British  Columbia,  more  especially  that  portion  bordering  on  the 
waters  of  the  Straits  of  Georgia,  which  is  the  most  densely  populated,  is  similar  in 
every  respect  to  the  climate  of  Oregon 
and  Washington  to  the  south.  It  is  a 
country  of  the  same  many  and  diversified 
resources  as  Oregon  and  Washington 
farther  south,  and  that  part  of  the 
United  States  known  as  the  Pacific  North- 
west will  probably  note  no  greater  ma-  l^„^.'<^  \^^tij^§- WMBIfM^',f:^<. '-T""*^ ■, 
terial  growth  and  solid  advancement  than 

the  country  to  the   north   which   is  now         .w^— — — j«43aK!«^™^™KVi'  -^j- 
under    the    British    flag,    a    country  so  ^      "=^^5^^==^  ^^^tT 

thoroughly  wedded  to  British  traditions, 
and  which  has  only  been  kept  back  by 
the  average   Englishman's  regard  for  prestige  which  so  often  discourages  progress 
under  any  regime  which  ignores  precedents. 

Victoria,  British  Columbia.— Victoria,  the  capital  of  the  province  of 
British  Columbia,  is  situated  at  the  extreme  southeastern  end  of  the  large  island  of 
Vancouver.  The  most  striking  feature  of  the  site  the  city  occupies  is  the  rare  beauty 
of  this  site  and  its  surroundings.    The  citizens  of  Victoria  honor  their  city  with  the 


>Tt 


H.  M.  Dr>  Dock,  Esquimalt. 


E 


.' 


T 


572 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  I'acihc  Northwest. 


CAREY  Castle,  Lieut. -Governor's  Residence,  Victoria. 


sobriquet  of  "  The  Gem  of  the  Pacific,"  a  name  which  the  general  attractiveness  of 
the  place  fully  warrants.       The  surface  of  the  land  on  which  Victoria  is  built  is 

made  up  of  a  succession  of  hills  and 
level  patches,  and  from  the  higher  eleva 
tions  of  the  city  is  commanded  an  im- 
posing view  of  the  grand  stretch  of  the 
Straits  of  Fuca  and  the  waters  of  tlic 
Straits  of  Georgia  glisten  in  the  sunlight 
a  few  miles  away,  while  in  the  distance 

^Sl'  llilM^:-•^" Jff THi 'I" i^miS^ IL^ JWPi^l^'     ^^^    seen    the    imposing   peaks    of   the 
'^'^"SI^KsilMttMdJMlSHIMI^R^PSIW wV -i  .     Olympic    range,    and    rising    from    the 

mainland  of  the  United  States  side  stands 
the  hoary  Mt.  Baker,  immaculate  in  all 
the  brightness  of  perennial  snow,  which 
covers  this  giant  peak  of  the  Cascades. 
Victoria  is  the  mecca  of  tourists  to  Puget  Sound  who  desire  to  visit  the  province. 
The  Englishman  kn  \vs  how  to  enjoy  himself.  He  takes 
life  easy,  and  he  prepares  the  way  for  the  enjoyment  of 
everyone  who  visits  a  city  in  which  the  English  element 
predominates.  Victoria  boasts  of  the  finest  drivewaj-s  on 
the  coast,  which  lead  out  from  the  city  in  all  directions,  and 
of  the  attraction  of  the  great  warships  and  drydocks  at  Es- 
quimau, but  a  few  miles  distant.  The  place  has  good  parks, 
the  numerous  arms  of  the  Straits  of  I  -ca  extending  inland 
at  this  point  afford  excellent  boating,  the  city  has  the  best 
of  hotels,  and  the  tourist  here  finds  as  much  to  interest  and 
amuse  him  as  he  will  find  in  any  city  on  the  coast. 

Of  late  years  manufacturing  interests  have  made  but  little  advancement  at  Vic- 
toria. Victoria  is  a  shipping  port  of  considerable  importance,  and  it  is  a  city  of 
great  wealth,  heap)ed  up  here  during  the  palmy  days  preceding  the  completion  of  the 
Canadian  Pacific  railway  to  Vancouver.  Although  the  first  settlement  was  ma  i-  ^. 
Victoria,  in  1847,  by  the  Hudson's  I5ay  Company,  it  enjoyed  no  large  growth  until 
1871,  when  the  provincial  capital  for  British  Columbia  was  established  here.  The 
official  census  made  by  the  dominion  government,  in  1891,  gave  Victoria  a  popula- 
tion of  only  16,849,  and  the  most  enthusiastic  of  Victoria's  citizens  do  not  today 

claim  for  their  city  a  greater  population  than  2o,ocx).  The 
growth  of  the  city  has  been  retarded  by  lack  of  railroad 
connection  with  the  mainland.  The  line  of  the  Esquimalt 
&  Nanaimo  railway,  which  connects  Victoria  with  the 
great  coal  mining  district  of  Nanaimo,  is  the  only  railway 
in  operation  on  Vancouver  Islav.d  at  the  present  time. 
The  Canada  Western  railway,  however,  it  is  hoped,  will 
ultimately  reach  Victoria  from  the  mainland  by  taking 
advantage  of  the  numerous  islands  in  the  channel  north  of 
Vancouver  Island,  to  bridge  the  short  stretches  of  water 
which  divide  the  island  and  mainland  at  this  point,  and  the  people  of  Victoria 
confidently  expect  to  see  this  line  built  at  a  time  not  far  distant. 

Victoria  has  excellent  connection  with  all  the  Sound  ports  by  numerous  lines 
of  steamers.     The  fine  steamships  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  Company  stop  at  Vic- 


CiTY  Hall,  Victoria. 


High  school,  Victoria. 


1j; 


^f^ 


Nanaimo  and  the  dreat  Coal  Mines. 


573 


toria,  both  in  coming  to  Vancouver  and   in 
departing  for  the  Orient.     Lines  of  steamers 
regularly    ply    between  Victoria  and  Van- 
couver, between  Victoria,  New  Westminster 
and  Nanaimo,  as  well  as  between 
the  leading  city  of  Vancouver  Is- 
land and  all  ports  of  the  Sound  on 
the  United  States  side. 


The  Gorge,  Victoria  Arm,  Victoria. 


lines 
Vic- 


Beacon  Hill  Park,  comprising 

several  hundred  acres,  is  well  laid 

out,    good   driveways,  leading    in 

all  directions,  and  standing  in  this 

park   are  stately  oaks  whose  age  is  said 

to  represent   centuries  of  time.     A  good 

start  for  a  creditable  ' '  Zoo  "  has  already 

been  made   in   this   park,  and  the  hun- 
dreds of  animals  already   gathered  here 

prove  a  great  source  of   interest  to   visitors.       Esquimalt,   three  miles   distant,    is 

reached  by  a  perfectly  kept  driveway,  and  also  by  an  electric  line  of  road.       This  is 

the  place  of  rendezvous  for  the  British  squadron  of  warships  oti  the  Pacific  coast. 

The  government  naval  - 
j'ards  and  large  drydock 
are  established  at  Esqui- 
malt. The  drydock  is 
built  entirely  of  cut  stone, 
and  was  constructed  at 
great  expense  jointly  by 
the  Imperial  and  Domin- 
ion governments.  An- 
other delightful  suburb  of 
Victoria  is  Oak  Bay,  and 
this  resort  is  rapidly  be- 
ing built  up  with  seaside 

homes.     As  the  seat  of  the  provincial  government,  Victoria  enjoys  a  considerable. 

prestige.     The  city  is  an  old  and  wealthy  center  of  population,  and  it  is  by  far  the 

most  attractive  city  of  the  province. 

iNanalino  and  the  CJreat  Coal  Mines.— The  most  interesting  feature  of 
a  visit  to  Vancouver  Island  is  the  trip  by  rail  from  Victoria  to  Nanaimo,  where  the 
great  coal  fields  of  the  province  are  located.  The  journey  is  made  over  the  Esqui- 
malt &  Nanaimo  railwa}',  a  distance  of  78  miles.  The  route  lays  through  the  most 
picturesque  part  of  Vancouver  Island.  The  line  passes  through  what  may  be  fairly- 
termed  a  sportsman's  paradise.  The  numerous  lakes  and  small  streams  of  this  sec- 
tion are  stocked  with  the  gamiest  of  trout.  The  scenery  along  the  entire  line  of 
road  is  interesting,  and  at  times  grand  and  almost  awe-inspiring.  One  moment  the 
eye  of  the  traveler  rests  on  a  peaceful  vale  with  a  placid  clear  lake  in  the  center, 
and  the  next  moment  he  is  looking  through  broken  and  rocky  gorges  to  abrupt 
forest-clad  hills  beyond.  Many  engineering  difficulties  were  encountered  in  the  con- 
struction of  this  line.     High  trestles,  with  a  seemingly  dangerous  pitch  to  one  side 


Bridge  »t  Beacon  Hill   Park,  Victoria 


. 


574 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  oi  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


HARBOR  AT    NANAIMO. 


of  the  track,  are  as  trying  to  the  nerves 
of  the  timid  traveler  as  the  construction 
of  these  elevated  bands  of  steel  on  stilts 
was  to  the  engineer  who  planned  the 
line,  but  it  may  be  stated  that  no  ac- 
cident has  ever  occurred  on  this  line, 
and  the  entire  road  is  pronounced,  by 
railroad  experts,  to  be  one  of  the  best 
built  on  the  continent. 


At  the  towns  of  Shawnigan,  Chemainus  and  Cowichan,  along  the  line  of  road 
are  located  a  few  small  sawmills,  and  in  the  timber  belt  which  the  road  traverses, 
considerable  cordwood  is  cut  and  shipped  to  market  over  this  same  line.  The  prime, 
and  it  may  be  said  the  only  object  in  the  construction  of  this  road,  however,  was 
to  open  rail  connection  between  Victoria,  the  principal  city  of  Vancouver  Island,  and 
the  great  coal  districts  at  Nanaimo  and  Wellington.  Nanaimo,  the  second  largest 
center  of  population  on  Vancouver  Island,  is  located  on  the  east  coast  of  the  island, 
on  an  inlet  which  goes  by  the  name  of  the  town.  Nanaimo  harbor  opens  direct 
into  the  Straits  of  Georgia.  The  total  population  of  Nanaimo,  at  the  present  time, 
is  about  6,000,  and  a  glance  through  the  directory  of  the  town  shows  that  about 
three  out  of  every  five  of  the  male  adult  population  are  either  miners  or  employes 
in  the  service  of  the  great  mining  company  operating  here.  The  town  is  beauti- 
fully located,  fronting  on  a  broad  sheet  of  water,  and  the  site,  rising  gradually  from 
the  waters'  edge,  finally  reaches  an  elevation  which  commands  a  perfect  view  of 
the  harbor  and  the  Straits  of  Georgia  beyond.  The  streets  of  the  town  are  narrow, 
so  narrow,  in  fact,  that  friends  can  almost  shake  hands  across  the  narrow  drive- 
way which  separates  the  sidewalks,  and  it  is  evident  to  the  visitor  that  the  town 
simply  grew  here  without  any  attention  having  been  paid  to  platting  the  townsite 
by  the  original  settlers. 

Nanaimo's  prosperity  is  practically  entirely  dependent  on  the  operations  of  the 
New  Vancouver  Coal  Mining  &  Land  Company  which  operates  so  extensively  at  this 
point.  This  company  bought  the  Nanaimo  estate  with  its  collieries,  shipping  wharves, 
sawmills  and  water  front  from  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  in  1862.  In  Nanaimo 
coal  is  king  as  cotton  was  in  the  South  before  the  war.  The  New  Vancouver  Com- 
pany have  now  five  coal  mines  in  successful  operation,  although  these  mines  have 
only  been  opened  since  1S84.  The  shafts  in  these  mines  run  down  to  the  great  depth 
of  600  feet  or  even  more.  Double  ventilating  shafts  have  been  constructed  in  these 
mines  in  compliance  with  the  protective  laws  governing  coal  mining  in  British 
Columbia.  The  output  of  the  company's  mines  is  2,ocx)  tons  a  day.  The  company's 
possessions  on  Vancouver  Island  in  the  vicinity  of  Nanaimo  embrace  about  30,000 
acres,  this  estate  exte*  ding  up  and  down  the  coast  for  a  distance  of  10  miles.  Two 
shafts  of  the  company's  mines,  the  one  in  Protection  Island  at  the  mouth  of  the  har- 
bor opposite  the  town,  and  the  Esplanade  shaft  on  the  outskirts  of  Nanaitno,  across 
the  harbor  from  the  main  business  center,  are  connected  by  passages  running  under 
the  harbor.  Above  these  passage-ways,  through  which  the  black  diamond  is  being 
constantly  hauled,  ships  ride  peacefully  on  a  body  of  water  deep  enough  to  float  the 
largest  of  vessels.  This  great  tunnel,  over  one  mile  in  length,  is  a  feat  of  successful 
subterranean  engineering  that  must  call  for  the  admiration  of  whoever  traverses  it. 
The  Esplanade  mine  is  the  largest  operated  here  and  the  main  shaft  of  this  mine  is 


Naaaimo  and  the  Great  Coal  Mines. 


575 


Old  Block  House,  Nanaiwo. 


located  only  a  few  yards  from  the  company's  offices  and  power  houses.  The  tall, 
heavy-built  chimneys  of  the  great  coal  mining  plants  at  Nanaimo  pour  out  their  vol- 
umes of  black,  heavy  smoke  day  and  night  the  year 
round.  The  endless  steel  cables  hauling  the  coal  cars 
from  the  depths  of  the  mine,  600  feet  below,  arc  run  at  the 
rate  of  speed  of  half  a  mile  a  minute,  and  the  scene  of 
operations  of  one  of  the  great  mines  here  with  its  cars  of 
coal  being  dumped  on  the  surface  without  cessation  day 
or  night,  is  oue  that  cannot  but  impress  the  beholder 
who  is  visiting  a  coal-mining  center  for  the  first  time. 
The  engines  of  the  coal  company's  plant  of  theEsplanade 
miue  have  a  hoisting  capacity  of  1,000  tons  every  eight 
hours,  and  at  the  same  time  pump  water  out  of  the  mines 
if  pumping  is  necessary.  Most  of  the  power  for  pump- 
ing is  supplied  by  electricity,  generated  by  the  company's 
own  dynamos  and  power  house.  The  company  have  for 
a  number  of  years  past  heen  operating  far  out  under  the 
waters  of  the  harbor  at  Nanaimo  and  also  under  the  Gulf 
of  Georgia  beyond,  and  they  are  gradually  extending 
their  tunnels  and  shafts  as  the  mines  are  opened. 

In  addition  to  operating  largely  at  Nanaimo,  the  New  Vancouver  Company  also 
operates  mines  at  Northfield  and  Southfield,  towns  in  close  proximity  to  the  princi- 
pal raining  center.  The  company  regularly  spends  large  sums  of  money  in  prospect- 
ing over  its  lauded  possessions  here  with  diamond  drills  with  the  most  .:atisfactory 
results.  They  now  have  sufficient  coal  in  sight  here  to  allow  their  mines  to  be  con- 
tinually operated  at  their  present  capacity  for  80  years  in  the  future.  The  coal  mined 
here  is  of  a  true  bituminous  character,  and  is  pronounced  by  experts  and  the  general 
public  to  be  the  best  coal  mined  on  the  coast.  Shipments  of  this  coal  are  made  in 
very  large  quantities  to  San  Francisco,  San  Diego,  I,os  Angeles,  Portland,  Alaska  and 
all  parts  of  the  Dominion.  The  coal  is  carried  principally  in  American  bottoms,  and 
from  four  to  one  dozen  ships  and  steamers  are  constantly  in  Nanaimo  harbor  await- 
ing their  turns  to  load  with  coal  from  the  company's  mines.  The  company  itself  now 
has  regularly  150,000  tons  of  shipping  under  charter,  and  private  buyers  of  the  com- 
pany's product  are  constantly  sending  vessels  here  to  be  loaded. 

The  company  employs  in  its  mines  1,500  miners.  These  men  work  in  shifts  of 
eight  hours  each,  and  they  are  generally  contented  and  thrifty.  This  is  a  well  paid 
class  of  labor,  and  many  of  the  miners  here  own  their  own  homes.  The  reporter  of 
TAe  Nanaimo  Free  Press,  who  is  constantly  making  the  rounds  of  the  tov/n,  is 
authority  for  the  statement  that  these  men  as  a  rule  drink  in  moderation,  and  that 
crimes  of  violence  imong  the  laborers  are  of  very  rate  occurrence.  The  money  put 
into  circulation  every  pay  day  at  Nanaimo  reaches  at  least  |ioo,ooo,  and  with  the 
money  paid  out  for  wages  at  the  Wellington  mines,  and  the  mines  of  Northfield  and 
Southfield,  all  of  which  camps  are  tributary  to  Nanaimo,  the  monthly  payroll 
amounts  to  more  than  $200,000. 

Nanaimo  contains  several  good  brick  busiiiess  blocks,  and  the  town  boasts  of  a 
good  hotel  and  a  comfortably  arranged  opera  house.  As  long  as  coal  mines  continue 
to  be  operated  here  Nanaimo  will  be  prosperous,  and  as  the  demand  for  this  coal  in 
all  parts  of  the  coast  is  constantly  increasing  it  is  fair  to  presume  that  there  coal 
mines  will  b:  operated  on  a  more  extensive  scale  with  each  successive  year. 


M- 


576 


The  Oreffonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Wellington,  five  miles  north  of  Nanaimo,  is  the  terminus  of  the  Esquimalt  & 
Nanaimo  railway.  The  coal  mines  at  Wellington  are  owned  and  operated  by  the 
company  operating  the  railway.  Wellington  is  really  nothing  but  a  great  coal  camj). 
About  800  men  are  employed  in  the  mines  here.  The  product  of  the  Wellington 
mines  is  similar  in  every  respect  to  the  coal  taken  out  of  the  mines  at  Nanaimo,  and 
Wellington  coal  is  too  well  known  on  the  coast  to  call  for  any  future  mention  of  its 
qualities  in  the  present  article. 

Vuiicouver,  British  Columbia. — Vancouver,  the  largest  and  most  impor- 
tant city  located  on  the  mainland  in  British  Columbia,  occupies  the  peninsula  lying 
between  Burrard's  Inlet  and  English  Bay,  just  north  of  the  mouth  of  the  Fraser  river. 
It  is  called  the  Terminal  City,  and  it  is  the  terminus  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway, 
and  the  point  of  arrival  of  the  three  majestic  steamships,  the  Empress  of  India,  the 
Empress  of  China  and  the  Empress  of  Japan,  a  line  run  under  the  management  of 
the  Canadian  Pacific,  and  connecting  Vancouver  with  China  and  Japan.  The 
immense  cargoes  of  Oriental  merchandise  brought  from  Asia  on  these  three  mam- 
moth steamships  are  unloaded  at  Vancouver  and  dispatched  from  this  point  over 
the  Canadian  Pacific  railway  to  all  points  of  Canada  and  tli  ^  United  States.  This 
is  one  of  the  greatest  of  the  trans-Pacific  lines  of  steamships  C(>nnecting  the  Occident 
with  the  Orient,  and  the  establishment  of  this  line  has  already  done  much  to  advance 
Vancouver's  interests. 

Daily  connection  is  afforded  between  Vancouver  and  Victoria  by  the  steamers  of 
the  Canadian  Pacific  Navigation  Company.  The  Seattle,  Lake  Shore  &  Eastern 
branch  of  the  Northern  Pacific  railroad  is  already  completed  as  far  north  as  Sumas, 
situated  on  the  boundary  line  between  the  United  vStates  and  British  Columbia,  and 
work  on  this  line  is  being  rapidly  pushed  to  its  ultimate  terminus  at  Vancouver.  The 
Bellingham  Bay  &  British  Columbia  branch  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  railway  runs  daily 
freight  and  passenger  trains  between  Vancouver  and  New  Whatcom,  connecting  at  the 
latter  place  with  the  Sound  division  of  the  Great  Northern  railway  to  Seattle.  The 
New  Westminster  &  Vancouver  Electric  Tramway  Company  runs  passenger  cars 
each  way  between  Vancouver  and  New  Westminster  every  hour  during  the  day, 
making  the  14  miles  in  45  minutes. 

The  growth  of  Vancouver  dates  from  the  completion  of  the  Canadian  Pacific 
railway  to  this  point  in  1886.  Immediately  following  the  completion  of  this  line 
to  tidewater,  the  advance  of  Vancouver  was  so  rapid  for  several  years,  both  in  the  build- 
ing line  and  in  the  establishment  of  large  commercial  houses  and  banking  institutions, 
that  the  city  partook  of  something  of  the  degree  of  prosperity  which  attends  the 
growth  of  one  of  the  great  centers  of  population  in  the  United  States.  Of  late 
years,  however,  the  conservative  spirit  of  the  English  founders  of  Vancouver  has 
asserted  itself,  and  a  halt  has  been  called  in  a  growth  that  promised  to  make  Van- 
couver one  of  the  big  cities  of  the  coast. 

Vancouver  is  solidly  built.  Its  buildings  hav  ■•  been  erected  with  a  view  of 
furnishing  as  classic  ruins,  in  distant  ages  of  the  future,  as  are  found  in  the  old 
chateaus  of  France,  or  the  deserted  castles  of  England.  During  1893  several  hand- 
some brick  and  stone  buildings,  both  of  a  public  and  private  nature,  were  completed 
at  Vancouver,  but  there  is  now  an  evident  tacit  agreement  among  property  owner.s 
of  the  city  that  no  more  large  buildings  shall  be  erected  here  until  the  present  fine 
business  blocks  that  line  all  the  main  streets  are  fully  occupied.  The  warning  from  the 
Vancouver  Board  of  Trade  agrinst  putting  up  any  more  buildings  than  the  business 


New  Westminster,  liritish  Columbia. 


677 


of  the  place  fully  -equires,  grates  a  little  discordantly  on  the  ears  of  a  typical  resident 
of  Uncle  Sam's  domain,  but  the  English  only  divorced  the  church  from  the  state  with 
a  fatal  inclination  to  ask  government  protection  of  every  possible  private  enterprise. 
A  number  of  large  saw  and  shingle  mills  are  operated  along  Burrard's  Inlet  and 
F'alse  creek,  at  Vancouver,  and  the  products  of  these  mills  are  shipped  principally 
to  Eastern  Canada,  Australia  and  South  America.  Several  schooners  and  one  steamer 
were  built  at  the  Vancouver  shipyards  in  1892,  and  while  vessels  of  small  tonnage 
only  have  been  constructed  at  these  yards  in  the  past,  moreextenive  shipbuilding, 
it  is  expected,  will  be  developed  at  this  point  in  the  future.  Vancouver  is  the  great 
shipping  point  of  British  Columbia,  and  it  perhaps  can  l)e  conservatively  stated  that 
the  city  is  in  the  line  of  a  material  future  advancement  that  will  make  this  one  of 
the  leading  distributing  centers  of  the  coast. 

The  surroundings  of  Vancouver  may  be  referred  to  as  of  the  majestic  picturesque 
order.  Lofty  peaks  of  the  Cascades  tower  high  above  the  city,  and  two  projecting 
spurs,  at  the  mouth  of  Burrard's  Inlet,  so  closely  resemble  lions  couchant  that  the 
entrance  is  generally  known  as  the  Lion's  Gate.  Stanley  Park,  the  driveway  around 
which  is  10  miles  in  length,  affords  an  exc  Uent  breathing  spot  for  the  overworked 
people  of  Vancouver.  This  will  become,  in  time,  one  of  the  finest  public  parks  of 
the  British  possessions,  and  already  thousands  of  dollars  have  been  expended  in 
adding  to  the  attractions  of  this  great  resort.  Vancouver  possesses  many  fine  busi- 
ness blocks  that  would  be  a  credit  to  the  best  business  street  of  any  city,  and  the 
public  structures  are  all  of  a  heavy  and  attractive  style  of  architecture.  The  city 
lias  good  hotels,  its  banks  are  on  the  strongest  of  financial  footings,  its  stores  are 
well  stocked,  and  with  the  prestige  the  city  has  already  gained  as  the  leading 
center  of  population  and  wealth  of  British  Columbia,  Vancouver  will  doubtless 
always  remain  the  principal  city  of  the  Pacific  coast  north  of  the  49th  degree  of 
north  latitude. 


New  Westminster,  British  Colinnbia. — New  Westminster  is  situated 
on  the  north  bank  of  the  Eraser  river,  16  miles  from  the 
point  where  this  great  stream  empties  its  waters  into  the 
Gulf  of  Georgia.     It  is  ono  of  the  oldest  settlements  in 
the  province,  having  been  founded  in  1858.    It  is  reached 
from  the  United  States,  the  northern  boundary  of  which 
is  but  a  few  miles  south  of  the  city,  by  the  New  West- 
minster &  Southern  branch  of  the  Great  Northern  rail- 
way and  by  the  extension  of  the  Canadian  Pacific  which 
runs  as  far  south  as  Mission  Junction,  near  Bcllingham 
Bay.     It  has  direct  connection  with  Vancouver,  the  term- 
inus of  the  Canadian  Pacific  on   Burrard's  Inlet,    by  a 
well  equipped  electric  line  of  road,  and  also  by  a  branch 
of  the  Canadian  Pacific.     Steamers  ply  regularly   between  New  Westminster  and 
Victoria,  as  well  as  making  connection  for  Nanaimo  and  other  Sound  points.     The 
present  population  of  New  Westminster,  or  Westminster  as  it  is  commonly  called,  is 
about  7,000.     In  the  palmy  days  of  the  city's  history  this  was  one  of  the  most  pros- 
perous towns  of  the  Northwest.     It  was  the  only  town  of  any  importance  located  on 
the  mainland  of  the  province  and  all  of  the  rich  trade  of  the  interior  passed  this  point 
to  reach  tidewater.      Many  fortunes  were  made  here  in   the  early  history  of  the 
place,  and  like  Victoria,  New  Westminster  is  today  the  home  of  great  numbers  of 


Court  House,  New  WESTMiNSTtK. 


67S 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


wealthy,  retired  business  men  who  lead  a  life  of  eab^-  in  elegant  residences,  and  who 
show  a  disposition  to  spend  their  declining  days  at  the  scene  of  their  former  business 
conquests. 

The  Fraser  river  is  one  of  the  great  rivers  of  the  continent.  It  bears  the  same 
relation  to  British  Columbia  that  the  Columbia  river  does  to  Oregon  and  Washington. 
The  Fraser  drains  the  great  watershed  of  British  Columbia  lying  west  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  while  it  carries  a  great  volume  of  water  practical  navigation  of  the 
stream  is  only  possible  as  far  up  as  Yale,  a  point  about  90  miles  above  its  mouth,  owing 
to  rapids  and  other  obstructions  to  easy  navigating  found  in  the  river  above  the  latter 
point.  Hundreds  of  miles  inland,  however,  are  found  great  lakes  which  this  river 
drains  which  furnish  may  miles  of  navigable  water  and  during  the  time  of  the  con- 
struction of  the  Canadian  Pacific  regular  lines  of  steamers  plied  on  these  lakes  carr\  - 
ing  passengers  and  supplies  for  the  railroad  company.  As  far  inland  as  New  West- 
minster the  Fraser  is  navigable  for  vessels  of  21  feet  draft,  but  above  this  point 
light-draft  steamers  only  are  able  to  ply. 

New  Westminster  is  the  principal  trading  point  for  the  Fraser  river  canneries  and 
for  the  rich  agricultural  district  bordering  on  this  same  stream.  Confidence  in  the 
future  of  the  city  on  the  part  of  its  inhabitants  is  seen  in  the  character  of  the  build- 
ings which  line  the  principal  streets.  New  Westminster  is  the  seat  of  the  peni- 
tentiary, the  erection  of  which  involved  an  outlay  of 
$140,000.  The  provincial  asylum  also  located  here,  was 
erected  at  a  cost  of  $155,000,  and  the  postoffice  buildinj^ 
here  cost  $25,000.  The  construction  of  four  new  business 
blocks  at  New  Westminster  involved  an  outlay  of  from 
$50,000  to  $75,000  each.  Over  $200,000  has  been  spent  on 
the  33  miles  of  well  paved  streets  of  the  city  and  the 
".'.  complete  water-works  plant  involved  an  expenditure  of 
$380,000  more.  A  good  electric  light  plant  is  in  success- 
ful operation  here.  The  municipal  government  at  New 
Westminster  has  spent  over$5o,ooo  on  a  system  of  fine 
public  parks.  The  leading  one  of  these,  the  Queen's 
Park,  contains  about  87  acres  and  is  one  of  the  most  popular  resorts  of  the  city. 
In  this  park  a  permanent  exhibition  building  has  been  erected  and  annual  gatherings 
are  now  regularly  held  here. 

The  finances  of  New  Westminster  are  on  "a  strong  footing.  Two  branches  of 
leading  provincial  banks  are  located  here  and  ample  money  is  furnished  at  all  times 
to  meet  every  legitimate  demand  of  trade.  The  city  is  not  without  attraction  to  the 
tourist  and  it  is  regularly  visited  by  a  large  transient  travel  which  finds  here  a  typical 
provincial  settlement  and  a  place  that  can  well  claim  the  attention  of  the  traveler,  as 
a  prominent  center  of  British  Columbia. 


Exhibition  Building,  Queen's  Park, 
New  Westminster. 


The  Kootenay  District. — Lying  in  British  Columbia  between  the  Rocky 
Mountains  on  the  east  and  the  Gold  range  of  mountains  on  the  west,  and  extending 
south  to  the  international  boundary  line  is  the  Kootenay  district.  This  region  em- 
braces over  16,500,000  acres  and  is  subdivided  into  East  and  West  Kootenay.  It  is 
in  the  latter  division  that  the  great  mineral  developments  now  attracting  so  much 
attention  from  the  world  are  being  made,  and  it  is  in  West  Kootenay  that  the  main 
interest  of  the  present  article  centers. 


m 


The  Kootenay  District,  British  Columbia. 


57J) 


West  Kootenay  is  principally  a  mountainous  country.  It  includes,  however, 
two  important  valleys  formed  by  a  division  of  the  Selkirk  range  of  mountains.  These 
valleys  are  enclosed  on  either  side  by  parallel  and  continuous  ranges  of  mountains 
which  maintain  a  uniform  height  of  from  5,000  to  7,000  feet.  The  first  of  these  val- 
leys is  that  lying  between  the  Selkirk  and  Gold  ranges.  It  is  through  this  that 
flows  that  part  of  the  Columbia  river  known  as  the  Second  Bend  as  well  as  the 
Arrow  Lakes.  The  Upper  and  Lower  Arrow  Lakes  are  deep  expansions  of  the  Col- 
umbia river  itself.  The  upper  lake  commences  at  a  point  30  miles  south  of  Revel- 
stoke,  a  station  on  the  main  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific.  This  lake  is  considered 
the  most  beautiful  of  all  the  many  waterways  of  the  Kootenay  country.  Near  the 
opening  of  the  lake  is  the  Northeast  Arm  which  extends  inland  to  the  left  for  a  dis 
tance  of  about  ten  miles.  Into  this  arm  flows  Fish  creek  on  the  banks  of  which  have 
already  been  located  some  promising  claims  of  argentiferous  galena. 

Upper  Arrow  Lake  is  very  straight  and  its  waters  are  hemmed  in  on  each  side  by 
high  ranges  of  mountains  charmingly  regular,  with  here  and  there  small  valleys 
cutting  through  them.  These  valleys  are  formed  by  streams  which  wend  their  way 
towards  the  lake  through  narrow  defiles  or  canyons.  Eighteen  miles  below  Upper 
Arrow  Lake  the  Columbia  river  again  broadens  out  forming  Lower  Arrow  Lake. 
This  lower  lake  is  shaped  like  a  bow.  It  is  51  miles  in  length  and  is  one  of  the  most 
striking  features  of  interest  in  the  British  possessions  north  of  the  United  States. 
The  general  surroundings  of  the  lake  are  similar  to  those  of  the  upper  lake.  At  a 
point  on  the  east  side  of  the  lake,  just  above  wh^'-e  it  narrows,  thus  again  forming 
the  Columbia  river,  is  a  remarkable  landscape  vie  afforded  by  what  is  known  as 
Deer  Park.  This  is  so  named  from  its  attractive  and  park-like  appearance,  and  from 
the  fact  that  it  is  frequented  by  a  large  number  of  deer.  At  the  "  Painted  Rocks," 
a  few  miles  below  Deer  Park  are  many  Indit...  pictographs  which  have  been  rudely 
painted  on  precipitous  and  overhanging  surfaces  of  rock.  On  the  Columbia  10  miles 
south  of  the  lake  is  the  town  of  Robson  the  terminus  of  a  railroad  which  runs  28 
miles  east  to  Nelson.  It  is  this  line  of  road  which  conveys  passengers  and  supplies 
to  the  great  mining  camps  of  the  Kootenay  Lake,  and  it  is  at  Nelson  that  the  prin- 
cipal trade  of  this  rich  section  is  handled. 

The  Columbia  &  Kootenay  Navigation  Company  operates  a  line  of  first-class 
passenger  steamboats  between  Ravelstoke  and  Robson,  a  distance  of  145  miles. 
About  90  miles  of  this  distance  lie  through  the  Arrow  Lakes,  the  remaining  part  of 
the  journey  being  on  the  waters  of  the  Columbia  river.  From  Robson  boats  run  south 
into  Washington,  where  connection  is  made  at  Northport  with  the  Spokane  Falls  & 
Northern  railway.  The  Kootenay  river  flows  into  the  Columbia  at  Robson.  Nine 
miles  from  this  point  the  volume  of  the  Kootenay  is  increased  by  the  waters  of  the 
Slocan  river.  The  sinuousities  of  the  valley  of  the  latter  stream  are  followed  by  the 
Columbia  &  Kootenay  railway  to  Nelson.     This  valley  is  28  miles  in  length  and  it  is 

the  most  picturesque  part  of  West  Kootenay.  The  river 
here  forces  itself  through  a  rocky  pass  to  its  junction  with 
the  Columbia  below.  The  stream  is  very  swift  and 
along  its  course  are  numerous  rapids.  At  one  point  on 
the  river  known  as  St.  Agnes  falls,  the  stream  is  divided 
into  channels,  the  water  in  one  channel  falling  vertically 
a  distance  of  30  feet  and  in  the  other  it  rushes  down  a 
deep  chute  with  frightful  velocity.  The  fall  on  the  north 
side  is  a  picturesque  and  striking  feature  of  the  river, 


II 


Steamboat,  Upper  Columbia  River. 


580 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


its  beauty  being  enhanced  by  the  clear  blue  color  of  its  waters.  At  certain  seasons 
of  the  year  fine  trout  may  be  taken  from  the  basin  below  the  falls  in  inexhaustible- 
quantities.  The  other  main  falls  of  the  river  are  known  as  Pillar  and  Geyser,  both  of 
which  are  situated  a  few  miles  below  Nelson. 

The  town  of  Nelson  is  situated  on  the  west  arm  of  Kootenay  Lake,  and  it  is  at 
this  point  that  the  second  great  waterway  and  valley  of  the  West  Kootenay  may  be 
said  to  commence.  It  is  in  this  region  that  the  mineral  developments  now  occupying 
so  much  attention  are  being  made.  Upper  Kootenay  Lake  and  Kootenay  Lake 
proper  are  formed  by  the  Kootenay  river  and  numerous  smaller  streams  which  flow 
into  the  great  basins  lying  between  two  distinct  ranges  of  the  Selkirk  Mountains. 
Kootenay  Lake,  around  which  nearly  all  the  mining  camps  of  this  section  center,  is 
a  magnificent  navigable  body  of  water,  loo  miles  long  and  from  three  to  five  miles 
wide.  The  elevation  of  the  lake  is  1,750  feet  above  sea  level,  while  the  crests  of  the 
mountain  ranges  which  border  it  rise  to  a  height  of  from  6,000  to  10,500  feet,  the  lat- 
ter elevation,  however,  being  reached  by  but  one  or  two  peaks. 

The  Kootenay  river  heads  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  in  East  Kootenay.  It  firs' 
flows  into  the  territory  of  the  United  States  and  thence  courses  back  again  int 
British  Columbia  through  West  Kootenay.  Bonner's  Ferry,  Idaho,  on  the  line  of 
the  Great  Northern  railroad,  is  the  head  of  navigation  on  the  river.  From  Bonner's 
Ferry  it  is  about  100  miles  to  the  north  end  of  the  lake.  A  line  of  boats  runs  between 
Kaslo  and  Nelson,  on  the  lake,  and  Bonner's  Ferry.  The  country  surrounding 
Kootenay  Lake  has  a  most  interesting  history.  Its  progress  during  the  past  four 
years,  more  especially  during  the  12  months  immediately  preceding  the  date  on  which 
this  article  is  written,  indicates  that  it  is  rapidly  becoming  one  of  the  greatest  min- 
eral-producing districts  in  the  Northwest. 

In  the  early  6o's  the  section  of  country  bordering  on  Kootenay  Lake  was  pros- 
pected for  gold  placers,  and  during  that  time  a  little  dust  was  obtained  from  the  beds 
of  some  of  the  creeks  here,  but  not  in  sufficient  quantities  to  justify  the  adventurers 
of  those  early  days  in  remaining  here  long.     The  great  deposits  of  galena  on  the  east 

bank  of  the  lake  were  noted  by  many 
PHOTO.  Bv  N^uANDs  B-os         _  CBrly  prospcctors.       Yet  it  is  hardly 

proper  to  say  that  these  deposits  were 
discovered  by  them.  Long  before  the 
country  was  prospected  the  officers  of 
the  Hudson's  Bay  Company  had  util- 
ized these  galena  ores  for  making  their 
bullets,  and  the  remains  of  the  prim- 
itive furnaces  may  still  be  seen  here. 
The  first  real  start  the  section  had  as  a 
mining  section  had  its  origin  in  the 
discovery  of  the  Silver  King  mine  on 
Toad  Mountain,  in  the  fall  of  1885. 
The  following  spring  a  few  hardy 
prospe  :tors  straggled  into  the  country, 
but  most  of  these  remained  here  only 
a  short  time.  Between  the  time  of 
the  discovery  of  the  Silver  King  and  1890  the  Kootenay  Lake  district  was  prospected 
to  some  extent,  but  it  was  not  until  the  season  of  1891-92  that  the  rumors  of  the  fabu- 


FlHST  PETEKBORO  C      <OOTEN*Y  LAKE. 


I 


The  Kootenay  District,  Hriiish  Columbia. 


681 


lously  rich  discoveries  on  Kaslo  creek  and  in  Slocan  basin  be^an  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion of  mining  men  from  abroad.  These  rumors  were  not  at  ."".rst  given  much  cre- 
dence outside  of  the  coast  states,  but  as  prospector  after  prospector  returned  with 
samples  of  ore  which  assa>ed  over  loo  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton,  the  wonderful  rich- 
ness of  this  district  began  lo  be  hci  aided  to  the  world.  Careful  in\estigation 
showed  that  the.sc  samples  were  taken  from  large  ledges,  and  this  was  at  once  ac- 
cepted as  conclusive  proof  of  the  remarkable  mineral  surface  showing  of  the  entiie 
Kootenay  district. 

These  discoveries  resulted  in  the  establishment  of  numerous  mining  camps  which 
were  scattered  over  the  Kootenay  country  and  in  the  laying  out  of  a  large  number  of 
townsites.  A  few  of  the  latter  have  developed  into  prosperous  towns,  but  this  sec- 
tion, like  all  other  silver-producing  belts,  has  felt  the  stagnation  in  the  silver  market 
and  for  the  last  months  of  i8'>3  the  section  was  duller  than  it  was  during  the 
early  part  of  the  year. 

Commencing  with  the  Toad  Mountain  District,  this  article  will  briefly  recite 
the  principal  features  of  interest  of  the  more  important  mining  centers  of  West 
Kootenay. 

The  Silver  King  group  of  mines  on  Toad  Mountain  are  the  best  developed  and 
the  most  valuable  mines  of  West  Kootenay.  The  ore  in  these  mines  is  chiefly  what 
is  known  as  Peacock  copper,  with  iome  copper  pyrites  and  tctrathedite.  The  strati- 
fied rock  in  which  the  metalliferous  deposits  of  Toad  Mountain  have  been  found 
appear  to  be  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  granite.  The  lode  of  the  Silver  King  group 
of  mines  is  of  a  peculiar  character,  inasmuch  as  it  has  no  distinct  walls  but  occurs  as 
a  zone  of  variable  and  sometimes  apparently  indefinite  width  of  shattered  and 
mineralized  rock,  throughout  which  veins  of  pure  and  rich  argentiferous  ore  occur 
somewhat  irregularly.  Where  gangue  appears  it  is  principally  quartz,  but  there  is 
on  the  whole  here  a  notable  absence  of  crystalized  vein  matter,  the  ore  apparently 
filling  irregular  crevices  and  running  in  chutes  and  spurs  into  the  rock  so  as  to  form 
here  and  there  in  considerable  masses. 

The  Silver  King  mine  was  bonded  to  an  English  syndicate  for  $2,000,000.  About 
$iro,ooo  has  already  been  expended  in  development  work  on  the  mine  and  it  is  esti- 
mated that  there  is  now  half  a  million  dollars  worth  of  ore  lying  on  the  dump  in  front 
of  the  mine.  Shipments  of  nearly  200  tons  of  ore  from  this  mine  have  been  made  to 
the  smelters  at  Butte,  Montana,  at  a  cost  of  $33  a  ton.  The  ore  has  yielded  on  an 
average  300  ounces  of  silver  to  the  ton  and  28  per  cent,  in  copper. 

Other  Toad  Mountain  mines  have  produced  ore  which  averages  35  ounces  in  sil  • 
ver  to  the  ton  and  12  per  cent,  copper.  On  this  mountain  there  is  also  a  gold  belt  on 
which  somi  levelopment  work  has  already  been  done.  The  free-milling  gold  quartz 
found  here  '  .says  from  $15  to  $30.  These  gold  properties  will  prove  valuable  on  a 
fuller  development. 

After  leaving  Nelson  and  the  Toad  Mountain  mines,  the  next  important  mining 
section  on  Kootenay  Lake  is  at  Pilot  Bay.  This  indentation  is  located  about  20  miles 
east  of  Nelson.  It  is  on  the  shores  of  this  bay  that  the  Kootenay  Lake  Reduction 
Company  are  now  erecting  a  smelter  which,  when  completed,  will  have  a  daily  capa- 
city of  ioo  tons.  About  70  claims  located  near  Pilot  Bay  have  been  recorded.  The 
Hendry  group  of  mines  here,  of  which  the  Blue  Bell  is  the  richest,  are  the  most  im- 
portant in  the  locality.  These  mines  contain  numerous  deposits  of  low-grade  silver- 
bearing  galena  and  also  a  mixture  of  iron  and  copper  pyrites.     Almost  directly  oppo- 


oS2 


The  Oregonian'3  Handbook  of  the  Pacihc  Northwest. 


'"l 


-Up 


site  the  Hendry  camp  is  the  town  of  Ainsworth,  with  a  population  of  300.  A  group 
of  mineral  springs  is  situated  in  the  northern  part  of  the  townsite.  The  waters  of 
these  springs  contain  sulphur  and  soda  and  their  temperature  is  about  120  degrees 
Fatenheit.  Some  radical  oixres  of  chronic  rheumatism  have  been  effected  by  the 
waters  of  these  springs,  and  they  are  also  beneficial  in  cases  of  dyspepsia  and  general 
debility. 

The  mineralized  area  back  of  Ainsworth  rises  abruptly  from  the  lake  to  a  height 
of  nearly  6,000  feet.  This  elevation  is  attained,  however,  by  a  series  of  terraces 
varying  in  height  from  a  few  hundred  feet  each  up  to  1,000  feet.  On  these  terraces 
veins  of  galena  ore  run  northerly,  almost  parallel  with  the  lake,  and  the  continu- 
ous croppings  of  these  veins  may,  in  somt^  instances,  be  followed  two  or  three  miles 
wituout  a  break.  The  veins  dip  to  the  westward  at  an  average  angle  of  45°.  The 
ores  of  most  of  the  mines  in  this  locality  run  from  25  to  100  ounces  in  silver,  and 
carry  from  20  to  70  per  cent  of  lead.  In  a  few  of  the  mines  here  very  rich  deposits 
of  ore  have  been  found,  assaying  as  high  as  300  ounces  in  silver. 

There  are  2 1  mines  in  the  Hot  Springs  camp  at  Ainsworth  on  which  extensive 
development  work  has  been  done.  Ten  tons  of  ore  shipped  to  the  Tacoma  smelter 
from  one  of  these  mines,  yielded  an  average  of  $600  to  the  ton.  One  hundred  tons 
of  ore  sent  to  a  Butte  smelter  from  a  mine  here,  averaged  100  ounces  in  silver  to  the 
ton.  Two  hundred  mining  claims  have  been  recorded  in  the  recorder's  office  at 
Ainsworth,  and  the  indications  are  that  this  point  will  become  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful mining  camps  on  the  lake. 

Twelve  miles  north  of  Ainsworth  is  the  town  of  Kaslo,  which  is  situated  at  the 
mouth  of  the  creek  of  the  same  name.  The  group  of  mines  nearest  to  Kaslo  are  situ- 
ated on  the  south  fork  of  Kaslo  creek,  seven  miles  distant  from  the  town,  and  are 
known  as  the  Montezuma  group.  The  principal  claim  here  shows  a  vein  eight  feet 
wide  of  nearly  solid  ore,  assaying  very  high  in  lead,  and  from  60  to  136  ounces  in 
silver.  On  Lhe  north  fork  of  Kaslo  creek  several  valuable  discoveries  have  been 
made.  Some  very  rich  ledges  of  gray  copper  have  been  found  here,  but  the  ore 
of  the  group  is  principally  a  high-grade  galena.  On  nearly  every  creek  in  the 
vicinity  of  Kaslo  immeni'e  ore  lodes  have  been  opened  up  in  the  past  two  y;ars. 
These  ores  are  carbonates,  gray  copper  and  galena.  *  large  number  of  mines  ir  the 
district  have  been  developed  sufficiently  to  show  the  permanence  of  the  lec.ges. 
That  this  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable  mineral  regions  in  the  West  is  now  admit- 
ted by  practical  mining  men  and  capitalists.  Many  of  the  mines  here  have  been 
bonded  for  from  $40,000  to  $80,000  each.  Shipments  of  ore  from  these  mines  to  the 
smelters  in  the  United  States  have  yielded,  in  some  cases,  over  200  ounces  of  silver 
to  the  ton.  Some  of  the  mines  in  the  district  have  well  defined  ledges  of  carbon- 
ates and  galena,  assaying  from  300  to  350  ounces.  Other  mines  have  certain  ledges 
from  8  to  20  feet  wide,  which  contain  high-grad^  galena  ore. 

A  local  paper  at  Kaslo  concisely  states  the  possibilities  of  this  region  in  the  fol- 
lowing p-'ragraph  :  "Within  18  miles  of  Kaslo  there  are  now  discovered  more  rich 
mines  than  there  are  within  200  miles  of  Denver,  Colorado,  which  now  has  a  popu- 
lation of  nearly  175,000." 

The  present  depressed  condition  of  the  silver  market  is  a  serious  drawback  to 
the  development  of  the  m'w  aral  properties  of  West  Kootenay.  At  the  present  writ- 
ing it  is  almost  impossible  for  mine  owners  to  secure  capital  to  develop  silver  prop- 
erties which,   under  more  favorable  circumstances,  would  be  rich  paying  mines. 


The  Kootenay  District,  British  Columbia. 


688 


However,  the  fortunate  fact  remains  to  console  the  mine  owners  of  this  section,  that 
the  ores  here  are  sufficiently  rich  to  allow  the  mines  to  be  worked  at  a  prnfit  even  if 
silver  should  be  limited  to  utilization  in  the  arts.  If  the  present  agitation  for  a 
universal  bimetallic  standard  of  coinage  should  succeed,  as  its  advocates  hope  it 
will,  it  would  result,  it  is  believed,  in  making  the  Kootenay  district  the  foremost  sil- 
ver-producing district  of  the  world. 

Nearly  28  miles  west  of  the  town  of  Kaslo  and  about  30  miles  north  of  the  con- 
fluence of  the  Slocan  and  Kootenay  rivers,  is  Slocan  Lake.  This  lake  lies  in  the 
center  of  the  wonderfully  rich  mineral  district  known  as  the  Slocan  country.  The 
richest  mines  in  the  Slocan  district  are  situated  on  the  summit  of  the  divide  between 
Kootenay  and  Slocan  Lakes.  It  was  not  until  October,  1891,  that  the  first  discov- 
eries were  made  here.  The  area  of  the  mineralized  zone  on  this  slope  is  roughly  es- 
timated to  be  from  10  to  12  miles  square.  In  this  area  the  rock  is  slate  or  shale  of  a 
blackish  color  traversed  by  dikes  of  porphyry,  and  its  limits  are  clearly  marked  by 
the  country  granite  which  cuts  it  off  on  all  sides,  except  to  the  east,  where  it  extends 
across  the  range  of  hills  through  what  has  been  described  as  the  Kaslo  country,  back 
of  which  the  granite  comes  in,  making  the  circle  complete.  Throughout  this  area 
the  ledges  of  high-grade  gf  en  a  are  numerous.  They  are  also  all  definitely  known 
as  fissure  veins.  The  ledges  run  in  one  unvarying  direction,  northwest  and  south- 
east, while  the  lay  of  the  slate  is  also  northwest  and  southeast.  The  country  rocks 
dip  to  the  east  at  an  angle  while  the  mineral  ledges  dip  just  the  opposite  way. 
Hardly  any  ore  has  been  found  here  running  under  100  ounces  in  silver  and  40  per 
cent,  lead,  and  from  this  the  returns  have  been  way  up  into  the  thousands,  the  re- 
sults of  the  assays  depending  on  the  proportions  of  gray  copper,  native  ruby  or  anti- 
monial  silver  present  ;n  the  ore.  In  this  district  about  150  claims  have  already  been 
developed.  Along  Seatin  and  Carpenter  creeks  are  a  number  of  prospects  that  have 
been  bonded  for  over  |4o,ooo  each. 

On  a  mouiitain  called  Noble  Five  Hill  is  the  Bonanza  group  of  mines,  valued  at 
;J;5C)o,oc.io,  At  the  Slocan  Star  Mine,  on  London  creek,  thtre  is  a  boulder  of  galena 
flout  measuring  125  tons  which  recently  sold  on  the  ground  for  I5, 000.  There  are 
dozens  of  mines  here  with  ores  assaying  from  over  100  ounces  in  silver.  Twenty 
assays  made  of  ore  from  this  district  ran  all  the  way  from  20  to  2,000  ounces  in  silver 
per  ton,  the  average  having  been  175  ounces.  Man}'  of  the  mineral  ledges  here  are 
from  eight  to  25  feet  wide  and  contain  from  18  inches  to  six  feet  of  solid  galena. 
Never  in  the  history  of  mining  in  America  has  there  been  a  purely  surface  showing 
of  ore  and  character  of  assay  equal  to  that  of  the  Slocan  district.  On  a  number  of 
ledges  in  the  Slocan  district  sufficient  development  work  has  been  done  to  show  their 
permanent  nature,  and  mining  engineers  and  experts  are  of  the  opinion  that  none  of 
the  galena-bearing  ledges  of  the  Slocan  slope  will  deteriorate  in  value  as  they  be- 
come developed.  The  best  and  most  accessible  trail  into  the  Slocan  country  is  the 
one  from  Kaslo  via  Kaslo  creek,  although  there  are  two  other  traveled  trails  and 
half  a  dozen  passes  through  which  easy  ingress  is  made  to  the  district. 

Throughout  the  entire  mineral  belt  of  West  Kootenay  there  are  a  number  of  pro- 
jects on  foot  for  building  trails  and  railroad  lines  to  the  more  important  mining  cen- 
ters, and  work  on  some  of  these  projects  has  al..  eady  been  commenced.  The  pro- 
vincial government  is  now  expending  large  sums  in  grading  roads  to  the  mines  and 
in  a  year  or  two  hence  the  most  remote  parts  of  West  Kootenay  will  be  reached  with 
but  little  difficulty  from  points  on  Kootenay  Lake  which  are  now  on  the  regular  lines 
of  steamboat  travel. 


584 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


tm 


■at 


The  Salmon  River  Mines.— Just  north  of  the  international  boundary  and 
22  miles  from  the  British  town  of  Wanita,  are  the  extensive  placer  fields  of  the  Sal- 
mon river.  This  stream  rises  near  Toad  Mountain  and  flows  south,  emptying  into 
the  Pend  d'Oreille  river.  The  latter  stream  is  noted  for  its  varied  nomenclature.  It 
rises  among  the  mountains  around  Butte,  Montana,  and  is  first  known  as  Silver  Bow- 
creek .  When  it  reaches  the  Deer  Lodge  valley  it  becomes  the  Deer  Lodge  river,  and 
afterwards  successively  the  Hell  Gate,  Clark's  Fork  of  the  Columbia,  and  finally  the 
Peud  d'Oreille.  Along  the  tortuous  course  of  this  mountainous  river  are  many  pic- 
turesque bits  of  canyon  structure  and  a  succession  of  charming  landscape  scenes.  It 
flows  into  the  Columbia  on  the  boundary  line  near  Fort  Shepherd,  an  old  abandoned 
post  of  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company.  It  is  at  and  near  the  confluence  of  the  Pend 
d'Oreille  and  Salmon  rivers  that  the  placer  mining  of  the  Salmon  River  district  is 
successfully  carried  en. 

The  placer  ground  in  this  district  consists  of  a  blue  gravel  containing  little,  if  any, 
pipe  clay.  It  is  rich  in  coarse  gold  and  it  yields  on  an  average  25  cents  per  cubic 
yard.  In  spots  the  ground  is  much  more  productive  than  this,  and  a  few  miners  here 
have  realized  a  large  sum  by  ground  sluicing  with  the  most  primitive  apparatus. 
Nearly  all  the  gravel  banks  here  are  high  and  it  is  necessary  to  convey  water  to  them 
by  ditches  from  i  to  10  miles  in  length.  T^^e  cost  of  building  a  ditch  with  a  capacity 
of  600  inches  of  water  here  is  about  $2. 5.  per  rod.  The  Salmon  river  has  a  fall  of 
from  20  to  150  feet  to  the  mile.  It  is  believed  by  expeits  who  have  examined  the 
ground  here  that  the  largest  deposits  of  placer  gold  are  to  be  found  in  the  bed  of 
the  river. 

The  Salmon  River  district  is  as  yet  a  comparatively  unexplored  country.  It  has 
recently  attracted  the  attention  of  mining  men  of  wealth,  and  this,  with  its  accessi- 
bility and  the  richness  of  its  placers,  will  doubtless  lead  to  its  soon  becoming  the 
scene  of  extensive  raining  operations. 

A  descriptirn  of  the  claim  owned  by  Mr.  Rudolph  Gorkow,  the  Spokane  brewer, 
will  give  a  fair  illustration  of  mining  on  Salmon  river.  This  claim  is  130  acres  in 
extent.  It  is  a  well  developed,  dividend-paying  property.  The  gravel  on  it  yields 
on  an  average  35  cents  per  cubic  j'ard.  Over  $7,000  was  spent  in  improving  the 
claim.  A  ditch  two  miles  in  length  with  a  capacity  of  1,500  inches  of  water  was 
built  from  Six  Mile  creek  to  the  mine.  The  fluming  is  800  feet  in  length.  The  work- 
men in  setting  the  sluice  boxes  here  cleaned  up  $25  in  coarse  gold  off"  a  strip  of  bed- 
rock 4  feet  wide  and  12  feet  long.  This  indicates  the  richness  of  the  ground.  There 
are  in  use  on  this  mine  a  number  of  4-foot  sluice  boxes  set  on  a  grade  of  8  inches  to 
every  16  feet.  The  plant  has  a  300-fcot  water  pressure  and  a  capacity  of  2,000  cubic 
yards  per  day.  Associated  with  Mr.  Gorkow  in  the  ownership  of  the  mine  are  Leo 
Suter  and  Captain  McCormick. 

The  Salmon  river  gravel  banks  are  much  richer  than  those  now  being  worked  in 
California,  as  the  latter  yield  only  10  cents  per  cubic  yard.  Nor  far  distant  from  the 
Salmon  river  diggings  is  the  Trail  Creek  district,  a  mining  region  of  growing 
importance. 

Tlie  Trail  Creek  District.— The  Trail  Creek  district  is  situated  on  the 
west  side  of  the  Columbia  river,  12  miles  from  Northport,  a  station  on  the  line  of  the 
Spokane  Falls  &  Northern  railway.  This  district  contains  a  number  of  developed 
mines.     These  are  the  War  Eagle,  O.  K.,  Le  Roy,  Center  Star  and  Josie.     In  all  of 


Kaslo,  British  Columbia. 


686 


these  mines  except  the  O.  K.,  the  ore  is  a  sulphide  of  iron  and  copper  averaging  $30 
of  gold  to  the  ton.  A  sample  ton  of  ore  shipped  from  Trail  creek  in  1893 
netted  $304. 

Not  far  from  the  head  of  Trail  creek,  and  separated  from  it  b)'  a  low  divide,  is 
Sheep  creek.  In  August,  1893  two  men  working  on  the  O.  K.  mine  on  this  creek, 
ponnded  out  $1,200  in  gold  in  a  common  hand  mortar  in  six  daj-s.  The  ore  in  this 
mine  is  a  sulphide  carrying  free  gold  and  galena.  A  pyritic  smelter  will  be  built  at 
Northport  for  the  treatment  of  ores  from  Trail  creek.  This  sr-elter  will  cause  the 
thriving  town  in  which  it  is  to  be  built  to  become  tn  important  mining  center.  It 
will  also  tend  to  attract  attention  to  the  many  valuable  Trail  creek  properties  now 
awaiting  capital  to  develop  them. 

Kaslo,  British  Coliiinbia.— For  several  year?  prior  to  1892  many  valuable 
mineral  discoveries  were  made  in  the  Selkirk  range  of  mountains  near  Kootenay 
Lake.  These  discoveries  finally  attracted  thvi  attention  of  prospectors  in  the  United 
States  and  commencing  with  the  spring  of  1892  thousands  of  mining  men  started  for 
the  mineral  districts  of  West  Kootenay.  In  anticipation  of  the  comingof  this  army  of 
men,  an  enterprising  company  staked  out  a  townsite  where  the  Kaslo  river  empties  into 
Kootenay  Lake.  The  town  which  sprung  up  here  was  named  Kaslo  and  is  today  one 
of  the  leading  centers  of  the  great  mining  district  of  West  Kootenay. 

In  March,  1892,  Kaslo  contained  but  one  house.  Twelve  months  later  there 
were  over  200  buildings  in  the  town  and  the  population  had  increased  from  nothing 
to  nearly  1,600.  Not  including  the  town's  population  at  that  time,  there  were  2,500 
men  prospecting  in  the  mountains  near  Kaslo  during  the  summer  and  fall  months 
of  1893. 

It  is  something  of  an  anomaly  that  the  entire  population  of  a  town  on  British 
soil  should  consist  of  citizens  of  the  United  States.  The  most  distinctive  feature  of 
Kaslo's  population  is  the  entire  absence  of  foreign  faces  and  the  people  here  are  made 
up  principally  of  the  same  types  that  in  the  early  6o's  flocked  to  Butte,  Leadville, 
Creede  and  other  great  American  mining  camps. 

The  people  of  Kaslo  have  the  utmost  confidence  in  the  permanency  of  their  town, 
yet  its  future  at  the  present  writing  can  hardly  be  said  to  be  a  fixed  fact.  The  hopes 
and  possibilities  of  the  maintainance  of  a  town  a.'^.  this  point  depend  altogether  on 
the  future  development  of  the  great  mineral  districts  surrounding  it.  Were  it  not 
for  the  decline  in  the  price  of  silver,  Kaslo  could  in  1893  have  secured  ample  capital 
for  the  development  and  opening  up  of  the  rich  mineral  discoveries  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  town.  As  it  is,  many  ei.couraging  prospects  in  the  neighborhood  of  Kaslo  are 
lying  idle,  properties  that  in  an  encouraging  condition  of  the  money  market  would 
be  worth  many  thousands  of  dollars.  Should  silver  resume  its  place  as  a  medium  of 
value  which  it  formerly  enjoyed,  Kaslo  and  its  immediate  tributary  mineral  belt  would 
become  the  scene  of  one  of  the  greatest  activities  in  the  mining  world. 

The  picturesque  location  of  the  town  of  Kaslo,  the  mountain-enclosed  lake  on 
which  it  is  located  and  its  wealth  of  scenic  surroundings  combine  to  make  it  one  of 
the  most  attractive  mining  camps  in  the  world.  Kaslo  is  easily  reached  from  Ameri- 
can points  by  either  one  of  two  routes.  One  of  these  is  via  the  Spokane  Falls  & 
Northern  Railway  to  Nelson  and  from  thence  by  a  daily  line  of  steamers  which  oper- 
ates to  Kaslo  direct,  and  the  other  is  over  tlie  Great  Northern  Railway  to  Bonner's 
Ferry,  Idaho,  where  connection  is  also  made  with  steamers  running  to  Kaslo.    Kaslo 


M 


v.-       I 


jij 


!i 


I 

I      ! 

M    I 
MH  '    '    I 


■rfij, 


086 


The  Oregonian' s  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


PHOTO.    BV  NEEUNDS    BROS. 


is  about  45  miles  east  of  Nelson,  90  miles  north  of  Bonner's  Ferry  and  nearly  210 
miles  northwest  of  Spokane.  The  town  contains  several  well  conducted  hotels,  and 
recently  the  miners  here,  with  the  customary  liberality  of  their  class,  have  subscribed 
for  the  erection  of  a  church  and  school  house.  A  wagon  road  has  been  graded  from  this 
point  to  tap  the  rich  Slocan  country,  some  26  miles  to  the  west.  A  railroad  line  is 
also  projected  to  follow  the  course  of  the  wagon  road  and  some  preliminary  work  has 
been  done  on  this  line.  All  the  supplies  for  the  Slocan  district  are  conveyed  from 
Kaslo  by  freight  wagons  and  pack  mules.  These  freight  trains  bring  back  from  the 
mines  sacks  of  ore  which  are  loaded  on  steamers  at  Kaslo  and  carried  away  for 
reshipment  by  rail  to  distant  smelters  in  Montana  and  on  Puget  Sound.  The  first 
shipments  of  ore  from  the  Slocau-Kaslo  district  were  made  in  1893.  Although  these 
shipments  were  small  in  quantity  they  netted  a  large  sum  of  money  after  paying 
tr;insportation  charges. 

Kaslo  is  now  the  outfitting  point,  the  port  of  entry  and  the  base  of  supplies  for 
the  richest  mineral  districts  of  West  Kootenay,  which,  together  with  its  command- 
ing position  and  accessibility,  will  always  make  Kaslo  one  of  the  leading  mining 
centers  of  British  Columbia. 

Nelson,  British  Columbia. — Situated  in  the  heart  of  the  mineral  belt  ot 
the  Selkirk  Mountains,  on  the  navigable  western  arm  of  Kootenay  Lake,  is  the  town 

of  Nelson,  the  port  of  entry 
and  the  judicial  and  com- 
mercial center  of  the  subdi- 
vision of  British  Columbia 
known  as  West  Kootenay. 
The  topography,  geographi- 
cal location  and  resources  of 
this  section  are  fully  de- 
scribed in  a  separate  article 
published  in  "The  Hand- 
book." 

A  branch  of  the  Cana- 
dian Pacific  railway  starts 
from  Nelson  and  extends  for 
a  distance  of  28  miles  to  Robson,  on  the  Columbia  river,  where  connection  is  made 
with  a  steamboat  line  which  operates  on  the  Columbia  river  as  far  north  as  Ravel- 
stoke,  on  the  main  line  of  the  Canadian  Pacific.  A  steamer  also  runs  south  from 
the  rail  connection  on  the  Columbia  as  far  as  the  Little  Dalles,  a  station  in  Colville 
county,  Washington,  on  the  line  of  the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern  railway.  After 
about  February  of  the  present  year  (1894),  Nelson  will  have  direct  rail  connection 
with  Spokane  over  the  line  of  the  Fort  Shepherd  &  Nelson  railway,  which  is  practi- 
cally a  continuation  of  the  Spokane  Falls  &  Northern. 

Nelson  owes  its  birth  and  its  present  importance  as  a  lown  to  the  discovery  of 
valuable  ledges  of  silver  quartz,  in  1886,  on  Toad  Mountain,  six  miles  distant.  It 
was  not  until  July  of  1887,  however,  that  the  now  famous  silver  claims  of  Toad 
mountain  were  recorded  under  the  names  of  the  Kootenay,  Bonanza  and  Silver  King. 
These  discoveries  soon  attracted  the  attention  of  the  Provincial  government,  railway 
men  and  traders,  and  as  a  result  an  excitement  was  stirred  up  which  resulted  in  the 
country  being  covered  with  an  army  of  prospectors,  and  the  great  influx  of  people 


Looking  Up  Kootenay  Lake  from  nelson. 


^1 


Nelson,  British  Columbia. 


587 


PHOTO.    BV  NEELANDS   BROS.,   NELSON. 


resulted  in  the  establishment  of  the  town  of  Nelson  in  the  spring  of  1888.     In  1891 
the  railroad  was  completed  to  Nelson,  and  about  the  same  time  the  Columbia  &  Koot- 
enay  Navigation  Company  commenced  to  operate  a  line  of  boats  from  Nelson  to. 
points  on  Kootenay  Lake  and  to  Bonner's  Ferry,  Washington,  where  connection  was 
made  with  the  Great  Northern  railway. 

Nelson  was  at  once  made  the  mineral 
recording  point  for  the  surrounding  min- 
eral districts,  including  those  of  Kaslo, 
Slocan  and  the  Duncan  river.  The  same 
year  the  Provincial  government  expended 
14,500  in  making  streets  and  in  other  pub- 
lic improvements  at  Nelson.  With  the 
substantial  support  from  the  govern- 
ment Nelson  soon  grew  to  be  a  thriving 
town  of  over  1,800  inhabitants.  It  now 
has  fine  school  houses,  comfortable 
church  buildings,  a  fine  system  of  water 

works,  a  telephone  line,  a  sawmill,  and  a  good  fire  department. 
The  leading  business  houses  occupy  substantial  buildings,  and 
many  of  the  residences  of  the  town  are  large  and  of  a  very  attrac- 
tive style  of  architecture. 

Nelson  is  the  banking  center  of  the  Kootenay  min- 
eral districts.  There  are  located  at  this  point  branches 
of  the  Bank  of  British  Columbia  and  the  Bank 
of  Montreal.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  town  is  some 
of  the  most  picturesque  scenery  in  America. 
The  routes  of  travel  to  this  point,  from  any  di- 
rection, and  by  either  rail  or  water,  present  an 
ever-changing  panorama  of  river  and  mountain 
views.  Kootenay  Lake,  which  is  1,750  feet  above  sea  level,  occupies  a  basin  in  the  Sel- 
kirk range  of  mountains.  It  is  completely  hemmed  in  on  all  sides  by  snow- 
capped mountain  peaks,  which  end  abruptly  at 
the  water's  edge.  This  lake  is  over  80  miles 
in  length,  and  is  formed  by  a  widening  out  of 
the  Kootenay  river.  The  waters  of  the  lake 
are  very  deep.  The  Kootenay  river,  by  which 
it  is  fed,  suddenly  emerges  here  from  a  con- 
tracted channel  and  pours  its  waters  into  the 
deep  depression  which  the  lake  occupies.  At 
Nelson  and  from  this  point  to  its  junction  with 
the  Columbia  river  at  Robsou,  a  distance  of  28 
miles,  the  river  again  becomes  very  narrow. 
For  this  distance  the  stream  is  a  turbulent  tor- 
rent, making  three  distinct  falls  over  huge 
ledges  of  rock  before  its  waters  finally  join 
those  of  the  larger  stream  below.  Along  this 
entire  distance  of  28  miles  there  is  the  best  of 
trout  fishing.  The  river  here  teems  with  the 
largest  of  mountain   trout,   and     during    the 


inJs 


NELSON   FROM  ACROSS  KOOTENAY  LAKE. 


PHOTO.  BVNEELANDS   BROS 


Silver  Kino  Mine,  Nelson. 


588 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


months  of  July  and  August,  when  the  water  is  low,  catches  of  75  pounds  are  fre- 
quently made  by  visiting  anglers  in  a  single  day's  fishing.  In  the  mountains  near 
Nelson  are  plenty  of  large  game,  bear  being  the  most  plentiful. 

Nelson  is  at  present  a  mining  town  depending  solely  upon  the  development  of 
the  great  mineral  districts  that  surround  it.  That  these  districts  will  eventually 
become  the  scene  of  the  greatest  mining  activity  in  the  West  is  now  conceded  by 
practical  mining  men  who  have  carefully  investigated  their  possibilities.  This  region 
is  as  yet  comparatively  unknown,  but  as  it  is  developed  the  importance  of  the  town 
of  Nelson  will  increase,  and  this  will  probably  always  remain  the  chief  commercial 
center  of  the  immense  district  now  tributary  to  it. 


Horticulture  In  Oregon.— [Extracts  from  an  able  article  written  by  E.  W. 
Allen,  secretary  of  the  State  Board  of  Horticulture,  for  The  OrEGONian'S  "Sou- 
venir." It  may  be  mentioned  that  the  lands  especially  adapted  to  fruit  culture  in 
the  State  of  Washington  are  similar  in  every  respect  to  the  best  fruit  lands  of  Oregon 
to  the  south,  and  any  article  on  horticulture  written  for  Oregon  will  apply  equally  as 
well  to  this  industry  in  Washington.] 

Among  the  heroic  souls  who  came  to  Oregon  in  1847  was  Henderson  Lewelling, 
from  Southeastern  Iowa.  This  pioneer  conceived  the  idea  of  transporting  to  Oregon 
a  nurser}'  on  wheels.  This  idea  he  proceeded  to  put  into  execution  by  making  two 
boxes  12  inches  deep  and  just  wide  enough  to  fill  the  wagon  bed.  These  he  filled 
with  a  composition  of  earth  and  charcoal,  in  which  he  planted  some  700  trees  and 
shrubs.  These  were  protected  from  the  stock  by  a  light  framework  fastened  to  the 
wagon  bed.  That  load  was,  doubtless,  for  many  reascns,  the  most  difficult  one  to 
handle  that  ever  crossed  the  plains,  and  yet  it  has  been  truly  said  "that  load  of 
trees  contained  health,  wealth  and  comfort  for  the  old  pioneers  of  Oregon  ;"  and 
that  load  of  living  trees  and  shrubs  brought  more  wealth  to  the  state  than  any  ship 
that  ever  entered  the  Columbia  river.  It  was  the  parent  of  all  our  nurseries,  and 
gave  to  Oregon  a  name  and  fame  she  would  never  have  had  without  it.  These  trees 
were  planted  at  Milwaukie,  six  miles  south  of  Portland,  and  the  sale  of  fruit  and 
grafts  from  them  brought  wealth  to  the  enterprising  proprietor.  William  Meek,  who 
had  the  forethought  to  provide  himself  with  a  sack  of  r.pple  seeds  before  starting 
for  Oregon,  arrived  here  the  same  year,  and  a  partnership  was  formed  between  Mr. 
Lewelling  and  Mr.  Meek,  and  the  first  nursery  was  started  in  184S. 

The  first  stock  upon  which  to  bud  and  graft  was  secured  from  plum  roots 
brought  from  Rogue  River  valley,  and  from  seedlings  grown  on  French  Pra'rie 
from  apple  seeds  taken  from  apples  grown  on  the  trees  that  were  produced  from 
the  apple  seeds  brought  to  this  coast  20  years  before.  It  soon  became  known  to 
the  settlers  of  the  Willamette  valley  that  a  limited  supply  of  nursery  stock  could 
be  purchased  here,  and  during  the  fall  of  1848  and  spriiig  of  1849  they  came  from 
all  parts  of  the  valley  for  trees  to  set  in  the  yards  surrounding  the  new  homes  of 
the  pioneers.  In  1850  a  second  nursery  was  started  near  Butteville  by  a  Mr.  Ladd. 
George  Settlemier  (father  to  J.  H.  and  H.  W.  Settlemier,  present  well-known  nursery- 
men), arrived  the  same  year  from  the  East  with  a  good  supply  of  fruit  and  orna- 
mental tree  seeds  of  different  kinds,  which  he  planted  on  Green  Point,  but  after- 
wards removed  them  to  Mt.  Angel,  his  present  home.  The  same  year  Mr.  Lewel- 
ling returned  East  and  made  another  shipment  of  trees,  this  time  selecting  them 
from  some  of  the  cfelebrated  nurseries  of  New  York  state,  and  shipping  them  via 


Horticulture  in  Oregon. 


o89 


Panama.     Thus  reinforced  by  the  addition  of  many  new  varieties,  it  may  be  said 
that  horticulture  was  firmly  and  pretty  thoroughly  established  in  Oregon. 

The  Varieties  First  Introduced.— Among  the  fruits  first  planted  in  Oregon 
the  following  well-known  varieties  appear.  In  apples,  the  Gravenstein,  Red  June, 
Red  Astrachan,  Summer  Sweet,  Early  Harvest,  Blue  Pearmain,  White  Winter  Pear- 
main,  Genet,  oloria  Mundi,  Baldwin,  Rambo,  Winesap,  American  Pippin,  Red  Cheek 
Pit)pin,  Rhode  Island  Greening,  Virginia  Greening,  Spitzenberg,  Northern  Spy, 
Swaar  and  Waxen.  In  pears,  Fall  Butter,  Bartlett,  Seckle,  Winter  Nellis  and  Pound. 
In  cherries,  Early  Kent,  May  Duke,  Oxheart,  Governor  Wood  and  Black  Tartarian. 
In  peaches,  Hale's  Early,  Early  Crawfo*  and  Golden  Cling.  In  plums.  Peach 
Plum,  Green  Gage,  Jefferson,  Washington,  Coe's  Late  Red,  Reine  Claude  and  the 
Little  German  Prune.  In  grapes,  the  Catawba  and  Isabella.  In  addition  to  the 
above  standard  varieties,  there  were  a  number  of  Oregon  grown  seedlings  that  were 
not  without  merit,  and  many  of  them  have  since  taken  rank  as  among  the  first  in 
the  catalogue  of  choice  varieties. 

Prosperous  Times  eor  the  Fruit  Grower. — The  first  box  of  apples  placed 
upon  the  market  by  Lewelling  &  Meek  contained  75  apples,  and  were  eagerly  pur- 
chased by  the  fruit-hungry  crowd  that  surrounded  them  on  the  sidewalk  in  the 
streets  of  Portland  at  f  i  each.  The  great  immigration  to  California,  caused  by  the 
discovery  of  gold,  created  a  market  for  everything  edible,  and  the  "  big  red  apples  " 
from  Oregon  were  sold  at  enormous  prices  to  miners  and  others.  In  1853  a  few 
boxes,  securely  bound  with  strap-iron,  were  shipped  to  San  Francisco  on  a  venture, 
and  found  a  ready  market  at  $2  per  pound.  A  second  shipment  of  500  bushels  was 
made  in  1854  with  equally  good  results.  In  1855,  6,000  bushels  were  shipped  and 
netted  the  shippers  $20  to  $30  per  bushel.  These  prices  not  only  stimulated  the 
farmers  of  the  Willamette  valley  to  put  forth  their  best  efforts  in  the  planting  of 
fruit  trees,  but  the  climate  and  soil  seemed  also  to  vie  with  these  efforts  in  bring- 
ing forth  wonderful  crop  results,  and  in  1856  20,000  bushels  of  apples  were  shipped, 
one  bushel  of  Esopas  Spitzenbergs  bringing  the  shipper  a  net  profit  of  $60,  and  three 
bushels  of  Winesaps  sold  on  the  streets  of  Portland  for  $102.  Several  persons  made 
fortunes  from  fruit  growing,  and  these  persons  are  at  the  present  day  enjoying  the 
well-merited  reward  of  their  early  labors  in  thus  laying  the  foundations  of  horticul- 
ture in  Oregon.  The  high  prices  then  obtained  gave  a  great  impetus  to  the  planting 
of  orchards,  but  when  these  came  into  bearing  the  increase  of  supply  brought  prices 
down,  and  California  being  the  only  market  available,  the  supply  very  soon  exceeded 
the  demand,  the  result  of  which  was  that  a  general  feeling  of  carelessness  perme- 
ated the  fruit  growers  of  Oregon,  and  but  little  attention  was  paid  to  taking  proper 
care  of  the  orchards,  or  the  enormous  crops  that  they  produced.  These  remarks  apply 
almost  exclusively  to  that  part  of  Oregon  known  as  the  Willamette  valley.  The  fruit 
yield  in  this  valley  alone  has  been  estimated  at  1,300,000  bushels  per  annnm. 

Prune  Growing. — The  part  of  the  earth's  surface  where  the  prune  can  be 
grown  in  all  its  perfection  is  comparatively  very  small,  and  in  no  part  can  the  vari- 
eties be  grown  to  such  perfection  as  they  can  in  Oregon.  France,  Germany  and 
Italy  are  the  great  prune-producing  countries  of  Europe,  and  yet  in  not  one  of  those 
countries  do  all  the  different  varieties  do  equally  well.  The  French,  the  German 
and  the  Italian  prunes  are  each  adapted  to  the  country  from  which  they  take  their 
name,  but  in  Oregon  they  all  do  well,  and  each  variety  attains  its  highest  stage  of 
perfection.     Oregon  had  no  trouble  in  taking  the  four  sweepstake  premiums  on  the 


11: 


590 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


: 


above  varieties,  when  placed  in  competition  with  prunes  grown  in  these  European 
countries,  at  the  Centennial  Exposition,  at  Philadelphia,  in  1876,  and  again  at  the 
World's  Cotton  Centennial  Expo;.ition,  at  New  Orleans,  in  1885.  There  is  no  fruit  in 
the  world  so  easily  produced  and  so  readily  prepared  for  the  market,  and  with  so 
large  a  percentage  of  a  certainty  of  a  crop,  and  so  remunerative  to  the  grower,  as  is 
the  prune  when  planted  in  a  soil  and  surrounded  by  a  climate  suited  for  it.  Thus  it 
is  that  in  Oregon  is  found  that  combination  of  soil  and  climate  in  which  the  prune 
especially  delights  and  in  which  it  reaches  perfection. 

The  prune  is  a  fruit  peculiarly  sensitive  both  to  soil  and  climate.  The  fruit  is  a 
large  feeder  and  reaches  its  greatest  perfection  in  a  rich  and  heavy  soil,  with  a  good 
under-drainage,  but  with  a  sufficient  moisture  to  feed  it.  The  prime  requisites  in 
the  prune  are,  a  solid,  firm  flesh  that  will  not  ferment  at  the  pit  in  drying,  a  rich 
fruity  flavor  and  bouquet,  and  a  keeping  quality  that  will  stand  the  test  of  years  with- 
out serious  loss  from  shrinkage,  and  those  sections  of  the  world  which  possess  the 
peculiarities  of  soil  and  climate  which  insure  these  in  their  greatest  perfection  are 
the  true  and  only  places  where  the  prune  can  be  grown  with  success.  The  drying 
qualities  of  the  prune  are  also  greatly  aflFected  by  the  different  soils  in  which  it  is 
grown.  In  some  localities  it  will  shrink  in  drying  four  to  one,  whilst  in  others  two 
and  one-half  pounds  of  green  fruit  will  make  one  pound  of  evaporated.  If  the  cli- 
mate is  too  hot  when  the  prune  begins  to  ripen,  it  shrivels  up  and  becomes  leath- 
ery;  if  too  cold,  the  fruit  does  not  acquire  the  saccharine  juices  that  are  so  essen- 
tial to  its  flavor.  This  is  peculiarly  true  of  the  best  variety  grown,  the  Italian,  which 
is  without  question  the  par  excellence  of  all  prunes  grown.  Thus  it  will  be  seen,  when 
the  comparison  is  made  between  the  soil  and  climate  of  Oregon  as  it  is, and  that  required 
to  produce  the  prune  in  all  its  perfection,  that  licre  is  found  the  natural  home  of  the 
prune,  and  while  other  less  favored  sections  of  the  world  will  continue  to  produce 
the  prune  in  a  limited  extent,  still  the  time  will  soon  come  when  the  consumer 
will  look  to  Oregon  for  that  prune  which  will  outrival  all  others  in  all  the  essen- 
tial qualities  of  the  most  perfect  fruit.  The  fact  that  the  climate  and  soil  of  Oregon 
are  so  well  adapted  to  the  grov/th  of  the  prune  is  but  little  known  even  among  her 
own  pjople.  A  number  of  her  more  enterprising  horticulturists  have,  however,  suc- 
ceeded, during  the  past  few  years,  in  demonstrating  this  fact,  and  the  horticultural 
pulse  has  been  very  much  quickened  thereby. 

It  is  not  within  the  province  of  this  article  to  enter  into  the  details  of  the  pro- 
duction of  the  prune  ready  for  the  market,  and  yet  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to 
give  a  few  figures  relative  to  the  cost  of  planting  and  caring  for  an  orchard  until  it 
comes  into  bearing  or  paying  condition.  The  cost  of  the  trees — 108 — set  20  feet  apart 
each  way,  together  with  the  plowing,  planting  and  necessary  cultivation  for  the  period 
of  three  years,  will,  in  an  orchard  of  not  less  than  10  acres,  be  not  far  from  $50  per 
acre. 

The  trees  come  into  bearing  the  third  year,  and  reach  their  full  bearing  about 
the  seventh.  One  hundred  end  fifty  pounds  of  green  fruit  to  the  tree  is  a  low  esti- 
mate of  the  average  yield,  and  i)4  cents  per  pound  is  a  low  price  for  the  green  fruit. 
The  gross  amount  received  from  one  acre  of  prunes,  at  this  rate,  sold  green,  would 
be  I243,  p.nd  the  $43  will  more  than  pay  the  annual  expense  per  acre.  By  evaporat- 
ing the  prunes,  these  profits  can  be  still  further  increased,  three  pounds  ot  green 
fruit  making  one  of  the  evaporated.  That  these  figures  are  low  is  evidenced  from 
the  fact  that  many  times  that  amount  has  been  realized  per  acre  from  the  crop  of 


Horticulture  in  Oregon.  591 

prunes  produced.     Is  it  to  be  wondered  at,  then,  that  prune  orchards  in  full  bearing 
are  valued  at  $i,ooo  per  acre  ? 

Apples,  Pears,  Cherries  and  Peaches.— Apples  grow  to  perfection  in  all 
parts  of  the  state.  Oregon  is  justly  entitled  to  the  sobriquet  of  "The  land  of  the  big 
red  apple."  The  tree  is  indigenous  to  the  soil,  the  fruit  of  the  orchard  is  large,  and 
highly  colored  and  of  delicate  taste.  Trees  are  stout  and  hardy,  and  bear  so  bounti- 
fully that  without  due  care  they  are  liable  to  be  broken  down  by  overbearing.  All 
the  varieties  grown  anywhere  can  be  successfully  grown  here,  therefore  there  is  no 
call  for  growing  a  poor  variety  because  it  is  better  adapted  to  the  climate  than  is  some 
choice  one. 

What  has  been  said  about  apples  will  apply  with  equal  force  and  truth  to  the 
pear.  Pears  of  all  the  best  known  varieties  are  grown  and  do  well  in  nearly  all  parts 
of  the  state.  The  trees  are  hardy,  bearing  at  a  remarkably  early  age,  and  yielding 
sweet,  mellow  fruit,  which  cannot  be  excelled  either  in  size  or  flavor.  Nothing  is 
more  delicious  than  an  Oregon  grown  pear.  Some  specimens  attain  a  weight  of 
three  pounds  and  upwards.  So  much  can  be  said  about  the  perfection  the  apple  and 
the  pear  attain  here,  that  one  is  inclined  to  be  a  little  modest  when  talking  about 
some  of  the  other  fruits.  Yet  the  writer  has  often  thought  that  if  there  was  any  one 
fruit  that  just  reveled  in  Oregon  soil  and  climate  more  than  another,  that  one  was 
the  cherry.  The  person  that  has  not  seen  an  Oregon  cherry,  has  certainly  never 
seen  one  in  all  its  perfection.  The  trees  are  hardy  and  heavy  bearers,  and  the  fruit  is 
so  superior  in  size  and  beauty,  that  its  value  for  shipping  and  market  purposes,  leaves 
nothing  to  be  desired.  There  are  trees  in  the  Willamette  valley  that  yield  annually 
over  1,000  pounds  of  fine  marketable  cherries.  All  varieties  do  well  here,  and  yet 
some  of  the  very  best  grown  are  Oregon  seedlings,  viz  :  the  Black  Republican,  the 
Oregon,  the  Bing  and  the  Lambert.  Peaches  are  grown  here  in  great  profusion  and  per- 
fection, especially  in  Southern  Oregon,  and  in  certain  portions  of  the  Willamette  valley, 
and  in  the  district  surrounding  Portland,  and  in  the  valleys  adjacent  to  the  Columbia 
river  in  Eastern  Oregon.  With  proper  care  the  peach  orchard  may  be  made  to  yield  not 
alone  for  home  consumption,  but  also  for  export.  Some  varieties  of  this  delicate 
fruit  are  produced  which,  for  beauty  and  quality,  cannot  be  surpassed. 

Apricots,  Quinces  and  Figs. — The  apricot,  like  the  peach,  does  well  in  the 
valleys  of  Southern  Oregon  and  in  the  valleys  along  the  Columbia  river.  It  has  also 
been  found  that  the  apricot  is  unlike  the  peach,  inasmuch  as  it  will  also  do  well  in 
the  strong  and  heavier  soils  wherein  flourish  the  apple  and  the  prune.  This  fact  will 
give  it  more  prominence  among  the  fruits  that  will  be  grown  for  markets,  for  the 
apricot  is  a  rapid  grower  and  an  early  and  heavy  bearer,  and  the  fruit  produced  is  of 
the  finest  quality. 

The  quince  is  a  fruit  but  little  grown  in  Oregon,  as  yet,  on  account  of  the  limited 
demand  for  home  consumption.  The  conditions,  however,  of  the  climate  and  soil 
arc  well  adapted  to  the  production  of  the  quince  in  its  highest  stage  of  perfection. 

The  fig  is  not  a  fruit  that  can  be  grown  in  Oregon  with  the  same  success  and  per- 
fection as  can  those  before  mentioned,  but  that  figs  can  be  grown  in  Oregon,  under 
favorable  conditions  and  treatment,  has  been  fully  demonstrated.  Mr.  A.  T.  Hawley, 
a  gentleman  and  writer  of  large  and  extensive  observation,  both  in  the  Southern 
states  and  California,  in  an  article  on  "  Fig  Culture  in  Oregon,"  read  before  the  State 
Horticultural  Society,  afler  reciting  his  observations  since  1885,  says  :    "The  follow- 


&   ! 


o92 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Ii  i'.i 

ill 


ing  couclusions  can  be  deduced  with  absolute  certainty  :  Figs  of  fine  varieties  can 
be  grown  in  the  valleys  of  Western  Oregon.  The  most  intelligent  care  must  be  exer- 
cised in  the  selection  of  localities  for  planting.  Absolute  protection  against  the  frosts 
and  ice  of  our  infrequently  severe  winters  must  be  carefully  provided  for.  From 
judicious  planting  and  cultivation  of  the  slips  of  the  acclimated  and  naturalized  trees 
or  bushes  already  referred  to,  the  shade  of  the  fig  tree  as  well  as  the  vine,  could  in  a 
few  years  become  a  universal  feature  of  Western  Oregon  landscape."  These  things 
are  said  of  the  fig,  not  that  it  is  claimed  that  any  great  financial  profit  will  ever  be 
realized  from  fig  culture  in  Oregon,  but  that  those  not  acquainted  with  the  climatic 
conditions  of  Oregon  may  be  made  acquainted  with  some  of  her  wonderful  possibil- 
ities, and  those  who  are  residents  may  know  that  "  the  value  and  beauty  of  every 
homestead  in  this  section  can  be  greatly  enhanced  by  introducing  this  healthful  and 
delicious  fruit." 

Grapes. — The  grape  may  be  profitably  grown  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the  state, 
and  yet  the  climate  of  the  lower  Willamette  valley  is  not  so  well  adapted  to  its  suc- 
cessful cultivation  as  are  the  valleys  of  Southern  Oregon,  or  those  adjacent  to  the 
Columbia  river  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  state.  In  these  localities  they  may  be,  and 
are,  produced  in  unlimited  quanties,  and  of  the  very  best  quality.  Men  of  wide 
experience  concede  that  the  grapes  grown  in  Jackson  county  are  unequaled,  ami 
enthusiastic  wine  drinkers  have  foreseen  a  "time  when  all  the  hillsides  of  that  and 
adjoining  counties  will  be  covered  with  vineyards,  and  when  the  appetites  of  an  over- 
flowing population,  appeased  by  their  own  beverage,  will  enjoy  life  in  the  shade  of 
the  vine,  and  that  the  laurels  of  France  and  Germany  andother  foreign  wine- produc- 
ing countries,  as  well  as  California,  would  be  wrested  from  them  and  worn  by  the 
lovely  vale  of  the  Rogue  river,  which  will  then  be  the  abundant  producer  of  the 
best  wines." 

Smali,  Fruits. — Small  fruits  of  all  kinds  and  of  all  varieties,  large  insize,  delic 
ions  in  flavor,  and  perfect  in  all  respects,  are  easily  grown  and  pre  abundant  in  all 
parts  of  the  state.  Some  valuable  seedlings  among  the  small  fruits  have  been  pro- 
duced here,  notable  among  which  may  be  mentioned,  the  Oregon  Everbearing  Straw- 
berry, which  is  thought  to  be  a  seedling  of  the  Triomphe  de  Gand,  which  is  also  an 
Oregon  seedling  produced  by  a  cross  between  the  native  strawberries  of  Oregon  and 
West  Virginia.  This  promises  to  be  one  of  the  most  prolific  and  continuous  bearers 
ever  produced.  Berries  from  these  vines  have  been  grown  in  the  open  field,  near 
Portland,  and  placed  in  the  market  as  early  as  the  middle  of  April,  and  as  late  as  the 
middle  of  December. 

Soils  and  Location. — In  our  favorable  climate  fruit  trees  of  all  but  the  citrus 
varieties,  will  thrive  and  do  fairly  well  in  almost  any  soil  or  location  found  in  West- 
em  Oregon,  except  dry  sand  or  wet  swamp,  but  there  is  much  to  be  gained  in  this  as 
well  as  in  other  climates,  by  a  judicious  selection  of  soil  and  location.  A  strong 
loam  soil,  with  just  sufficient  sand  to  make  it  easily  worked  is,  on  the  whole,  the 
best  for  fruit  trees.  The  soil  most  inviting  to  the  eye  is  the  sandy  loam.  Owing  to 
its  loose  and  very  fragile  nature  it  is  easily  worked,  and  the  rapidity  which  from  its 
warmth,  trees  of  all  kinds  attain  their  growth  and  come  into  early  bearing,  causes  it 
to  be  looked  upon  with  almost  universal  favor.  The  facts  are  that,  on  the  whole,  the 
light,  sandy  loam  is  the  worst  soil  for  fruit  trees.  During  the  warm  summer  months 
the  tree  needs  a  soil  which  will  retain  and  afford  a  moderate  and  continued  supply  of 
moisture,  and  here  the  sandy  soil  fails,  the  consequence  of  which  is  that  the  vigor 


Horticulture  in  Orcffon. 


608 


and  health  of  the  tree  are  impaired,  and  it  is  comparatively  short  lived  and  unpro- 
ductive. As  a  tree  in  a  weak  and  feeble  state  is  more  liable  to  be  attacked  by  insects 
than  those  that  are  healthy,  those  that  are  grown  upon  light,  weak  soil  are  the  first 
to  fall  a  prey  to  them. 

The  heavy  soils  of  the  valleys  and  the  foothills,  are  therefore  the  ones  to  be 
selected  in  preference  to  the  light,  sandy  soils  of  the  river  bottoms.  One  thing,  how- 
ever, is  absolutely  necessary  to  make  a  success  in  orcharding,  and  that  is,  to  see  that 
the  land  is  thoroughly  under-drained.  If  it  has  not  a  natural  under-drainage,  then  it 
should  be  tiled.  Wet,  cold  feet  is  the  cause  of  more  failures  in  growing  fruit  trees 
in  Oregon  than  all  other  causes  combined. 

Insect  Pests. — Oregon,  to  within  a  few  years,  has  enjoyed  a  freedom  from 
insect  pests  in  her  orchards  not  found  in  any  other  fruit-producing  state  in  the  union. 
This  was  largely  due  to  her  isolation  from  the  states  thus  infested,  making  it  difficult 
for  insects  to  be  transported  and  find  lodgment  within  her  borders.  This  very  desir- ' 
able — on  some  accounts — condition  of  affairs  had  existed  for  so  many  years  that 
many  of  the  fruit  growers  of  the  state  had  settled  down  to  the  firm  belief  that,  owing 
to  some  peculiar  conditions  of  climate  and  soil,  Oregon  was  destined  to  remain 
exempt  from  the  pestiferous  insects  that  were  pla.ying  so  destructive  a  part  in  fruit 
growing  in  other  parts '  of  our  country,  where  they  were  contesting  the  field,  as  it 
were,  with  the  orchardists  as  to  which  should  secure  the  crop.  The  advent  of  rail- 
roads, which  brought  the  .importation  of  fruit  and  fruit  trees  from  other  states, 
brought  to  our  healthy  trees  and  luscious  fruits  enemies  that  have,  since  their  ac.'vent, 
waged  a  war  upon  them  that  has  brought  the  thoughtful  and  observant  fruit  grower  to 
realize  that  hereafter  in  Oregon,  as  elsewhere,  only  by  eternal  vigilance  can  the  big  red 
apple  of  Oregon  be  preserved  from  the  ravages  of  the  codlin  moth,  and  the  fruit  and 
other  trees  saved  from  the  destructive  greed  of  the  wooley  aphis  and  San  Jose  scale. 
This  new  condition  of  affairs  has,  however,  been  promptly  met  by  proper  legislation, 
creating  a  State  Board  of  Horticulture,  whose  business  it  is  to  guard  against  the 
importation  of  insects  injurious  to  fruit  and  trees,  and  to  aid  the  orchardists  in  extermin- 
ating those  that  have  already  found  lodgment  in  our  orchards.  This  board  has,  dur- 
ing the  three  years  since  it  was  organized,  accomplished  a  good  work  in  that  assigned 
it,  and  has  done  much  in  introducing  the  new  era  in  fruit  growing  in  Oregon 

In  addition  to  the  State  Board,  there  is  a  State  Horticultural  Society,  and  a  num- 
ber of  county  and  district  organizations,  that  are  doing  much  to  develop  and  build  up 
this  most  important  interest  upon  its  true  basis.  It  can,  therefore,  be  said  that  horti- 
culture in  Oregon  has  a  bright  future  before  it,  and  it  can  be  truthfully  added  that 
no  section  of  our  broad  country  can  offer  such  inducements  to  those  who  desire  to 
engage  in  this  noble  and  remunerative  work  as  can  Oregon. 


Aberdeen,  Wi 
stump,  56  ;    bi 
deiif-  .    timber, 
school,     331  ; 
330  ;    salmou 
St.    Joseph's    : 
timber  felling 
city  and  harboi 
erwax      mill 
Weatherwax  s 
WeatherwaxT; 
er),  333. 
Ada    Co.    Court 
City,  Idaho,  51 
Ada  Co.  Court  He 

Mont.,  526. 
Albany,   Or.  :— Fj 
Ins. 'Co.,   178 
174;    Revere 
Willamette  Rivi 
Young  SE  (stc 
Allbee     The     ( I 
Bend,  Wash.,  3 
Allen     &.     Nelso 
Monohan,  Was 
Alfalfa  Crop,  Kla 

219. 
Alturas  Co.  Court 

Idaho,  519. 
American    Book 
opposite,  136. 
American  Lake,  ' 
Anaconda,  Mont., 
Anaconda,  Mont., 
Arlington  Club,  F 
Armory,  Portland 
Arrow  Lake,  B.  C 
Artesian      well, 

Wash,  416. 
Artesian  well,  Pu 

473. 

Ashland,    Or.  :— I 

land,     216  ;    fli 

216;    Hotel     C 

Main  street,  21' 

Astoria     Or. :     C 

294  ;    Hanthort 

trait),   297;    H 

&  Co.  ( cannery 

thorn,   J.  O.  & 

interior),  296: 

294. 

Atkinson  school,  ] 

Baker  City,   Or.  :- 

288;    Hotel  Wa 

Johns,  C.  A.  (p( 

public  school,  2! 

Baker,  Geo.  B.   ( 

ton.  Wash,  462. 

Baker  River,  Wasl 


I N  ID  b:s:  . 


(ILLUSTRATIONS.) 


:•[ 


Aberdeen,  Wash.:  —  A  giant 
stump,  56  ;  big  timber,  323  ; 
dens,  timber,  32(5;  high 
school,  331  ;  Main  street, 
330  ;  salmon  industry,  331  ; 
St.  Joseph's  hospital,  333  ; 
timber  felling,  r>7  ;  view  of 
city  and  harbor,  330  ;  Weath- 
erwax  mill  boom,  332; 
Weatherwax  saw  mill,  332; 
WeatherwaxThe  J  M  (  schoon- 
er), 333. 

Ada  Co.  Court  House,  Boise 
City,  Idaho,  511. 

Ada  Co.  Court  House,  Missoula, 
Mont.,  526. 

Albanv,  Or.  ;— Farmers'  &  Mer. 
Ins."  Co.,  178;  Main  street, 
174- ;  Revere  House,  177; 
Willamette  River  bridge,  176  ; 
Young  S  E  (  store'  ),  177. 

Allbee  The  (Hotel),  South 
Bend,  Wash.,  319. 

Allen  it  Nelson  C  sawmill ), 
Monohan,  Wash.,  379. 

Alfalfa  Crop,  Klamath  Co.,  Or., 
219. 

Alturas  Co.  Court  House,  Hailey, 
Idaho.  519. 

American  Book  Co.,  Portland, 
opposite,  136. 

American  Lake,  Tacoma,  353. 

Anaconda,  Mont.,  83. 

Anaconda,  Mont.,  smelters,  559. 

Arlington  Club,  Portland,  130. 

Armorv,  Portland,  129. 

Arrow  Lake,  B.  C,  27. 

Artesian  well,  N.  Yakima, 
Wash,  416. 

Artesian  well,  Pullman,  Wash., 
473. 

Ashland,  Or.  :— Bank  of  Ash- 
land. 216  ;  flouring  mills, 
216 ;  Hotel  Oregon,  215  ; 
Main  street,  214. 

Astoria  Or. :  Custom  House, 
294;  Hanthorn,  J.  O.  (por- 
trait), 297;  Hanthorn,  J.  O. 
&Co.  (cannery),  295  ;  Han- 
thorn, J.  O.  &  Co.  (  cannery, 
interior ),  296  ;  public  school, 
294. 

Atkinson  school,  Portland,  145. 

Baker  City,  Or.  :— Front  street, 
288  ;  Hotel  Warshauer.  290  ; 
Johns,  C.  A,  ( portrait ),  290  ; 
public  school,  289. 

Baker,  Geo.  B.  (offices),  Day- 
ton, Wash,  462. 

Baker  River,  Wash,  394. 


Baldwin  &  Reames  (store), 
Klamath  Falls,  Dr.,  219. 

Ballard,  Wash.  :  Pretty,  A.  K. 
(portrait),  384. 

Baltimore  (  U.  S.  cruiser),   112. 

Bancroft  school,  Spokane,   441. 

Bank  of  Ashland  (  Or.  ),  216. 

Bank  of  Montesano  ( Wash.  ), 
328. 

Bank  of  Newberg  ( Or. ),  252. 

Bank  of  Puyallup(  Wash  )  bldg., 
355. 

Barrett  block,  Chehalis,  Wash., 
314. 

Barrett's  spur,  Mt.  Hood,  12. 

Basin  The,  Oregon  City,  Or., 
159. 

Beacon  Hill  Park,  'Victoria,  B. 
C,  573. 

Beaver  (  steamer ) ,  36. 

Bellingham  Bay,  Wash  :  gate- 
way to,  396 ;  general  view, 
397  ;  Island  scene  near  Fair- 
haven,  399. 

Bellingham  Bav  mill.  Fair- 
haven,  Wash.,  401. 

Bellingham  Bay  Nat.  Bank,  N. 
Whatcom,  Wash,  404. 

Benton  Co.  Court  House,  Cor- 
vallis.  Or.,  261. 

Big  Bend  'Vat.  Bank,  Daven- 
port, Was,h,  450. 

Big  Falls,  Kootenay  River,  B. 
C.  26. 

Bi-Metallic  Mill,  Granite,  Mont., 
533. 

Bi-Metallic  Mill,  Phillipsburg, 
Mont.,  533. 

Birge  &  Leitch  (sawmill  ).  Cen- 
tralia.  Wash,  323. 

Bissinger  &  Co.,  Portland,  154. 

Bitter  Root  'Valley  and  River,  N. 
P.  R.  R.,  51. 

Blaine,  Wash.  :— Fish  trap,  407, 
408,  409  ;  public  school,  406. 

Blue  Canyon  Coal  Bunkers, 
New  Whatcom,  Wash,  403. 

Blumauer-Frank  Drug  Co., 
Portland,  125. 

Boise  City,  Idaho :— City  hall, 
512  ;  co'Tt  house,  511  ;  Cur- 
tis, J.  F.  (portrait),  515; 
Hill,  W.  C.  (portrait),  515  ; 
Lower,  B.  Bvron  (portrait), 
515  ;  McConnell,  W.  J.  (  por- 
trait), 515  ;  Parsons,  Geo.  M. 
(portrait),  515;  public 
school,  512 ;  Ramsey,  F.  C. 
(portrait),  515;  state  capi- 
tol.  510. 


Boneyard,  The  Portland,  117. 

Boom,  Logs,  Puget  Sound,  60. 

Bridal  Veil  Bluffs,  Columbia 
River,  43. 

Bridal  Veil  Falls,  Columbia 
River,  41. 

Brown  L.  P.  (portrait),  Mt. 
Idaho,  Idaho!  505. 

Browne  R.  S.  (portrait),  Mos- 
cow, Idaho,  490. 

Brownsville,  Or.  :  Thompson  R. 
N.  (store),  184. 

Brooke  Geo.  S.  (portrait), 
Sprague,  Wash.,  42  7. 

Bryant  School,  Helena,  Mont,, 
542. 

Bryant  School,  Spokane,  Wash., 
439. 

Bryant  School,  Tacoma,  Wash., 
351. 

Buckley,  Wash. :— Head  of  White 
River,  412  ;  logging,  412  ; 
street  scene,  512. 

Bucoda,  Wash.  :— Water  Power, 
335. 

Buffalo  Herd,  Montana.  86. 

Bull  Run  Lake,  Or.,  133. 

Bull  Run  River  Water  Pipe 
Line  to  Portland  (map  route), 
133. 

Bunker  Hill  &  Sullivan  Mines, 
Idaho,  483. 

Burke,  Idaho  :— Poorman  Mine, 
485  ;  Tiger  Mine,  483. 

Butte,  Montana  :— Business  cen- 
ter, 549  ;  Catholic  church, 
551 ;  court  house,  553  ;  Du- 
gan  E.  O.  (portrait),  552; 
Episcopal  church,  552;  Indian 
camp,  556  ;  Indian  chief, 
554  ;  Lexington  mine,  72  ; 
Moulton  mill,  550  ;  Park 
street,  549  ;  Parrot  smelters, 
550 ;  eiacer  mining,  71  ; 
public  school,  553  ;  Scandi- 
navian church,  551  ;  Silver 
Bow,  550  :  South  school, 
554;  view  city  in  1875, 
548  ;  water  works  ( 2  views ), 
554. 

Butte  Short  Line  R.  R.,  scen- 
ery, 50. 

Byles  C.  N.  (residence),  Monte- 
sano, Wash.,  326. 

Caldwell ,  Idaho:— Masonic  build- 
ing, 507  ;  M.  E.  church,  507  ; 
Pre.sbyterian  church,  507. 

Cal.  Baptist  church,  Portland, 
135. 


596 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Prfific  Northwest. 


Cal.  Fresb.  church,  Portland, 
135. 

Cat.ias  Prairie,  Idaho,  stock 
scene,  -tOT. 

Campbell  &  Jones'  block,  Mc- 
r.Iinnville,  Or.,  2+6. 

Cape  Di.sappointment,  Wash,, 
298, 

Cape  Foulweather,  Or..  265. 

Cape  Horn,  Columbia  River,  25. 

Carey  School,  Helena,  Mont,, 
33. 

Cascae^e  Locks,  Columbia  River, 
30. 

Cascade  Rapids,  Columbia  Riv- 
er, 29,  J<0,  78. 

Catching  Crabs,  Tacoma,  102. 

Castle  Dome,  Columbia  River, 
37. 

Castle  Rock,  Columbia  River, 
(  2  views;,  38. 

Castle  Rock,  Lake  Chelan, 
Wash.   452. 

Ca.stle  Rock.Wa.sh.  :— Methodist 
church,  311  ;  White  Geo.  F. 
(  portrait),  311. 

Cathlamet,  Wash,:  — Log  roll- 
way.  53  ;  timber  f '.Irng,  306. 

Cedar  I  alls,  ^akJ  Chelan, 
Wash.,  4.51. 

Centenarv  M.  K.  church,  Port- 
land, 134. 

Central  School,   Portland,  143. 

Central  School,  Tacoma,  S52. 

Centralia,  Wash.  :— Uirge  & 
Leitch,  mill,  323 ;  Denton 
block,  321  ;  Ellsbury  block, 
322  ;  First  Nat.  Bank,  322  ; 
furniture  factory,  324  ;  Grace 
Semi-.iary,  322 ;  Hotel  Cen- 
tralia, 323  ;    H  -street  school, 

320  ;  iron  and  braf '.  foundry, 

321  ;  Martin  H.  U.  &  Son, 
mill,  324;  North  school, 
320  ;  Park  Hotel,  323  ;  pub- 
lic school,  in  '89,  320  ;  lower 
Lumber  &  Mfg.  Co.,  324. 

Chamber  of  Commerce  Bldg., 
Portland,  120. 

Charleston,  U.  S.  C;uiser,  112. 

Charman  block,  Oregon  City, 
Or.,  161. 

Chehalis  Co.  Court  House,  Mon- 
tesano,  Wash.,  327. 

Chehalis  lui.  Co.'s  Bldg.,  Che- 
halis. Wash.,  314. 

Chehalis.Wash. :— Barrett  block, 
314;  Chehalis  Im.  Co.'s 
Bldg.,  314  ;  Com.  State  Bank, 
315  ;  First  Nat.  Bank  Bldg., 
315  ,  Mealy-Lacy  boom,  317  ; 
public  i-chool,  31  2. 

Childrens  Home, Portland.  131. 

Chuckanut  Bay,  Wash.,  398. 

Church  of  the  Immaculate 
Heart,  Portland,  136. 

City  Hall,  Portland,  129. 

Clarke  Co.  Court  House,  Van- 
couver, Wash.,  307. 

Clark's  Fork,  Columbia  River, 
27. 

Clark's  Lumber  Camp,  Neha- 
lem.  Or  ,  242. 

Clatsop  Beach,  Or.  •  —  Grimes 
House,  300  ;  McGuirt'"*  Hotel, 


300  ;  Necanicum  Plver,  299  ; 
Seaside  opera  house,  299. 

Clackamas  County  Court  House, 
Oregon  City,  Or  ,  159. 

Clear  Lake,  Pacific  Park,Wa.sh., 
304. 

Clinton  Kelly  School,  Portland, 
142. 

Columbia  River  :  — Above  The 
Lalles,  76  ;  Arrow  Lake,  27  ; 
below  the  Cascades,  74; 
Bridal  Veil  bluffs,  43;  Bridal 
Veil  falls,  41  ;  Cape  Horn,  25  ; 
Cascade  Locks,  30;  Castle 
Dome,  37 ;  Castle  Rock  ( 2 
views),  38;  fish  wheel  and 
trap  for  .salmon.  99  ;  gorge  at 
the  Cascades,  33  ;  gorge  at 
The  Dalles,  29  ;  Horsetail  falls, 
39  ;  Indian  fishing  for  salmon, 
97  ;  Indian  spearing  salmon, 
95  ;  jetty  at  mouth,  31,  32  ; 
Kettle  falls,  454;  Latoun^lle 
falls,  40  ;  lightship  at  mouth, 
82  ;  mountain  scenery  near 
Viento,  61  ;  mouth  of  river,31 ; 
Multnomah  falls,  40 ;  near 
Bonneville,  34  ;  near  the  Cas- 
cades, 32  ;  Oneonta  bhiffs,  43  ; 
Oneouta  falls,  39  ;  Pace  Creek 
falls,  41  ;  rapids  at  Ca.scades, 
29,  30,  78  ;  rapids  above  The 
Dalles,  28  ;  Rooster  Rock,  37  ; 
Royal  Chinook  salmon,  98 ; 
scene  near  Mosier ,  61 ;  steamer 
Harvest  Queen  running  rapids 
at  Cascades,  29  ;  steamboat 
(upper  river),  579;  U.  P. 
Rv.  track  near  Viento,  75. 

Coal  Bunkers,  Seattle,  370. 

Coal  Bunkers,  Tacoma,  344. 

Coal  Mine  and  Dump  iiear  Taco- 
ma, 88. 

Coal  iviining.  Oilman, Wash. ,90. 

Coal  Shipped  to  World's  Fair 
fr  im  Roslyn,  Wash.,  413. 

Columbia  River,  steam  boating, 
upper  river,  579. 

Cogswell,  C.  A.  (  portrait ),  Lake- 
view.  Or.,  224. 

Cohn  &  Co.  (store  ~i,  Tillamook, 
Or.,  238. 

Coke  Ovens  near  Tacoma,  88. 

Colfax,  Wash.  :  — Court  House, 
464,  465  ;  high  .school,  466. 
465;  Martlia Washington  rock, 

Colonian  The,  Portland,  151. 

Colorado  Concentrator,  Butte, 
Mont..  551, 

Colton.Wash.:— Pub.  schoi.'.475. 

Columbia  County  Court  Ho'ise, 
Dayton,  Wash,,  460. 

Columbia  School,  N.  Vakin  a, 
Wash.,  417. 

Columbia  School,  Seattle,  ,H75. 

Columbia  (steamship),  118. 

Columbine  (  U.  S.  light  house 
tender  ),  106. 

Colville  River,  Wash.,  453. 

Cotr.tnercial  Bank,  Moscow,  Ida. 
490. 

Commercial  State  Bank,  Cheha- 
ii.s,  Wash.,  315. 


Commercial  Street,  Salem,  Or,, 
162. 

Congregational  Church,  Seattle, 
373. 

Congregational  (Second) 
Church,  Spokane,  438. 

Congregational  (  First )  Church, 
Portland,  134. 

Coolidge  &  McClaine,  Bank,  Sil- 
verton.  Or.,  187. 

Coos  Bay,  Or.  :  — Coal  bunkers 
at  Marshfield,  265  ;  docks  it 
Empire  City,  267  ;  entrance, 
35. 

Coos  River,  Or.,  Logging  Team, 
54. 

Cornwall  Mill,  New  Whatcom, 
Wash.,  405. 

Corvallis, Oregon:  — .\gricultur  il 
college,262;  Court  House. 26 1 ; 
public  school,  262;  water  low- 
er, 261. 

Cosmopolitan  Restaurant,  Port- 
land, 151. 

Cottonwood,  Idaho,  Goldstone  & 
VVax( store),  502. 

Coeurd'Alene  District,  loggini,', 
64. 

Coeur  d'Alene  Jt&utains,  Line, 
"'.  P.  R.  R.,  49. 

Coeurd'Alene  Mountains,  Tun- 
nel, N.  P.  R.  R.,  49. 

Coeur  d'Alene  River,  Old  Mis- 
sion Landinii,  481. 

Coeur  d' Alet;e  Mines  :  —  Bunker 
Hill  and  Sullivan  mines,  -is,'?  ; 
Fort  Sherman  and  lake,  482  ; 
Gem,  485  ;  Lake,  478.  482  ; 
Mother  Lode  Mine.  48";  Poor- 
man  Mine,  Burke,  485  ;  Rive 
at  Old  Mission,  481  ;  steamer 
on  lake,  480  :  Tiger  Mine, 
Burke,  484  ;  Wallace,  483  ; 
Wallace,  church,  484. 

Coulee  City,  Wash.:  —  Railroail 
depot,  451  ;  street  scene,  451 . 

Cowlitz  Glacier  and  TatoDsh 
Range,  Mt.  Rainier,  18. 

Covv'itz  Glacier,  Mt.  Raitu;.r,  17, 

Crane's  Falls,  Lake  Chelan, 
Wash.,  452. 

Crater  Lake,  Or.,  36. 

Crater  Rock,  Mt.  Hood,  7. 

CunningliiUn.  Chas.  i  portrait  i. 
Pendleton.  Or.,   280. 

Cunningham  Chas.,  ranch  near 
Pendleton.  Or.,  281. 

Curtis  Jas.  F.  (  portrait ),  Boise 
City,  Idaho,  515. 

Curtis  The,  Portland,  150. 

Cusiter  Geo.  (portrait),  Silver- 
ton,  Or.,  188. 

Custer  Monntnent, Montana  5.5.'^ 

Dairv  Scene  near  Tillamook, 
Or.",  241, 

Dallas,  Oregon  : --Court  Houst, 
255  ;  Hotel  K  -Iman,  256  ;  La 
Creole  AcadcMiy,  255  ;  Main 
street,  254, 

Daly.  Bernard  (  portrait ),  Lake 
view.  Or.,  225. 

Davenport,  Wash:  —  Big  Ben<l 
Nat.  Bank,  450  ;  Hawk  River 
falls,   449 ;    horse    and    mule 


ileui,  Or,, 

li,  Seattlo, 

i  Second ) 
38. 
)  Churcli, 

Bank,  Sil- 

1  bun'.:ers 

;  docks  ;it 

entraiict.-, 

ing  Team. 

Whatcom, 

Rricultnr  il 
louse. 201 ; 
water  low- 

irant.  Port- 

oldstoue  & 

:t,  loggiiiK, 

lins,    Line, 

;ains,  Tun- 

r,  Old   Mis- 

:  —  Bunker 
lines,  -Js-i  ; 
lake,  4S2  : 
4.78,  482  ; 
4-87:  Poor- 
485  ;  Rivi- 
1  ;  steanur 
iger  Mini, 
lace.  4.83  , 
'*4. 

—  Railroad 
scene,  451 . 
Tatoosli 
18. 
iainiir,  1.7. 
;e    Chelan, 


)d,  7. 

portrait  i. 
0. 

ranch  near 
1. 
•ait ),  Boisf 

150. 
it).  Silver- 

)ntana  55.s 
Tillamook, 

)urt  House, 
n,  25G  ;  La 
>55  ;  Main 

ait ),  Lake 

-Big  Bend 
awk  River 
and   mule 


ranch,  448     threshing  grain, 
449. 

Dayton,  Wash  :— Baker,  Geo.  B. 
(offices),  462  ;  Baptist  church, 
461  ;  Court  House,  460;  Piet- 
rzycki,  Dr.  M.  (  portrait ),  462; 
public  school,  461. 

Denny  School,  Seattle,  373. 

Denton  Block,  Centralia,  Wash  , 
321. 

Dexter  Horton  &  Co.,  Bank, 
Seattle,  382. 

Dillnian  L.  C.  (portrait),  Spo 
kanc,  442. 

Donahue  F.  P.  (  portrait  ) , 
Sprague,  Wash  ,  429. 

Douglas  Co.  ■:ourt  Hou.se,  Rose- 
burg,  Or.,  205. 

Drain,  Or.,  Stpte  Normal  School, 
202 

Drum  Lnmmon  Mine,  Marys- 
ville,  Mont.,  547, 

Dry  Dock,  Tacoma,  350. 

Dry  Dock,  Victoria,  B.  C,  571. 

Dugan,  E.  O.  ^  portrait ),  Butte, 
Mont.,  5'i2. 

Eastern  Wash.,  Farm  Scene,  21. 

East  Salem  School,  Salem,  Or., 
169. 

Kldredge  Hugh  (  lesidence \  N. 
Whatcom,  Wash.,  402. 

Electric  Street  Car,  Portland, 
145. 

Electric  Street  Car,  Salem,  Or., 
169. 

Eliot  Glacier,  Mt.  Hood.  10. 

Ellensburgh,Wash. :— Price.E.C. 
(portrait),  415  ;  public  .school. 
414  ;  State  Normal  school, 
414. 

Elliot  Bay,  Seattle,  364. 

EUsbury  Block,  Ctntralia.Wash. 
322. 

E'-.ierson  School,  Helena,  Mont., 
543. 

Emerson  School,  Tacoma,  351. 

Empire  City,  Or.,  docks,  267. 

Ensor  Institute,  Portland,  155. 

Esquinio.lt  &  IJauaimo  Ry., 
B.  C,  52. 

Esquima'*,  U.  C,  Dry  Dock,  571 

Eugei" . ,  Oregon  :  —  First  Nat. 
B"  .ik,  19T:  Jane  Co.  Bank, 
i.97  :  Univers  tv  of  Oregon, 
199  ;  Willanuae  street,  195  ; 
Willamette  Tannery,  196. 

Eureka  Sandstone  Co's  Quar- 
ries, Tenino,  Wash  ,  353. 

Everett, Wash  ;  -A  factory,  385; 
docks,  385  ;  view  of  city,  385. 

Exposi'.iot!  Building,  Portland, 
127. 

Exposition  Building,  Tacoma, 
353. 

Factories  at  Oregon  City,  Or., 
15?. 

Failing  School,   Portland,    141. 

Fairhavef,  Wash  : -Bellingham 
Bay  (four  views)  396,  397, 
398,  399  ;  ChucK.aiiut  Bay, 
398  ;  Hotel  Fairhaven,  400  ; 
island  scene,  399  ;  Lake  Pad- 
den,  399  ;  Lake  Samish,  400  ; 
Larrabee  Ave  School,  400. 


Index. — Illustrations. 

Fairhaven  (  Wa.sh.)  Coal  Mines, 
401. 

Fairhaven  ( Wash.)  Land  Co's 
M  11,  401. 

Fairhaven  (  Wash.)  &  N.  What- 
com Elec.  Ry.,  402. 

Fairhaven  i  Wash.)  &  N.  What 
com  BUec.  Ry.  Co's  Power 
House,   403. 

Fall  Creek,  Wilson  River,  Or,, 
234. 

Farmers  &  Merchants'  Ins.  Co. 
(  offices),  Albany,  Or.,  178. 

Farm  .-,cene.  Eastern  Washing- 
ton, 21. 

Farm  Scene  near  Walla  Walla, 
Wash.,  22, 

Ftarnside,  G.  W.  (  store  ),  Tilla- 
tnook.  Or..  238. 

Ferguson,  E.  C.  (  portrait ),  Sno- 
homish, Wash.,  387. 

Ferguson,  E  C  (  residence ),  Sno- 
homish, Wash.,  387 

Fir  Lo^  sent  t  >  World's  Fair 
frotn  Wa'-.hington,  52. 

First  Paptist  Church,  Portland, 
opposite  137. 

First  Cong,  cnurch,  Portland, 
:t?.4. 

Fi'st  Nat.  Bank  Block,  Cen- 
tralia, Wash.,  322. 

Fir.'it  Nat.  Bank,Che!-  ilis,Wash. 
315. 

First  National  Bank,  Cheiialis, 
Wash  ,  315. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Eugene,  Or., 
197. 

First  Nat,  Bank,  Heppner,  Or., 
272. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Kendrick, 
Idaho,  494. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Montesano, 
Wash,  329. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Mt.  Vernon, 
Wash.,  389. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Olvmpia, 
Wash.,  337. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Portlatid,  138. 

Fir.st  Nat.  Bank,  Portland  (in- 
terior ),  139. 

First  Nat.  Hank  and  Opera 
Hou.^e,  Puvpllup,  Wash.,  355. 

First  Pre.sb."  Church,  Portland, 
135. 

First  street,  Portland,  109. 

Fish  wheel  and  trap  ftir  .salmon, 
Columbia  River,  99. 

Fish  whee!,  Columbia  River,  97. 

Flathead  Indian  Reservatioti 
Mission,  Mont.,  532. 

Fl.ithead  LaKe,  .Mont.,   62-532. 

Hathead  Valley,  Mont.,  BuflTalo 
Herd,  86. 

Fort'.it  Grove,  Or. :— Ladies'  hall, 
facific  I'liiversily,  231; 
Marsh  hall.  Pacific  University, 
231  ;  public  school,  230. 

I'ore.^t  Grove,  Or.  to  Tillamook, 
stage,  232. 

Fort  Caiibv,  n^■lsh.  :  —  Big  gun 
and  light  hou.:e,  302  ;  south 
battery,  302. 

Fort  Missoula,  Moni.  ,  527. 

Fort  Owen,  Mont.,  580. 

l<ort  Sherman,  Idaho,  482. 


697 


Fort  Vancouver,  Wash,  308. 

Franklin  Block,  South  Bend, 
Wash.,  318. 

Franklin  School,  Spoks.ne,  441  .• 

FrankMn  School,   Tacoma,  352. 

Friends'  Church,  Newberp-,  Or., 
251. 

Front  street,  Portland,  in  1852. 
107. 

Galloway,  Wm  (  portrait ),  Mc- 
Minnville,  Or.,  247. 

Garfield,  Wash.,  public  school, 
467. 

Gem  mine.  Gem,  Idaho,  485. 

Gibralter  and  Nisqually  glacier, 
Mt.  Rainier,  13, 

Oilman,  Wash.  :— Coal  mining, 
90  ;  coal  mine,  800  feet  under 
ground,  91  ;  hauling  coal 
from  mine,  89. 

Goldstone,  suburb  Oregon  Citv,  ■ 
Or.,  161. 

Golden  Ri'.ie  Hotel,  Pendleton, 
Or..  277. 

Goldstone  &  Wax  (  store  ),  Cot- 
tonwood, Idaho,  502. 

Goodnough  Block,  Portland, 
124. 

Good  Samaritan  Hospital,  Port- 
land, 131. 

Gorkow  Rudolph  (brewery), 
Spokane,  438. 

Grace  M.  E.  Church,  Portland, 
134. 

Grace  Seminary,  Centralia, 
V.  ash,  322. 

Grain  Field,  Umatilla  Co.,  Or., 
278. 

Grand  Central  Hotel,  Portland, 
150. 

Grangeville,  Idaho,  Main  street, 
500. 

Granite,  Mont,  Bi-Metallic  mill, 
533. 

Grant's  Pass,  Or.,  208. 

Gray's  Harbor,  Wash.,  map, 
325. 

Gray,  Jas.  B.  (portrait), 
Sprague,  Wash.,  429. 

Great  Northern  Ry.  town,  46. 

Cireat  Western  Canal,  Idaho 
Falls,  Idaho  (  li  views),  524. 

Griffitts,  T.  0.  (  portrait ),  Spo- 
kane, 44'1.. 

Grimes  Iiouse,  Seaside,  Or. , 
300 

Hanrt  s  Terminal  warehouse, 
Pjrtland,  126. 

Hailpy  (  Idaho),  Hot  Springs, 
521. 

Hailey, 
519 

Halsey, 
191. 

Hanthorn,  J.  O.  (portrait),  As- 
toria, Or.,  297. 

Hanthorn,  J.  O.  &  Co  (can- 
nery ),  Astoria,  Or.  (  2  views ), 
295-296. 

Harrison  school,  Portland,  1141. 

Harvest  Queen  (  steamer),  run- 
ning rapids  at  Cascades,  29. 

Hauling  ^.oal  from  mines,  Gil- 
man,  Wash.,  89. 


Idaho  :      court    house, 
public  school,  520. 
Oregoii :    public  school. 


I,   1 


k  I 


Ill 


598 


The  Oreg-onian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


:; 


Hawk  River  Palls,  Davenport, 
Wash,  449. 

Hawthorne  School,  Helena, 
Mont.,  542. 

Hawthorne  School,  Tacoma, 
352. 

Helena,  Mont.  :  —  A  business 
block.  o39  :  issay  office,  540  ; 
a  summer  hotel,  541  ;  Bry- 
ant school,  542  ;  Carey  school, 
542  ;  cemetery  (  entrance  ), 
543;. city  hall,  541;  Cong, 
church,     544 ;   Court    House, 

540  ;  Emerson  school,  543  ; 
Episcopal  church,  ,545  ;  fire 
alarm  tower,  543;  Hawthorne 
school,    542  ;    High    school, 

541  ;  Jeflferson  school,  543  ; 
Kenwood  school,  542  ;  Lin- 
coln school,  542  :  Lutheran 
church,  545  ;  Main  street, 
538-539  ;  Methodist  church, 
534  ;  Montana  Club,  540  ; 
Mt.  Helena,  537  ;  Natato- 
rium,  541  ;  old  landmarks, 
538  ;  swimming  bath,  541  ; 
Temple  Emanuel,  544. 

Hellgate  Canyon,   Mont.,   526. 
Heppner,  Or. :— First  Nat.  Bank, 

272  ;  McFarland  Mercan.  Co. 
(store),  272;  Nat.  Bank  ot 
Heppner,  272  ;  Palace  Hotel, 

273  ;  public  school,  271. 
Hesperian  The,  Portland,  152. 
High  School,  Coltax,  465. 
High  School,  Helena.  541. 
High  School,  Portland,  140. 
High  School,  Spokane,  443. 
Higli  School,Victoria,B.C.,572. 
Hillsboro,  Or.  :— City  hall,  228  ; 

Court  House,  227;  Morgan  & 

Bailey  block,  228. 
Hill,  win.  C.   (  portrait  ),    Boise 

City,  Idaho,  515. 
Holnies    Lumber    Co.,    Seattle, 

380. 
HoUadav's  Addition,    Portland, 

(  2  views),  147,  148. 
Holton  House,  Portland,  149. 
Hope,  Idaho  :  —  Martin  T.  (  por- 
trait), 478. 
Hope  Station,  Idaho,  77. 
Hop  field  between  Tacoma  and 

Seattle,  359. 
Hop  growing,  Yakima   Valley, 

Wash.,  23. 
Hop  picking,  Puyalhip,  Wash., 

359. 
Hop  picking  near  Grant's  Pass, 

Or.,  209. 
Horsetail  Falls,  Columbia  River, 

39. 
Hotel  Bellingham,  New  What- 
com, Wash.,  406. 
Hotel  Centralia,  Wash.,  323. 
Hotel   Fairhaven,  Wash.,   400. 
Hotel    Foley,   La  Grande,   Or. 

286. 
Hotel  Holman,  Dallas,  Or.,  256. 
Hotel  Olympia,  Olympia.Wnsh,, 

338. 
Hotel    Oregon,    Ashland,    Or., 

215. 
lotel  Portland,  Portland,  124. 


Hotel     St.    Elmo,     Kendrick, 

Idaho,  494. 
Hotel  Warshauer,   Baker  City, 

Or..  290. 
Hotel     Willapa,     South     Bend, 

Wash.,  319. 
Hyde,  S.  C.  ( portrait ),  Spokane, 

443. 
Hydraulic  Mininj?,  68. 
Hydraulic     Mining,    Southern 

Oregon,  67. 
Idaho  Falls.Idaho:— Great  West- 
ern   canal    (  2    views  ),    524  ; 

Odd  Fellows'  Home,  523. 
Idaho  State  Capitol,  Boise  City, 

510. 
Idaho  State  Odd  Fellows'  Home, 

Idaho  Falls,  523. 
Iler's  Falls,  Wilson  River,  Or., 

234. 
Illumination    Rock,    Mt.  Hood, 

10. 
Ilwaco  Ry.  &  Na v.  Co. 's  launch 

Iris,  301. 
Ilwacc  Ry.  &   Nav.  Co.'s  steam- 
er Ocean  Wave,  302. 
Independence,   Or  :    Independ- 
ence  Nat.  Bank,  250  ;  public 

school.  249. 
Indian  Cairp,  Mont.,  556. 
Indian  Canoes,  Seattle.  377. 
Indian  Canoes,  Tacoma,  342. 
Indian    Chief,     Skeeas.    Mont., 

555. 
Indian  family,  Mont.,  532. 
Indian   fishing  for    salmon,  Co- 
lumbia River,  97. 
Indian  spearing  .salmon,  head- 
waters Columbia  River.  9.5. 
Indian  .squaw,  Mont..  ,557. 
Iris,  launch,  Ilwaco  Ry.  &  Nav. 

Co.,  301. 
Irrigation,     Yakima     Vallev, 

Wash.,  (  series  of  views  ),  41  9 

to  424. 
Irving  School,  Tacoma,  350. 
Jefferson  Co.  Court  House,  Port 

Townsend,  Wash,  410. 
Jefferson  School,  Helena.  Mont., 

543. 
Jetty,    mouth  Columbia    River, 

31,  32. 
Johns,  C.  A.   (  portrait ),  Baker 

City,  Or  ,  290. 
Jones,  Arthur   D.    (portrait), 

Spokane,  44+. 
Jones,  H.  D.  stage.  Forest  Grove 

to  Tillamook.  Or.,  232. 
JumpOff-Joe     Rock,     Yaquina 

Bav,  Or.,  263. 
Junction  City,  Or.,  Block  W.  S. 

Lee,  193. 
Ktndrick,    Idaho  :— First     Nat. 

Bank,   494;  Hotel   St.    FI;nn, 

494;  public -chool    4vU*. 
Kent,    Wash.:—  H'sp    ;iOu;ie    E 

Meeker.  358. 
Kenwood      Schoo', ,      Helena, 

Mont.,  542. 
Kerry,  A.  S.  (sawmill),  Seattle, 

3S0. 
Ketchum, Idaho: — Public  school, 

521. 
Kettle    Falls,  Columbia    River, 

454, 


King  Co.  Court  House,  Seattle, 
369. 

Klamath  Co.,  Or.:— Alfalfa  Crop. 
219  ;  crop  oats,  21  ;  driving 
cattle,  218. 

Klamath  Falls,  Or. :— Baldwin  vS: 
Reames'  store,  219  ;  genc.-al 
view,  217 ;  Klamath  FalK 
(  water  ),  218  ;  Moore  &  Mar- 
tin's store,  219. 

Kootenay  Lake,  B.  C,  26,  47i'.. 

Kootenay  Lake,  First  Peterboro, 
580. 

L ;'  k  e ,    looking   up 

M'--1scn,  586. 
.      .     i(^  Nelson,  B.  C  , 


Kiver      B.     C:,    Big 
1)  ,  St.  Agnew's  Falls, 


.-itle 


P.  i'lLjow 


Kootenav 
lak-frc 

Koo(."  ;.v 
58  V 

Kooteii,.', 
Falls,  25 
25. 

La  Conner,  Wash.  : — Town  and 
High  School,  390. 

La  Creole  Academy,  Dallas,  Or., 
255. 

Ladd  Glacier,  Mt.  Hood,  6. 

Ladd  W,  S.  ( steam  dredge ), 
Portland,  130. 

Ladd  &  Bush,  bank,  Salem,  Or.. 
(2  views  ^  172. 

Ladd  &  Tilton's  bank  (exte- 
rior), Portland,  139. 

Ladd  &  Tilton's  bank  ( inte- 
rior),  Portland,  140. 

La  Grande,  Or.  :— Adams  ave., 
285  ;  Depot  street,  281  ;  Ho- 
tel Foley,  286. 

Lake  Chelan,  Wash.  45 

Lake  Chelan,  Wash 
Rock,  452  ;  Cedar  ; 
Cranes  Falls,  -li  2 
Falls,  45:; 

Lake  CcEur  d'Aii.:i  ■  4'.' V'. 

Lake  Cofiur  d'Alene,  b,.^  -i 

Lake  Cicur  d'Alene   ( .stei 
480. 

Lake  Kitchelas.  North  ".■  iuia, 
Wash.,  4.16. 

Lake  Pad  den  Fairhaven. 
Wa.sh.,  399. 

Lake  Pen  d'Oreille,  477. 

Lake  Pen  d'Oreille,  Hope  St.i 
tion,  77. 

Lake     S  a  m  i  s  h  , 
Wash.,  395. 

Lake   Whatcom, 
Wash.,  395. 

Lake   Whatcoi,' 
Wash.,  lunibe.  . 

Lakeview,  Or,,  2~f 

Lakeview,  ..)r.  :  Cofis-.cll,  C.  A. 
(rortrail),  224;  Daley,  Ber- 
nard (  pjrtrait ),  225  ;  freipht 
team,  222  ;  State  graded 
school,  223  ;  Townsend,  W. 
^I.  (  prrtrait),  -;26. 

Lane  Co.  Bank,  Eugene,  Or., 
197. 

Larrabee  Ave.  school,  Fair- 
haven, Wash.,  400. 

Latourelle  Falls,  Columbia 
River,  40. 

Lawrence,  J.  G,  (portrait),  N.  Ya- 
kima, Wash.,  418. 


i»'r ' 


Fairhaven. 
Whatcom, 

■<''hatconi. 
^6 


Index . — Illustra  tio  ns. 


599 


Leadbetter  Ditches,  Yakima 
Valley,  Wash.,  series  ot  views, 
420-421-422. 

Lebanon,  Or.  :— W.  C.  Peterson 
I  portrait),  180. 

Lee.W.  f>.,  business  block,  Junc- 
tion City,  Or.,  193. 

Leghorn,  J.  F.  (  portrait ),  Spo- 
kane, 445. 

Lewiston,  Idaho  :— Court  House, 
495  ;  Episcopal  church,  496  : 
First  U.  E.  church,  496  ; 
Presb.  church,  497  ;  public 
school,  495. 

Lewis  and  Clarke  Co.  Court 
House,  Helena,  Mont.,  540. 

Lexington  mine,  near  Butte, 
Mont.,  72. 

Library  building, Portland,  129. 

Lightship,  mouth  Columbia 
river,  82. 

Lincoln  Co.  Court  House, 
Sprague,  Wash.,  427. 

Lincoln  school,  Helena,  Mont., 
542. 

Lincoln  school,  N.  Whatcom, 
Wash.,  404. 

Lincoln  school,  01ympia,Wash., 
338. 

Lincoln  .school,  Salem,  Or.,  170. 

Lincoln  school,  Spokane,   442. 

Lincoln  school,  Tacoma,  351. 

Log  driving  in  Oregon,  54. 

Log  hauling  near  Seattle,  62. 

Log  roUway,  Cathlamet,  Wash., 
53. 

Logging,  Buckley.  Wash.,  412. 

r.ogging,  Coeur  d''Aleiies,  64. 

Logging,  Puget  Sound,  59. 

Logging  scene,  Oregon,  56. 

Logging:  tec^ni,  Coos  Bay,  Or.,  54. 

Logging  train,  Puget  Sound, 59. 

Legging, Wilson  River,  Or.,  235. 

I.  ong  Beach,  Wash.:  —  Surf  bath- 
ing, 3<)1  ;  U.  S.  life  saving 
crew,  301. 

'yOng  Beach  Hotel,  Long  Beach, 
Wash.,  303. 

Lougfellow  School. Tacoma, 351. 

Loon  Lake,  near  Spokane,  432. 

Lowell  School,  Tacoma,  3t>;>. 

Lumber  can»p  Lake  Whatcoii- 
Wash.,  39G. 

Lumber  camp,  near  Tillamook 
Bay,  Or.,  53. 

L"'mber  manufacturing.  Pa- 
louse,  Wash.,  471. 

Lumber  shipning.  Port  Blakely, 
Wash.,  378". 

Lumber  shipping,  Tacoma,  344, 

Madison  Street  Bridge, Portland, 
132. 

Maher  &  Terwilliger's  Block, 
Portland,  126. 

Main  Street,  Albany,  Or.,  174. 

Main  Street,  Ashland,  Or.,  214. 

Marble  ledges  near  Spokane, 73. 

Marent  trestle,  near  Missoula. 
Mont..  48. 

Marion  Co.  Court  House,  Sakni, 
Or.,  168 

Maniuam  (irand  vJoera  House, 

Portland,  124. 
Marslifield,   Or.,  coal  bunkers, 
265. 


Martha  Washington  Rock,  Col- 
fax, Wash  ,  466. 

Martin,  H.  N.  (portrait),  Spra- 
gue, Wash.,  428. 

Martin,  T.  (portrait),  Hope, 
Idaho,  478. 

Martin,  H.  H.  &.  Son,  sawmill, 
Centralia,  Wash.,  324. 

Marysville,  Mout.,  546. 

Marysville,  Mont.,  Drum-Lum- 
mon  mine,  547. 

McConnell,  Wm.  J.  (portrait), 
Boise  City,  Idaho,  515. 

McFarland  Mercantile  Co., store, 
Heppner,  Or.,  272. 

McGilvra,  J.  J.  (  portrait ),  Seat- 
tle. 371. 

McGuire's  Hotel,  Seaside,  Or., 
300. 

McKenny  Block, Olympia,  Wash. 
337. 

McMinuville,  Or.:—  Campbell  & 
Jones'  block,  246;  court  house, 
244  ;  Gallowav,  Wm.  (port- 
rait), 247  ;  high  scnool,  245  ; 
public  school,  24.5. 

McMinuville,  Or. .  college,  246. 

Medical  Lake,  Wash.,  Insane 
a.sylum,  446. 

Medical  Lake,  Wash.,  tall  oats, 
22. 

Meeker,  E.,  hop  house,  Kent, 
Wash.,  358. 

^ieeker,  E.,  residence,  Puyal- 
lup,  Wa.sh.,  355. 

Mercer  School,  Seattle,  375. 

Methodist  Church,  Tillamook, 
Or.,  239. 

"Minnie"  Harvester,  Portland, 
155. 

Minor,  T.  T  School,  Seattle, 
374. 

Missoula, Mont: — Business  block 
526;  prominent  corner,  527; 
Catholic  Church,  529  ;  Cen- 
tra School,  528  ;  Court  House, 
52ii;  First  Presb.  Church,  529, 
First  Waterworks,  528  ;  Fort 
Mi'  soula,  527;  Hell  Gate  Can- 
yoi  ,  526  ;  Methodist  Church, 
52' >  ;  N.  P.  R.  R.  Hospital, 
r-'Zr  ;  N.  S.  School,  528. 

Monmouth,  Or,,  State  Normal 
School,  259. 

Monohan.Seattle.Sawmill  Allen 
&  Nelson  Mill  Co.,  379. 

Montana  Club,  Helena,  .'j40. 

Montana  :  —  Building     World's 
Fair,  84  ;  Crossing  the  Plains, 
548  ;    Camping    Two,    Medi- 
cine Creek,  23  ;  Ranch,  560  ; 
SilverStatue  World's  Fair, 85. 
Monterey  V.  S.  Battleship,  112. 
Montesano,  Wash:— Byles,  C.  N. 
(residence),  3V6;  CoiirtHouse, 
327  ;  First  Nat    3ank,   329  ; 
Public  School,  327. 
Moore  &  Martin  (  store  ),  Klam- 
ath Falls,  Or.,  219. 
lV»i,rey  P.  F.  (residence),  Oregon 

City,  Or.,  160. 
Morgan  &  Bailey   Block,  Hills- 

boro,  O-.,  228. 
Morrison    Street    Bridge,    Port- 
land, lai, 


Morrow  J.  H.  (portrait).  Waits- 
burg,  Wash,,  460. 

Moscow,  Idaho  :— Browne  R.  S. 
(portrait).  490;  Commercial  . 
Bank,  490;  Epi.scopal  Church, 
489  ;  High  School,  488  ;  Main 
Street,  488  ;  Public  School, 
489 ;  University  of  Idaho, 
491  ;  Watkins  W^.  W.  ( por- 
trait), 491. 

Motner  Lode  Mill,  Murray,  Ida- 
ho, 487. 

Moulton  Mill,  Butte,  Mont..  550. 

Mt.  Angel,  Or.:— Hotel,  189; 
Queen  of  Angels  Academy, 
190  :  Seminary  and  College, 
190. 

Mt.  Baker,  392, 

Mt.  Baker  :  Baker  River,  394  ; 
from  Nooksack  River,  393  ; 
Great  North  Glacier,  18  ;  Nat- 
ural Bridge,  393  ;  waterfall, 
near  mountain,  19. 

Mt.  Helena,  Helena,  Mont.,  537. 

Ml.  Hood  ;— At  timber  line,  9  ; 
Barrett's  spur,  1 2  ;  Broken 
mountain  near  summit,  11  ; 
Crater  rock,  7  ;  Crossing  ash 
beds  near  summit,  72  ;  De- 
wcrt  party  on  summit,  81  ; 
E'iot  glacier,  10  ;  From  Cl,oud 
Cap  Inn,  5  ;  From  Govern- 
ment camp,  8  ;  From  stage 
road,  7  ;  Great  slope  towards 
summit,  80 ;  Illumination 
rock,  10  ;  Ladd  glacier,  6  ; 
Sandy  River  (source  of),  6; 
Steel  party  at  Crater  rock,  11  ; 
Summit,  8. 

Mt.  Idaho.  Idaho  :— Brown,  L. 
P.  (  portrait  ),  505. 

Mt.  Jefferson,  from  Grizzly 
Tarn,  19. 

Mt.  Rainier  : — A  river  of  ice,  12  ; 
a  near  approach,  14  ;  Camp 
Portland,  15  ;  Cowlitz  Glacier, 
17;  Cowlitz  Gla.-'ier  and  Ta- 
toosh  range,  18  ;  Falls  near 
mountain,  1.5  ;  From  Tacoma, 
343  ;  Gibralter  and  Nisqually 
glacier,  13  ;  Mt.  Rainier  and 
Lake  Washington,  14 ;  Nis- 
qually glacier,  17  ;  Scenic 
effect. ,  13. 

Mt.  Tacoma  (Rainier),  Tacoma, 
343. 

Mt,  Vernon,  Wash,  :— A  big  log, 
57 ;  Fir.st  Nat,  Bank,  38'j  ; 
.school.  389. 

Mount  Wallace  ( portrait ), 
Sprague,  Wash,  429. 

Multnomah  Box  Factorv,  Port- 
land, 153. 

Multnomah    Co.    Court    House, 

Portland,  120. 
Multnomah     Falls,     Columbia 

River,  40. 
Murray,    Idaho,     Mother    Lode 

min*.  487. 
Nanaimo,  B.  C.  :— Harbor,  574  ; 

Old  Block  House,  575. 
Natatorium,      Helena,     Mont,, 

541. 
Natchez  River,  North  Yakima, 
Wash.,  417. 


vfl 


if' 
If, 


Ml 


I  ■ 


600 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


:— Bank  of  Nevv- 
t  rif  (ids'   Church, 

-,  251. 

ttle,  379. 

liua    Bay, 


National  Bank  of  Heppner, 
Or.,  272. 

Necanicuiu  River,  Or.,  279. 

Nehalem,  Or.: — Clark's  Lumber 
Camp,    24.2. 

Nelson,  B  C. : — Looking  up  Koot- 
enay  Lake,  58(5  ;  Silver  King 
mine  587  ;  from  across  lake, 
587. 

Newberg,  O- 
berg,  252 
251  ;Pacii 

Neweli's  sawir 

Newport,     Or   :- 
265. 

New  Westminster,  B.  C.  :— Court 
House,  577  ;  Exhibition  Bldg., 
578. 

New  Whatcom,  Wash.:— Bel- 
linghain  Bay  Nat.  Bank,  404  ; 
city  hall,  404  ;  coal  bunkers, 
403  ;  Cornwall  mill,  405  ; 
Court  House,  4()3  ;  Kldred^e, 
Hugh  (  residence  ),  402  ;  Fair- 
haven  &  N.  Whatcom  Elec. 
Ry.,  402 ;  Kairhaven  &  N. 
Whatcom  Elec.  Ry.  power 
house,  403  ;  Harbor.  402  ; 
Hotel  Bellingham,  406  ;  Lake 
Whatcom,  395;  Li-xoln 
school,  404;  Lumber  Camp, 
Lake  Whatcom,  396 ;  Roth 
block,  405  ;  ship  at  dock, 
402;  Victor  block,  405; 
Whatcom  creek  falls,  40r^. 

New  York  brewery,  Spo.  ne, 
438. 

Nez  Perces  Co.  Court  House, 
Lewiston,  Idaho,  495. 

Nisqually  Glacier,  Mt.  Rainier, 
17. 

North  Central  School,  Portland, 
142. 

Northern  Pacific  R.  R.  :— Bitter 
Root  Valley  &  River,  Mont., 
51  :  car  shops,  Tacoma  (two 
views  ),  342,  3i.3  ;  Cct'ur 
d'Alene  Mountains,  49;  depot, 
.Spokane.  440  ;  hospital.  Mis- 
soula, Mont.,  527  ;  Marcnt 
trestle,  48;  "Switchback," 
summit  N.  P.  R.  R.,  44  ; 
trestle, Rocky  Mountains  near 
He>na,  48  ;  tunnel,  Citur 
d'.^    cue  Mountains,  49. 

Nort.i  Glacier,  Mt.  Haker,  18. 

N.  W.  Lumber  Co. 's  mills.  South 
Beud,  Wash.,  320. 

North  Yakima, Wash.  :— Central 
school,  418  ;  Columbia  school, 
417  ;  Lake  Kitchelas  it  Ar- 
tesian well,  416;  Lawrence 
J.G.  (portrait),  418  ;  Natchez 
River,  417. 

Oakesdale, Wash.:— Group  three 

f)romiiient  corners,  469  ;  pub- 
ic school,  469. 
Cakes  Georgie  (  steamer  ),  Lake 

Cceur  d'Alene,  480. 
Oakland,   Or.:  —  Public    school, 

203. 
Oai  Crop,  Medical  Lake,  Wash., 

22. 
Oat  Crop,  Klamath  Co.,  t)r.,  21. 


Ocean  Wave  (  steamer),  II waco 
Ry.  &  Nav.  Co.,  302. 

Oil  well  Snohomish  Co.,  Wash., 
386. 

Old  Mission  landing,Idaho,481 

Olympia  school,  Seattle,  375. 

01ympia,Wash.  :— Court  House, 
336  ;  Eirst  Nat.  Bank,  337  ; 
Hotel  Olympia,  338  ;  Lincoln 
school,  338  ;  looking  down 
Sound,  336 ;  Main  street 
336  ;  McKennv  block,  337  ; 
St.  Peter's  hospital,  338  ; 
Young's  Hotel,  339. 

Oneonta  Bluffs,  Columbia  River, 
43. 

Oneonta  Falls,  Columbia  River, 
39. 

Orchard,  Yakima  Vallev,Wash., 
423. 

Oregon:— State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, Corvallis,  262 ;  State 
Capitol,  Salem,  166;  State 
Insane  Asylum,  Salem.  171  ; 
State  Normal  School,  Drain, 
202 ;  State  Normal  School, 
Monmouth,  259  ;  State  Peni- 
tentiary, Salem,  171;  State 
Reform  School,  Salem,  171. 

Oregon  coast  surf  bathing,  298. 

Oregon  Citv,  Or. :- Basin,  The, 
159  ;  Charman  block,  161  ; 
Court  House,  159  ;  factories, 
158;  Gladstone,  161 ;  Morey  P. 
F.  (residence),  160;  Oregon 
City  Woolen  Mills,  160;  Port- 
land Genl.  Elec.  Co.  (3  views), 
164,  165  ;  pulp  mills,  160, 
salmon  shipped  to  World's 
Fair,  16.3;  public  school, 
159;  Sunset  Addition,  162; 
Willamette  Falls  (3  views), 
157,  158  ;  Willamette  Falls, 
title  pape  ;  Willamette  River 
suspension  bridge,  158. 

Oregon  City  (  Or.)  Woolen  Mills, 
16(). 

Oregoiiiaii  building,  Portland, 
title  page  (al.sol22);  com- 
posing room,  123  ;  dynamo 
room,  123  ;  entrance  business 
office,  123;  in  1854,  122; 
lobbv,  business  office.  1 2.3  ; 
mailing  room,  123  ;  main  en- 
trance, 1  2.3  ;  stereoty])iiig 
room,  123  ;  tower,  from  roof 
122. 

Oregon  Pacific  R.  R.,  Or.,  (  2 
views),  42. 

Oregon  State  graded  school, 
Lakeview,  Or.,  223. 

Orting,  Wash.,  State  Soldiers' 
Home,  411. 

Pace  Creek  I-'alls,  Columbia 
River,  41. 

Pacific  College,  Newberg,  Or., 
251. 

Pacific  Park,  Wash.  :  —Clear 
Lake,  304  ;  Sea  Bree/e  Hotel, 
304. 

Pacific  school,  Seattle,  375. 

Pacific  University  (  Marsh  Me- 
morial hall  ),  Forest  Grove, 
Or.,  231. 


Pacl'^c  University  (  Ladies  hall  i, 
Poorest  Grove,  Or.,  232. 

Paine  school,  Walla  Walla, 
Wash,  456. 

Palace  Hotel,  Heppner,  Or., 
273. 

Palix  River  Falls,  South  Bend, 
Wash,  318. 

Palouse,  Wash.  : — Lumb..-r  man- 
ufacturing, 471;  public 
school,  471  ;  street  scene, 
•1.71. 

Park  Hotel,  Centralia,  Wash., 
323. 

Park  school,  Portland,  141. 

Parrot  smelter,  Butte,  Mont., 
550. 

Parsons.  Geo.  M.  (portrait;, 
Boise  City,  Idaho,  .515. 

Pend  d'Oreille  River,  477-525. 

Pend  d'Oreille  River  P'alls,  47. 

Pendleton,  Or.  : — Alexander,  R. 
(  portrait ),  276  ;  Court  House, 
275  ;  Court  street,  275  ;  Cun 
ninghain,  Chas.  (portrait), 
280 ;  Golden  Rule  Hotel, 
277  ;  Main  street,  274  ;  pub- 
lic school,  276  ;  savings  bank, 
277, 

Perkins  Hotel,  Portland,  149. 

Peterson,  Walter  C  ,  Lebanon, 
Or,  (portrait  ),  180, 

Phillipsburg,  Mont.,  mill,  Bi- 
MetallicCo.,  533. 

Pierce  Co.  Court  Hou.se,  Tacoma, 
347, 

Pietrzycki,  Dr.  M  (portrait), 
Dayton,  Wash.,  462. 

Placer  mining,  69. 

Placer  mining,  Butte,  Mont., 
71. 

Pocatello.  Idaho: — Opera  house, 
522  ;  public  school,  522. 

Point  Adams,  Oregon  coast, 
297. 

Point  Defiance,  Tacoma,  345. 

Point  Roberts  (  Wash  )  Canning 
Co.'s  salmon  traps  (  4  view.s  ), 
407,  408,409. 

Polk  Co.  Court  House  Dallas, 
Or.,  255. 

Pomeroy,  Wash.,  public  school, 
463, 

Poorman  mine,  Burke,  Idaho, 
485. 

Port  Blakely,  Wash.,  shipping, 
378. 

Portland: — American  BookCom- 
])any,  opposite  136;  a  drive, 
128';  Arlington  Club.  130; 
armory. 1 29;. \tkiiison  .Scl^^cl, 
145;  Uissinger  S.  Co.,  154; 
Bliiiiianer-Frank  Drug  Co.'s 
building,  1  25  ;  Bull  Run  Lake, 
Or.,  133;  Hull  Run  River  to 
Portland,  route  of  pipe  line, 
133  ;  Calvary  Baptist  Church, 
135;  Calvary  Presbyterian 
Church,  135;  Centenary  M.  E. 
Church,  134  ;  Central  School, 
143  ;  Chamber  of  Commerce 
Building,  121  ;  Children's 
Home,  131  ;  China  steamer  at 
docks.  Ill  ;  Chinese  buihling, 
119  ;  Chnrcli  of  the  Iinmacu- 


Index.  — Illustra  tions. 


601 


late  Heart,  136  ;  City  Hall, 
129  ;  Clinton  Kelly  School, 
l-i2  ;  coasting  steamers  at 
docks,  111  ;  The  Colonial, 
151  ;  Columbia  (steamship), 
118  ;  Court  House(proposed), 
121 ;  Cosmopolitan  restaurant, 
151  ;  Curtis,  The,  150  ;  draw, 
steel  bridf  ■  pen,  115  ;  J'^nsor 
Institute  and  Hospital,  155  ; 
electric  street  car,  145  ;  Kxpo- 
sitioii  Building,  127  ;  Failing 
School,  141  ;  Kirst  Congrega- 
tional Church,  134  ;  First  Bap- 
tist Church,  opposite  137  ; 
First  National  Bank  (exter- 
ior), 13K  ;  First  National 
Bank  (interior),  139;  First 
Presbyterian  Church,  135  ; 
First  street,  109  ;  four-masted 
ship  at  dock,  110;  Front  street 
in  1852,  107  ;  Goodnough 
Block,  124  ;  Good  Samaritan 
hospital,  131  ;  Grace  M.  E. 
Church,  134;  Grand  Central 
Hotel,  150  ;  Hahn's  Terminal 
War?*""-^se,  126  ;  harbor  look- 
ing north  ""rom  Morrison  street 
bridge,  llo  :  Harrison  School, 
141;  Hesperian  The,  152; 
High  School.  140  ;  Holladay's 
addition  (  2  views  ),  147,  148; 
Holtou  House,  149  ;  Hotel 
Portland,  124  ;  in  1858,  106  ; 
in  1854,  107;  Ladd,  W.  S., 
The,  (steam  dredge).  130  ; 
Ladd  &  Tilton's  Bank  ( ex- 
terior), 139:  Ladd  &  Til- 
ton's  Bank  (interior),  140; 
Library  Building,  129  ;  look- 
ing !-outh  from  S.  P.  ware- 
house, 114;  looking  norih 
from  R.R.'indge,  114;  Louvre, 
The,  15'i  ;  Madison  Street 
Bridge,  132  ;  Maher  &  Ter- 
williger's  Block,  126;  Mar- 
(luani  (irand  Opera  House, 
124;  "Minnie"  Harvester, 
155  ;  Morrison  Street  Bridge, 
133  ;  Multnoniali  Box  Fac- 
tory, 153  ;  North  Central 
School,  142;  Gregoii  (steam- 
ship ),  119  ;  Oregoniati  Build- 
ing, title  page  i  also  series  rf 
views,  pages  122,  123)  ;  Park 
School,  14t  ;  Perkins  Hotel, 
149  ;  Portland  Clay  Co.,  152  ; 
Portland  University,  opposite 
136  ;  Post  Office,  128  ;  Potter 
T.  J.  (.steamer),  118;  Rail- 
road Bridge.  132;  Railroau 
Bridge,  showing  train  of  cars, 
132;  Riverview  Cemetery  en- 
trance, 146  ;  Rheinpfalz  Hotel 
Zur,  152  ;  Seid  Back,  Chinese 
merchant  (  portrait  t.  120  ; 
Seid  Back,  Chinese  merchant 
(  store  ),  1  20  ;  Sell  wood  Brew- 
eiy,  153  ;  Ships  that  visit  Port- 
land, 110;  Skidmore  Foun- 
tain, 130;  Smith.son  Block, 
127  ;  Snell,  Heitshu  &  Wood- 
ard  Block.  125  ;  Stark  Street 
Ferry,  116;  steam  coast 
freighter  at  docks.  113;  steam- 


er waiting  for  draw  to  open, 
115  ;  steam  yachts  in  river. 
119  ;  Stephens'  School,  142  ; 
St.  David's  Episcopal  Church, 
x35  ;  St.  Helen's  Hall,  144  ; 
St.  Patrick's  Church,  136;  St. 
Vincent's  Hospital, 131;  Syna- 
gogue, 136  ;  Taylor  Street  M. 
E.  Church,  136  ;  Third  and 
Morrison  Streets,  108  ;  Third 
and  Washington  Streets,  109; 
through  the  draw,  116;  the 
boneyard,  117  ;  Trinity  Epis- 
copal Church,  135  ;  up  river 
boats  at  docks,  105  ;  Union 
Depot,128;  Unitarian  Church, 
135  ;  United  States  war  ships 
in  harbor,  112;  Victoria 
(  steame*-),  118;  Weinhard's 
Brewerj-,  126;  Wheat  F;ieva- 
tor,  117  ;  Wilhelm's  Brewery, 
153  ;  Willamette  River,  scene 
suburbs,  105;  Williams  Ave. 
School.  143;  Wolff  &  Z wicker 
Iron  Works,  137. 

Portland  Clay  Co.. Portland,  1 5 2. 

Portland  Geu'l  Elec.  Co.,  three 
views,  plant  at  Oregon  City, 
Dr.,  164-165. 

Portland  University,  opp.  1 36. 

Port  Townsend.  Wash:  Central 
School,  410 ;  Court  House, 
41 0     Custom  House  409. 

Post  :    lis.  Spokane  River,  437. 

Post  Office.  Portland,  128. 

Potter,  T   J.  (steamer),  118. 

Price,  E.  C  (portrait),  Ellens- 
burg,  Wash.   415. 

Presbyterian  Church,  Tacoma, 
351. 

Pretty,  A.  E.f  portrait ),  Ballard, 
Wash.,  384. 

Prospecting,  Mont.,  70. 

Prospector  for  mines.  65. 

Prosjjector's  pack  train,  66. 

Prosser  F.ill.s  and  Priest  Rapids 
Canal,  Yakima  Valley,  Wash., 
422. 

Pros.ser,  Wa.-,h.,  irrigiiting,  4'24 

Prunes  raised  in  Willamette 
Vallev.  Or..  104. 

Puget  Sound  :— Boom  logs,  60  ; 
logging,  ,59  ;  log  chute,  58  ; 
log  from  chute  striking  water, 
6(J :  logging  train,  59  :  steam- 
boating,  33. 

Puget  Sound  I'ishing  Co.,  Taco- 
ma, 103. 

Pullman.  Wash  .:— Artesian 
well,  473  :  city  hall,  474  ; 
loading  wheat,  473  ;  Main 
street,  472  ;  public  school, 
474. 

Pulp  mills,  Oregon  City,  Or., 
1(50. 

Puyallup  Wash.  :— Bank  of  Puy- 
allup  building,  355  ;  Central 
school,  356  ;  First  Nat.  Bank 
and  opera  house,  355  ;  Meek- 
er, E.,  residence,  355;  picking 
hops,  359  ;  Pioneer  hop 
house,  357  ;  Spinning  block, 
356  ;  Stewart,  J.  P.,  block, 
356. 


Puyallup,   Wash.,   roller  spray- 
er, 360. 
Queen  of  Angels  Academy,  Mt. 

Angel,  Or.,  190. 
Railroad  bridge,  Portland,  132. 
Railroad  bridge  (  showing  train 

of  cars),  Portland,  132. 
Rainbow    Falls,    Lake  Chelan, 

Wash.,  452. 
Ramsey,  F.  C.  (  portrait ),    Boise 

City,  Idaho,  515. 
Rainier  school,  Seattle,  375. 
Revere  House,  Albany,  Or.,  1 77. 
Review  building,  Spokane,  437. 
Rheinpfalz  Hotel  Zur,  Portland, 

152. 
Ritzville,  Wa.sh.,   school   house, 

426. 
Riverside    ave.,     Spokane,     (  3 

views),  433,  434. 
Riverview    cemetery,   entrance, 

Portland,  146. 
Rock  Creek,  near  Newport,  Or., 

O'-.,  96. 
Rock  Point,   Rogue  River,   Or. 

212. 
Rocky      Mountains,      scenery 

Butte  Short  Line,  50. 
Rogue  River  Valley,   Or.,  Table 

Rock,  211. 
Rooster  Rock,   Columbia  River, 

37. 
Roseburg,       Or.  :  —  City      hall, 

204  ;      County   Court    House, 

205  .  Rose,  Aaron  (  portrait ), 
207  ;  school  building,  206. 

Rose,  Aaron  (  portrait  ),  Rose- 
burg, Or.,  207. 

Roslyn,  Wash.  :— Block  coal, 
413  ;  public  school,  413. 

Roth  block,  New  Whatcom, 
Wash.,  405. 

St.  Agnes  Falls,  Kootenav  Riv- 
er, B.  C,  23. 

St.  David's  Episcopal  church, 
Portland,  136. 

St.  Helen's  Hall.  Portland,  144. 

St.  Ignatius  Mission,  Mont., 
532. 

St.  James  Cathedral  i  2  views). 
Vancouver.  Wash,  308. 

St.  Joseph's  Hospital,  Aberdeen, 
Wash,  333 

St.  Josephs  Hospital,  Tacoma, 
352. 

St.  Patrick's  Church,  Portland, 
136. 

St.  Peter's  Hospital,  Olvmpia, 
Wash,  338. 

St.  Vincent's  Hospital,  Port- 
land, 131. 

Salem,  Or.:— Commercial  street, 
167  ;  F'ast  Salem  school,  169  ; 
electric  cars,  1 69  ;  Ladd  & 
Bush  bank  (2  views).  172; 
Lincoln  .school,  1  70  ;  Marion 
County  Court  House,  1 68  ; 
Svr'"  capitol,  H>6  ;  state  in- 
sane asylum,  171  :  state  pen- 
itentary,  171;  state  reform 
.school,' 1  71  ;  Willamette  riv- 
er bridge.  1(57  ;  Yew  I'ark 
school,  170. 

Salmon  cannery,  South  Bend, 
Wash.,  99. 


«■ 


^ 


602 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  ot  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Salmon  fishing,  Tillamook  Bay, 
Or.,  100. 

Salmon  ( frozen )  shipped  to 
World's  Fair  from  Oregon  City, 
Or.,  163. 

Salmon  industry,  Aberdeen, 
Wash.,  331. 

Salmon,  Royal  Chinook,  Colum- 
bia River,  98. 

Salmon  traps,  near  Blaine,  Wash. 
(  4  views  ),  4-07,  408,  409. 

Sandy  river,  source  of,  Mt.  Hood, 
6. 

Sawmill  scene,  Tacoma,  341. 

Scio,  Or.,  public  school,  182. 

Sea  Breeze  Hotel,  Pacific  Park, 
Wash.,  304. 

Seaside  opera  house,  Clatsop 
Beach,  Or.,  299. 

Seaside,  Or. :— Grimes  House, 
300  :    McGuire's   Hotel,  300. 

Seattle:  —After  the  fire,  367;  Al- 
len &  Nelson  Mill  Co.  sawmill, 
379  ;  an  office  building,  368  ; 
a  prominent  business  block, 
368;  a  prominent  corner,  367; 
a  well  known  corner,  370  : 
Central  School,  372  ;  Chief, 
Seattle,  364 ;  coal  bunk,°rs, 
370  ;  Columbia  school,  375  ; 
Congregational  church,  373  ; 
Court  House,  369  ;  Day  .school 
(Fremont), 374;  De-..iy  .school, 
373  ;  Dexter  Horton  &  Co. 
Bank,  382  ;  engine  house.  No. 
3,  376  ;  fire  boat,  376  ;  fire 
department  headquarters, 
375  ;  first  hou.se.  Alki   Point, 

364  ;  Front  Street,  366;  Front 
and  James  Streets,  364  ;  Har- 
bor, 364  ;  hauling  logs,  62  ; 
Holmes  Lumber  Co.,  380  ;  In- 
dian canoes,  377  ;  Kerry,  A. 
S.,  sawmill.  380  ;  McGilvra,  J. 
J.  (portrait),  371;  Meroer 
school,  375  ;  Minor,  T.  T. 
school,  373  ;  offices  Board  of 
Education.  372;  Olympia 
school,  375;  opera  house, 373; 
Pacific  school,  375  ;  Rainier 
.school,  375  ;  Second  street, (  2 
views),  366  ;  schools,  372  to 
375  ;  Smith,  H.  A.  (portrait), 

365  ;  Siioqualmie  ftiUs,  near 
city,  376  ;  South  school,  372  : 
Teshi  school,  369  ;  Third 
street,  367  ;  water  front  (2 
views ),  365  ;  Yesler,  Mrs.  M. 
G.  (  residence  ),  371. 

Seid   Back,   Chinese    merchant, 

Portland  (  portrait),  120. 
Seid  Back,   Chinese    merchant, 

Portland  (  store),  120. 
Sellwood     brewery,      Portland, 

153. 
Sheep  ranch,  Umatilla  Co.,  Or., 

278. 
Ship  building,  Tacoma,  344. 
Shoalwater  Bay,  Wash. ;— (  Map 

Willapa  harbor),  317. 
Silver  Bow,    Buttt,    Mont.,  550. 
Silver    Bow    Co,    Court    House, 

Butte,  Mont.,  553. 
Silver   King  mine.   Nelson,    B. 

C,  587. 


Silverton,  Or. :  —  Coolidge  &  Mc- 
Claine  bank,  187 ;  Cusiter 
Geo.  (  portrait ),  188;  public 
school,  187;  street  scene, 
186;  Wolf,  Adolf  &  Son 
(store),  187. 

South  Bend,  Wash.,  lyUmber 
Mnfg.  Co.,  320. 

Sovithern  Oregon  Mining,  67. 

Spinning  block,  Puyallup, 
Wash.,  356. 

Spokane  :  —  A  business  block, 
435;  a  residence,  436;  Au- 
ditorium, 435;  Bancroft 
school,  441  ;  Bryant  school, 
439  ;  business  center,  433  ; 
Cantilever  bridge,  431 ;  Con- 
gregational (second)  church, 
438;  Dillman,  L..  C.  (por- 
trait ),  442  ;  Franklin  school, 
441  ;  Griffitts,  T.  C.  (portrait), 
444;  High  School,  443; 
Hyde,  S.  C,  443  ;  Jones,  Ar- 
thur D.  (portrait),  444  ;  Leg- 
horn, J.  F.  (portrait),  445; 
Lincoln  school,  442  ;  manu- 
facturing district,  92  ;  marble 
ledges,  73  ;  N.  P.  R.  R.  depot, 
440 ;  N.  Y.  brewery,  43S ; 
Review  building,  437  ;  River- 
side avenue  (3  views),  433, 
434;  street  scene,  433; 
water  power,  93  ;  water  pow- 
er (4  views),  431. 

Spokane  river  at  Spokane,  431. 

Spokane  river  Canyon,  Wash, 94 

Spokane  river  at  Post  Falls, 
437. 

Spokane  river  scene,  45. 

Spokane  river,  Spokane, 
28.  45. 

Spokane  water  power,  28. 

Sprague,  Wash.:  —  Brooke,  G.  S. 
(  portrait ),  427  ;  cattle  round- 
up, 426  ;  Court  House,  427  ; 
Donahue,  T.  P.  (  portrait ), 
429  ;  general  view,  426  ; 
Gray,  James  B  (portrait), 
429  ;  harvesting,  427  ;  Mar- 
tin, H.  N.  (  portrait ),  428  ; 
Mount  Wallace  (  portrait ), 
429. 

Stark  Street  ferry,  Portland, 
lit). 

Steamboating,  Puget  Sound,  33. 

Steilacoom,  Wash.,  State  in- 
sane asylum,  345. 

Stephens  school,  Portland,  142. 

Stevensville,  Mont. :  --Churches, 
530  ;  Fort  Owen,  530. 

Stewart,  J.  P.,  block,  Puyallup, 
Wash,  356. 

Stock  scene,  Camas  Prairie, 
Idaho.  497. 

Stouts  I  Mrs.)  Hotel,  Pacific 
Park,  Wash.,  304. 

Sumner,  Wash.  :  —  Whitworth 
College,  362. 

Sun.set  addition,  Oregon  City, 
Or.,  162. 


Superior,  Mont. 
Surf     bathing. 

Wash,  301. 
Surf    bathing, 

298. 


531. 
Long 


Beach, 


Oregon     coast, 


"  Switchback,"  summit  Cas- 
cades, N.  P.  R.  R.,  44. 

Synagogue,  Portland,  136. 

Table  Rock,  Rogue  River  Val- 
ley, Or.,  211. 

Tacoma:  —  American  Lake, 
353  ;  Bryant  school,  351  ; 
catching  crabs,  102  ;  Central 
school,  352  ;  City  Hall,  346  ; 
coal  bunkers,  344  ;  coal  mine 
and  dump,  87;  coke  ovens,  88; 
C  street,  349  ;  C  street  busi- 
ness blocks,  &  «6  ;  discharg- 
ing tea,  347  ;  dry  dock,  350  ; 
Eleventh  street,  349  ;  Emer- 
son school,  351  ;  Eureka 
Sandstone  Co.'s  quarries  Te- 
nino,  353  ;  Exposition  build- 
ing,    353 ;     first     postoffice, 

340  ;  Franklin  school,  351  ; 
Franklin  school,  352  ;  Haw- 
thorne school,  352  ;  Historic 
church,   341  ;  Indian  canoes, 

342  ;  Irving  school,  350  ; 
Lincoln  .school,  351  ;  loading 
lumber  en  ships,  344  ;  load- 
ing wh'.-at,  347  ;  Longfellow 
school,  351  ;  Lowell  school, 
350  ;  Mt.  Tacoma,  343  ;  N. 
P.  R.  R.  car  shops,  342  ;  N. 
P.    K.   R.  car  shops,  interior, 

343  ;  N.  P.  R.  R.  yards,  44  ; 
oldest  church  on  Puget  Sound, 

341  ;  Pacific  avenue  from  9th, 

349  ;  Pacific  avenue  from 
13th,  349  ;  Pierce  Co.  Court 
House,  347  ;  Point  Defiance, 
345  ;  Presb.  church,  351  ; 
Puget  Sound  Fishing  Co., 
103  ;  sawmill  scene,  341  ; 
school  of  shorthand,  354 ; 
ship  building,  344;  St. 
Joseph's  hospital,  352  ;  Tait 
J.  W.  (  portrait ),  354  ;  tea 
steamship  at  docks,  349  ; 
trout  stream,  101  ;  v,-''<irt 
scene,  347  ;  Whitman  sc   .^ol. 

350  ;  Wright  Park,  345. 
Tait,  J.  W.,  Tacoma,  354. 
Taylor   Street    M.    E.     church, 

Portland,  136. 

Tea  ship  at  Tacoma,  347. 

Tea  steamship  nt  Tacoma,  349. 

Tenino,  Wash.:  —  Eureka  Sand- 
stone Co.'s  quarries.  353. 

Teshi  nark,  Seattle,  369. 

The  dalles  gorge,  Columbia 
River,  29. 

The  Dalles,  Or.,  approach  to, 
269. 

The  dalles  rapids,  Columbia 
River,  28. 

Third  and  Morrison  streets, 
Portland,  108. 

Third  and  Washington  streets, 
Portland,  109. 

Thompson,  R.  N.,store,Browns- 
ville,  Or.,  184. 

Thurston  Co.  Court  House. 
Olyupia,  Wash,  336. 

Tiger  mine,  Burke,  Idaho,  484. 

Tillamook  Bay  :  —  A  lumber 
camp,  53, 

Tillamook  Bay,  Or.,  salmon  fish- 
ing, 100. 


Index. — Illustrations. 


603 


Cas- 


Val- 


Tillamook county,  Or.,  logging, 
235. 

Tillamook,  Oregon  :  —  Court 
House,  237  ;  dairy  scene, 241  ; 
harbor  scene,  236 ;  Main 
street,  236;  Methodist  church, 
239  ;  public  school,  237  ; 
store,  Cohn  it  Co.,  23«  ;  store, 
Fearnside,  G.  W.,  238  ;  Tilla- 
mook Lumbering  Co.'s  saw- 
mill. 

Tillamook  stage  from  Korest 
Grove.  Or.,  232. 

Timber  felling  near  Aberdeen, 
Wash.,  57,  326. 

Timber  felling  near  Cathlamet, 
Wash.,  306. 

Timber  felling  near  Chehalis, 
Wash.,  58. 

Timber  felling,  Oregon,  55. 

Timber  felling  near  Snohomish, 
Wash,  388. 

Timber  felling  in  Oregon,  55. 

Tinker's  Hotel,  Long  Beach, 
Wash.  303. 

Title  page,  1, 

Tower  Lumber  &  Mnfg.  Co., 
Centralia,  Wash,  324. 

Townsend,  W.  M.  ( portrait ), 
Lakeview,  Or.,  226. 

Trinity  Episcopal  church,  Port- 
land, 135. 

Trout  fishing  near  Tacoma.lOl. 

Trout  fishing,  Willamette  Val- 
ley, Or.,  100. 

Two  Medicine  creek,  Mont.,  23. 

Umatilla  Co.  Court  House,  Pen- 
dleton, Dr.,  275. 

Umatilla  Co.  grain  field,  278. 

Umatilla  Co.  sheep  ranch,    278. 

Union  Co.  Court  House,  Union 
Or.,  287. 

Union  Depot,  Portland,  128. 

Union,  Or.:  —  Court  House,  287; 
public  school,  286. 

Union  Pacific  Ry.,  approach  to 
The  Dalles,  269. 

Union  Pacific  track  near  Viento, 
Columbia  river,  75. 

Unitarian  church,  Portland, 
135. 

U,  S.  life  saving  crew.  Long 
Beach,  Wash.,  301. 

University  of  Idaho,  Moscow, 
491. 

University  of  Oregon,  Eugene 
(  group),  199. 

Vancouver,  Wash.  :  —  Court 
House,  307;  Main  street,  307; 
officers'  quarters,  barracks, 
308  ;  public  school,  307  ;  St. 
James  cathedral  (  2  views  ), 
308  ;  school  for  deaf  mutes, 
307  ;  school  f  o  r  feeble- 
minded. 308. 

Victor  block,  New  Whatcom, 
Wash.,  406. 

Victoria,  B.    C.  :—  Beacon    Hill 


Park,  573  ;  Carey  castle,  572; 
city  hall.  572  ;  dry  dock,  Es. 
quimalt,  571  ;  high  school, 
572  ,  the  gorge,  573. 

Waitsburg,  Wash.:— Morrcw,  J. 
H.  (portrait),  460;  school, 
459. 

Wallace,  Idaho,  483 ;  church, 
484. 

Walla  Walla  Co.  Court  House, 
Walla  Walla,  Wash.,  456. 

Walla  Walla,  Wash.:  — Court 
Hou.se,  456  ;  farm  scene,  22  ; 
Fire  Dep't.  Headquarters, 457; 
Opera  House,  457 ;  Paine 
School,  456  ;  Penitentiary 
(2  views),  457,  458;  a  street 
scene,  455. 

Wardner,  Idaho,  Bunker  Hill 
and  Sullivan  Mine,  483. 

Washington  Co.  Court  House, 
Hillsboro,  Or.,  227. 

Wa.shington  : — Insane  asylum. 
Medical  Lake,  446  ;  insane 
asylum,  Steilacoom,  345; 
Normal  school,  Ellensburgh, 
414 ;  Penitentiary,  Walla 
Walla  (2  views),  457,  458; 
school  for  Defective  Youth, 
Vancouver,  307  ;  school  for 
Feeble  Minded.  Vancouver, 
308  ;  Soldiers'  Home,  Orting, 
Wash.,  411  ;  State  Normal 
school,  414. 

Watermelon  Patch,  near  Grants 
Pass   Or.,  210 

Watkilis,  iv.W.  (portrait),  Mos- 
cow. Idaho,  491. 

Weatherwax,  The,  J.  M.  Co.'s 
Mill,  boom,  Aberdeen,  Wash., 
332. 

Weatherwax,  The,  J.  M.  Co.'s 
Mill,  sawmill,  Aberdeen, 
Wash  ,  332. 

Weatherwax,  The,  J.  M.  Co.'s 
schooner  ( launch  of),  Aber- 
deen, Wash.,  333. 

Weinhard's  Brewery,  Portland, 
126. 

Weston,  Or.,  Public  School,  283 

Whatcom  Co.  Court  House,  New 
Whatcom,  Wash.,  403. 

Whatcom  Creek  Falls,  New 
Whatcom,  Wash.,  405. 

Wheat  Elevator,  Portland,  1 17. 

Wheat  (loading  ),  Pullman, 
Wash  ,473. 

Wheat  raised  in  Willamette  Val- 
ley, 20, 

Wheat  vessel  loading,  Tacoma, 
347. 

White,  Geo.  F.  (portrait).  Cas- 
tle Rock,  Wash.,  311. 

White  River,  Wash.,  412. 

Whitman  Co.  Court  House,  Day- 
ton, Wash,  464. 

Whitman  Co.  Court  House,  inte- 
rior, Colfax,  Wash.,  465. 


Whitworth  College,  Sumner. 
Wash.,  362. 

Wilbur,  Wash.,  450. 

Wilhelm's  Brewery,  Sellwood, 
Portland,  153. 

Willamette  Falls,  Oregon  City, 
title  page. 

Willamette  F'alls  (3  views), 
157,  158, 

Willamette  river  bridge,  Al- 
bany, Or.,  176. 

Willamette  river  bridge.  Pore- 
land,  132,  13.3. 

Willamette  river  bridge,  Salem, 
Or,  167. 

Willamette  river  scene,  Port- 
land's suburbs,  105. 

Willamette  river  suspension 
bridge,  Oregon  City,  158. 

Willamette  street,  F,ugene,  Or  , 
195. 

Willamette  Tannery,  Eugene, 
Or.,  196. 

Willamette  Valley  :  —  Limb  of 
prunes,  104  ;  tall  wheat,  20; 
trout  fishing,  100. 

Willapa  Harbor  Tannin  Ext. 
Co.,  South  Bend,  Wash.,  319. 

Willapa  Harbor,  Wash.,  map 
317. 

Williams  ave.  school,  Portlanil, 
143. 

Winlock,  Wash  : — School  house, 
312. 

Wilson  River,  Or.,  233  ;  Fall 
creek,   234  ;   Hers  fall.s,  234. 

Wilson  River  countrv,  Or.,  log- 
ging, 235. 

Wolf,  Adolf  &  Son  block,  Sil- 
verton.  Or.,  187. 

Wolff"  &  Zwicker,  iron  works, 
Portland,  137. 

Woodburn,  Or,,  public  school, 
165. 

Wright  Park,  Tacoma,  343. 

Yakima  Valley,  Wash.:  — Hop 
growing,  23;  Lcadbetter 
ditches  (series  of  views),  420, 
421,  422;  Sunnyside  cansil, 
419,  420  ;  two  year  old  or- 
chard, 423. 

Yamhill  Co.  Court  House,  M»;- 
Minnville,  Or.,  244. 

Yaquina  Bay. Or.  :—  At  Newport 
265  ;  bathing  north  jetty, 
Ii64  ;  Cape  Foul  weather,  264; 
entrance,  35  ;  Jump-Oif-Joe 
Rock,    263;    scene  nearba.v, 

262  ;  steamer  outward  hound, 

263  ;  surf  bathing,  263. 
Yesler,  Mrs.  M.  G.  (  residence  ), 

.Seattle,  371. 

Yew  Park  school,  Salem,  Or., 
170. 

Young's  Hotel,  Olympia.Wash., 
339. 

Young,  Samuel  E.  (  store  ),  Al- 
bany, Or.,  177. 


IN  DBX. 


(READING    MATTER. 


Aberdeen,  Wash.:  —  General 
description,  329  to  333  ;  sal- 
mon pack,  100. 

Abert  Lake.  Oregon,  36. 

Achnie,  Wash.,  coal  mines,  91. 

Ada  County,  Idaho,  510,  517. 

Ada  County,  Idaho,  gold  and 
silver  output,  78. 

Adam,  Chas.  S.,  Roslyn,  Wash., 
413. 

Adams  County, Wash.,  426,447. 

Adams  Couutv  Court  House, 
Ritzville,  Wash.,   426. 

Adams,  M.  J.,  Silverton,  Wash., 
187. 

Admiralty  Inlet,  Puget  Sound, 
33.  409. 

Ajrer,  Cal.,  217. 

Ager,  Cal.,  stage  to  Lakeview 
and  Klamath  Falls,  219,  220. 

Ahtanum  River, Wash. 41 7.422. 

Ahtanum  Valley,  Wash.,  417. 

Ailshie,  J.  F.,Graugeville,Idaho, 
491. 

Ainsworth  Bank,  Portland,  135. 

Ainsworth,  B.  C,  582. 

Ainsworth  school,  Portland, 
143. 

Ainsworth,  Wash.,  425. 

Airlie,  Or.,  257,  40. 

Alaska  :  —  Area,  8  ;  fishing,  97; 
mines,  85.  86  ;  population,  8; 
purchase  price,  8;  .salmon  can- 
ning, 99  ;  seals,  8  ;  timber,  64, 
65  (Alaska  is  reached  bj' 
stea.ner  from  Puget  Sound 
ports). 

Alaska  Commercial  Co..  8. 

Albanj-.  Or.:  —  General  descrip- 
tion^ 174  to  176,  also  see  39, 
42. 

Albany  (^Or.),  college,  176. 

Allbee.  The,  (Hotel),  South 
Bend,  Wa.sh.,  310. 

Alberta  Coal  &  Ry.  Co.,  B.  C.  52. 

Albiiia  Central  school,  Portland, 
143. 

Albina  Homestead  school,  Port- 
land. 143. 

Albina  Sav.  Bank,  Portland, 1.35. 

Albina,  suburb,  Portland,  41, 
113,  115. 

Albina,  railroad  shops,  41.131. 

Albion  Mine,  Montana,  547. 

Alder  Gulch,  Mont.,  77,  81,  82. 

Alderman,  The,  (Hotel),  Tilla- 
mook, Or.,  239. 

Alderman,  A.  L.,  Tillamook,  Or. 
239. 


Alexander,  R.,  Pendleton,  Or., 
276,  277. 

Alexander  &  Freidenrich , 
Grangeville,  Idaho,  501. 

Alfalfa:  —  Canyon  Co.,  Idaho, 
509;  Ellensburgh,  Wash  ., 
414 ;  Prosser,  Wash.,  424  ; 
Rogue  River  Valley,  Or.,  213  ; 
Walla  Walla,  Wash.,  458  ; 
Whitman  Co.,  Wash.,  467 ; 
Wood  River  Valley,  Idaho, 
518  ;  Yakima  Valley,  Wash., 
423,  424.  (  Also  grown  in 
Southeastern  Oregon,  the 
Willamette  Valley,  and  nearly 
all  parts  of  Pacific  Northwest.) 

Algonquin  Mining  Co.,  Mon- 
tana, 534,  535. 

Alice  Mine,  Butte,  Mont.,  84, 
557. 

Alice  Mining  Co..  Butte,  Mont., 
557 

Alki  Point,  Seattle.  364. 

Allen,  E.  W.,  Portland,  588. 

Allen  House, Tillamook,  Or.239. 

Allen.  J.  P.. Tillamook,  Or.,  239. 

Allen,  Mont.,  51. 

Allen  &  Nelson  Mill  Co.,  Seat- 
tle, 379,  380. 

Allie  Brown  Mine,  Mont.,  557. 

Almira,  Wa.sh.,  448. 

Almonds,  Medford,  Or.,  210. 

Alsea,  Or.,  99,  100. 

Alta  Coal  Mine,  Wash..  90. 

Alta  Mine,  Montana,  540. 

Althouse  Creek,  Oregon,  69. 

Alton  Mines,  Idaho,  499. 

Alturas  County,  Idaho:— Court 
House,  .520  ;  gold  and  .silver 
output,  78,  also  see  517,  518, 
519,  521. 

American  Creek,  Idaho,  493. 

American  Flag  Mine,  Men. ,545. 

American   Lake,  Taconia,   345. 

American  Nat.  Bank,  Helena, 
Mont.,  539. 

Amity,  Oregon,  258. 

Amy  and  Silversmith  Mine, 
Butte,  Mont.,  84. 

Anaconda,  Mont.  :  —  Copper 
mines,  83  ;  general  descrip- 
tion, 558;  mines,  64,  555, 
556  ;  railroads,  56. 

Anaconda  Reduction  Co.,  Mon- 
tana, 559. 

Aii.icortes,  Wash.  :  —  G  e  n  e  r  r  ! 
description,    391,    392;    r,: 
roads,  45. 

Ankeny,  Levi,  290. 

Annie  Con.  mine,  Oregon,  61. 


Antimony,  Thompson  Falls, 
Mont.,  525. 

Apples  :  —  Bentoti  Co.,  Or.,  263  ; 
first  tree  in  Oregon,  158  ; 
Oregon,  588  to  593  ;  Walla 
Walla,  Wash.,  458.  (Also  see 
fruit  culture;  grown  in  nearly 
all  parts  of  Pacific  Northwest.) 

Apricots:  —  Ashland,  Or., 
215  ;  Big  Bend  country. 
Wash.,  449  ;  Oregon,  591  ; 
Snake  River  Valley,  495  ; 
Wasco  Co  ,  Or.,  270  ;  Whit- 
man Co.,  Wash.,  467  ;  Yaki- 
ma, Valley,  Wash.,  433.  (Al- 
so see  fruit  culture  ). 

Arago,  Oregon,  266. 

Arkansas  Belle  mine,  Oregon. 
291. 

Arkansas  River,  Wash.,  311. 

Arlington  Heights  addition, 
Spokane,  446. 

Arlington  Heights  addition, 
motor   line,     Spokane,     439, 

440,  446. 

Arlington,  Or.,  41,  270,  271. 
Arrow    Lakes,    B.    C,   25,    44, 

441,  579. 

Artesian  wells:  —  Adams  Co., 
Wash.,  426  ;  Moscow,  Idaho, 
48P  ;  Moxee  Valley,  Wash., 
423  ;  Pasco.  Wash.,  425  ; 
Pullman,  Wash.,  473  ;  Tekoa, 
Wash.,  470  :  Yakima  Valley, 
Wash.,  423. 

Ashland.  Or.  ;  —  .^19;  general 
description,  214  to  216. 

Ashlanci  creek,  Or.,  214. 

Ashland  (  Or. ),  flouring  mills, 
216. 

Ashland  (  Or. ),  mine,  61. 

Ashland  (Or.),  Mining  Co., 
215. 

Asotin,  Wa.sh.,  27,  496. 

Astor,  John  Jacob,  107,  294. 

Astoria,  Oregon:  —  Early  rail- 
road history,  230  ;  early 
transportation,  117;  first 
settlement,  107  ;  fishing, 
114;  general  description, 
294  to  298  ;  precipitation, 
16;  salmon  canning,  99; 
temperature,  16. 

Astoria  &  McMiunville  R.  R., 
230. 

A.storia  &  South  Coast  R.  R., 
298,  299. 

Athena.  Or.  :  —  General  de- 
scription, 282,  283  ;  rail- 
roads, 47. 


Index. — Reading  Matter. 


605 


Falls, 


44, 


Co., 


R.    R., 


Atkinson,  Geo,  B.,  Portland, 
140,  141. 

Atkinson,  Geo.  E..  New  What- 
com, Wash,  405. 

Atkinson,  J.  B.,  Blaine,  Wash., 
407. 

Atkinson,  W.  H.,  Ashland,  Or., 
216. 

Atkinson  school,  Portland,  143. 

Auld  &  Johnson  Mills,  Ballard, 
Wash.,  384. 

Ayer's  Furniture  Factory,  Mon- 
tesano.  Wash.,  327. 

Badger  Mine,  Idaho,  480. 

Badger  State  Mine.  Mont.,  556, 

Bailey,  Dr.  V.  A.,  Hillsboro,  Or,, 
228. 

Baker's  Bav,  Wash.,   300,  301. 

BakerCity,  Or.,  70  ;  general  de- 
scription, 288  to  290 ;  pre- 
cipitation, 16;  temperature, 
16. 

Baker  County,  Or.,  291,  292; 
general  description,  288  to 
290  ;  gold,  67  ;  mines.  70. 

Baker,  Geo.  B.,  Dayton,  Wash., 
461,  462. 

Bald  Butte  Mining  Co.,  Mont., 
547. 

Bald  Mountain,  Idaho,  487. 

Baldwin  &  Reames,  Klamath 
Falls,  Or..  219. 

Ballard,  suburb,  Seattle,  369, 
384,  385. 

Baltimore  Market,  Portland, Or., 
104. 

Baltimore  Mine,  Ketchum,  Ida- 
ho, 521. 

Bancroft,  Idaho,  517. 

Bancroft  School,  Spokane,  Wash. 
442. 

Bandon,  Or.,  266;  precipita- 
tion, 16  ;  temperature,  16. 

Bank  of  Albina,  Portland,  135. 

Bank  of  Ashland,  Or.,  215. 

Bank  of  B.  C,  Portland.  135. 

Bank  of  B.  C,  Seattle,  382. 

Bank  of  B.  C,  Tacoma,  351. 

Bank  of  Brownsville,  Browns- 
ville, Or.,  184. 

Bank  of  Cheney,  Wash.,  430. 

Bank  of  ConDnerce  Centralia, 
Wash.,  322. 

Bank  ot  Fairhaven,Wash.,  401, 

Bankof  Forest  Grove.,  Or.,  230. 

Bank  of  Grangeville,  Idaho,  50. 

Bank  of  Montesano,Wa.sh..328 

Bank  of  Newberg,  Or.,  252. 

Bank  of  Oregon  City,  Or.,  162. 

Bank  of  Scio,  Or.,  182,  183. 

Bank  of  Spokane  Falls,  Spo- 
kane, Wa.sh.,  441. 

Banner  Mine,  Montana,  546. 

Bannock  Co.,  Idaho,  517,  522, 

Bannock  Indians,  522, 

Bannock,  Mont.,  81,  83,  563. 

Baptist  College,  Colfax,  Wash.. 
466, 

John,    Tillamook,   Or., 


Barker, 

236. 
Barker, 
Barley  : 

448  ; 

500  ; 

327  ; 


Montana.  51. 
—  Big     Bend, 
Camas   Prairie, 
Chehalis    Co., 
Colfax,    Wash., 


Wash,, 

Idaho, 

Wash., 

465; 


Dayton, Wash  ,  461  ;  Junction 
City,  Or.,  194  ;  Moscow,  489  ; 
Pullman,  Wa.sh.,  473  ;  Skagit 
Co.,  Wash.,  396;  Union  Co, 
Or.,  yield,  288  ;  Walla  Walla, 
Wash.,  458  ;  Whatcom,  396  ; 
(  also  see  wheat ;  raised  in 
nearly  all  parts  of  Pacific 
Northwest ). 

Barnes,  Geo.  A.  &  Co.,  Olvm- 
pia,  Wa.sh.,  338. 

Barnes,  W.  St,  M.  Portland,! 55. 

Barney,  Frank  M,  New  What- 
com, Wash,  406. 

Barrett  block,  Chehalis,  Wash., 
314. 

Barry,  Col.  Chas.,  39 

Bartholomew,  W.  L..  Buckley, 
Wash,  412. 

Basin  Creek,  Mont.,  554. 

Basin  mines,  Mont.,  546, 

Basket  factory,  Hoquiam,Wash., 
334. 

Bath  mine,  Mont.,  535. 

Bay  City,  Or.,  242. 

Bay  Creek  district,  Idaho,  79. 

Bay  Horse  mines,  Idaho,  70. 

Beacon  Hill  park,  Victoria,  B. 
C,  573. 

Bear  Creek,  Mont.,  554. 

Bear  Creek,  Or.,  213. 

Beaver  Canyon,  Idaho,  48. 

Beaver  Creek,  Idaho,  480,  486, 
487. 

Beaver  Creek,  Mont.,  545. 

Beaverhead  Co.,  Mont.,  ■<4, 

Beaverton  Valley,  Mont.,  rail- 
roads, 48. 

Bees,  Tillamook  Co.,  Or.,  240, 

Beets,  Skagit  Co.,  Wash.,  389. 

Beets,  -sugar,  Coos  Bay,  Or., 266. 

Belle  of  Butte  mine.  Mont. ,5.56. 

Bellevue,  Idaho,  519. 

Bellingham,  Wash.,  393. 

Bellingham  Bay,  Wash.,  33, 
393. 

Bellingham  Bay  and  adjacent 
country,  general  description, 
392  to  396.  (  Also  see  Fair- 
haven  and  New  Whatcom  ). 

Bellingham  Bay,  Wash.,  coal, 
88. 

Bellingham  Bay,  Wash.,  Gas 
Co.,  Fairhaven,  400, 

Bellingham  Bay  &  B,  C.  R.  R., 
44,  46,  377. 

Belmont  mine,  Mont.,  547. 

Belmont,  Wash.,  45. 

Belt  Mountain  and  Sand  Coulee 
branch,  Grt.  North.  R.  R.,  51. 

Benedictine  Sisters,  Mt,  Angel, 
Or.,  190. 

Bennett,  Nelson,  Tacoma,  393, 
397. 

Benn,  Samuel  Aberdeen, Wash,, 
330. 

Benton  Co.  Court  House,  Cor- 
valHs,  Or.,  261. 

Benton  Co.,  Or.,  general  de- 
•scription,  262  to  264. 

Benton  Co.,  Or.,  timber,  54, 

Benton,  Thos.  H.,  43. 

Berries  ;  —  (  See  fruit  culture  ; 
grown  successfully  in  nearly 
ail  parts  of  Pacific  Northwest). 


Bertha,  suburb  Portland,  147, 

Bickford,  K.  I,.,  Centralia, 
Wash.,  322. 

Biddle.  Kdward,  Dallas,  Or., 
254. 

Big  Bear  Creek,  Idaho,  493. 

Big  Bend  Country,  Wash.  :  — 
Centers  of  population,  446  to 
448  ;  general  description, 
447  to  449  •  Great  Northern 
Ry.,  45,  46  ;  lime,  94  ;  .soil, 
23.  (Also  see  26,  426,  427, 
430,  435.) 

Big  Bend  Nat.  Bank,  Daven- 
port. Wash.,  450. 

Big  Horn  Mountains,  Mont.,  81, 

Billings,  G.  F.,  Ashland,  Or., 
216. 

Bi-Metallic  mine, Mont.,  84, 534 

Bi-Metallic  Mining  Co.,  Mont., 
534. 

Bingham  Co.,  Idaho,  78, .517, 
523. 

Binkley  block,  Centralia, Wash., 
322. 

Birch  Creek,  Or.,  278. 

Birge  &  Leitch,  Centralia. 
Wash.,  323,  324. 

Bishop,  E.  R.,  Heppncr,  Or.. 
272. 

Bishop  Scott  Academy,  Port- 
land, 143. 

Bissinger  &  Co.,  Portland,  154. 

Bitter  Root  Development  Co., 
Hamilton,  Mont.,  531. 

Bitter  Root  ^lountains  (see 
Idaho  &  Montana.) 

Bitter   Root   River,  Mont.,  530. 

Bitter  Root  Valley,  Mont.,  526, 
527,  530,  531. 

Black  Cloud  mines,  Idaho,  484. 

Black  Bear  mine,  Idaho,  77, 
480,  485. 

Blackberries  (  also  see  fruit  cul- 
ture), Walla  Walla,  Wash., 
458. 

Black  Diamond  coal  mine, 
Wash.,  90. 

Black  Diamond  mine,  Idaho, 
486. 

Black  Diamond,  Wash.,  47, 
377. 

Blackfoot,  Idaho,  48,  523. 

Blackfoot  Indians,  526. 

Blackfoot  Milling  &  Mfg.  Co., 
Bonner,  Mont.,  64. 

Blackfoot  River,  Mont.,  526, 
537. 

Black  Jack  mine,  77,  79. 

Black  mine,  Mont.,  546,  547, 
557. 

Black  River  Junction,  Wash., 
47,  90. 

Black  sand,  Oregon  Coast,  68. 

Black   Tail   mines.  Idaho,  478. 

Blaine  mine,  Mont.,  534. 

Blaine,  Wash.  :— Genl.  descrip- 
tion, 406,  407  ;  Point  Rob- 
erts' Canning  Co.,  407,  408, 
409  ;  .salmon  pack,  100. 

Blue  Bell  mines,  B.  C,  581. 

Blue  Bird  mine,  Mont.,  546, 
547,  557. 

Blue  Bird  Mining  Co.,  Mcrtit., 
557. 


i 


'if 


|i| 


:.d ; 


606 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Blue     Canyon     Coal    Co.,    coal 

bunkers     near     Fairhaven, 

Wash.,  40. 
Blue  Canyon  coal  mine.  Wash., 

394-,  395,  403. 
Bohemia  mines,  I^ane  Co.,  Or., 

200,  202. 
Boise  City,   Idaho  :  —  Barracks, 

511  ;      description,     510     to 

516  ;  precipitation,  16  ;   tem- 
perature, 16. 
Boise  City  branch   U.   P.   R.   R., 

48. 
Boise    City    &    Nampa     Canal, 

Idaho,  517. 
Boise    River,    Idaho,    28,    507, 

509,  510,  517. 
Boise  Valley,  Idaho,   507,   509, 

510. 
Bolles  Junction,  Wash.,  46. 
Bonanza    mines,    B.     C,     583, 

586. 
Bonanza  mines,  Colville,  Wash., 

454. 
Bonanza  mines.  Or.,  70,  292. 
Bonner,  Mont.,  64,  529. 
Bonner's  Ferry,  Idaho,  25,   36, 

52,  580. 
Bonner's  Ferry,  Wash.,  587. 
Boston  mine,  Wash.,  74. 
Boston  &  Montana  mine,  Butte, 

84. 
Boston  &  Montana  Mining  Co., 

Butte,  556. 
Boston  &  Montana  mine,   Glos- 

ter,  84. 
Boston  Nat.  Bank,  Seattle,  382. 
Boulder  gulch,  Idaho,  480. 
Boulder    Hot    Springs,     Mont., 

544. 
Boulder  mines,  Idaho,  493. 
Boulder,  Mon.,  50,  546. 
Boundary  City,  Wash.,  453. 
Boundary  line  (International) 7. 
Boundary  mines.  Wash.,  454. 
Boven,  C.  D.,  Seattle,  364. 
Bowen    &   Small,    Baker    City, 

Or.,  289^ 

Brownsville,   Or., 


Idaho, 
Idaho, 
Mt.  Idalio,  Idaho, 
Grangeville, 


Boyer,  J.   D. 
185. 

Browne,  C.  M.,  Moscow, 
490. 

Browne.  R.  S.,   Moscow, 
490. 

Brown,  L.  P 
504,  505. 

Brown,     W.    W 
Idaho,  501. 

Bruneau  River,  Idaho,  517. 

Bradley  mine,  Or.,  292, 

Bredemeyer,  Dr.  W.,  Tacoma, 
76. 

Bridal  Veil  Falls,  Wash..  452. 

British  Columbia  :  —  Descrip- 
tion, 568  to  588  ,  area,  8  ; 
exports  8;  fisheries  output, 
8  ;  fishing,  97.  99,  100  ; 
mines  output  (gold),  8  ;  pop- 
ulation. 8  ;  railways,  51  ;  sal- 
mon canning,  99  ;  timber  re- 
sources, 65. 

Brooke,  Geo.  S,  Sprague.Wash., 
427,  428. 

Brooklyn  school,  Portland,  143. 

Brooklyn,  suburb  Portland,  146. 


Browne,  J.  J.,  Spokane,  434. 

Browne  Nat.  bank,  Spokane, 
441. 

Brown,  t,.  H.,  Tillamook,  Or., 
238. 

Brownell,  Geo.  C,  Oregon  City, 
163. 

Brownson,  Rev.  T.  G.,  McMinn- 
ville,  Or.,  247. 

Brownsville,  Or.,  183  to  185. 

Bryant  school,  Spokane,  442. 

Bucoda.  Wash  :  —  Coal,  92  ;  de- 
scription. 335. 

Bucoda,  Wash.,  Coal  Co.,  335. 

Buckeye  Mines,  Idaho.  487. 

Buckley,  Wa.sh.,  411,  412. 

Buckley,  Wash.,  Lumber  Co., 
412,  413. 

Budd's  Inlet,  Puget  Sound,  335; 
improvements.  338. 

Buffalo,  559,  560. 

Buffalo  Hump  (hill),  Idaho, 
503. 

Bullfinch  harbor,  Wash..  325. 

Bull  Run  Creek,  Or.,  133,  134. 

Bullion  Mines,  Idaho,  486, 
519. 

Bunchgrfiss  :  —  Big  Bend  coun- 
try, Wash.,  447  ;  Camas  Prai- 
rie, Idaho,  499  ;  Colville  Val- 
ley, Wash.,  435  ;  Montana, 
559  to  562  ;  Pasco,  Wa.sh., 
426  ;  Umatilla  Co.,  Or.,  278  ; 
Whitman  Co.,  Wash.,  467. 

Bunker  Hill  &  Sullivan  mine, 
Idaho,  479,  480,  482,  483. 

Burckhardt  Bros.,  Portland, 
156. 

Burke,  Idaho,  482,  483  ;  de- 
scription, 484 ;  railroads,  48, 
49. 

Burlington  Mines.  Mont.,  550. 

Burnett,  Wash.,  346. 

Burn.side  Street  bridge,  Port- 
land, 115. 

Burnt  Prairie,  Or.,  240. 

Burnt  River,  Or.,  290. 

Burrard's  Inlet,  B.  C,  569,  577. 

Butcher  Creek,  Idaho,  498. 

Butler,  J.  B.  Monmouth,  Or., 
260. 

Butte,  Mont.  —  Description, 548 
to  558  ;  banks,  553  ;  business 
blocks,  552  ;  churches,  654  ; 
clubs,  553  ;  copper,  83,  84, 
548  to  558  ;    Cons.    Ry.  Co., 

552  ;  Court  House,  553 ; 
Daly,  Marcus,  55.5  ;  Dugan, 
E.  O..  Mayor  of,  552,  553; 
early  history,  548  to  551  ; 
fire  protection,  554,  555  ; 
{fold  (placers),  548  to  551; 
incorporation,    551  ;    library, 

553  ;  lighting,  555  ;  location. 
551,  552  ;  McC.  White,  W.  & 
Co.,  558  ;  mines,  84  ;  mines 
production,  555;  mining,  548 
to  558 ;  mining  companies, 
556  to  558  ;  police,  552 ; 
quartz  mining,  550,  551  ; 
railroads,  551  ;  reduction 
works,  557  ;  residences,  553; 
schools,  553,  554  ;  smelting, 
551  to  558 ;  Streets,  552 ; 
street  railways,  552  ;  suburbs. 


551,  552  ;  wages,  552  ;  water 

works,  554,  555. 
Butte,    (  Mont.),  Cons.   Ry.  Co., 

552. 
Butte  &  Boston  Mining  Co,, 556 . 
Butte  Creek,  Or.,  173. 
ButterCreek,  Or.,  278. 
Buttercup  Mine,  Idaho,  519. 
Byam,  Judge,  Mont.,  564. 
Byles,  C.  N.,  Montesano,  Wash., 

327,  328,  329. 
Byles  &  Co.,  Montesano,  Wash., 

328. 
Cabinet  Rapids,  Columbia   Riv- 
er, 26.    \ 
Caldwell,  Idaho.  507,  509. 
Caldwell  For.  Co.,  507. 
cal.  it  Col.  River  R.  R.  Co..  38. 
California  Mine,  Idaho,  484. 
Calipooia  Creek,  Or.,  208. 
Calipooia   Hills,   Or.,  104,  113. 

207. 
Calipooia  River,  Or.,  175,  183, 

203. 
Calvin,  Mont.,  50. 
Camas    Prairie,   Idaho,    497  to 

504. 
Camas    Praire    Land    &    Town 

Co.,  Denver,  Idaho,  503. 
Camas  Swale  Creek,  Or.,  203. 
Cameron  Mine,  Or.,  69. 
Campbell,  P.  L.,  Monmouth, Or., 

259,  260. 
Canadian   Pacific  Ry.   in   B.  C, 

51  ;   Lumber    shipments,  65  ; 

at  Seattle,  377. 
Canadian   Pacific  Ry.  in  Wash., 

44. 
Canals  (also  see  irrigation.) 
Canal    &    Locks,   Oregon   City, 

Or.,  159.  164,  165. 
Canal,    (lumber).  The   Dalles, 

Or.,  268. 
Canal  (  water  power ),  Albany, 

Or.,   175,   177:  Eugene,  Or., 

196;    Harri.sburg,   Or.,   192; 

Lebanon,   179,    180;   Salem, 

Or.,  168  ;  Silverton,  Or,  187; 

Stayton,  Or.,  181. 
Candle   Fish    (Eulachan),  102. 
Cannon,  A.  M.  Spokane,  434. 
Canoe  River,  B.  C,  25. 
Canyon  Creek,  Idaho,  483,  484, 

485. 
Canyon     County,    Idaho,    507, 

517. 
Canvon    County,   Idaho,    Genl. 

Description,  508,  509. 
Canyon  Mountains,  Or.,  207. 
Cape  Flattery,  Wash.,  33;  fish- 
ing, 345  ;  Hshing  banks.  101. 
Cape  Lookout,  Or.,  241. 
Capital    Lumbering  Co.,    Win- 
lock,  Wash.,  312. 
Carbon  River,  Wash.,  354. 
Carbon   River,  Wash.,  coal,   91. 
Carbonado  Coal    Mine,    Wash., 

91. 
Carbonate  mine,  Or.,  70. 
Caribou  Mines,  B.  C,  569. 
Carp,  Oregon  &  Wash.,  102. 
Carpenter  Creek,  B.  C,  583. 
Carr,  F.  L.  Montesano,  Wash., 

328. 


m 


Index. — Reading  Matter. 


607 


Win- 


Caritte  &  Griniiell,  Spokane, 
4.3<). 

Carrots,  Skagit  Co.,  Wash.,  389. 

Carson,  J.  P.,  Moutesano,Wash. 
31.'8. 

Carten,  John,  Idaho,  484-. 

Carter,  E.  V.,  Ashland,  Or., 21 6. 

Carter,  V.  H.,  Ashland,  Or., 210. 

Carter,  Missjulia,  Portland, 140. 

Carlin,  John,  Caeur  d'Alene 
Mines,  479. 

Cascade  County,  Mont.,  gold 
and  silver  output,  84. 

Cascade  Mining  District, Wash., 
74. 

Cascade  Mountains.  (  Also  see 
Oregon,  Wash,  and  B.  C). 
General  course,  9  ;  Stampede 
tunnel,  342  :  view  from  Seat- 
tle, 370  ;  view  from  Tacoma, 
343  ;  in  Wash.,  73,  74. 

Cascades,  gorge  and  rapids,  Co- 
lumbia river,  28. 

Cascades,  locks  and  canal,  Co- 
lumbia River,  28,  29,  118. 

Cascades,  railroad  portage,  117. 

Cascade  River,  Wash.,  mining, 
74. 

Cassia  County,  Idaho,  517; 
gold  and  silver  output,  78. 

Cassia  Creek,  Idaho.  517. 

Cas,sia  Mines,  B.  C  .  570. 

Castle  Rock, Lake  Chelan,  Wash. 
452. 

Castle  Rock,  Wash.,  210  ;  coal, 
92;  Coal  Co.,  311. 

Catfish,  Oregon  and  Washing- 
ton, 102. 

Catherine  Creek,  Or.,  286,  287. 

Cathlamet,  Wash.,  general  de- 
scription, 300. 

Cattle.  (  Raised  in  all  parts  of 
Pacific  Northwest ;  also  see 
stockraising.) 

Cattle,  Baker  Co.,  Or.,  291  ;  Gil- 
liam Co.,  Or.,  274;  Heppner, 
Or.,  271  ;  Union  Co.,  Or.,  288; 
Wasco  Co.,  Or.,  270. 

Caufield,  C.  H..    Portland,  164. 

Caviar,  manufacture.  1 00,  101, 
114. 

Cavuse,  Indian  War,   Or.,  109. 

Ceciar  Creek,  Idaho.  493. 

Cedar  District  Mines,  Idaho, 
493. 

Cedar  Mountain  Coal  Mine 
Wash.,  90. 

Celilo,  Wash.,  27,  28. 

Cement,  Douglas  Co.,  Or.,  208. 

Centennial  Mine,  Mont.,  550. 

Center  Star  Mine,  B.  C,  584, 
585. 

Center\-ille,  Mont.,  551. 

Centralia,  Wash.;  description, 
320  to  324;  coal,  92;  also 
see  43. 

Centralia,  Wash.,  Furniture  Co., 
324. 

Centralia,  Wash.,  Lum!)er  Ex- 
change, 323  ;  also  see  45; 

CentralMine,  Idaho,  486. 

Central  Lumber  Co.,  Caldwell, 
Idaho,  507. 

Central  School,  Portland,  143. 


Central,  Wash.,  branch  N.  P.  R. 

R.,  45. 
Chadwick,  S.  F.,  Or.,  466. 
Chadwick,  Stephen    J.,   Colfax, 

Wash.,  466,  407. 
Chamber  of  Commerce  building, 

Portland,  131. 
Chapman  School,  Portland, 143. 
Charles  River.  Wash  ,  325. 
Chnrman,  F.  T.  L.,  Oregon  City, 

Or.,  163. 
Chehalem    Or.,  250.  251. 
Chehalem  River,  Or.,  104 
Chehalis,  Wash.,    312  to   316; 

also  see    46  ;  (louring    mills, 

315. 
Chehalis,  Wash.,    Improvement 

Company,  314. 
Chehalis  Co..  Wash.,  324,  326  ; 

timber,  58. 
Chehalis  River,  Wash.,  34,  317, 

323,    325,    326,    327,    329, 

330. 
Chehalis  Valley,    Wash-,    312, 

321. 
Chelan  Falls,  Wash.,  453. 
Chelan  Lake,  Wash.    (See  Lake 

Chelan  ). 
Chelan  Mines,  Wash.,  76. 
Chelan  River,  Wash.,   26,  321, 

451. 
Chemainns,  B.  C,  574. 
Cheney,  Wash.,  45.  430. 
Chenoweth  Park,  Oakland,  Or., 

203. 
Cherries      (See    fruit    culture.) 

Grown  successfully  in  nearly 

all  parts  of  Pacific  Northwest. 
Cherries,  Oregon,  591. 
Cherries,  Walla    Walla,  Wash., 

458 
ChetcoCountv,  Or.,  265. 
Chewaucan,  Or.,  221.223 
Chewelah,  Wa.sh.,  453. 
Chilberg     Block,     Olympia, 

Wash.,  337. 
Chinese  in  Portland,  119  :  min- 
ers. Baker  and  Union  C   .,  Or  ; 

291,    292;    miners      -  cvcn, 

70  ;  miners,  Wnshinj^i  vi,  73  , 

riots,  Seattle.  366  ;  367. 
Chlopeck     Bros.,    fish    dealers, 

Portland,  103. 
Chloride     Hill     mines,     Idaho, 

486. 
Chuckanut   Bav,   Puget   Sound, 

395  ;  coal,  88. 
Chuckanut    Sand.stone    Quarry, 

Wash.,  395,  404. 
Citizens       Bank,        Fairhaven, 

Wash..  401. 
Citizens  Bank,  Portland,  135. 
Citizens    Nat.   Bank.    Spckaise. 

441. 
Citizens    Nat.    bank,     Tacoma, 

351. 
City  ,Sav.  Bank,  Portland,  135. 
City  Park,  Portland,  128. 
City  Park  Transit  Co. ,  Spokane, 

439. 
City  &  Suburban  Rv.,   Portland, 

143. 
City    &    West     Portland     Park 

Motor  Co..  Portland,  147. 


Clackamas  Co.,  Or.:  —  Coal,  71  ; 
iron  at  Oswego,  70,  71. 

Clackamas  River,  Or.,  l()4,  161; 
salmon  hatcherv,  97. 

Clallam  Co.,  Wash,  411. 

Clancy  Hot  Springs,  Mont. ,444. 

Clancy  Mine,  Mont.,  540. 

Clarke  Co.  Court  House,  Van- 
couver, Wash.,  30S. 

Clarke  Co.,  Wash.,    307  to  309. 

Clark.  Miss  Abigail  M.,  Port- 
land, 141. 

Clark,  W.  A.,  Butte,  Mont.,  557. 

Clark,  W.  A  &  Co.,  Butte,  Mont., 
553. 

Clark's  Fork,  Columbia  River, 
25,  454.  477,  525,  532,  584- 
Thompson's  Falls,  525. 

Clatsop  Beach,  Or.,  298  to  300. 

Clatsop  Co..  Or.,  294  to  300  ; 
coal,  71. 

Clay  (  blue  point ).  near  KUens- 
burg,  Wash,  41 6  ;  (  fire  ).  near 
Ellensburg,  Wash.,  416; 
Helena,  Mont.,  544;  (pot- 
ters ),  Seattle,  381  ;  (  potter's), 
Winlock,  Wash.,  310  ;  Yaki- 
ma Co.,  Wash.,  418. 

Clearwater  river,  Idaho,  28, 
495,  497,  498,  503. 

CleElum  mining  district. 
Wash..  74. 

CleElum  river.  Wash.,  422. 

CleElum.  Wash.,  413. 

Climate  Pacific  Northwest,  9  to 
20. 

Clinton  Kelly  schoi  •  jrtland, 
143. 

Clover  Creek,  Tacon     ,  J53. 

Clover  Creek  Valley,  Or.,  288. 

Cloverdale,  suburb  Portland, 
140. 

Clubfoot  George,  Mont.,  508. 

Coad,  C.  G..  Dallas,  Or.,  255. 

Coal  :  —  Bellingham  Bay,  Wash,, 
394,  395  ;  British  Columbia, 
570;  Bucoda,  Wash.,  335; 
Castle  Rock,  Wash.,  311  ; 
Centralia,  Wash,  323 ;  Coos 
Bay,  Or.,  266;  Cowlitz  Co., 
Wash.,  311  ;  Douglas  Co., 
Or.,  208;  Ellensburgh,Wash., 
415  ;  Fairhaven,  395,  401  ; 
Florence,  Lewis  Co.,  Wash., 
316  ;  Oilman,  Wash.,  377  ; 
Hamilton,  Wash.,  391  ;  King 
Co.,  Wash..  378  ;  I-ake  What- 
com, 394  ;  Lewis  Co.,  Wash., 
316  ;  Montana,  85  ;  Nanai- 
mo,  B.  C,  574,  575  :  Neha- 
lem  Valley,  Or,  293;  New 
Whatcom,  Wash.,  403  ;  Ore- 
gon, 71  ;  Pierce  Co.,  Wash  , 
344;  Roslyn,  Wash..  413; 
Sand  Coulee,  51  ;  Seattle, 
377  ;  Skagit  Co.,  Wash.,  394, 
395  ;  Tacoma,  344  ;  Tilla- 
mook Co.,  Or.,  240  ;  Umatilla 
Co.,  Or.,  279  ;  Wellington,  B. 
C,  574  ;  Whatcom  Co., Wash., 
394,  395  ;  Yakima  Co., 
Wash.  418. 

Coal  Creek, Wash.,  railroads,  47. 

Coast  Fork  Willamette  River, 
Or.,  201. 


(m 


The  Ore^onian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Coast   Mountains   (see  Oregon.^ 

Coast  Range  Mountains,  gen- 
eral course,  i). 

Cod,  I'acific  Northwest,  101. 

C<enr  d'Alene  branch,  U.  P.  R. 
R.,  +8. 

C(tur  d'Altne  branch,  N.  P.  R. 
R.,  4.'.). 

Cd'ur  d'Alene  Indians,  Idaho, 
4-31.',  +33. 

CcEur  d'Alene  Indian  Reserva- 
tion, 4.33,  4-34.,  470,  482. 

Cfeur  d'Alene  City,  Idaho,  49, 
51. 

Cceur  d'Alene,  Idaho,  farms, 
482. 

CtEur  d'Alene  Lake  (  see  Lake 
Cteur  d'Alene ). 

CcEur  d'.Mene  Lake,  Fort  Sher- 
man, 434. 

Cicur  d'Alene  Lake,  3  ;  naviga- 
tion, 49. 

5<eur  c\'Alene   MiningCo..  488. 

Ctcur  d'Alene  Mining  District, 
description,  478  to  488,  78, 
434,  435  ;  labor  troubles,  77  ; 
railroads,  47. 

CcEur  d'Alene  River,  Idaho,  36, 
49.  478.  479,  480,  482,  483, 
48.5,  486,  487  ;  navigation, 
49. 

Coffee  Creek.  Or.,  208. 

Coffin,  Sherman  Caldwell, 
Idaho,  491 

Coffinau,  J.  Y.  Chehalis,  Wash., 
315. 

Coffinan,  N.  B.,  Chehalis,Wash., 
315. 

Cogswell,  C.  A.  Lakeview,  Or., 
224,  225. 

Cohn  &  Co.,  Tillamook,  Or., 
238. 

Coke  :  —  Fairhaven,  Wash.,  coal 
mine,  .394,  395;  Hamilton, 
Wash.,  89;  Taconia,  344; 
Washington,  88  ;  Wilkeson, 
90. 

Cole  &  Switzer,  St.  Helens,  Or., 
293. 

Colfax,  Wash.  :  —  Description, 
464  ;  railroads,  46. 

College  of  Idaho,  Caldwell,  507. 

College  of  Montana  Lodge, 
536. 

Collegiate  Institute,  Olynipia, 
Wash.,  337. 

Colonial,  The,  Portland,  150. 

Colorado  Copper  it  Silver  Min- 
ing Co.,  Mont.,  557. 

Colton,  C.  H.,  Tillamook  Co., 
Or.,  241. 

Col'on,  Wash.  :  —  (jcnl.  Descrip- 
tion, 4-75. 

Col.  Rivei  &  Pug.  Sound  R.  R., 
47,  377. 

Col.  River  &  Pugf.  .Sound  Navi- 
gation Co.,  299. 

Columbia  Co.,  Or.,  293. 

Columbia  Co.,  Wash.,  460; 
Court  House,  461. 

Columbia  Falls,  Mont.,  532. 

Columbia  Hotel,  Cathlamet, 
Wash.,  30. 

Columbia  Nat.  Bank,  Tacoma, 
351. 


Columbia   River   Paper   Co.,  La 

Camas,  Wash.,  309. 
Columbia  River  :—  Description, 

25  to  31  (also  see  298, 
425,  441,  447,454;  Arrow 
Lakes,  579  ;  British  Colum- 
bia (navigation),  47,  .52; 
Cascade  Locks  ^^  Canal,  2H, 
29  ;  Clark's  Fork.  454,  477, 
(  also  see  Clark's  Fork)  ;  Deer 
Park,  579  ;  Di.scovery,  294  ; 
Early  explorers.  107  ;  fish- 
ing industries.  9.5  to  \0\  ; 
gold  mining,  73  ;  in  British 
Columbia,  25,  587,  579,  586; 
in  Washington,  26.421,422; 
jetty  at  mouth,  297,  298 ; 
Little  Dalles,  453  ;  lower 
river  and  Willamette  river 
improvements,  30  ;  mouth, 
297,  298  ;  obstructions,  118; 
painted  rocks,  579 ;  Priest 
rapids,  26  ;  relation  to  Port- 
land, 129;  Rock  Island 
rapids,      26  ;      Rock    rapids, 

26  ;  salmon  canning,  96  to 
lOO ;  salmon  output,  1892, 
131  ;  scenery.  U.  P.  R.  R.  41  ; 
sturgeon  fishing,  lOO,  101  ; 
the  Cascades  gorge  and  rapids, 
28  ;  the  Dalles  rapids,  28  ; 
tide,  31  ;  traffic  from  Port- 
land, 117,  118;  upper  river 
transijortation,  76. 

Columbia  School,   Seattle,  372. 

Columbia,  (ship),  34,  294,  324. 

Columbia  it  Kootenay  Nav.  Co., 
B.  C,  579,  587. 

Columbia  &  Yakima  Irrigation 
Co.,  422. 

Colville  Countv,  Wash.,  435  to 
441 ,  450,  94. 

Colville  Indian  Reservation, 
Wash.,  453. 

Colville  Mines,  Wash.,  75. 

Colville  River,  Wash.,  453. 

Colville  Valley,  Wash.  :  — De- 
scription, 450,  451,  (  also  see 
435.  441;  railroads,  47. 

Combe,  Geo.  K.,  Portland,  151. 

Comet  Mine,  Idaho,  485. 

Comet  Mine,  Mont.,  546. 

Commencement  Bay,  Puget 
Sound,  340,  .343. 

Commercial  Bank,  Moscow, 
Idaho,  489,  490. 

Commercial  Bank,  Oregon  City, 
Or.,  162. 

Cominercial  Nat.  Bank,  Port- 
laud   135. 

Commercial 
351. 

Commercial  Nat.  Bank, 
382. 

Commercial  Savings  Bank,  Spo- 
kane, 441. 

Commercial  State  Bank,  Che- 
halis, Wash.,  314,  315. 

Commoner,  The,  Colfax,  Wash., 
46  O. 

Comox  Coal  Mine,  B.  C,  570. 

Concentrators  ( see  mining.) 

Cmconnully.  Wash.,  76. 

Confederate  Gulch,  Mont.,  gold, 
82. 


A 


Bank,      Tacoma, 
Seattle. 


Connaway.W.  P.,  Independenct-, 

Or.,  249. 
Connell,  Wash.,  46. 
Connor  Creek  mine,  Or.,  69. 
Conser,     Geo.,     Heppiier,    Or., 

272. 
Cook's  Addition,  Spokane,  439. 
Cook,  Louis  P.,  Baker  City,  Or., 

290. 
Cooley,  G.C.  &Co.,  Brownsville, 

Or.,  184. 
Coolidge,  Alfred,  Silverton,  Or., 

187. 

McClaine,   bankers, 

Or.,  187. 

S.,     Independence. 


South  Bend,  319. 
Tillamook,  Or., 


..,eburg  &  E.  R.   R. 


Coolidge  & 

Silvert  ju 
Coopei,    J. 

Or.,  249, 
Cooper,  T., 
Cooper,  W.  H 

239. 
Coos   Bay,     Or.;  —  Description, 

265  to  267.  (Also  see  3;", 
266)  ;  tl,  71  ;  route  from 
Drain  202  ;  route  fsoiu 
Roset  )r.,  206;  salmon 
pack, 

Coos  Ba^ 
42,  43. 

Coos  Co.,  Or.  :— 265  to  267; 
Coal,  71  ;  gold  in  black  sand, 
68  ;  gold  output,  69. 

Copper  :  —  Anaconda,  Mont., 
559  ;  British  Columbia,  580  ; 
Butte,  Mont.,  83,  84,  548  ; 
Josephine  Co.,  Or.,  210  ;  Mon- 
tana, 80  to  85  ;  Oregon,  71  ; 
Seven  Devils  di.strict,  Wash., 
459. 

Copper  River,  Wash.,  459. 

Coquille  City,  Or  ,  42. 

Coquille    River,    Or.,     32,  265, 

266  ;  salmon  pack.  100. 
Corbett,  H.  W.,  Portland,  138. 
Corbiu,  Mont.,  50. 

Corn  :  —  Big  Bend  country. 
Wash,  448  ;  Dayton,  Wash., 
461  ;  Medtord.  Or..  210  ; 
Rogue  River  Valley,  Or.,  213  ; 
Walla  Walla,  Wash,  458. 

Cornelius,  Col.  T.,  230. 

Cornelius,  Or.,  230. 

Cornucopia,  Or.,  287. 

Cornucopia,  Or.,  jnine,  291. 

Cornwall  Saw  Mill,  New  What- 
com, 405. 

Corvallis,  Or.  :  —  Description, 
260  to  262 ;  carriage  ami 
wagon  factory,  261  ;  distance 
from  Junction  City,  193  ; 
water  transportation,  118. 

Coshow,  O.  P.,  Brownsville,  Or., 
184. 

Cosniopolis,  Wash.,  325,  329. 

Cosmopolitan  Restaurant,  Port- 
land, 151. 

Cottage  Grove,  Or.,  201. 

Cotton.  Prosser,  Wash  ,  424. 

Cottonwood  .Butte,  Idaho,  497, 
501. 

Cottonwoo'l  creek,  Idaho,   498. 

Cottonwood,  Idaho,  501  to  503. 

Coulee  City,  Wash.,  450,  451. 
(Also  see  45,  130,  440,  448, 
452.  ) 

Council  Valley,  Idaho,  507. 


Daisy 


Couch  school,  Portland,  143. 
Covach,  G   H..  Portland,  104. 
Cowan,  John.  Mont  ,  HI. 
Cow  Creek,  or.,  20K. 
Cowlitz  Co.,    Wash.,   300.    3()7, 

310,  311  :  coal  mines.  iVJ 
Cowlitz  River.  Wash.,  28.  31(). 
Cowlitz    River     Valley,    Wash.. 

311,  312. 
Cowichan.  H.  C,  57-t. 
Cowychee  Valley.  Wash  ,  -H7. 
Cox,  R.  T.,  Pendleton.  Or..  277. 
Craig's   Mountain,    Idaho,  497. 

4.9H,  502. 

Cranberry  culture,  Tillamook 
Co.,  Or.,  24-1  ;  Ilwaco,  Wash., 
302. 

Crane,  A.  A.,  Harrison,  Idaho, 
491. 

Crane  Creek  Valley,  Idaho, 507. 

Crane  I.ake,  Wash..  452. 

Crater  Lake,  Or.,  217. 

Crater  Rock.  Or..  32. 

Crook,  A.  J.,  Clayton,  Idaho, 
491. 

Crowley,    H.   T.,  Spokane.  432. 

Crown  Paper  Co.,  Oregon  City, 
Or..  163. 

Cruise  Savings  Uank,  Helena. 
Mont.,  539. 

Cruise,  Thos.,  Mont.,  540. 

CrumViaker,  E.  S.,  Kendrick, 
Idaho,  494. 

Cumberland    Mine,    Mont.,   84. 

Gumming,  John,  Weston,  Or., 
284. 

Cunningham.  Chas.  ( sheep 
king ),  Pendleton  and  Pilot 
Rock,  Or.,  279  to  282. 

Curry  Co..  Or.,  265  to  267  ; 
gold,  68,  69  ;  timber,  54. 

Curtis,  Jas.  F.,  Boise  City, 
Idaho,  480.484. 

Curtis,  Mrs..  Portland,  150. 

Curtis,  The,  Portland,  150. 

Cusiter  &  Davenport,  Silverton, 
Or,,  188. 

Cusiter,  Geo.,  Silverton,  Or.. 
188, 

Custer  County,  Idaho,  5  21  ; 
mines,  78,  79. 

Custer   Mine,  Idaho,  480,  484. 

Custer  Mine,  Mont.,  546. 

Dairy  Creek,  Or  ,  229. 

Dairying  (  conducted  iii  nearly 
all  parts  of  Pacific  North- 
west) : —  Ben  ton  Co.,  Or.. 
262  ;  Clarke  Co..  Wash.,  309; 
Forest  Grove.  Or.,  231;  North 
Yamhill,  Or.,  243 :  Tilla- 
mook Co.,  Or..  240,  241  ; 
Tillamook,  Or..  236  ;  Uma- 
tilla Co.,  or.,  279  ;  Washing- 
ton Co.,  Or.,  229;  Yamhill 
Co.,  Or.,  246. 

Daisy  Mine.  Colville  country. 
Wash.,  454. 

Dai.sy    Mine,    Idaho,   485,  486. 

Dakota  Quartz  Lode,  Mont..  83. 

Dallas,  Geo.  M..  254. 

Dallas,  Or.,  254  to  256. 

Dallas,  (Or.)  City  Bank.  255. 

Dallas  (Or.)  Iron  Works,  254. 

Daly,  Bernard,  Lakeview,  Or., 
225,  226. 


Index. — Reading  Matter. 

Daly,  Marcus,  Mont.,  531,  555, 

559. 
Damitio,   A.,   Aberdeen,  Wash., 

332. 
Dandy  Mine.  Colville  country, 

Wash..  454. 
Daniel,  S,  M..  Scio,  Or.,  182. 
Davenport,    Wash.,     45,     448, 

449. 
David     Stanton     Mine,    Mont., 

545. 
Davis.  .K.  J.,  Mont.,  550. 
Davis.  A.  L.,  Portland,  141. 
Davis,   Theo.    T,.    Weston,   Or., 

283,  284. 
Day,  B.  I-".,  school,  Seattle,  372. 
Dayton,  Or,,  118,  253. 
Dayton,    Wash,  :  — Description, 

460   to    463  ;    railroads,  46, 

47. 
Dead      medicine    Mine,    Colville 

country.  Wash,,  75,  454. 
Decatur  (U.  S.  warship),  at  Se- 
attle, 365. 
Deschutes    River,  Wash.,    339, 

340. 
Deer  Creek,  Or.,  204. 
Deer  Lodge,  Mont  .  559. 
Deer  Lodge  Co.,  Mont.,  80,  84, 

535,  558. 
Deer   Lodge   Co.   Court    House, 

Deer  Lodge,  536. 
Deer  Lodge,  Mont..  535. 
Deer    Lodge     River,    26,    454, 

535,  558,  584. 
Deer   Lodge   Valley,   535,  558. 
Deer  Park,  B.  C,  579. 
Dekum  Bldg.,  Portland,  121. 
De  Lamar  Mine,  Idaho,  77. 
Demersville,  Mont.,  532. 
Dempsev  Lakes,  Mont.,  537. 
Denny.  A.  A.,  Seattle,364,  382. 
Denny  Coal  Mines,  Wash.,  90. 
Denny  School,  Seattle   372. 
Denton  Block.  Centralia,Wash., 

322. 
Denver,  Idaho.  503,  504. 
Departure  Bay,  B.  C,  570. 
Derrv.  Or.,  256. 
Deschutes  River.  Or.,  28,  270. 
DeSmet  &,  Cttur  d'  Aleue  branch, 

N.  P.  R.  R,,  50,  51. 
Devil's  Lake  country.    Or.,  234. 
Dexter    Horton    &,    Co,,    bank, 

Seattle.  382,  383. 
Dexter  Mine,  Mont.,  550. 
Dillman,  L.  C,  Spokane,  441. 
Dillon,  Mont.,  48. 
Discovery  Passage, Puget  Sound, 

33. 
Distillery.  Medtord,  Or.,  210. 
Dix,    A.'  ?.,    Winlock,     Wash., 

312. 
Di.vie,  Wash..  46. 
Doane,  Rev.  N.,  Portland,  141. 
Dodge,  J.  P.,  .A.shUuid.  Or.,  214. 
Dodge  &  Smith,  Seattle,  383. 
Dog  Fish,  100. 
Dolly    Varden    Mine,    Or.,    70, 

291. 
Donahue,  T.  P.,  Sprague.Wash., 

429,  430. 
Donaldscn,  F.  K.,   Oregon   City, 

Or.,  163. 
Douglas  Aline,  Mont.,  547. 


609 

Douglas  Island,  Alaska,  86. 
Douglas  Co.,  Or.:  —  Description, 

207,    208  ;    gold   output,  69  ; 

■.lickel,  71. 
Douglas    Co.    Bank,    Roseburg,  • 

Or.,  205. 
Douglas  Co.  Wash.,  447,  448. 
Downing,  Benj,,  Spokane,  432. 
Downing,   T.    W.,    Baker   City, 

Or.,  290. 
Drain,  Or.,  202. 
Drayton  Harbor,   Puget    Sound, 

406. 
Dream  Gulch,  Idaho,  487,  488. 
Drumheller,  D.  M.,    Davenport, 

Wash.,  4F0. 
DrumLummon     Mine,     Mont.. 

50,  84,  543,  546,  547,  548. 
Druinmond,  Mont.,  50  ;  general 

description,  .533. 
Dry  Dock.Esiiuimalt,  B.  C.,573. 
Dry  Dock. see  Tacoiiia. 
Dryer,  Thos.  J..  Portland,   111. 
Drv.sdale.  Daniel,  Blaine, Wash., 

408. 
Dry.sdale's    salmon     canneries, 

Blaine.  Wash.,  407  to  409 
Dudley  Junction,  Wash.,  4(5. 
Dugan,    E.    O.,     Butte,    Mont., 


nr.'i    nr. 


>53. 

Dumax  Plains,  Idaho,  502. 

Duncan  Mines.  15.  C.  587. 

Dundee,  Or,,  40. 

Dunsdale,  T.  J.  (  hi.story  Vigi- 
lantes, Montaim),  Mont  .5(53. 

Dunsmore,  B.  C,  52. 

Durachter,  Ernest,  Roslyn, 
Wash.,  413. 

Durham  coal  mines.  Wash.,  90. 

Duwamish  Indians,  365. 

Duwamish  River. Wash.,  34. 

Dyer,  R.  B.,  South  Bend,  Wash., 
319. 

Eagle  Block,  Spokane.  437. 

Eagle  Creek,  Idaho,  480,  487. 

Eagle  Mine,  Wash.,  454. 

Eagle  No.  1 ,  Mine,  Or.,  292. 

F;ag!e  Woolen  Mills,  Browns- 
ville, Or.,  185. 

Eagle  Woolen  Mills,  .store,  Port- 
land, 185. 

Eakin,  S,  B.,  Eugene,  197. 

East  Colusa  Mine,  Mont.,  556. 

F;ast  Cottage  Grove,  Or..  201, 
202. 

Eastern  Oregon  Mining  Bureau, 
Baker  City,  290. 

East  Helena,  .Mont.,  543. 

East  Fork  Mines,  Idaho,  79. 

East  Kootenay,  B.  C,  25,  578. 

East  Oregonian,  Pendleton,  Or., 
276. 

East  Portland,  Portland,  113, 
115. 

East  Rock  Canal,  Idaho,  517, 
524. 

East  Side  Ry.,  Oregon  City,  Or., 
161. 

East  Side  Ry.,  Portland,  113, 
115. 

East  Wellington  collieries,  B. 
C,  570. 

East  and  West  Gray  Rocks 
Mine,  Mont.,  556. 


■    :..     '■■ 

Vi 

!  1 

if 

1 

i 

r 

f 

r 


}10 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Ebertran,  Win.,  Tillamook  Or., 
236. 

Ebennan,  R.  L.,  Seasick,  Or., 
299. 

Ebey,  Col.  I.  N.,  Olympia. 
Wash.,  336 

Edison  Klec.  Ilium.  Co.,  Spo- 
kane, 438,  4.4.0. 

Edison  Sav.  Bank,  Tacoma, 
351. 

Edison  Srhool, Spokane,  442. 

Edison  suburb,  Tacoma,  345, 
349,  350. 

Ediz  Point  light  house.  Wash., 
411. 

Edwards,  Jesse.  Newberg,  Or., 
252. 

Edwards,  Weiner  &  Clark,  Port- 
land, 150. 

.  „an,  Mont.,  532. 

Eggs  shipped  from  Oakland, 
Or.,  203. 

Egypt  Mines,  Wash.,  450. 

Eldorado  Bar,  iMmt.,  85,  544. 

Eldredge,  Hugh,  N.°wWhatconi, 
Wash.,  403. 

Electrical  development,  Oregon 
City,  Or.,  163,  164. 

Electric  power,  Willamette 
falls,  Oregon  Citv.  158  to 
165. 

Electrical  development,  Spo- 
kane river.      (  See  Spokane.  ) 

Eleventh  St.  Cable  Road,  Taco- 
ma, 3+5. 

Elgin,  Or.,  41.  285,  286. 

Elk  City,  Idaho,  77.  499, 

Elk  Creek,  Or.,  202. 

Elk  Horn  Mine, Idaho,  521. 

Elk  Horn  Mines,  Mo;it.,  50,  84. 

Elk  Horn  Mine,  Or,  'J92. 

Elk  River,  Wash.,  340. 

Ellensburgh,  Wash.,  413  to 
416,  74. 

Elliot  Bay,  Puget  Sound,  341. 
364,  370. 

Elliot,  Simon  G..  38 

Ellis,  M.  M.,  Dallas,  Or.,  255. 

Pi;sburv,  Geo.  H.,  Centra!'a, 
Wash..  323,  324. 

Klma,  Wa.sh.,  340. 

Elmendorf,  F.  E,,  Spokane, 44(5. 

Elmore  Co.,  Idaho.  78,517, 

Emerson  School,  Spokane,  442. 

Emerson  School,   I'aci.nm,  350. 

Empire  City,  Or.  266. 

Empire  Mine,  Idaho,  79. 

Empire  Mine,  Mont.,  84. 

Empire,  Mont.,  548. 

I'Insor  Institute,  Portland,  155, 
156. 

Eiitrito  River,  Wash.,  26. 

Ivsplanade  Coal  Miiie.H.  (^,574. 


B.  C. 


precipi- 


temperaturc,  16. 
Nanaimo    Ry.,    B. 
,  573,  574. 
Fred,   Davenport, 


Esquimau, 

tation,  1(>  ; 
F)s(|uimalt  & 

C,  52,  572 
Essig,  Dr.  N. 

Wash.,  450. 
Estill,  J.  W.,  Montana,  534. 
Eugene,  Or,,  194  to  20O  ;  also 

see  32,  118. 
.  i,ulachan  (  candle  fish  ),  102. 
E;;rcka  Junction,  Wash.,  47. 
Eureka  Mine,  Mont.,  545. 


Flureka  Sandstone  Co.,  Tacoma 

and  Tenino,  353,  354. 
Evening  Mine,  Idaho,  486, 
Everett,  Wash.,  385,  386  ;  also 

sec  47,  377,  411, 
Everett  &  Monte  Cristo  R.  R,, 

Wash.,  48,  74,  377,  385,  388. 
EvereLt,  Port  Angeles  &  Pac.  R. 

R.,  411. 
Excelsior  Mine,  Wash.,  454. 
Exchange  Nat.  Bank,  Spokane, 

441. 
Failing,  Henry,  Portland.  138. 
Failing  School,  Portland,  143. 
Fairhaven,  Wash.,  396  to  401. 
Fairhaven  Foundry  &  Machine 

Co.,  401. 
Fairhaven  Land  Co.,  393,  398. 
Fairhaven   Land  Co's  sawmill. 

New  Whatcom.  Wash..  40.'=. 
Fairhaven  (Wash.,)  Nat.  Bank, 

401. 
Fail  haven     &     New    Whatcom 

Elec.  Ry.,  395,400   403. 
Fairhaven  (  Wash.  )  &  Southern 

R   R.,  398,  399,  400.     (  Also 

see      Fairhaven     and     New 

Whatcom ). 
Fairweather,  W.  M..  Mont.,  81. 
F'ancy  Gulc'i.  Idaho,  488. 
Farmers'  Bank, Weston, Or., 28. T. 
Farmers'  Friend  Canal,   Idaho, 

524. 
Farmers  Ik.  Merchants'  Ins.  Co., 

Albany,  Or.,  178. 
Farmington  branch  N.  P.  R.  R.. 

45. 
Farmington,  V/ash,,  468  ;  also 

see  45.  46. 
Farnsworth,    O.    R.,    Heppner, 

Or.,  272. 
Father  Demers  (Jesuit )   453. 
Father  De  Smet,  526,  530. 
Father  Joset,  432,  43.'V 
Kather  Ravalli,  Mont.,  530. 
Faulkner,  L.  C.,Chehalis,Wash., 

31 4. 
I'ay    Templeton    Mine,     Idaho. 

487. 
Fearnside,  G.W., Tillamook, Or., 

238. 
Fergus    Co.,     Mont.,    ijold    and 

silver  output,  84. 
Ferguson,    K.    C.    Snohomish, 

Wash..  386,  387. 
Ferguson,  James  F.  Baker  City, 

Or.,  290. 
Fernald,    Walter,    Baker    City, 

Or.,  290. 
Fernwood      School,      Portland, 

143. 
Fidalgo   I.s'.uul,     Puget    .Sound, 

39(),  391. 
Fidelity  Trust  Co..  Tacoina,3r)  1 . 
Fields,  .Ingh,  (iotdendale,  Wash. 

310. 
Fig.".,    Medford,    Or,,    210  ;    in 

Oregon,  591. 
Filkins  Bank.  Co.,  Seattle,  382. 
Finlay,    Francoi.s,   Mont.,    535. 
First   Nat.   Bank,   Albany,  Or., 

176. 
First  National  Bank,  Baker  City, 

Or.,  2C0. 


First  Nat.  Bank,  Butte,   Mont.. 
553. 

First     Nat.     Bank,     Centraliii, 
Wash.,  322. 

Fir.st    National  Bank,    Cheney. 
Wash.,  430. 

First  National  Bank,  Chehalis, 
Wash.,  314,  315. 

Firs^t  National  Bank  o.  E.  Port- 
land. Portland,  135. 

F'irst   Nat.   Bank,  Eugene,   Or.. 
197. 

First    Nat.     Bank,     Fairhaven, 
Wash..  401. 

First   Nat.     Bank,    Goldendale, 
Wash.,  310. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Helena,  Mont.. 
539. 

First  National    Bank,  Heppnt-r. 
Or.,  271,  272. 

First  Nat   Bank,  Hillsboro,  Or  , 
228. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Independence. 
Or,  249. 

First  Nat.  Bank  Kendrick,  Ida- 
ho, 493. 

First  National  Bank,  McMinn- 
ville.  Or  ,  246. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Missoula. Mont. 
529. 

First.  Nat.  Bank,  Montesatio, 
Wash.,  328. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Mt.  Vernon, 
Wash.,  389, 

First  Nat.  Bank,  CMympia, 
W^-ish.,  337,  338. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Portland.  138. 
139. 

I'.i-i  National  Bank  Building. 
PuvalUip,  Wash..  356. 

First' Nat   Bank,  .Seattle   382. 

First  Nat.  Bank,  Spokane,  436. 
441. 

Fir  (timber).  54,  5,5. 

I'ish  Creek,  B.  C,  579. 

F  i  s  h  i  n  g     Industries     Pacific 
Northwest,    95   to    104 ;  out 
put,  7  ;  output.  B.  C.  8, 

Fishing  (also  see  salmon);  As- 
toria, or.,  294  lo  297;  Blaine, 
Wash.,  407;  British  Colum- 
bia, .'"ii71  ;  Cape  Flattery, 
;{45  ;  Cav>e  Lookout  U.iy,t)r.. 
242  ;  Cathlamet,  Wash..  306; 
Columbia  river,  9!J  to  lOl  : 
Coos  Bay,  Or.,  2(>7  ;  llwnco. 
Wash.,  302  ;  Kalama,  Wash.. 
306  ;  Klamath  Co..  Or.,  218  ; 
Near  Roseburg.  Or,  204; 
Puget  Sound,  345,  381  ;  Seat- 
tle, 381  ;  Semiahmoo,  Wash., 
407,  408,  409 ;  Tillamook 
B.iy,  Or.,  (see  Tillamook  it 
Tillamook  Co.)  ;  Washing- 
ton Coast,  3-t5  ;  Wilson  Riv- 
er, Or.,  234:  Vatiuiua  Bay, 
Or.,  264. 

F  i  s  h  i  n  g  (pleasure)  ;  (  also 
see  trout  fishing )  :  Cocur 
d'Aleue,  Idaho,  481  ;  Deer 
Lodge,  Mont.,  537  ;  Flathead 
Lake.  Mont.,  532  ;  Hailey, 
Idaho,  520  ;  Kootenay  River, 
B,  C,  579;  Lake  Whatcom, 
Wash.,  404  ;  Near  Hoquiam, 


Index. — Reading-  Matter. 


611 


i 


Wash.,  334;  Necanicum  Riv- 
er, Or,  279-  Pacific  Park, 
Wash.,  304;  Pen  d'Oreille, 
Idaho,  497;  Ratlidrum, 
Idaho,  477;  Rimini.  Mont., 
545;  Silver  Lake,  Wash.,  311 ; 
Thompson  Fa'.ls,  Idaho,  525; 
Vancouver  Island,  H.  C.  573; 
White  River,  Wash..  412  ; 
Winlock,  Wash.,  312;  Yam- 
hill Co.,  Or.,  248. 

Fish  Oil,  British  Columbia, 571. 

Flf.thead  Indians,  527,  530. 

Flathead  Indian  Reservation, 
Mont.   531.  532,  53o. 

Flatb.ad  Lake,  Mont.,  532,  3G. 

Flathead  River,  Mont.,  532. 

Flathead  Valley,  Mont.,  527. 

Flathead  Valley,  Mont.,  genl. 
description,  531  to  533. 

Flax:  — Camas  Prairie,  Idaho, 
'ii)8;  Mu-scow,  Idaho,  489; 
Pullman,  Wa-\,  473;  Whit- 
man Co.,  Wash.   41^7. 

Fleming  &  Ayers  ('\imber 
mills),  Ballard,  Wash.,  38-., 

Flinn,  L.,  Albany.  Or.,  176. 

Flint  Creek   Mines,  Mo'it.,  .534. 

Flint  Creek  Valley,  Mont..  533, 
534. 

Flint,  S.  C  Rosehurji,  Or..  205. 

Florence  Coal  Min'-s.  Wash., 
320,  323. 

Florence,  Idaho.  77. 

riorcnce  Mines,  Idaho,  404, 
499. 

Flour  :  —Albany,  Or,,  175; 
A.shland,  Or,,  21  r>  ;  Blackfoot, 
Idaho,  523  ;  Boise  City,  Idaho, 
511  ;  Brownsville,  Or.,  183, 
185;  Cheney,  Wash.,  430  ; 
Chehalis,  Wash.,  315  ;  Col- 
fax Wash.,  4t>()  ;  Corvallis, 
Or.,  2<U  ;  Cottc>nwoo<l.  Idaho, 
502  ;  Dallas,  Or,,  254  ;  Dav- 
enport. Wash.,  -t49  ;  Dayton, 
Wash.,  4(51  ;  East  Cottase 
(irove,  Or.,  201  ;  I^lleiishurgh, 
Wash.,  415  ;  Kugene,  Or  , 
195;  I'armington,  Wash., 
4(58;  Forest  Grove,  Or.,  230; 
Garfield.  Wash,.  408  ;  Gold- 
endale,  Wash..  309  ;  Grange- 
ville,  Idaho,  .501  ;  Heppnir, 
Or..  271  ;  Hlllsboro,  Or,,  227; 
Idaho  Falls,  Idaho,  523;  In- 
dependence, Or.  249  ;  Jeflfer- 
soii,  Or.,  174  ;  Junction  City, 
Or.,  194;  Kendrick,  Idaho, 
493  ;  Lafayette,  Or.,  252  ;  La 
Grande,  Or  ,  28.5  ;  Lakevievv, 
Or.,  223;  Lebanon.  Or.,  179  ; 
Levviston,  Idaho,  490  ;  Mc- 
MinnvtUe,  Or..  24.5  :  Mcdford 
Or.,  210  ;  Milton,  Or,,  284  ; 
Mt.  Idaho,  Idaho,  504  ;  New- 
berg.  Or  ,  250  Oakcsdale, 
Wash.,  409;  Oakland,  Or.. 
204  ;    Ocosta,    Wa^H      334  ; 


Oregon  City.  Or,,  103;  Pa- 
louse.  Wash.,  471  ;  Pendle- 
ton, Or.,  275  ;  I'omerov. 
Wash.,  464;  Portland,  130; 
Prosser,  Wash.,  425  ;  Ritz- 
ville,  Wash.,  426  ,    Roseburg, 


Or.,  205  ;  Salem,  Or.,  168; 
Scio,  Or.,  182  ;  Sheridan,  Or., 
25!-'.;  Silverton,  Or.,  186; 
'  pokane,  4  38;  Sprague, 
Wash.,  428  ;  Stavton,  Or., 
181  ;  Tacoir.a,  344.  347  ; 
The  Dalles,  Or.,  268  ;  Union 
Or..  287  ;  Waitsburg,  Wash., 
459;  Walla  Walla, Wash.,  456, 
457,  458  ;  Weiser,  Idaho, 
505  ;  Wilbur,  Wash.,  450. 

Flux  fur  smelters,  93,  94 

'■oley,  J.  E.,  La  Grande,  Or.. 
286. 

Forbes  &  Breeden  Building, 
Portland,  121. 

Forest  Grove,  Or.,  gen.  descrip- 
tion, 230  to  232. 

Forest  Grove  to  Tillamook,  Or., 
stage  ride,  232  to  235. 

Forests.     ( See  timber). 

Formosa  Mines,  Idaho.  485. 

Fort  Benton,  Mont,,  38,  49,  51, 
82,  432. 

Fort  Hall  Indian  Reservation, 
Idaho,  517,  522,  523. 

Fort  Klamath,  Or,,  218. 

Fort  Missoula,  Mont.,  530. 

Fori  Nisqually.  Wash.,  345. 

Fort  Owen,  Mont.,  530. 

Fort  Shepherd,  B.  C.  25,  584. 

Fort  Shepherd  &  Nelson  Ry.,  B. 
C,  586, 

Fort  Sherman,  Idaho,  434, 
482. 

Fort  Steilacoom,  Wash.,  345. 

Fort  Stevens,  Or..  298. 

Fort  Vancouver,  Wash.,  .307  to 
309  ;  also  see  108,  14(>. 

Fort  Victoria,  B.  C,  568. 

Fort   Walla   Walla,  Wash.,  457. 

Ko>irth-of-July  Canyon,  Ida,,  51 . 

l-'ox,  A.  T.,  Sumner,  Wash. ,362. 

Franklin  Co.,  Wash.,  425,  447. 

Franklin,  Idaho,  48. 

Franklin  Market, Portland, 156. 

Frankhn  School,  Spokane, 442. 

Frankl-n,  Wash.,  (coal  mines), 
377,      ),  47. 

Eraser  Kiver,  B.  C,  569,  571, 
57 ~.  578  ;  salmon,  99,  407 
t(     K)9. 

Free  Thinker  Mine,  Or.,  291 . 

Fremont  Co.,  Idaho,  51  7. 

Fremont  i suburb), Seattle,  369. 

French  Prairie,  Or.,  173 

Front  St.  Cable  Rv.  Co.,  Seattle, 
369. 

Fruit  C\iUure  ;  — Adams  Co., 
Wash..  426;  Amity,  Or.,  258; 
Ashland,  Or.,  215;  Baker '^o., 
or.,  291;  Benton  Co.,  )r., 
263;  Big  Bend  counl.-y, 
Waih.,  448,  449;  Bitter  Root 
Valley,  Mont.,  526;  Camas 
Prairie,  Idaho,  498;  Canyon 
Co.,  Idaho,  509  ;  Chehalem 
Valley,  Or,,  250;  Clarke  Co  , 
Wash.,  308,  309;  Columbia 
River  Vallev,  Wash.,  445; 
Colville,  Wash.,  455  ;  Coos 
Hav,  Or.,  266;  Dallas,  Or., 
254;  Dayton,  Or.,  253;  Deer 
Lodge  Valley,  Mont.,  536; 
Douglas  Co.,  Or.,  208;  Ellens- 


burgh,  Wash.,  414;  Flathead 
Valley,  Mont.,  532;  Forest 
Grove,  Or.,  231  ;  Grant's 
Pass,  Or.,  209;  Hood  River 
Valley,  Or.,  267,  268;  Horse 
Plains,  Mont.,  526;  Independ- 
ence, Or.,  249;  Jackson  Co., 
Or..  213;  Jefferson,  Or,,  174; 
Josephine  Co.,  Or.,  209; 
Klickitat  Vallev,  Wash.,  310; 
Lafayette,  Or.,  252  ;  La 
Grande,  Or.,  284;  Lane  Co., 
Or.,  200,  201  ;  Lewis  Co., 
Wash.,  316;  Lewiston,  Idaho, 
495;  Linn  Co.,  Or.,  179;  Med- 
ford.  Or.,  210;  Milton,  Or., 
284;  Milton  Valley,  Or..  279; 
Newberg,  Or.,  251 ;  North 
Yamhill,  Or.,  243;  Oakland, 
Or.,  203.  204;  in  Oregon, 
588  to  593;  Palou.se,  Wash., 
472;  Polk  Co.,  Or,,  257;  Pot- 
latch  country,  Idaho,  493; 
Prosser,  Wash.,  424;  Puyal- 
Inp,  Wash.,  356,  357;  Puyai- 
lup  Valley,  Wash.,  362; 
Ra(  hdrum,  Idaho,  476;  Rogue 
Ri\  ?r  Valley,  Or.,  213;  near 
Rospb\irg,  Or.,  206;  Salem, 
Or.,  179;  Silverton,  Or.,  188; 
Snake  River  Vallev,  Wash., 
445;  Stuck  Valley,  Wash., 
362;  Teko'i,  Wash.,  470;  The 
Dalles,  Or.,  269;  Tillamook 
Co.,  Or.,  240;  Touchet  Val- 
ley, Wash.,  459;  Umatilla 
Co.,  Or.,  279;  Union  Co.,  Or., 
288;  Walla  Walla  Co.,  Wash., 
458;  Wasco  Co.,  Or.,  270; 
Washington  Co.,  Or.,  229; 
Weiser,  Idaho,  .506;  Weiser 
Vallev,  Idaho,  507;  Whitman 
Co.,  vVash.,  467;  White  Riv- 
er Vallev,  Wash.,  363;  Wil- 
lamette Valley,  Or.,  105; 
Wood  River  Valley,  Idaho, 
518;  Yakima  Valley,  Wash., 
417,  418.  421,  423,  424; 
Yaml  ill  Co.,  Or.,  248;  Ya- 
quina  Bay,  Or.,  264. 

Fruit,  first  shipment  from  Port- 
land, 111. 

Fr\iit  Insect  Pest,  593. 

Fruit  frees, Woodburn,  Or., 165. 

Fulton  &  Bell,  Dallas,  Or.,  256. 

Fulton  School,  Portland,  143. 

Fulton  Tannery,  Portland,  154. 

Funk, I.  A.,  Moscow,  Idaho, 490. 

Furs,  British  Columbia,  571. 

Gagnon  Mine,  Mont.,  557. 

Gaines,  J,  W.,  Scio,  182. 

Galena.     (  See  lead.) 

Gales  City,  Or.,  232. 

Gales  Creek,  Or.,  229. 

Gallagher,    Jack,    Mont., 
568. 

Gallatin  Co..  Mont.,  84. 

Gallatin  Valley,  Mont.,  49,  551. 

Galloway, 
Or.,  247. 

Garfield  Co 
ing.  73. 

Garfield,  Wash..  467,  468. 

Garibaldi,  Or.,  242. 

Garland,  S.M., Lebanon, Or., 181 


567, 


Wra.,    McMinnville, 
Wash.,  463  ;  min- 


V; 


*1 


EH 


612 


The  Ovegonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Garrison,  Mont  ,  nsf).   (Also  see 

48,  50,  551.1 
Gate  City.  Wash.,  4.5. 
Gates  Shinple    Mill,   Chehalis, 

Wash.,  ;U5. 
(>auU,    K.    B.,     Moscow,     Idaho, 

491 
Gazette,     The      (Newspaper), 

Colfax,  Wash.,  460. 
Gearhart  Park,  Dr.,  iiOlt. 
George,  M.  C,  lil»7. 
Gem      Drug     Store,      Chehalis, 

Wash., 314. 
Gem,  Idaho,  485. 
Gem  Mine,  Idaho,  480,  485. 
Genesee,  branch  N.  V.  R.  K.,45. 
Genesee,  Idaho,  47G.    (Also  see 

49.) 
Genesee  Mine,  Mont.,  547. 
Geneva   Mineral    Water,    Port- 
land, 156,  157. 
German  American   Rank,  Taco- 

ma,  351. 
Gervais,  Or.,  166. 
Gettysburg    Mine,    Idaho,   486. 
Gevser  Falls,  Kootenay    River, 

B.  C,  580. 
Gilbert,  A.T.,  Kendrick,  Idaho, 

494. 
Gilbert,  1'".  N.,  Kendrick,  Idaho, 

494. 
Gilchrist,       Chas.,      Centralia, 

Wash.,  822. 
Gilkey,  H.  I,.,  Montesano.Wash. 

oow 

Gilliam  Co..  Or.,  274. 

Ciilman,  Wash,  (coal),  89,  90, 
377,  45. 

Glacial  drift.  Wash.,  89. 

Gladstone,  suburb,  Oregon  City, 
Or.,  161, 

Glenn's  Ferrj-,  Idaho,  518. 

Gloster,  Mont.,  mines,  84,  584. 

Glover,  J.  N.,  Spokane,  432, 
434. 

Goble,  Or.,  42,  70. 

Godfrey,  O.  F  ,  Roseburg,  Or., 
205. 

Gold  Beach,  Or.,  265. 

Gold.  (  Also  see  mining  ).  Ash- 
land, Or.,  215;  assay  office, 
Boise  City,  Idaho,  511  ;  Baker 
City,  Or.,  289  ;  Baker  and 
Union  counties.  Or.,  291,292; 
Butte,  Mont,,  548  to  558  ; 
Coos  Bay,  Or.,  266,  267  ; 
Douglas  Co.,  Or.,  208  ;  early 
shipments  from  Portland, 111 ; 
Florence,  Idaho,  494; 
Green  river  country,  Wash., 
312  ;  Helena,  Mont.,  537  to 
545;  in  British  Colunibi!i,569; 
in  Idaho,  77  to  80  ;  in  Mon- 
tana, 80  to  85  ;  in  Oregon,  67 
to  70,  114;  in  Washington, 
72  to  77  ;  Jackson  Co.,  Or., 
213;  Jacksonville,  Or.,  212; 
Josephine  Co.,  Or,  209,  210  ; 
Kalama  river.  Wash.,  307 ; 
l.ane  Co.,  Oregon,  200  ;  Last 
Chance  Gulch,  Mont.,  537, 
538  ;  Montana  output,  84 ; 
Murray.  Idaho,  486,  487, 
488  ;  Oro  Fino,  Idaho,  494  ; 
output  Tacoma  smelter,  344  ; 


Pechastin  district.  Wash. ,415; 
Salmon  river,  B.  C,  584  ; 
Sheep  creek,  B  C,  585  ;  Sil- 
ver creek,  Mont.,  54(i>  ;  Sil- 
ver Bow  creek.  Mont..  549  ; 
Similkimeen  river,  B.  C,  75  ; 
Swauk  district.  Wash,,  41.'"); 
Thompson  Falls,  Mont.,  525  ; 
West  Kootenay,  B.  C,  436. 
( .\IsoseeC(tur"d'Alcue  mines, 

Kootenay  mining  district  and 
Montana  ). 

Cold  Creek,  Mont.,  80,  82. 

Golden  Chest  Mijie,  Idaho,  487. 

Goldendale,  Wash.,  309,  310. 

Golden  Kagle  Mine,  Or,,  291. 

Golden  King  Mine,  Idaho,  487. 

Golden  Rule  Hotel,  Pendleton, 
Or.,  277,  278. 

(iolden.  Wash.,  52,  76. 

Gold  Hill,  Or.,  iron,  71. 

Gold  Mountains,  B.  C,  578, 
579. 

Gold  Ridge  Mining  Co.,  Or., 
291. 

Goldstone  S:  Wa.x,  Cottonwood, 
Idaho,  502,  503. 

Gonnaga  College,  Spokane, 443. 

Goode,  II.  W.,  Portland.  164. 

(ioodnough  Block,  Portland. 
124. 

Good  Friday  Mine,  Mont.,  545. 

Goose  Creek,  Idaho,  517. 

Goose  Lake.  Or.,  221,  36. 

Goose  Lake  Valley,  Or.,  221. 

Gordon,  A.  W.,Ke>'.drick,  Idaho, 
494. 

Gorkow,  Rudolph, Mine, Salmon 
River,  B.  C,  584. 

Gorlier,  J.  M.,  Portland,  151. 

Gowey,  John  F.,  Olympia, 
Wash.,  338. 

Grace  Seminary,  Centralia, 
Wash.,  322. 

Grain.     (  See  wheat.  ) 

Grand  Central  Hotel,  Portland, 
150. 

Grand  Ronde  river,  Or.,  28, 
285,  287,  288. 

Grand  Ronde  River  Valley,  Or., 
284  to  288.  (Also  s"ee  La 
Grande,  Union  and  Union  Co., 
Or.) 

Granite  Block,  Spokane,  436. 

Granite  Co.,  Mont.,  534. 

Granite  Ledges,  Ashland,  Or., 
215. 

Granite  Mine,  Idaho,  480,  484, 
485. 

Granite.  Mont.,  533,  534. 

Granite  Mine,  Mont.,  84,  533, 
534. 

Granite  Mountain  Mining  Co., 
Mont.,  534. 

(irantCo.,  (ir.,  mines,  70,  67. 

Grant's  Pa.s-s,  Or.,  208,  209. 

Grant'F  Station,  Or.,  309. 

Grant  Street  Klec.  Ry.  Co.,  Se- 
attle, 369. 

Grapes  :  —  (  Also  see  fruit  cul- 
ture.)  Josephine  Co.,  Or., 
209;  Medford,  Or.  (near), 
210 ;  Oregon,  592 ;  Rogue 
Rivei  Vallev,  Or.,  213  ;  Snake 
River      Valley,    Idaho,    495  ; 


Walla  Walla  Co.,  V/ash.,  45.S; 
Wasco  Co..   Or.,    270  ;    Whit 
man  Co.,  Wash.,  467  ;    Vaki 
ma  Co.,  Wash.,  417  ;  Yakima 
Vailey,Wash.,  421,  423.  42  1 

(iraphite,  near  Ivllensburgli. 
Wash.,  415. 

Grangcille,  Idaho,  genl.  de- 
.-.cription   497,  500  to  502. 

Grasshopper  Creek,  Mont.  77, 
81,  82. 

Grave  Creek,  Idaho.  498. 

Grav,  Capt.  Robert  (  ship  Co 
lumbii ),  34,  294,  324. 

Gray,  Junes  B,  Sprague,  Wash., 
429. 

Gray's  Harbor  Com.  Co.,  Cos- 
mopolis,  Wash.,  329. 

Grav's  Harbor  country.  Wash., 
(  description  ),  324  to  335. 

Grav's  Harbor,  Wash.  :  —  34, 
45,  60.  334  to  335. 

Cirazing  :  —  (  Also  see  stock 
raising  and  dairying.  )  Ca- 
mas Prairie,  Idaho,  499  ;  Can- 
yon Co.,  Idaho,  .509  ;  Colville, 
Wash.,  455  ;  Flathead  Val- 
ley, Mont.,  532  ;  Klamath  Co,, 
Or.,  218;  Montana.  559  to 
562  ;  Umatilla  Co.,  Or.,  278  ; 
Washington  Co.,  Idaho,  507  ; 
Yakima  Co.,  Wash.,  417. 

Great  Falls,  Mont.,  51. 

Great  Falls  &  Canadian  Ry.,51. 

Great  Northern  Rv.  :  —  Descrip- 
tion, 45,  46  ;  at  Seattle,  370, 
377  ;  completion  to  Spokane, 
441  ;  connection  with  Cana- 
dian Pac,  51  ;  in  Idaho,  48  ; 
in  Montana,  49,  51  ;  shops  at 
Spokane,  439,  440. 

(ireat  We.stern  Canal,  Idaho, 
517,  524. 

Green  Lake  School, Seattle,372. 

Green  lake,  Seattle,  369. 

Green  River  Mining  Country, 
Wash,,  74,  312. 

Green  Mountain  Mine,  Mont., 
555,  556. 

(irecnville.  Or.,  230. 

Greig,  James  S.,  Chehalis, 
Wash.,  315. 

Gregory  Mine,  Mont.,  546. 

Gregsen  Hot  Springs,  Mont., 
537. 

Griffitts,  Thos.  C,  Spokane, 
443,  444. 

Grimes,  K.  M..  Seaside,  Or.,3O0. 

Grimes  House,  Seaside, Or., 300. 

Grunter  Mine,  Idaho,  79. 

Guarantee  Loan  &  Trust  Co., 
Seattle,  382. 

Gubser,  D.,  Winlock,  Wash., 
312. 

Gulf  of  Georgia,  33,  569,  571, 
572,  579.  (Also  see  Straits 
of  Georgia.) 

Hadley,  C.  B.,  Tillamook,  Or., 
238. 

Haggin,  J.  B.,  Mont.,  83. 

H  a  h  n  '  s  terminal  warehouse, 
Portland,  120. 

Hailcy.  Idaho.  519,  520. 

Hailey  (Idaho),  Hot  Springs  Ho- 
tel, 520,  521. 


Haines,  W.  \V.  &  Co.,  Kngene, 
Or.,  1<)5,  19(>. 

Hale's  Passage,  Pitget  Soiind, 
392. 

Halibut  (also  see  Fishing;.)  — 
British  Colunihia.  571 :  caught 
oft" Cape  Flattery,  Wash.,  .-5+5; 
Pacific  Northwest.  1()1. 

Halloran,  P.,  Mt.  Vernon, 
Wash.,  390. 

Hr.ispv,  Or.  191.  191.'. 

Halsteaci.  Or.,  260. 

Hamilton  BUIg..  Portland,  121. 

Hamilton,  Mont,,  531. 

Hamilton  &  Palm,  Medford.Or., 
211. 

Hamilton,  Wash.,  391 .  88. 

Hammerton's  Inlet,  Pnget 
Sound,  340. 

Hammond,  Arthur,  Pendleton, 
Or.,  277. 

Hangman's  Creek,  Wash.,  4-33. 

Hannaford   Creek,   Wash.,  324. 

Hanna,  Jno.  W..  Seattle,  373, 
374. 

Hanson,  Chas..  Tacoma.  61, 
3+1. 

Hanson,  Henrv,  Centrali.-i, 
Wash,  321. 

Hanthorn,  J.  C,  Astoria,  Or., 
29G,  297. 

Hanthorn,  J.  O.  &  Co. 's  salmon 
cannerv,  Astoria.  296,  297. 

Harney  River   Valley,  Or..  293. 

Harris,  Dan.,  Pairhaven, Wash., 
397. 

Harris.  Floyd, Mine,  Mont. ,556. 

Harrisburg.  Or.,  192. 

Harrison,  Mont.,  5(). 

Harrison  School,  Portland,  14-3. 

Hastie  Lumber  Co.,  Puvallup, 
Wash.,  357 

Hattabaugh,  I.  C,  Moscow, 
Idaho,  +89,  +90. 

Hauser,  June.  Idaho,  49. 

Hauser,  Samuel  T.,  Mont.,  83. 

Hanser  Mine,  Mont.,  5+6. 

Hauswirth,  T.,  North  Yamhill, 
Or.,  24+. 

Hawley,  J.  H.,  Monmouth,  Or., 
259. 

Hawley,  W.  H.,  Independence, 
Or.,  249. 

Hay  : —  (  Raised  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  the  Pacific  North- 
west. )  Camas  Prairie,  Idaho. 
500  ;  Chehnlis  Co.,  Wash., 
327  ;  Colville  Vallev,  Wash., 
+35,  453  ;  E  1 1  e  n  sb  u  r  g  h, 
Wash.,  414;  Flathead  Valley, 
Mont.,  532  ;  Horse  Plains, 
Mont.,  526;  LaConner, 
Wash.,  390;  Lewis  Co., 
Wa.sh.,  316  ;  Snohomish  Val- 
lev, Wash.,  388  ;  Walla  Walla 
Co.,  Wash.,  458.  (  See  Wil- 
Ipmettc  Valley,  Or.  ) 

Hecla  Con.solidated  M  i  'i  e  , 
Mont.,  84. 

Helena,  Mont. :  —  Assay  office, 
541  ;  assessment,  530  ,  audi- 
torium, 54<) ;  banks,  539, 
540  ;  board  of  trade,  544  ; 
business  blocks,  .540  ;  church- 
es, 542,  543  ;    city  hall,  541  ; 


/nf'j.Y. — Reading  Matter. 

clav,  545  ;  court  house,  540  ; 
early  history,  537,  538,  539  ; 
fire  departiiien:,  543,  544  ; 
fires,  .5  1.1  ;  first  gold  discov- 
ery, 537  ;  general  description, 

537  to  545:  granite  ([uarrie^:, 
540;  hangman's  tree,  538; 
hospitals,  543  ;  hot  springs, 
544  ;  jail,  541  ;  Last  Chance 
gulch,  537  ;  Lewis  it  Clarke 
Co.,  537  ;  libraries,  541  ; 
mines,  545.  i  Also  .see  Ri- 
mini, Wicks  and  Marysville  I; 
mining,  544;  Montana  club, 
5+0  ;  Mt.  Helena,  537  ;  nam- 
ing citv,  538  ;  natatorium, 
5+1,  542  ;  N.  P.  R.  K.,  539  ; 
orphan  asylums,  543  ;  placer 
mining,  537,  538  ;  popula- 
tion, 539  ;  police,  544  ;  pre- 
cipitation, 16;  Prickly  Pear 
Valley,  537  ;    quartz   mining, 

538  to  545  ;  race  track,  542  ; 
railroads,  539,  543  ;  railroad 
depots,  540  ;  residences,  54C», 

541  ;  sapphires.  544  ;  schools, 

542  ;  sheep,  5+4  ;  silver  ship- 
ments, 5.'!9  ;  smelting  5+3  ; 
stock  raising,  538,  5+4  ; 
street  cprs,  ,")  +  l  ;  tetnin  ta- 
ture,  1(>  :  theater,  5+2  vigi- 
1  Mills       ."38;       warehouses, 

w  liter  works,  5+3. 
H'  lr>    Rv,  Co.,  5  +  1. 

Helci.      -at.  !!ank,  539. 
Helena  Rapid  Transit  Co  .  5+1. 
Helena     Snicltini     Jt    Refining 

Co.,  5+3,  5+<i. 
Helena,  Boulder  Vnl!   v  .S;  Hutte 

R.  R.,  50, 
Helena   &  Jeffer.son   Co.   R.  R., 

50. 
Helena  &  Northern   branch    ' ' 

P.  R.  R.,  50. 
Helena  &  Red  Mountain  Irai 

U.  P.  R.  V     .iO. 
Heli.x.  Or.,  282. 
Hell  Gate,  Mont.,  526. 
Hell  Gate  canyon.  Mont.,  526. 
Hell    Gate    River,     Mont.,    2t> 

+54,  526,  535,  584. 
Helm,  Boone, Mont.,  567,  568. 
Hemlock  tanbark,  Wash.,  60. 
Hendricks,    R.    J.,    Salem,   Or., 

171. 
Hendricks,  T.  G.,  Kugene,    Or., 

197. 
Hendricks    tt    Eakin,    Kugene, 

Or.,  197. 
Hendry  Mines,  B.  C,  580. 
Hense,  I'"rank,  Centralia.Wash  , 

322. 
Heppner,  Or  ,  41,  270  to   273. 
Heppner  branch  V .  P.  Ry,,  41. 
Heppner  BniMingit  Loaii  Assn., 

272. 
Herriiiitc,  1()2. 

Hesperian,  The,  Portland,  151. 
Hibernian  Sav.  Bank,  Portland, 

135. 
Hibler,    Shore      it     Holdredge, 

Scio,  Or.,  182. 
Hickey  Mine,  Mont.,  547. 


618 

Hides  :-  The  Dalles,  Or.,  269  ; 
Union  Co.,  Or.,  288.  (  Also 
see  stock  raising.  ) 

Higgins,  Capt.  C.  P.,  Mont., 
526. 

Highland,  suburb  Portland, 
146,  147. 

High    Ore   Mine,    Mont.,    556. 

Hildermann,  Geo.,  Mont.,  565. 

Hill,  James  J.,  45.  224. 

Hill,  Wm.  C,  Boise  City,  Idaho, 
516. 

Hillsdale,  suburb, Portland,  147. 

Hillsboro,  Or.,  227,  228. 

Hillsboro(Or.  I  .Co-operative  Co., 
227. 

Hillyard,  subirb,  Spokane,  439, 
440. 

Hir.schberg,  H.,  Independence, 
Or.,  249. 

Hoff",  H.  H.,  Montpelier,  Idaho, 
491. 

Hogan.  F.  J.,  Cottonwood,  Ida- 
ho, 503. 

Hoge,  Browntree  &  Co.,  Butte, 
Mont.,  553. 

Hogs.  (  Rai.sed  in  all  parts  of 
Pacific  Northwest  ;  also  see 
stock  raising);  Southern  Ore- 
gon, 210  ;  Wasco  Co.,  Or., 270. 

Hogue,  Geo.,  Chehalis,  Wash., 
313. 

Holbrook,  M.  L.,  Chehalis, 
Wash  .  31  .-. 

HolU'  la\'-  .\.ddition,  Portland, 
IJ  r  I      149. 

Hollulav,  Ben,  230. 

Holh  day  School,  Portland.  143. 

lf')l!.  nd,  I'.li  1).,  Mont.,  534. 

Holland.  Capt.  J.  J.,  384. 

Hdlman,  Nathaniel,  Dallas,  Dr., 


256 
Holmi 

384. 
Holmes, 


Lumber    Co.,    Seattle, 


Marcus,  Seattle,   380. 

Honey,  Tdlamook  Co.,  Or., 240. 

Holton  House,  Portland,  149, 
150. 

Hood's  Canal,  Puget  Sound,  33. 

He     '  River,  Or.,  267,  268. 

M     111   River  Valley,    Or.,    267, 
.'08. 
lope  Hill,  Mont.,  533. 

Hope,  Idaho,  477,  478. 

Hope  Mine,  Mont,,  84,  533. 

Hope  Mining  Co.,  Mont.,  83. 

Hop  Louse  Spraying,  360,  361. 

Hops  and  their  Culture,  de- 
scription, 357  to  361. 

Hops.  (  Grown  principally  in 
Puget  Sound  valleys  and 
Western  Wash.,  on  the  irri- 
gated lands  in  Eastern  Wash, 
and  Or.,  and  in  the  Willam- 
ette valley.  Or.  ).  Amity,  Or., 
258  ;  Benton  Co.,  Or.,  262  ; 
Buckley,  Wash.,  412;  Che- 
halis Co.,  Wash.,  327  ;  Dallas, 
or..  254,  255  ;  Dayton,  <^)r., 
253;  Harrisburg,  Or.,  192; 
Independence,  Or.,  249  ;  Jef- 
ferson, Or,,  174;  Junction 
Citv,  Or.,  194;  Kent,  Wash., 
363  ;  La  Conner,  Wash. ,390  ; 
La  Grande,    Or.,   284;  Lane 


!■ 


«: 


i 


614 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Co.,  Or.,  200,  201  ;  Ivcvvis  Co., 
Wa.sh.,  31(> ;  Uiin  Co.,  or., 
170;  Newberg,  Or,,  251; 
North  Yakima,  Wash.,  4-25  ; 
North  Yamhill,  Or.,  24.3; 
Orting.Wash.,  411  ;  I'olk  Co.. 
Or.,  257;  Prosser,  Wa.sh. 
424;  Puyallup  vallev.  Wash., 
341,  357  to  301,  3(52;  I'uv- 
allup.  Wash.,  355,  356,  357  ; 
Skagit  Co.,  Wash.,  389,  396  ; 
Snohomish  valley.  Wash., 3,S8; 
Snoqualmie  vallev,  3H8  ; 
Stuck  valley,  Wasli.,  362 ; 
Sumner,  Wash.,  362 ;  Taco- 
ma,  344  ;  Union  Co.,  Or.,  288  ; 
Whatcom  Co.,  Wash.,  396  ; 
White  river  valley.  Wash., 
363  ;  Whitman  Co.,  Wash., 
467  ;  Willamette  valley.  Or., 
105  ;  Yakima  Co.. Wash. ,41 7  ; 
Yakima  valley,  Wash.,  421, 
423. 

Hoqiiarton  Prairie,  Or.,  235, 
240. 

Hoquarton   Slough,  Or.,  235. 

Hoquiam  River,  Wash.,  325, 
333,  334. 

Hoquiam,  Wash.,  general  de- 
scription, 333,  334. 

Hornet  Valley,  Idaho,  507. 

Horse  Plains,  Mont.,  525,  526, 
532. 

Horses  (  blooded.)  :  —Deer 
Lodge,  Mont.,  536;  Hamilton, 
Mont.,  531. 

Horses.:— Camas  Prairie,  Idaho, 
499,  501;  Gilliam  Co.,  Or., 
274;  Hepi)ner,  Or.,  271 ;  Mon- 
tana, 562;  The  Dalles,  Or., 
269;  Union  Co..  Or.,  288. 
(Raised  in  all  parts  of  the  Pa- 
cific Northwest;  also  see  stock 
raising.) 

Hortioilture  in  Oregon,  588  to 
593. 

Horliciiltiire  (see  fruit  culture  ) 

Horton,  Dexter,  Seattle,  ,'f82. 

Horton,  K.  M.,  Albany. Or., 1  7<). 

Hotel  nellingham.  New  What- 
com, Wash.,  406. 

Hotel  C  e  n  t  r  a  1  i  a  ,  Centralia, 
Wash.,  322. 

Hotel  Fairhaven,  Fairhaven, 
Wash.,  400. 

Hotel  Foley, La  Grande,Or.,286. 

Hotel  Holnian,  Dallas,Or.,  255, 
256. 

Hotel  Hoquiam,  Hoquiam, 
Wash.,  334. 

Hotel  Northern.  Seattle,  393 

Hotel  Olympia,Olynipin,Wash., 
337. 

Hotel  Oregon,  Ashland,  Or., 
214,  215. 

Hotel   Portland,  Portland,  1.24, 

Hotel  St.  Elmo,  Kendrick, 
Idaho,  494. 

Hotel  Warshauer,  liaker  City, 
or.,  290. 

Hotel  Willapa,  .South  Bend, 
Wash.,  319. 

Hot  Springs  :— Ashland,  Or., 
215  ;  Ainsworth,  li.  C,  582  : 
Boise  City,  Idaho,  511  ;  Deer 


Lodge,  J'^ont,,  537,  544  ; 
Gregson,  l»iont.,  537  ;  Hailev 
Idaho,  520,  521  ;  Helena, 
Mont.,  544  ;  Jefferson,  Mont., 
544;  Klamath  Falls,  Or., 
219;  Lakeview,  Or.,  223; 
Meagher  Co.,  Mont.,  ,544  ; 
Montana,  537. 

Hot  Springs  Mines,  B.  C,  582. 

Hovey,  A.  G.,  Kugene,  Or,,  197. 

Howard,  W.  M.,  Seattle.  366. 

Howell  Pi.iirit.,  Or.,  173. 

Hoyt,  J.  H.,  Seattle,  383. 

Hoyt,  Phillips  &  Co.,  Olympia, 
Wash.,  338. 

Hud.son's  Bay  Co.,  25,  88,  97, 
157,  307,  345  393,  441, 
453,  568.  572,  574.  580. 

Hughson,  Walter  &  Co.,  Spo- 
kane, 446. 

Hume,  P.,  Roseburg.  Or.,  205. 

Humphrey,  H.  C,  Eugene,  Or., 
197. 

Humphreys  Mountain,  Or., 116. 

Hutnptulips  River,  Wash.,  325. 

Hunt,  Hiler  H.,  56. 

Hunts.  June.  Wash.,  47. 

Hunt  Lines,  Wash.  (  Wash,  and 
Col.  Riv.  Ry.  Co.),  47. 

Hunting:" — Cieur  d'Alene, 
Idaho,  481  ;  Deer  Lodge, 
Mont.,  537  ;  Flathead  Lake, 
Mont.,  532  ;  Hailev,  Idaho, 
520;  Hope,  Idaho,  477; 
Ho(iuiam,  Wash.,  (near)  334; 
Klamath,  Or.,  218;  Nelson, 
n.  C,  588;  Ocosta,  Wash., 
(near)  ,'5'{4;  Rathdnmi,  Idaho, 
1-77;  Koseburtr,  ()r.,  (near; 
204;  Wilson  River  country, 
Or.,  235. 

Huntingdon.  U.  C,  .51,  52. 

Huntington,  Or  ,  27,  40,  48. 
(  Al-M  see   292,  293.) 

HuntuC.ulch.  Idaho,  486. 

Huntci.  I.  I).,  MuUan,  Idaho, 
48(>. 

Hunter's  Hot  Springs,  Mont., 
544. 

Hyde,  Aaron  J,  Portland,  140. 

Hyde,  Sanil.  C,  Spokane,  443. 

Idaho:  — Area,  8;  centers  of 
population,  475  to  524  ;  cen- 
tral atid  southern  \.'ater 
courses,  28  ;  elevation,  mean, 
maximum  and  minimiiin,  10  ; 
Indian  troubles,  43.3  ;  lead, 
77  to  80  ;  mine^  77  to  80  ; 
population.  ,S  ;  so  21,  23; 
State  Capitol,  Hoisi  City,510  ; 
State  Insane  Asylum,'  523  ; 
State  Penitentiars  Hoise  City. 
511;  "The  Panhandle," 
476  ;  timber  resources,  (53. 
64. 

Idahoan  Mine,  Idaho,  .519, 

Idaho  Canal,  Idaho,  517,  524. 

Idaho  Co.,  Idaho,  78,  49",  504, 
521. 

Idaho  Falls,  Idaho.  523,  52  4-. 

Idaho  Irrigation  t'i.  Coloiii/ati m 
Co.,  Caldwell,  Idaho,  509. 

Idaho  Mine,  Idaho,  4S7 

Idaho  State  Odd  F'ellows'  Home, 
Idaho  Falls,  Idaho,  53.'!. 


Ilwaco  (steamer),  301. 

Ilwaco  Rv.  &  Nrv.  Co.,  301, 
305,  319. 

Ilwaco,  Wash.,  30O,  301,  302. 

Independence  Mine,  Idaho, 
486,  521. 

Independence,  Or,,  248  to  250. 

Independence,  Or.,  Nat,  Bank, 
249. 

Independent  Gulch,  Mont.,  out- 
put gold,  82. 

Indians  :  —  Bannocks,  522  ; 
Hinckfrjt,  523  ;  Cayuse  war, 
109  ;  Co'-iUe,  Wash.,  reserva- 
tion, 453  ;  Cteur  d'Alene  res- 
ervation, 433,  434,  470,  482; 
C(cur  d'Aiene  tribe,  432;  dis- 
turbances in  Oregon,  157  ; 
disturbances  at  Seattle,  365  ; 
executions  at  Fort  Steilacooni, 
Wash.,  345  ;  executions  on 
Hangman's  Creek, Wash,  433; 
Flatheads,  527  ;  i-latheads, 
Mont.,  530  ;  Flathead  reserv- 
ation, Mont.,  531,  532,  533  : 
Fort  Hall  reservation,  Idaho, 
517,  522,  5'-i3  ;  Klamath 
tribe,  Or.,  217  ;  Klickitat 
tribe,  417  ;  Medical  Lake, 
Wash.,  446  ;  Mission  .School, 
Spokane,  4,32  ;  Nez  Perces 
reservation,  493,  497,  500  ; 
Old  Mission  Landing,  Idaho, 
432  ;  Palouse  'ribe,  432  ;  Pen 
d'Oreille  Tribe,  432  ;  Saltice 
'Chief),  433,  434;  Seattle 
(chief,)364;  Shosliones,  522  ; 
Sinicoe,  Wash.,  reservation, 
417;  iiwinainirth  reservation 
Wash.,  390 ;  trail  through 
Davenport,  \Vasli.,449;  trou- 
bles,  Hud.son's  Hay  Co 


troubles,    Mont,,  527 


108  ; 
Uma- 
tilla reservation.  Or.,  279  ; 
war,  F'astern  Wash.,  432, 
433  ;\Vhitinan  niassacre,  109; 
Yakima  reservation,  422;  Ya- 
kima tribe,  417. 

Indian  Valley,  Idaho,  507. 

Indian  Valley,  Or.,  286,  288. 

International  Boundary,  108. 

Iris  ( iiaptha  launch  ),  301. 

Iron:—  Bellinghani  Bav,  Wash., 
395  ;  Douglas  Co.,  (")r.,  208; 
F;ilensburgh,  Wash  (near), 
415  ;  Oregon,  70,  71  ;  Port- 
land (  near  ),  132  ;  Skagit  Co., 
Wash.,  377  ;  Tacoma,  344  ; 
Western,  Wash.,  344;  Yaki- 
ma Co..   Wash.,   418. 

Irrigation  :  — Adams  Co., Wash., 
426;  Baker  Co.,  Or,  291; 
Big  Bend  country, Wash. ,447; 
Bingham  Co.,  Idaho,  .524  ; 
Blackfoot  Idaho,  523  ;  Boise 
City,  Idaho,  512;  Boise  val- 
ley, Idaho,  509  ;  Canyon  Co., 
Idaho,  509  ;  Deer  Lodge  val- 
lev, Mont.,  53(5  ;  Ellcnsburgh, 
Wash.,  414  ;  Idaho,  50(5,  516 
to  518;  Idaho  Falls,  Idaho. 
524;  North  Yakima,  Wash., 
417  ;  Oregon,  Wash,  and  Ida- 
ho, 24;  Pasco,  Wash.,  425; 
Pro.sser,     Wash.,     424,    425  ; 


Index. — Reading  Matter. 


615 


301, 


Wash., 
:J91  ; 

ih.,4.47; 

524  ; 

IJoisc 
ise  val- 
■oii  Co., 
li^f  val- 
--hiirKh, 
)(■>.  51(> 
lilalio. 
\V:ish., 
iiul  Iria- 

4.yr. ; 

+25  ; 


Umatilla    Co..     Or.,    278; 

Wei.ser   vallej'.     Idaho,     506, 

507  ;  Yakima  CO. ,Wa.sh.,  417; 

Yakima    valley.    Wash.,    24, 

41G,  419  to  424. 
Irvingtoti   School,   Spokane 

Wash.,  442. 
Irvingtoii   Park,   suburb,    Port- 
land, 147. 
Isinglass,  B.,  C,  571. 
Ives,  Geo.,  Mont.,  504. 
Jackson  Co., Or.,  67,  69,71 ,  21 3. 
Jackson,  C.  S.,    Pendleton,  Or., 

276. 
Jackson,  G.  M.  &  Co.,  Junction 

City,  Or.,  193. 
Jackson,  G.    M.,  Junction   Citv, 

Or,  194. 
Jacksonville,  Or.,  212,  213,  43. 
Jacobs,  Matthew,  Kendrick,  Ida- 
ho, 494. 
Jacobs,   E.    L.,    Buckley,  Wash., 

413. 
Jacobs, W.  E.,  .\shlaHd,  Or.. 21 6. 
Jaeger,  J.  M.,  Brownsville,  Or., 

185. 
Jamison  Block,  Spokane,  437. 
Japan  Current.  12. 
Jeffer.son  Co.,  Mont.,  H4,  546. 
Jefferson  Co.,  Wash.,  41(). 
Jefferson,  I)e  I,os,  141. 
Jefferson    Hot    Springs,    Mont. 

544 
Jefferson,  Mont.,  .">(). 
Jefferson,  Or.,  173,  174. 
Jenkins    University,    Spokane, 

443. 
Jennings,  Mont.,  25. 
Jenv.ings,  Wash.,  H8,  391. 
Jersey  Mine,  Idaho.  486. 
Jesuit     Fathers  :  —  433.     453  ; 

Spokane,  443  ;  Montana, 526, 

530. 
John  Day  River,  Or.,  28. 
John  Day  Valley,  Or.,  coal,  71. 
Johns,   C.   A.,    Baker  City,    Or,, 

289. 
Johns  Creek.  Idaho,  498. 
Johns  River,  Wash.,  325. 
Johns  it  Rand,  Baker  Citv,  Or., 

289. 
John.son,  A.  J.,  Scio,  Or.,  182. 
Jones,  Arthur  I).,  Spokane, 441. 
Jones  Bros., Tillamook,  Or.,  238. 
Jones,    H.    1).,    (stage).    Forest 

Grove,  Or.,  232. 
Jordan  Creek,  Idaho,  78. 
Jordan  Creek,  Or.,  2()8. 
Josephine    Co.,  Or.,  2()9,   21 0; 

gold,  (57,  69  ;  copper,  71. 
Josie  Mine,  B.  C,  584,  585. 
Juliaettp,   Idaho,   44,   49,    488, 

492,  496. 
Jumbo  Mine,  Idaho,  r> 
Jumbo  Mine,  Wiifh.,  74. 
Junction  Citv,  Or.,  193,  194. 
Jute   Mills, Walla  Walla,  Wash., 

(  state),  457. 
Kaintuck  Mine,  Idaho,  79. 
Kalama,  Wash.,  300,  317,  42. 
Kalania  River,  Wash.,  307. 
Kallispel,  Mont.,  532. 
Kamm,  Jacob,  Portland,  301. 
Kangley  Coal  Mines,  Wash.,  90. 
Kasto,  B.  C.:  — General  descrip- 


tion, 585,  586  ;  also  52,  580; 
582,  587. 
Kaslo  Creek.  B.  C,   580,   582, 

585. 
Katches  River,  Wash.,  422. 
Keeley  Institute,  Seattle,  373. 
Keene,  J.,  Ballard,  Wash.,  385. 
Kellogg,  Frank,    Heppner,  Dr., 

272 
Kelso, Wash.,  310  ;  coal,  92. 
Kendrick,  Idaho,  492   to  494  ; 

also,  49. 
Kendrick,  J.  W.,  334. 
Kenawa  Mine, Mont.,  547. 
Kennedy  Mines,  Mont.,  540. 
Kennewick,  Wash.,  42i  . 
Keno  Mine,  Idaho,  486. 
Keiio,  Oregon,  217. 
Kent,  Wash.,  363. 
KeiTv,  A.   S.,   sawmill,    Seattle, 

380. 
Ketchum,  Id;iho,  521,  522,  48. 
Kilches  Rive.-,  Or.,  35. 
Killbuck  Mine,  Idaho,  485. 
Killion  Junction,  Wash..  47. 
King  Co..  Wash.:  — See  Seattle  ; 
also,  coal,  89,  90;  Court  House, 
Seattle.  371  ;  mining,  73,  74. 
King  Co.,  (Wash.)  F"air  Associa- 
tion, 3r>3. 
King's  Station.  Or.,  181. 
King,  W.  C,  Tillamook  Countv, 

Or..  241. 
Kinnikinneck  Mines.  Idaho, 79. 
Kiona,  Wash.,  420. 
Kirkland  (suburb),  Seattle, 369. 
Kirk,    W.    R.,   Brownsville,  Or., 

184,  185. 
Kitsap  Co.,  Wash.,  33. 
Kittitas  Basin,  Wash.,  422. 
Kittitas    Co.,    Wash.  :  —  Min  'S, 
73.   74   (also  413,414,41.5, 
416.) 
Kittitas  River,  Wash.,  422. 
Kl  "uath  Basin,  Or.,  217. 
K'     nath   Co.,  Or.,  216   to  220. 
Klaiiiath    Falls,   Or.  :  —  General 
description,  216  to  220,  (also 
211.) 
Klamath    Falls  (water  course), 

218. 
Klamath     Indian     Reservation, 

Or.,  217. 
Klamath  Lakes  (upper  and  low- 
er). Or.,  36,  217. 
Klamath    River,    Or.,  217,  218. 
Klickitat  Co  ,  Wash.,  309,  310. 
Klickitat  Indians,  365,  417. 
Klickitat  River,  Wash.,  309. 
Klickitat   Valley,    Wash.,    309, 

310. 
Knickerbocker     Mine,     Idaho, 

485. 
Knoell,   Wm.,   Tillamook,    Or., 

238. 
Knudson,   Carl    P.,    Tillamook, 

Or.,  238. 
Koontz   &   Power,   Halsey,  ^^Y., 

191. 
Kootenai  Co.,  Idaho,  63,  476. 
Kootenay  Lake,   t>.    C  ,  25,  36, 
47.   52,   96,   441,   586,  587, 
588. 
Kootenay   Lake,  Reduc.   Co.,  B. 
C, 580. 


Kootenay  Mine,  B.  C,  586. 
Kootenay  Mines,  B.   C,  578  to 


587. 
Kootenay 

96,  579, 
Kootenav 


River,    B.  C,  25,  36, 
580,  582,  587. 
River,    25  •    Gey.ser 

Falls,   579;  Pillar  Falls,  580; 

St.  Agnes  Falls,  579. 
Kremer,   W.   F.,  Portland,  156. 
Kuro  Siwo  (Japan  current),  12. 
La  Camas,  Wash.,  309. 
La  Conner,  Wash.,  390,  391. 
La  Crosse,  Wash.,  46. 
La  Creole  Academy,  Dallas,  Or., 

255. 
La  Creole   River,  Or..  254,  104. 
Lacy,   F.    C,   Chelmlis,    Wash., 

310. 
Lacv,   G.  S.,    Chehalis,    Wash., 

3i7. 
Ladd,  C.  E.,  ^ortlana,  140. 
Ladd,  W.  M    Portland, 140,389. 
Ladd,  W.  a.,  Portland,  70,  134, 

139,  382. 
Ladd,  W.  S.  (hydraulic  dredge), 

129,  130. 
Ladd   it  Bush,  Salem,  Or  ,  172. 
Ladd  it  Tilton,  Portland,  139, 

140. 
La  Fayette,  Or.,  252,  253. 
La  Fayette  (Or.)  Seminary, 252. 
La  Grande,  Or.,  284  to  286. 
Lake  Abert,  Or.,  221. 
Lake  Chelan,  Wash.:— Descrip- 
tion,  451    to  453    (also    35, 

36,  76,  96. 
Lak-  CleElum,  Wash.,  422. 
Lake  Cctur  d'Alepe,   36,   482, 

96,  437.  440. 
Lake    Co.,    Or.  :— Description, 

220  to  227;  timber,  54. 
Lake  Katches,  Wash.,  422. 
Lake  Kitchelas,  Wash.,  422. 
Lake  Padden,  Wash.,  400. 
Lake  Pend  d'Oreille,36,  63,  96, 

477. 
Lake   Sammaish,    Wash.,    379, 

380. 
Lakes,   Klamath   Co.,  Or.,  217, 

218. 
Lakes,  Lake  Co.,  Or.,  221,  222. 
Lakes,    Pacific   Northwest,    3.5, 

30. 
Lakes,  S.  W.,  Oregon,  90. 
Lake  Tannum,  Wash.,  422. 
Lake  Union,  Seattle,  34. 
Lakeview  Mines,  Idaho,  478. 
Lakevicw,  Or.,  220  to  227. 
Lakeview  (Or.)  Bank,  223. 
Lakeview  School,  Spokane, 442. 
Lake   Washington   Ship  Canal, 

374,  384. 
Lake     Whatcom,     Wash.,     88, 

394,  395,  403,404. 
Lambert,     A.     F.,     Davenport, 

Wash.,  450. 
Lake  Waha,  Idaho,  497. 
Lake  Washington,   Seattle,  34, 

369,  370,  375. 
Lane  Co.  Bank,  Eugene,  197. 
Lane  Co.,  Or.,  200,  201,  69. 
Lane,  Geo.,  Mont.,  537. 
Lane,  Gen.  Jos.,  110,  141. 
Langdon,  E.   W.,   Albany,   Or., 

170. 


616 


The  Oregontan's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Lanf^don,  Geo.,  Moscow,  Idaho, 

490. 
La  Platte  Mine,  Mv. .:      556. 
Larseii  House,  Tiliar    lok.  Or., 

239, 
Larsen,  M.  H.,  Tillamook,  Or., 

239. 
Last  Chance  Gulch,  Mont.,  81, 

82,  537. 
Last  Chance  Mine.  Idaho,  480, 

483. 
Latah    Co.,    Idaho,    475,    489, 

492. 
Laths,  (made  in  most  large  saw- 
mills of  Oregon  and  Wash.) 
Latimer,  N.  H.,  Seattle,  383. 
Latonia  Mine,  Mont.,  535. 
Latonia  School,  Seattle,  372. 
Latonia,  .suburb,  Seattle,  369. 
Lava  neds,  20. 
Lava  Rocks,  Or.  70,  71. 
Lawrence,   J.    O.,    N.    Yakima, 

Wash..  419. 
Lead.     (  Al.so  .see  mining  )     See 

CoeuT  d'Alene  mines  ;  Idaho, 

77  to  80  ;  see  Kootenay  mines, 

B.    C;    see    Montana    mines ; 

output  Taconia  smelter,  .H44  ; 

Washington,  72  to  77. 
Leadbetter  Ditch,  Yakima  Co., 

Wash.,  419, 
Leadbetter  .sy.stem ,  canals,  Yak- 
ima valley, Wash.,  420  to 422. 
Leap-For-Life  Mine,  Or.,  70. 
Leather  made  at   Kugene,  Or., 

195,  196. 
Lebanon,  Or.,  179  to  180,  49. 
Lebanon  branch  S.  P.  R.  R.,  39. 
Lebanon  Junction,  Or.,  39. 
Ledgerwood  Park, Spokane, 4.S9 
Lee,  H.  P.,  Olympia, Wash. ,338. 
Lee,  W.  S.,  Junction  City,   Or., 

193. 
Lee    Mountain     Mine,     Mont., 

545. 
Leeper,     C,    Chehalis,    Wash., 

317. 
Le    Fevre,    A.,    Medical    Lake, 

Wash.,  446. 
Le    Fevre,     H.     B.,     Puyallup, 

Wash.,  357. 
Leghorn,  J.  F.,  Spokane.  445. 
Leisburg,  Idaho,  79. 
Lemhi  Co.,  Idaho,  mines,  79. 
Le  Roy  Mine,  H.  C,  584,  585. 
Lethbridge,  B.  C,  52. 
Leudinghaus    Bros.,    Chehalis, 

Wash.,  315. 
Lewelling,   H.,  Milwaukie,  Or., 

588. 
Levis,  H.  C  Portland.  164. 
Lewis     Co.     Bank,      Centralia, 

Wash.,  322, 
Lewis  Co.,  Wash.,  92,    311    to 

316,  321. 
Lewiston   Addition   to   Cirange- 

ville,  Idaho,  501. 
Lewiston,    Idaho  :— description, 

494  to  497  ;  also  .see  27,  476, 

488,  117. 
Lewiston   Land  Co.,    Lewiston, 

Idaho,  501. 
Lewis  &  Clarke  Co.,  Mont.;  see 

Helena  ;   Court    House,   540  ; 

mining,  81,  84. 


Lewis&  Clarkeexpedition,107, 
294. 

Lexington  Mining  Co.,  Butte., 
557. 

Lexington  Mine,  Butte,  Mont., 
550,  557. 

Lime,  Bellingham  Bay,  Wash., 
395  ;  Colville  country.  Wash., 
454  :  Douglas  Co.,  Wash., 
208  ;  Ellen.sburgh,  Wash., 
415  ;  Lakeview,  Or.,  223  ; 
Myer's  Falls,  Wash.,  454  ;  Or- 
egon, 93  ;  Roche  Harbor, 
Wash.,  395  ;  Wa.shingtcn,  92 
to  95;  Yakima  Co.,  Wash. ,41 8. 

Lincoln  Co.,  Or.,  263. 

Lincoln  Co.,  Wash.,  73,  426. 
427,  447,  448. 

Lincoln  Co.  Court  House, 
Sprague,  Wash.,  428 

Lincoln  School,  Spokane,  442. 

Link  River,  i  ir.,  218. 

Linkville,  Or.;  see  Klamath 
FaKs. 

Linn  Co.,  Or.,  description,  178, 
179  :  gold  output,  69. 

Liunton,  suburb,  Portland,  110. 

Litherland,  F.  L.,  Portland,152, 
153. 

Little  Bear  Creek,  Mont.,  493. 

Little  Chief  Mine,  Idaho,  486. 

Little  Dalles,  Wash,  (town), 
453.  586. 

Little  Dalles,  rapids,  Columbia 
River,  453. 

Little  Giant  Mines,  Idaho,  486. 

Little  Pitt.sburfe  Mines,  Or.,  70, 
291. 

LogtiU  Co.,  Idaho,  517,  518, 
519 

Logan",  Mont.,  49,  50,  551. 

Logging  :—(  Also  see  timber). 
Bucoda.  Wash.,  335  ;  Cath- 
lamet,Wash.,  306  ;  Centralia, 
Wash  ,  323,  324  ;  Chehalis 
Co.,  Wash.,  321  ;  Clearwater, 
Idaho,  496  ,  Lewis  Co.,  Wash.. 
321  ;  Lewiston,  Idaho,  496  ; 
Ma.son  Co.,  Wash.,  340;  Mt. 
Veriion,Wash.,  389;  Palouse 
river, Wash..  466,  471  ;  Pav- 
ette,  Idaho,  506  ;  Shelbv, 
Wash,,  340;  SkagitCo.,VVi.sh., 
380  ;  Tillamook,  Or.,  236. 

Lo  Lo  Canyon,  Mont  ,  5^0. 

London  Creek,  B.  C,  583. 

London  &  S.  F.  Bank,  Portland, 
135. 

London  it  S.  F.  Hank,  Taconia, 
351. 

Long  Beacli,  Wash.,  303. 

Long  Beach  (Wash.)  Hotel, 303. 

Long  Block,  Centralia,  Wash., 
322. 

Longfellow  School,  Spokane, 
442. 

Long  Prairie,  Or.,  235,  240. 

Long  Tom  River,  Or.,  104. 

Long  Valley,  Idaho,  508. 

Looniis,  L.  A.,  Ilwaco,  Wash., 
301. 

Loomiston,  Wash.,  52,  76. 

Loon  Lake,  Wash.,  453,  454. 

Lost  River  Mines,  Idaho,  79. 

Lost  River,  Or,,  218. 


Louvre,  The,  Portland,  156. 

Lovejov,  A.  L.,  Portland,  110. 

Lownsdale,  D  H, Portland, 11 1 . 

I.ownsdale     Scliool,     Portland. 
143. 

Lower,    B.    Byron,    Boise    Citv. 
Idaho.  516. 

Luckiamntte   River,    Or.,    104. 
175. 

Lucretia  Mine,  Idaho,  486. 

Lumbering: —  (  As  a  great  in- 
dustry confined  to  Western 
Oregon,  Western  Washington 
and  British  Columbia.  Also 
see  Timber,  i  Industries  ot 
>  'regon,  56  ;  Industries  of 
Washington,  61  t5  63  ;  Aber- 
deen,Wash. ,331 ,332;  A.storia, 
Or.,  296;  Baker  Citv,  Or., 
288  :  Ballard.  Wash.,  369. 
384:  Blaine  ,  407:  Bonner. 
Mont.,  529;  Buckley,  Wash.. 
411,  412;  Caldwell,  Idaho. 
507;  Ca.stle  Rock, Wash.,  311 ; 
Catlilamet,  Wash.,  306  ;  Cen- 
tralia, Wash.,  323  324;  Che- 
halis, Wash.,  315,  317;  Che- 
halis Co.,  Wash  ,  327;  Collax, 
Wash.,  466;  Coos  Bay,  Or., 
266;  Cosmopolis,  Wash. ,329; 
Denver,  Idaho,  503  ;  Fair- 
haven,  Wash.,  401;  Grant's 
Pa.ss,  Or.,  209  ;  Hamilton, 
Mont.,  .531;  Hociuiatn,Wash., 
334  ;  Ilwaco,  Wa.sh,,  302  ; 
Kelso, Wash.,  310;  La  Grande, 
Or.,  284  ;  Lewiston,  Idaho, 
496;  Missoula,  Mont.,  529; 
Montesano,  Wash.,  327;  Mt. 
Idaho,  Idaho,  504;  Mt.  Ver 
non.  Wash.,  389;  New  What 
com.  Wash.,  405;  North  Yam 
hill.  Or.,  244;  oulput.  Pacific 
Northwest,  7;  oulput  four  larg- 
est mills,  Washington,  40.5  ; 
Oriing,  Wash  ,  411 ;  Palouse, 
Wash.,  471;  Portland,  131; 
Puyallup.  Wash.,  357;  Ralh- 
druni,  Idaho,  476;  Seattle, 
369.  379,  380,  381;  ,Sedro, 
Wash.,  391  ;  Skagit  Co., 
Wash.,  391  ;  Snoliomish. 
Wash.,  38S  ;  South  Bend, 
Wash,,  319;  Tnconia,  340. 
341,  344;  Thompson  Falls, 
Mont.,  52.5;  Tillamook  Co., 
Or..  24();  Vancouver,  B.  C, 
577;  Winlock,  Wash.,  312 

Lummi     Island,    I'uget    Sound, 
392. 

Lnrline  (steamer)  30(>. 

Lyman,  Horace.  Portland,  141. 

Lyons,    Haze,  Mont.,  567,  i">(>8. 

Macintosh,     C.     M.,     Chehalis, 
Wash  ,  317. 

Maddock,  John  G.,  Goldendale, 
Wash.,  310. 

Madison  Co.,    Mont.,   gold  and 
silver  output,  8.5. 

Madison   St.    Bridge,    Portland, 
115. 

Madison    St.   Cable    Ry.  Co.,  Se- 
attle, 369. 

Maguire,  J.  H.,    Moscow,  Idaho, 
490, 


Index. — Reading  Matter. 


«17 


Maher  &  Terwilliger,  Portland, 
126,  127. 

Mahogany  Mine,  Idaho,  79. 

Malarkey  &  Co.,  fish  dealers, 
Portland,  loa. 

Malheur  Co.,  Or.,  Mine.s,  70. 

Malheur  Lake,  Or.,  36. 

Malheur  River,  Or.,  28. 

Mann'.s  Creek  Vallev,  Idaho, 
507. 

Manufacturing  at:— Aberdeen, 
Wash.,  331,  332,  333;  Al- 
bany, Or.,  175,  176;  Aua- 
cortes,  Wash.,  392;  Ashland, 
Or.,  214  to  216;  Astoria,  Or., 
296;  Baker  City,  Or.,  288; 
Ballard,  Wash.,  369,  38+  ; 
Blacktoot,  Idaho,  523;  Blaine, 
Wash.,  407;  Boise  City,  Ida., 
511  ;  Bonner,  Mont.,  529  ; 
Brownsville, Or.,  183;  Buckley, 
Wash.,  412;  Bucoda,  Wash., 
335  ;  Castle  Rock,  Wash., 
311  ;  Centralia,  Wash.,  323; 
Chehalis,  Wash.,  315.  317; 
Cheney,  Wash.,  430;  Cf'fax, 
Wash.,  466  ;  Coos  Bay,  Or., 
266;  Corvallis,  Or.,  261;  Cos- 
mopolis.  Wash.,  329;  Cotton- 
wood, Idaho,  502;  Dallas,  Or., 
254;  Davenport,  Wash.,  449; 
Dayton,  Wash.,  461 ;  Denver, 
Idaho.  503;  Drain,  Or.,  202; 
East  Cottage  Grove,  Or.,  201 ; 
EUensburgh,  Wash.,  41  o  ; 
Eugene,  Or.,  195,  196:  Ev- 
erett, Wash.,  385,  386;  Fair- 
haven,  Wash..  399,400,  401; 
Farmingtou,  Wash  ,  468  ; 
Forest  Prove,  Or.,  230;  Gar- 
field, Wash.,  468;  Goldendale, 
Wash.,  309;  Grangeville.Ida., 
501;  Grant's  Pa.ss,  Or  ,  209; 
Harrisburg,  Or.,  192;  Hamil- 
ton, Mom.,  531;  'leppner. 
Or.,  271;  Hillsboro,  Or.,  227; 
Hood  River,  C»r.,  267;  Ho- 
quiam.  Wash.,  334;  Idaho 
Falls,  Idaho,  523;  In- 
dependence, Or.,  249;  Junc- 
tion City,  Or.,  194  ,  Ka- 
lania.  Wash.,  307;  Kelso, 
Wash.,  310;  Kendrick,  Idaho, 
493;  I<aCanias,  Wash..  309; 
LaConner,  Wa.sh.,  390.391; 
Lafayette,  Or..  252;  La 
Grande,  Or.,  285;  Lakeview, 
Or..  223;  Lebanon,  Or.,  179; 
Lewi.ston,  Idaho.  496;  Marsh- 
field,  Or.,  266;  McMinnville, 
Or.,  245;  Medford.  Or.,  210; 
Milton,  Or.,  284;  Missoula. 
Mont..  5  2  9;  Montesano, 
Wash.,  327;  Mt.  Idaho,  Ida- 
ho, 504:  Mt.  Vernon,  Wash., 
889;  MuUan.  Idaho,  486; 
Newberg,  (ir.,  250;  New 
Whatcom.  Wash.,  404,  405; 
Oakesdale,  Wash.,4u9;  Oak- 
land, Or.,  204:  Ocosta, 
Wash.,  334;  Olvmpia,  Wash., 
338;  Oregon  City,  Or.,  15" 
toir-..^;  Palouse,  Wash.  47'.; 
Payette,  Idaho,  50(»;  Pendle- 
ton, Or.,  275;  Portland,   132, 


133;  also  126,  130,  187,152 
and  153;  Pomeroy,  Wash., 
464;  Port  Townsend,  Wash., 
410;  Pros.ser,  Wash,.  425; 
Puyallup,  Wash.,  35V;  Uath- 
drum,  Idaho,  476;  Ritzville. 
Wash.,  426;  Roseburg,  Or., 
■205;  Roslyu,  Wash.,  413; 
b.ilem.  Or.,  168;  Scio,  Or., 
18:?;  Seattle,  Wash.,  369, 
379,  380,  381;  Sedro,  Wasn., 
391;  Sheridan,  Or.,  258;  Sil- 
verto.i.  Or.,  187;  Snohomish, 
Wasti.,  388;  South  Bend, 
Wash.,  319,  320;  Sprague, 
Wash.,  428;  Spokane,  Wash., 
437,  *38.  439;  Staylon,  Or., 
181  ;  Tacomt.,  340,  341,  343, 
344,  347,  349,  350;  The 
Dalles,  268;  Thompson  Falls, 
Mont.,  525;  Union.  Or.,  287; 
Union'own,  Wash.,47.'j,  Van- 
couver, B.  C,  577;  Vancouver, 
Wash.,  308;  Waitsburg, 
Wash.,  459,  Walla  W^alla, 
Wash.,  466  to  458;  Weiser, 
Idaho,  505;  Weston,  Or.,  283; 
Wilbur,  Wa.sh.,  450;  Win 
lock.  Wash.,  312. 

Marble:  —  Colville  country, 
455;  Davenport,  V/ash., 
450  ;  Douglas  Co.,  Or.,  208; 
Washington,  93  to  95  Yaki- 
ma Co.,  Wa.sh.,  418. 

Marcey,  H.  B.,  Moutesano, 
Wash.,  328. 

Marcus,  Wash.,  4.:;3. 

Marion  Co.,  Or.:— Description, 
172    -73;  population,  168. 

Markley,  Hays  &  Roche,  Port- 
land, 149. 

Marquam  Grand  Opera  House, 
Portland,  124. 

Marquam  School, P;,rtland,  143. 

Marshall,  Tunc.  Wash.,  44. 

Marshfield,   Or.,    42,  266,  267. 

Martin,  H.  H.  &  Son,  Centralia, 
Wash.,  323,  324. 

Martin,  H.  N.,  Spragi'e,  Wash., 
428. 

Martin,  Talleyrand,  Hope, 
Idaho,  478. 

Marj's  River,  Or.,  104,  175. 

Marysville,  Mont.,  50,  543. 

Marysville,  Mont.:— General  de- 
scription, ,')46  to  .548. 

Mary.sville,   Mont.,    Mines,   84. 

Mason  Co.,  Wash.,  340. 

Matlock,  W.  F.,  Pendleton,  Or., 
277. 

Matthiesen,  John,  Portland, 
152. 

May,  Charles  C,  Davenport, 
Was'i.,  4-.*  9,  450. 

Mayflower  Mine,  Idaho,  519. 

Maviiard,  Evtrett  &  Co.,  Che- 
\\n.\\s.  Wash.,  314. 

McCallan,  A.,  lakeview,  Or., 
223. 

McCaniman,  Idaho,  48. 

McCarver,  (ienl.  Matthew  M., 
Tacoma,  341. 

McClaine,  Fielding,  Silverton. 
Or.,  187. 


McClelland, Thos., Forest  Grove, 

Or.,  231. 
McConnell,   W.   J.,   Boi.se    City, 

Idaho,  513,  514. 
McCorraick,  Caot.,  Salmon  Riv-. 

er,  B.  C,  584. 
McCowan,   Mrs.   S.   M.,  Oregon 

City,  Or.,  161. 
McCune,  Or.,  288. 
McDonald,   W.   E.,  New   What- 
com, Wash.,  405. 
McFarland,     Fraiik,    Heppner, 

Or.,  272. 
McFarland,    Homer,    Heppner, 

Or.,  272. 
McFarland  Mercantile  Co.,  Hep- 
pner, Or.,  272,  273. 
McGilvra,  J.  J..  Seattle,  371. 
McGiven,  Mrs.    A.   C,  Tacoma, 

354. 
McGrane,    Frank,    Grangeville, 

Idaho,  501. 
McGrath      House,      Cathlamet, 

Wash.,  306. 
McGuire,  C.  A.,  Seaside,  Clatsop 

Beach,  Or.,  300 
McGuire   House,   Seaside,  Clat- 

soo  Beach,  Or.,  300. 
McKenny     Block,     Olympia, 

Wash.,  337. 
McKenny,    T.    I.,     Olympia, 

Wash.,  337. 
McKenzie  Rise.,  Or.,  104,  200, 

201. 
McLean,   Geo.   D.,   Mt.  Vernon, 

Wash.,  390. 
McLoughlin,    Dr.    John,     1()8, 

157. 
McMinnville,   Or.,   244  to  247. 
McMinnville  (Or.)  College,246, 

247. 
McMinnville   (Or.)    Nat.   Bank, 

246. 
McC.   White,   W.   &   Co.,  Butte, 

Mont.,  558. 
Meadow  Creek  Pass,  Idaho,502. 
Meager  Co.,  Mont,,  Mining,  84. 
Mealy,     A.,     Chehalis,     Wash., 

316. 
Mealy-Lacy  Co., Chehalis, Wash. , 

315,  317. 
Medlord  (Or.)  Hotel,  211. 
Medford,  Or.,  210  to  212,  (also 

see  ^-.T,; 
Medical  Lake,  Wash.,  446,447, 

45. 
Medical  Springs,  Or.,  287. 
Meek,   W .  M.,   Milwaukie,  Or., 

588. 
Meeker,  Ezra,  Puyallup, Wash., 

356,  357. 
Meeker,   Ezra  &  Co.,  Puyallup, 

Wash.,  356. 
Meeker,     Jacob    R.,    Puyallup, 

Wash.,  357,  358. 
MeekersJunc,  Wash.,  45,  361. 
Melnor  Trail,  Idaho,  504. 
Melons:—  (  Also  see   Fruit   Cul- 
ture.)     Ashland,    Or.,      215; 

Josephine  Co.,  Or.,  209;  Med- 
ford, Or.,  (  near)  210;  Rogue 

River  Valley,  Or.,  213;  Snake 

River     Valley,    Idaho,     495  ; 

Wasco  Co.,  Or.,   270;  Yakima 

Valley,  Wash.,  424. 


fi. 


618 


The  Oregoniati's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Mercer  School,  Seattle,  372. 

Merchants  Nat.  Bank,  Helena, 
539. 

Merchants  Nat.  Bank,  Portland, 
135. 

Merchants  Nat.  Bank,  Seattle, 
382. 

Merchants  Nat.  Bank,  Tacoma, 
351. 

Meriden  Mill  Co.,  New  What- 
com, Wash.,  405. 

Merrell,  J.  M.,  Mont.,  534. 

Mesner,  P.  H.,  North  Yamhill, 
Or.,  '24-1. 

Metalline  Mines,  Wash.,  75, 
454. 

Metcalf,  J.  E.,  Montesano, 
Wash.,  328. 

Methodist  Mission,  Early,  Or., 
169. 

Methow  River,  Wash  ,  26. 

Met.   Sav.   Bank,  Tacoma,  351. 

Metzger,  N.  A.,  Winlock,Wash., 
312. 

Miami  River,  Or.,  35,  239 

Michigan  Lumber  Co.,  Aber- 
deen, Wash.,  332. 

Middle  Salubria  Valley,  Idaho, 
507. 

Midway  School,  Portland,  143. 

Miles,  B.  C,  Newberg,  Or.,  252. 

Miller,  D.  H.,  Medford,  Or.,211. 

Miller  &  Briden.stine's  Sawmill, 
New  Whatcom,  Wash.,  405. 

Milner,  E.  A.,  Albany,  Or.,  178. 

Milo  Gulch,  Idaho,  482. 

Mills,  D.  R.  and  E.  V.,  Ashland, 
Or.,  214. 

Milton,  Or.,  284,  110. 

Milton  Station,  Or.,  293. 

Milwaukie.Or..  110,  111,  146. 

Mining:  (Gold,  Silver,  Copper 
and  Lead.)  Alaska,  85,  86; 
Anaconda,  Mont.,  558,  559; 
Baker  City,  Or.,  289;  Baker 
Co.,  Or.,  291,  292;  Bellvue, 
Idaho,  519;  Boulder,  Idaho, 
493  ;  Boundary  District, 
Wash.,  454;  British  Columbia 
(output),  8,  (also  see  568  to 
588);  Butte,  Mont.,  548  to 
558;  Cedar  District,  Idaho, 
493;  Caeur  d'Alene,  Idaho, 
478  to  488,  (also  see  434, 
435);  Colville  country.  Wash., 
434,  435  ;  Corbin,  Mont., 
546;  Deer  Lodge  Co.,  Mont., 
536;  Ellensburgh, Wash. ,415; 
Egypt  District,  Wash.,  450; 
Granite,  Mont.,  533,  534  ; 
Graugeville,  Idaho,  501  ; 
Green  River,  Wash.,  312  ; 
Hailey,  Idaho,  519,  520  ; 
Helena,  Mont.,  537  to  543, 
(al.so  see  Marysville,  Rimini 
and  Wicks )  ;  Hope,  Idaho, 
478;  Idaho,  77  to  80,  517; 
Idaho  Co.,  Idaho,  498,  499; 
Kalama  River,  Wash.,  307; 
Kaslo,  B.  C,  585,  586; 
Ketchum,  Idaho,  521;  Koot- 
enay,  B.  C,  436,  578  to  584, 
587;  Lewis  Co.,  Wash.,  316; 
Little  Dalles,  Wash.,  453  ; 
Marysville,      Mont.,    546    to 


548;  Metalline  Di.strict,  Wash., 
454  ;  Montana,  80  to  85, 
(also  see  Montana  centers  of 
population);  Monte  Cristo, 
Wash.,  377,  378;  Nelson,  B. 
C,  586  to  588;  Northport, 
Wash.,  454;  Okanogan  coun- 
try. Wash.,  435;  Oregon,  67 
to  72;  Pacific  Northwest,  65 
to  85  ;  Pechastin  ristrict. 
Wash,,  415  ;  Phillii  sburp, 
Mont.,533  to  535;  Rati  drum, 
Idaho,  476;  Rimini,  .VIont., 
545;  Ruby,  Idaho,  493;  Sal- 
mon River,  B.  C,  584;  Sho- 
shone Co.,  Idaho,  478  to 
488:  Silver  Creek,  Wash., 
377,  388;Slocan  District,  B. 
C,  441;  Snohomish,  Wash., 
388  ;  Swauk  Creek  District, 
Wash.,  415'  Thomp.son  Falls, 
Mont.,  525;  Trail  Creek,  B. 
C,  584,  585;  Union  Co.,  Or., 
291,  292;  Washington,  72  to 
77  ;  Washington  Co.,  Idaho, 
506,  507;  Wicks,  Mont,,  545, 
546;  Winlock,  Wash.,  312; 
Wood  River  Vallev,  Idaho, 
518,  522;  Yakima  Co., Wash., 
418. 

Mineral  City,  Idaho,  293. 

Mineral  Point  Mine,  Idaho, 485. 

Minor,  T.  T.,  School,  Seattle, 
372. 

Minnie  Moore  Mine,  Idaho,519. 

Mission,  B.  C,  51. 

Mission  Landing,  Idaho,  49, 
51,  479,  482. 

Missoula  Co ,  Mont.,  85,  (also 
see  Missoula.) 

Missoula  Mine,  Idaho,  486. 

Missoula,  Mont.,  526  to  530, 
(also  see  49,  51.) 

Missoula  River,Mont.,  26,  454, 
526. 

Missouri  River,  49,  432,  537. 

Mitchell  Creek,  Or.,  208. 

Modoc  Mine,  Mont.,  556. 

Mohawk  River,  Eugene,  200. 

Molalla  River,  Or.,  104. 

Monarch,  Mout.,  51. 

Monarch  Mine,  Idaho,  484. 

Mondovi,  Wash..  448. 

Mono  Mine,  Mont.,  557. 

Monohan,  suburb  Seattle,  Allen 
&  Nelson  Mill  Co.,  379,  380. 

Monmouth,  Or,,  259,  260. 

Monroe  Street  Bridge,  Spokane, 
439. 

Montana  :  —  Area,  8  ;  coal,  85  ; 
centers  of  population,  525  to 
568  ;  early  gold  discoveries, 
66  ;  early  history  (  see  vigi- 
lantes )  ;  elevation,  mean, 
maximum  and  minimum,  10; 
first  gold  discovery,  535  ; 
first  quartz  mill,  83  [  first  sil- 
ver mill,  533  ;  first  white  set- 
tlement, 526  ;  gold  and  silver 
output,  84  ;  lead,  84  ;  mines, 
mining,  genl.  description,  80 
to  85.  ( Also  see  525  to 
559 )  ;  population,  8  ;  rail- 
roads, 49,  50,  51  ;  soil,  23, 
24  ;    State  Penitentiary,  Deer 


Lodge,    536  ;     stock   raising, 

genl.  description,  559  to  562; 

timber  resources,  64. 
Montana  Bar,  Mont.,  gold,  82. 
Montana  Central  Ry.,  49,  51. 
Montana  Club,   Helena,   Mont., 

540. 
Montana     Consolidated    Mine, 

Mont.,  555,  556. 
Montana    Co.,      ( Id )      Milling, 

547. 
Montana    Nat.    Bank,    Helena, 

539. 
Montana  Savings  Bank,  539. 
Montana  State  Library,  Helena, 

541. 
Montana    University,     Helena, 

542. 
Montana  University,   Missoula, 

528. 
Montana  Union  Ry.,  48,  49,  50. 
Montana  Union  Ry.  Shops,  An- 
aconda, Mont.,  559. 
Monte  Cristo  Mines,  Wash.,  74, 

377,  378,  388. 
Monte     Cristo     Mining     Dist., 

Wash.,  railroads,  47. 
Montesano.  Wash.,  326  to  329. 
Montezuma  Mines,  B.  C,  582. 
Montrose  Park,  Spokane,  439. 
Moody,     C.      S.,    Mt.     Vernon, 

Wash.,  390. 
Moore     &      Martin,'     Klamath 

Falls,  Or.,  219. 
Moose  Creek  Mines,  Idaho,  79. 
Moose  Mine,  Mont.,  5.56. 
Morey,  P.  F.,  161,  164. 
Morgan,    J.    J.,    Hillsboro,    Or., 

228. 
Mormons  at  Idaho  Falls,  Idaho, 

523. 
Morning    Mine,      Idaho,    480, 

486. 
Morning  Star  Mine,  Idaho,    79. 
Morning  Star  Mine,   Wash.,  74. 
Morris,  B.    F.,    Camas    Prairie, 

Idaho,  503. 
Morris,  Right  Rev.  D.  D.,  144. 
Morrison       House,         Sealand, 

Wash.,  305. 
Morrison    Street    Bridge,    Port- 
land, 115. 
Morrow  Co.,  Or.,  273. 
Morrow,      J.      F  ,      Waitsburg, 

Wash.,  460. 
Moscow,  Idaho,  488  to  492. 
Moscow,  Idaho,  Nat.  Bank, 490. 
Moscow,  Idaho,  railroads,  49. 
Moscow,    Idaho,    U.    P.     R.    R. 

branch,  46. 
Moscow,    Idaho,    University    of 

Idaho,  491,  492. 
Moser,    J.    H.,     Silverton,    Or., 

1 88. 
MO.SS,  S.  W.,  157. 
Mother  I.ode  Mine,  Idaho,  487. 
Moulton  Mine,  Mont.,  84. 
Mountain    View    Mine,    Mont., 

556. 
Mount  Wallace,  Sprague,Wash., 

429. 
Mt.    Adams,    233;    from    Port- 
land, 116. 
Mt.  Angel,  Or.,  189  to  191. 
Mt.  Angel  (Or.)  Hotel,  189. 


Index. — Reading  Matter. 


619 


Mt.  Angel  (Or.)  Seminary  and 
Collefre,  189. 

Mt.  Baker,  Washy  -iOS,  572; 
elevation,  9 ;  from  Seattle, 
370. 

Mt.  Belmont,  Mont.,  54.7. 

Mt.  Chapaca  Mines,  75. 

Mt.  Helena,  Mont.,  537. 

Mt.  Hood,  Or.,  104,  233;  ele- 
vation, 9;  from  Hood  River, 
Or.,  268;  from  Portland,  116. 

Mt.  Idaho,  Idaho,  504,  505. 

Mt.  Jefferson,  116,  233. 

Mt.  Olympus,  elevation,  9. 

Mt.  Pitt,  233;  elevation,  9. 

Mt.  Rainier,  233,411,  412;  ele- 
vation, 9;  from  Portland,  116; 
from  Seattle,  370;  from  Taco- 
ma  (Mt.  Tacoma),  343. 

Mt.  St.  Helens,  233,  293;  ele- 
vation, 9;  from  Portland,  116; 
gold,  312;mine.s,  316;  min- 
ing, 74. 

Mt.  Scott  (suburb),  Portland, 
146. 

Mt.  Shasta,  Cal.,  40. 

Mt.  Tabor  (suburb),  Portland, 
145,  146. 

Mt.  Tacoma  (Rainier),  341, 
343. 

Mt.  Vernon,  Wash.,  388,  389, 
390. 

Mt.  Zion,  Or.,  116. 

Moyer,  J.  M.,  Brownsville,  Or., 
184. 

Moxee  Valley,  Wash.,  423. 

Muck  Valley,  Wash.,  411. 

Mullan,  Idaho,  485,  486;  rail- 
roads, 48,  49;  U.  P.  R.  R., 
46,  (also  see  482.) 

Mullan,  John,  486. 

Mullan  Road,  37,  49,  431, .  .'8, 
479,  486,  526. 

Multnomah  Box  Co.,  Portland, 
153. 

Multnomah  Co.  Court  House, 
Portland,  121. 

Multnomah  Co.,  Or.,  assessed 
valuation,  140. 

Multnomah  School,  Portland, 
143. 

Munich  Mine,  Mont  ,  546. 

Munkers,  I.  J.,  Scio,  Or.,  182. 

Murphy,  .'V.  M.  &  Co.,  Bankers, 
Spokane,  441. 

Murray,  Idaho,  486  to  488, 
(also  .see  479,  482,  485.) 

Myer's  Falls,  Wash.,  453. 

Myers,  Geo.  T.,  Salmon  Can- 
nery, Seattle  (pack),  99. 

Myrtle  Creek,  Or.,  208. 

Myrtle  Point,  Or.,  267. 

Nail  Factory,  Kverett,  Wash., 
385. 

Nail  Works,  Port  Towusend, 
Wash.,  410. 

Nampa,  Idaho,  48,  510,  513. 

Nanaimo,  B.  C.  : —  Description, 
573  to  576 ;  railways,  52, 
570. 

Naples  Creek  mines,  Idaho,  79. 

Nash,  D.  &  Co.,  Halsey,  Or., 
191. 

Nass  River,  B.  C,  99,  102. 


Natatorium,  Boise  City,  Idaho, 
511. 

Natatorium,  Helena,  Mont., 
541. 

Natchez  River,  Wash.,  417, 
422   423. 

Natchez  Valley,  Wash.,  417. 

Nat.  Bank  of  Commerce,  Seat- 
tle, 382. 

Nat.  Bank  of  Commerce,  Taco- 
ma, 351. 

Nat.  Bank  of  Heppner,  Or., 272. 

Nat.  Mine,  Wash.,  74. 

Natron,  Or.,  39,  186. 

Neah  Bay,  Wash.,  410. 

Necanicum  River,  Or.,  299. 

Nectarines  :  —  Whitman,  Co., 
Wash.,  467  ;  Yakima  Valley, 
Wash.,  423. 

Nehaleni,  Or.,  100,  242. 

Nehalem  Bay,  Or.,  239. 

Nehalem  River,  Or.,  239,  293. 

Nehalem  Valley,  Or.,  71,  240, 
293. 

Neihart,  Mont.,  51. 

Nellie  Grant  Mine,  Mont.,  545. 

Nellie  Mine,  Idaho.  485. 

Nelson,  Abraham,  Independ- 
ence, Or.,  249. 

Nelson,  B.  C.  :  —  Description, 
586  to  588.  ( .'Uso  see  47,  52, 
441,  579,  580. 

Nelson  &  Fort  Shepherd  Ry.,  B. 
C,  47,  441. 

Nestucca  Bay  Country,  Or.,  99, 
239,  240. 

Nestucca  Rivers  (Big  and  Little), 
Or.,  239,  240. 

Netarts  Bay,  Or.,  239,  242. 

Neuse  River,  B.  C,  salmon,  99. 

Neuskahl  River,  Wash.,  325. 

Newaukum,  Wash.,  312. 

Newaukum  River,  Wash.,  316. 

Newaukum  Valley, Wash.,  312. 

Newberg,  Or.,  250  to  252. 

Newberg,  Or.,  Pressed  Brick  & 
Terra  Cotta  Co.,  250. 

Newcastle  Coal  Mines,  Wash., 
89   90    377 

Newell,  George,  Seattle,  379. 

Newell  Mill  Co.,  Seattle,  370. 

New  Gem  Mine,  Or  ,  291. 

New  Pine  Creek,  Or,,  223, 

Newport,  Or.,  265. 

New  Silver  Bell  Mine,  Or.,  70. 

N.  Vancouver,  B.  C,  Coal  Co., 
570. 

N.  Vancouver,  B.  C,  Coal,  Mine 
&  Land  Co.,  574. 

New  Westminster,  B.  C.  :  —  De- 
scription, 477;  precipitation, 
16;  temperature,  16.  (Also 
see  51,  568,  569.) 

New  Whatcom,  Wash.  :  —  De- 
scription, 401  to  406;  ship- 
ments coal,  88.  (Also  see 
393.) 

New  York  Canal,  Idaho,  517. 

Nez  Perces  Co.,  Idaho.  (See 
Lewiston.) 

Nez  Perces  Indians,  4.33. 

Nez  Perces  Indian  Reservation, 
493,  497,  500. 

Niblocks,  Wash.,  coal,  90. 


Nichols,  John,  .  Davenport, 
Wash.,  449. 

Nickel,  Douglas  Co.,  Or.,  208. 

Nickel,  Oregon,  71. 

Nine  Mile  Canyon,  Idaho,  484.' 

Nine  Mile  Creek,  Idaho,  483. 

Nisqually  River,  Wash.,  34,  90, 
91    92. 

Noble  Five  Hill  Mine,  B.C.,  583  ; 

Nooksack  River,  Wash.,  34. 

Normoyle,  M.  C,  Kendrick, 
Idaho,  494. 

North  Beach,   Wash.,  301,  302. 

North  Bend,  Wash.,  45. 

Norris,  Mont.,  50. 

North  Central  School,  Portland, 
143. 

North  End  Bank,  Seattle,  382. 

Northern  Pacific  Railroad  :  — 
Description,  41,  42  ;  lines  in 
Idaho,  48,  49  ;  lines  in  Mon- 
tana, 49,  50,  51  ;  line  in  Ore- 
gon, 42  ;  lines  in  Washing- 
ton 43  to  45  ;  branches 
from  .Spokane,  440;  Canadian 
Pacific  connections,  51  ;  car 
shops,  Kllensburgh,  415  ;  car 
shops,  Hope,  Idaho,  477  ;  car 
shops,  Missoula,  .527  ;  car 
shops,  Sprague,  427  ;  car 
shops,  Tacoma,  349 ;  coal 
mines,  Roslyn,  413  ;  comple- 
tion, 342,  434  ;  on  Gray's 
Harbor  324,  325  ;  at  Seattle. 
376,  377  ;  stampede  tunnel, 
342,  411  ;  steam  ferry,  Co- 
lumbia river,  307  ;  at  Taco- 
ma, 352. 

N.  P.  Mine,  Mont.,  545,  546. 

N.  P.  S.  .S.  Co.,  Tacoma,  352. 

N.  P.  Yak.  &  Kit.  Irrigation 
Co.,  Wash.,  419,  420,  422, 
424. 

North  Granite  Mine,Mont.,535. 

Northport,  Wash.,  44,  47,  52, 
75,  441,  453,  529.  584. 

Northport  Mines,   Wash.,  454. 

North  Prairie,  Or.,  173. 

North  Seattle  Cable  Ry.  Co., 
369. 

North  Star  Mine,  Idaho,  521. 

Northwestern  Luni.  Co.,  Ho- 
quiam.  Wash.,  333,  334. 

Northwestern  Lum.  Co.,  South 
Bend,  Wash.,  319. 

Northwest  L.  &  Trust  Co.,  Port- 
land, 135. 

Northwest  Min.Co.,  Mont.,. 534, 
535. 

North  Yakima,  Wash.,  416  to 
419. 

North  Yamhill,  Or.,  241?  to  244. 

North  &  South  R.  R.,  Boise 
City,  Idaho,  508. 

Norway,  Or..  266. 

Nurseriec  at  Woodburn,  Or., 
165. 

Oak  Bay,  B.  C,  573. 

Odkesdale,  Wash.,  468,  409. 

Oakland,  Or.,  203,  204. 

Oats  :  —  (  Grown  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  Pacific  Northwest, 
Al.so  see  wheat.)  Big  Bend 
country.  Wash.,  448;  Camas 
Prairie,   Idaho,  500;    Cheha- 


1 


620 


The  Oregotiian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


;l  i 


lis  Co.,  Wash.,  327;  Flathead 
Valley,  Mont.,  532  ;  La  Con- 
ner, Wash.,  390  ;  Pullman, 
Wa.sh.,  473 ;  Skagit,  Wash., 
389,  396  ;  Tillamook,  Or., 
241:  Union  Co.,  Or.,  288; 
Walla  Walla,  Wash.,  458  ; 
Whatcom  Co.,  Wash.,  396. 

Occidental  Mine,  Or.,  69. 

Occident  Mine,  Idaho,  487. 

Ocean  Park   Wash.,  305. 

Ocean  Wave  (steamer),  301. 
■  Ocosta,    Wash.  :— Description, 
334,  335    (Also  see  45,  320.) 

Oil,  Wash.,  88. 

Okanogan  Ivake,    B  C,  26,  !52. 

Okanogan  Landing,  B.  C,  52. 

Okanogan  Mining  Country,  B. 
C,  72,  73,  75,  76,  435,  440, 
451. 

Okanogan  River,  26. 

O.  K.  Mine,  B  C,  584,  585. 

Old  Dominion  Mine,  Wash., 
75,  454,  455. 

Old  Mission  Landing,  Idaho, 
432,  433. 

Old  Nat.  Bank,  Spokane,  441. 

Olequa  Creek,  Wash.,  311. 

Olympia  Branch  Or.  Im.  Co.'s 
R.  R.,  47. 

Olympia  (Wash.)  Door  &  Lum. 
Co.,  338. 

Olympia,  Wash  : — Description, 
335  to  339  ;  oysters,  102  ; 
precipitation,  16;  road  from 
Port  Townsend,  410;  temper- 
ature. 16. 

Olympic  Mountains,  405,  370. 

Olympic  School,  Seattle,  372. 

Onions  :  —  Skagit  Co.,  Wash., 
389.  (Also  grown  in  nearly 
all  parts  of  Pacific  North- 
west.) 

Opals: — Davenport,  Wash.,  450. 

Oregon:  —  (  See  general  ar^icles, 
climate,  mining,  fishing,  etc. ; 
also  pages  104  to  300  ) ;  area, 
7  ;  Cayuse  Indian  war,  109  ; 
centers  of  population,  104  to 
300  ;  coal,  71  ;  coast,  har- 
bors, 35  ;  coa.st  points,  232  to 
242  and  263  to  267  ;  copper, 
71  ;  creation  of  territory, 
110  ;  early  history,  107  to 
110  ;  early  history,  Astoria, 
294  ;  early  steamboating, 
117;  eastern  centers  of  pop- 
lution,  267  to  293  :  elevation, 
mean,  maximum,  minimum, 
10  ;  first  railroad,  38  ;  first 
sawmill,  56  ;  fishing  indus- 
try, 95  to  104  ;  gold  output, 
114  ;  hops,  357  to  361  ;  In- 
dian disturbance,  109,  157  ; 
iron,  70,  71  ;  irrigation,  24  ; 
lime,  93  ;  lumbering  indus- 
tries, 56  ;  mining,  67  to  72  ; 
nickel,  71  ;  organization  of, 
7  ;  population,  7  ;  silver,  70  ; 
soil,  21  ;  southeastern  lakes, 
36;  southern  centers  of  pop- 
ulation, 202  to  227  ;  State 
Agricultural  College, Corvallis, 
261  ;  State  Board  of  Immi- 
gration,   121  ;   State  Capitol, 


Salem,  166  to  172  ;  State  In- 
sane A.sylum,  Salem,  170; 
State  Normal  School,  Drain, 
203 ;  State  Normal  School, 
Monmouth,  259,  260 ;  State 
Normal  School,  Weston,  283  ; 
State  Penitentiary, Salem,  170; 
State  Reform  School,  Salem, 
170  ;  State  School  for  Blind, 
Salem,  170;  State  School  for 
Deaf  and  Dumb,  Salem,  170  ; 
Territory  of,  108  ;  Timber  re- 
sources, general  description, 
53  to  65  ;  Willamette  Valley, 
104  to  202:  227  to  232  ;  242 
to  263  ;  Wool  crop,  1892, 
130,  131;  Woolen  goods, 
manufactured,  131. 

Oregon  City,  Or.:  —  Descrip- 
tion, 157  to  165  ;  canal  and 
locks,  32  ;  Indian  executions, 
110  ;  light  for  Portland,  118, 
119  ;  as  territorial  capital, 
110;  Willamette  falls,  31, 
104,  158,  159,  160. 

Oregon  City,  Or.,  Woolen  Mills, 
163. 

Oregonian,  The,  Portland,  111, 
122. 

Oregonian,  The,  Building,  Port- 
land, 122. 

Oregon  Blade,  Baker  City,  Or., 
289. 

Oregon  Improve.  Co.,  47,  391, 
410. 

Oregon  Lumber  Co., Baker  City, 
Or.,  288. 

Oregon  Market,  Portland,  156. 

Oregon  Milling  Co.,  Silverton, 
Or.,  186. 

Oregon  Nat.  Bank,  Portland, 
135. 

Oregon  Pac.  R.  R.,  42,  174, 
175,  260,  263,  264. 

Oregon  Railway  &  Nav.  Co., 
40,  41,  46,  117,  342. 

Oregon  Real  Estate  Co.,  Port- 
land, 149. 

Oregon  Short  Line  R.  R.,  40. 

Oregon  State  Graded  School, 
Lakeview,  Or.,  223. 

Oregon  Steam  Nav.  Co.,  117. 

Oregon  &  Cal.  R.  R.,  Co.,  37, 
39,  41. 

Oriental  Tea  Co.,  Halsey,  Or., 
191. 

Oro  Fino  Creek,  Idaho,  77, 

Oro  Fino  Mines,  Idaho,  79,  494, 
499. 

Oro  Fino  Mine,  Wash.,  74. 

Oro  Fino  Mining  Co.,  Idaho, 79. 

Ora,  Wash.,  52. 

Orting,  Wash.,  411. 

Osborne,  Idaho  :  —  Description, 
485.  ( Also  see  48,  49,  482, 
486.) 

Ostrander,  L-  W.,  Olympia, 
Wash.,  338. 

Oswald,  B.,  Mt.  Angel,  Or., 
189. 

Oswego,  Or.,  Iron  &  Steel  Co., 
70,  132. 

Oswego,  Or..  70,  132. 

Overton.  W.  M.,  Portland,  110. 

Owen,  Maj.,  Montana,  530. 


Owyhee  Co.,  Idaho,  77,  78, 
508,  517, 

Oyster  beds,  Shoalwater  Bay, 
Wash     35. 

Oysters  :  — Blaine,  Wash.,  407; 
Pacific  Coast.  102,  103  ;  Pu- 
get  Sound,  96  ;  Shoalwater 
Bay,  Wash.,  96,  305  ;  Va- 
quina  Bay,  Or.,  96,  264  ; 
Oysterville,  Wash.,  305,  319. 

Pacific  Northwest  :  —  Area,  5  ; 
boundary  lines,  5  ;  boundary 
( internutional ),  7;  climate, 
9  to  20  ;  elevation,  general, 
9  ;  fishing,  7  and  95  to  104  ; 
gold,  discovery  ol,  6  ;  history 
(early),  6  ;  introduction,  5  to 
8  ;  lakes,  35,  36  ;  lumber 
output  7  ;  mining,  65  to  86  ; 
mining  output,  7  ;  railroads, 
36  to  52  ;  rivers  and  harbors, 
25  to  36;  rainfall,  18  ;  re- 
sources, 5,  6,  7,  8  ;  scenery, 
7  ;  soils,  20  to  25  ;  tempera- 
ture, 11,  16,  17,  18  ;  timber, 
52  to  65  ;  topography,  9  to 
20  ;  wheat  crop,  7. 

Pacific  Coast  Fishing  Co.,  Port- 
land, 1.04. 

Pacific  College,  Newberg,  Or., 
250. 

Pacific  Co.,  Wash.,  seaside  re- 
sorts, 300  to  306. 

Pacific  Co.,  Wash.,   317  to  320. 

Pacific  Cranberry  Co.,  Ilwaco, 
Wash.,  302. 

Pacific  Hotel,  Caldwell,  Idaho, 
507. 

Pacific  Junction,  Mont.,  51. 

Pacific  Nat.  Bank,  Tacoma,351. 

Pacific  Ocean, effects  on  climate, 
12. 

Pacific  Park,  Wash.,  304. 

Pacific  School,  Seattle,  372. 

Pacific  S.  S.  Co.,  Tacoma,  352. 

Pacific  Steel  Barge  Co.,  Everett, 
Wash.,  385. 

Pacific  University,  Oregon, 231, 
232. 

Padillo  Bay,  Puget  Sound,  34. 

Padit  River,  Wash.,  460. 

Painted  Rocks,  B.  C,  579. 

Paisley,  Or.,  223. 

Palace  Hotel,  Heppner,  Or.. 
273. 

Palmer  Mountain,  Wash.,  76. 

Palou.se  Branch  N.  P.  R.  R.,  44. 

Palouse  Country,  Wash.:  —  464 
to  475.  ( Also  .see  23,  44,  46, 
94.) 

Palouse  Indians,  432 

Palouse  Wash.,  470  to  472. 

Palouse  River,  Wash.,  463, 
464. 

Pandora  Mine,  Mont.,  84. 

Panhandle  Mine,  Idaho,  484. 

Paper  Mills,  Everett.  Wash., 
385. 

Paper  Mills.  LaCamas,  Wash., 
309. 

Paper  Mills,   Lebanon  Or.,  179. 

Paper  Mills,  Oregon  City,  Or., 
163. 

Park  Co.,  Mont.,  mining,  85. 


Index. — Read  in ff  Mutter. 


621 


VV.    &    Co.,    Seattle, 
H.,    Uaker    City,  Or., 


Or.. 


84. 
Boise 


City, 
(Also 


85. 


Park  Hotel,  Centralia,  Wash., 
322. 

Parker  A.  P..  Graugeville,  Ida- 
ho, 501. 

Parker  C. 
384. 

Parker  J. 
290. 

Parker  Mine,  Idaho,  521. 

Parkersburg,  Or.,  206. 

Park  School,  Portland,  143. 

Pari.sh  Frank,  Mont.,  567,  568. 

Payette  Canal,  Idaho,  517. 

Payette,  Idaho,  506. 

Payette  River,  Idaho,  50,  509. 

Payette  Valley,  Idaho,  506. 

Paradise  Valley,  Idaho,  488. 

Parrot  Copper  &  Silver  Min. 
Co.,  Mont.,  557. 

Parrot  Mine,  Mont. 

Parsons,   Geo.    M. 
Idaho.  514. 

Pasco,  Wash.,  425,  426. 
see  27,  270.) 

Pa.ss  Creek,  Or.,  202. 

Pataha  River,  Wash.,  464 

Pataha  Valley, U'ash..  463,464. 

Patrons  of  Husbandry,  Hills- 
boro.  Or.,  227. 

Patton's  Creek,  Or.,  229. 

Patton  Ledge  Mine,  Ashland, 
Or..  yi5. 

Payette  River,  Idaho,  28. 

Paymaster  Mine,  Idaho.  486. 

Payne,  Benj  ,  Seattle,  366. 

Peaches:— (Also  see  fruit  cul- 
ture.) Ashland,  Or.,  215;  Big 
Bend  country.  Wash.,  449  ; 
Dallas,  Or..  254;  Douglas  Co., 
Or.,  208;  Grant's  Pass,  Or., 
209;  Hood  River,  Or.,  268; 
Medford,  Or.,  210;  Newberg, 
Or.,  251;  Oakland  Dr.,  20r 
Oregon,  591;  Pcik  Co. 
257;  Potlatch  country, 
493;  Rogue  River,  Or., 
Snake  River,  Idaho, 
Walla  Walla,  Wash, 
Wasco  Co.,  Or.,  270; 
man  Co.,  Wash.,  467; 
ma  Co.,  Wash.,  417;  Yakima 
Valley,  Wash. ,421,  42.'J,  424. 

Peanuts:— Whitman  Co..  Wash., 
467. 

Pearce,  Capt.  Jas.,  77. 

Pears:— (Grown  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  Pacific  Northwest. 
See  fruit  culture.)  Oregon, 
591  ;  Walla  Walla,  Wash., 
458. 

Pechastin  Mines,  Wash.,  415. 

Pederson.  H.  B.,  Ballard,  Wash., 
385. 

Pen  d'Oreille  Indians,  433. 

Pen  d'Oreille  Lake.  (See  Lake 
Pen  d'Oreille.) 

Pen  d'Oreille  River,  453,  454, 
477,  532,  584. 

Pen  d'Oreille,  Wash.,  453. 

Peerless  Jenny  Mine,  Mont,, 
545. 

Pendleton,  Or.:  —  Description, 
274  to  278;  mines,  70. 

Pendleton  Sav.  Rank.  277. 

Peninsula  School, Portland, 143. 


Or., 

Ida., 

213; 

405  : 

458- 
Whit- 
Yaki- 


Pennover,   Sylvester,  as   .school 

teacfier,  141,  142. 
Penland,   Wm.,   Heppner,    Or., 

272. 
Penobscott  Mine,  Mont.,  547. 
Penticton,  B.C.,  51. 
Pen  Yan  Mine,  Mont.,  546. 
People's     Sav.     Bank,    Seattle, 

382. 
Percival,  D.    !>'.,  Cheney,  Wash., 

432. 
Perkins,  Jas.  A.,  Colfax,  Wash., 

464. 
Perkins'  Hotel,  Portland,  149. 
Perkins'    Restaurant,  Portland, 

149. 
Perkins,  R.  S.,  Portland,  149. 
Peshastin  Creek,  Wash.,  74. 
Peterson,   Walter  C,   Lebanon, 

Or,,  180,  181. 
Pettygrove,  K.W.,Portland,l  10. 
Pfeiflfer,  Chas.,  Albany,  Or.,  1  77, 

178. 
Phillips,  A.  A.,  Olynipia,  Wash., 

338. 
Phillip.sburg,     Mont.:— Descrip- 
tion.  533   to  535.     (Also  see 

50,  83,   84.) 
Phillips,  David,  Seattle,  382. 
Phillips  &  Sullivan  Mine,  Ida., 

79. 
Phillis  Canal,  Idaho,  517. 
Pierce   Co.,    Wash.:— Coal,    90, 

91,    92,    344;    Court    House, 

346,  347;  timber,  344.    (Also 

see    Tacoma,    Puyallup     and 

Sumner.) 
Piedmont    (suburb),    Portland, 

147. 
Pierce,   W.   M.,   Pendleton,  Or., 

277. 
Pietrzvcki,     Dr.     M.,     Dayton, 

Wash.,  461. 
Pillar  Palls,  Kootenay  River,  B. 

C,  580. 
Pilot  Bay  Mines,  B.  C,,  580. 
Pine  Vallev.  Ot ,,  288. 
Pioneer  Gulch,  Mont..  SC. 
Pioneer  Silver  Mill,  Mont.,  83. 
Pittock, Henry  L.  Portinnd.lll. 
Pittsburg  Stone    Co.,     raccma, 

346,  347. 
Pittsburg,  Wash.,  91. 
Placer  Creek,  Idaho,  483. 
Placer  Mining,  f See  .mini  ag  and 

gold.) 
Pleasant  Valley,  Or.,  2-0. 
Pleasant  View,  Wash.,  47. 
Plummer,     Henry,    Mont,,    81. 

(Also  see  vigilantes.) 
p;i  u  ni  s  :  —  (  See    fruit    culture ; 

grown   successfully  in  nearly 

all    parts'  of    Pacific     North- 
west.) 
Pocatello,    Idaho: — Description, 

522.     (Also  .see  48.) 
Pocatello  Co.,  Idaho,  517. 
Point  Defiance,   Tacoma,   343, 

344,  345. 
Point   Defiance,  Tacoma  &  Edi- 
son Ry.,  345,  346. 
Point     Roberts     Canning     Co., 

Blaine,  Wa.sh.,  407  to  409. 
Polk  Co.  Bank,  Monmouth,  Or., 

259. 


Polk  Co.,  Or.,  256,  257. 

Pomeroy   Branch,   N.   P.    R.  R., 
46. 

Pomeroy,  Wash.,  463,  464. 

Pony,  Mont.,  50. 

Poorman  Mine,  Idaho,  77, '480, 
484. 

Poorman  Mines  (group),  Idahr, 
79. 

Poorman  Mine,  Mont.,  557. 

Port  Angeles,  Wash., 410,  411. 

Port  Blakely   Mill,  Wash,  (out- 
put), 405. 

Porter  Canal,  Idaho,  524. 

Port  Gardner,  Wash.,  385. 

PortIand:-(^106tol57);  Albina 
113;  Albina  car  shops,  131; 
architecture,  121;  Atkinson, 
Rev.  Geo.  B.,  14 ••,  141;  Balti- 
more market,  104;  banks, 
134,  135,  138,  139,  140; 
Barnes,  W.  SIM.,  155;  Bishop 
Scott  Academy,  143;  Bissin- 
ger  &  Co.,  154;  bridges,  115; 
Bull  Run  Creek,Or.,133,  134; 
Burckhardt  Bros.,  156;  busi- 
ness district,  119  ;  Carter, 
Miss  Julia,  140;  Chamber  of 
Commerce  Bldg.,  121;  Chi 
nese,  119  ;  Chlopeck  Bros., 
fish  dealers,  103;  churches, 
128  ;  Citjj  Hall,  121.  122  ; 
Clark,  Miss  Abigail,  141  ; 
Colonial,  The,  151;  Columbia 
River.  129;  Commerce,  115, 
130,  131;  Combe,  George  E., 
151;  Corbett,  H  W.  138; 
Cosmopolitan  restaurant, 151; 
Court  House.  121;  Covach.  G. 
&Co.,  fish  dealers,  104;  Cur- 
tis, The,  150;  Curtis,  Mrs. 
150;  Davis,  Anthony  L.,  141; 
Dekum  block,  121;  depth  of 
V  ater  to  sea,  129;  Doaiie, 
lev.  N.,  141;  East  Portland, 
113;  east  side  di.strict,  127; 
Edwards,  V/einer  &  Clark, 
i50;  electr'c  power,  159  ; 
Elisor  Inst/tute  &  Hospital, 
155,  156;  .'xports,  115,  130, 
13l;expo-.t  trade,  113,114; 
Exposition  building,  127  ; 
Kriiling,  Tienrv,138;  finances, 
134,  135,  1.38,  139,  140; 
fire  department,  144;  first 
incorporation.  112:  First  Nat. 
Bank,  138,  139;  first  settle, 
ment,  110;  fishing  industry, 
131;  fishing  trade,  114;  flour 
shipments,  130  ;  Forbes  & 
Breeden  block,  121;  Frank- 
lin market,  156;  Fulton  tan- 
nery. 154;  Geneva  mineral 
water,  156,  157;  gold  min- 
ing, 114;  Goodnough  block, 
124;  Gorlier,  J.  M.,  151; 
Grand  Central  Hotel,  150  ; 
Hamilton  block.  121;  harbor, 
129;  heights  back  of  city, 
116;  Hesperian,  The,  152  ; 
Holladay's  addition,  147  to 
149;  Holton  House,  149,150; 
hop  shipments,  131  ;  Hotel 
Portland,  i:;4;  Hyde,  Aaron 
J.,    140;    imports,   131;    im- 


u 


622 


The  Orcgoniun's  Handbook  of  ttie  Pacific  Northwest. 


i 
1 1 


provements  to  Willamette  and 
Columbia  Rivers,  31 ;  iron 
mines  tributary,  132;  Jeffer- 
son, Uel.os,  l-tl  ;  jobbing 
trade,  119;  Kremer,  Dr.  W. 
F.,  150;  Ladd,  Charles  E., 
140;  ladd,  Wm  M.,  140; 
I<add,  \v,  s.,  134.,  139.140; 
Ladd,  v.  S.  (  hydraulic 
dredge),  \:  9,  130;  Ladd  & 
Tilton,  bank,  139,140;  Lane, 
Gen.  Joseph,  141  ;LitherIand, 
F.  L.,  152;  lighting,  IIH, 119; 
location,  115,  116;  louvre. 
The,  156;  lumber  shipments, 
131;Lyman  Horace,  141;  Ma- 
larkey  &  Co.,  fish  dealers, 
103  ;  manufacturing,  132, 
133.  126,  137,  152,  153; 
Markley,  Hayes  &  Roche,  149; 
Marquam  Grand  Opera 
House,  124;  Matthiesen, 
John,  152  ;  Morris,  Right 
Rev.  U.  D.,  144;  mountains, 
snow  peaks,  116  ;  Multno- 
mah Box  Co.,  153  ;  Multno- 
mah Co.,  Or.,  assessed  valua- 
tion, 140:  Oregonian,  The, 
111  ;  Oregonian,  The  ISuild- 
ing,  122  ;  Oregon  Market, 
156  ;  Oregon  Real  Estate  Co., 
149 ;  Pacific  Coast  Fishing 
Co.,  104  ;  parks,  128;  Pen- 
nover.  Sylvester,  as  a  teacher, 
141  and  142  ;  Perkins  Ho- 
tel, 149;  Perkins  Rcstauratit, 
149  ;  Perkins,  R.  S.,  149 ; 
plaza,  121  ;  police  depart- 
ment, 144  and  145  ;  popula- 
tion, 112  and  113  ;  Portland 
Clay  Co.,  152  and  153  ;  pre- 
cipitation, 16;  public  grounds, 
128;  railroads,  131  and  132; 
Reed,  Col.  Cyrus  A.,  141; 
residences,  128  ;  retail  dis- 
trict, 119,  121  ;    river  traffic, 

117,  118  ;  Riverview  Ceme- 
tery, 146;  vheinpfalz  Hotel, 
Zur,  152;  Roche,  M.  D.,  149; 
Rodney,  Misses,  144;  Rohse's 
Park,  157;salraon  shipments, 
131;  scenerj',  116,  117: 
schools,  140  to  144;  Seid 
Back,  Chinese  merchant  120; 
Sellwood,  113;  Sellwood 
Brewery,  153;  sewerage, 145; 
shipping,  129  to  131;  Sim- 
mons, D.  H.,  149;  Slatten, 
Mrs.  L.  E.,  152;  Smithson 
Block,  127;  snow  peaks,  116; 
Steamboating,  117,  118; 
Steffen.J.  F.,  129,  130;  St. 
Helens    Hall,     144;     streets, 

118,  119;  street  cars,  145  to 
147;  suburban  lines  of  trans- 
portation, 145  to  147;  tem- 
perature, 16;  Thiel's  Detec- 
tive Service,  155;  Third  street, 
fine  buildings,  121;  Tilton, 
C.  E.,  134,  139;  timbertribu- 
tary,  114,  115;Toulon  (bark), 
110;  transportation  (  water  ), 
■J.17,  118;  tributary  country, 
113;  Union  depot,  124;  Uni- 
versity of  Oregon,  143;  water 


de- 


supply,  133,  134;  Weber 
Bros:,  154;  wheat  shipments, 
130;  wholesale  business, 
119;  Wilcox,  Dr.  Ralph,  140; 
Wilhelm,  John  G.,  brewer, 
153;  Willamette  River,  129; 
Willamette  River,  depth  at 
Portland,  117;  Willamette 
Valley,  relation  to,  113;  Wil- 
lamette University,  143;  Wis- 
ner,  Mrs.,  151;  Wolff  & 
Zwicker  Iron  Works,  137; 
Wolff,  Zwicker  &  Buehner 
Pipe  Works,  137;  Wood, 
Walter  A.  Harvester  Co  ,  154, 
155;  wool  shipments,  130, 
131;  woolen  goods  manu- 
factured, 130;  wool  trade, 
114;  Worcester  Block,  121; 
Wrenn,  S.  E,  153. 

Portland  Cable  Ry.  Co..  147. 

Portland  Clay  Co.,  152,  153. 

Portland  Con.  Ry.  Co.,  140. 

Portland  Gen.  Electric  Co., 
velopment    work    at    Oregon 
City,  32   159,  160,  164,  165. 

Portland  Heights,  147. 

Portland  Hills,  70,  116. 

Portland  Indus.  Ex.,  127. 

Portland  Sav.  Bank,  135. 

Portsmouth  School,  Portland, 
143 

Portland  Trust  Co.,  135. 

Portland  &  Yamhill  &  Oregon 
Div.  S.  P.  R.  R.,  40. 

Portland  &  Vancouver  Ry.,  307. 

Port  Ludlow,  Wash.,  411. 

Portneuf  Valley,  Idaho,  522. 

Port  of  Portland,  31. 

Port  Oribrd  Cedar,  Or.,  266, 

Port  Orford,  Or.,  265. 

Port  Orford  Bay,  Or,,  265. 

Port  Townsend  Bay,  Puget 
Sound, 409. 

Port  Townsend,  Wash.,  409, 
410. 

Port  Townsend  &  Southern  R. 
R.,  47,  410. 

Post.  A.  W.,  Rathdrum,  Idaho, 
476. 

Post  Falls,  Idaho,  437. 

Potatoes  :  —  (  Grown  successful- 
ly in  nearly  all  parts  of  Pacific 
Northwest.)  Coos  Bay,  Or., 
266;  Skagit  Co.,  Wa.sh.,  389; 
Whatcom  Co.,  Wash.,  396. 

Potlatch  Country,  Idaho.  (  See 
Kendrick.) 

Potlatch  Creek,  Idaho,  492. 

Potter  &  Coutts,  Kendrick,  Ida- 
ho, 494. 

Poultry:— (Raised  in  all  parts  of 
Pacific  Northwest.)  Douglas 
Co.,  Or.,  208;  Oakland,  Or., 
203. 

Powder  River,  Or..  28,  288, 
290,  291. 

Powell,  Ira  C,  Monmouth,  Or., 
259. 

Prebilof  Islands,  Alaska,  8. 

Pretty,  A.  E.,  Ballard,  Wash., 
385. 

Price,  E.C.,  Ellensburgh,Wash., 
415. 

Price,  J.  R.,  Newberg,  Or,,  252. 


Prickly  Pear  Creek,  Mont,,  81, 
537. 

Pricklv  Pear  Junction,  Mont., 
50,  543. 

Prickly  Pear  Valley,  Mont  , 
537. 

I'riest  Rapids,  Columbia  River, 
26,  422. 

Princeton  Mine,  Mont.,  535. 

Pritchard,  A.  J.,  Cceur  d'Alene 
Mines,  479,  486. 

Pritchard  Creek,  Idaho,  479. 
480,  486,  487. 

Pro.sser  Falls,  Wash  ,  420. 

Prosser  Falls  &  Priest  Rapids 
Canal  Co.,  Wash.,  419,  422. 

Prosser,  Wash.,  424,  423. 

Protection  Island,  B.  C,  574. 

Protestant  Church,  first  on 
Coast,  158. 

Providence  Hill  Mine,  Mont., 
545. 

Providence  Miners'  I'nion  Hos- 
pital, Wallace,  Idaho,  +H4. 

Prune  Culture  :  —  Ashla.i  ,.  Or., 
215;  Ilenton  Co.,  Or.,  '03; 
Clarke  Co.,  Wash.,  ^.;-  .  09; 
Dallas,  Or.,  254;  Douglas 
Co,,  Or.,  208;  Forest  Grove, 
Or.,  231;  Hood  River  Valley, 
Or.,  268;  Lewis  Co.,  Wash., 
316;  Marion  Co.,  Or.,  173; 
Newberg,  Or.,  251,  252;  N. 
Yamhill,  Or.,  243;  Oakland, 
Or.,  203  ;  Oregon,  589  and 
590 ;  Polk  Co.,  Or.,  257  ; 
Potlatch  Country,  Idaho.  493; 
Roseburg,  Or.,  206;  Silverton, 
Or.,  188;  Snake  River,  Idaho, 
495;  Walla  Walla  Co.,  Wash., 
458;  Wasco  Co..  Or.,  270; 
Weiser,  Idaho,  507;  Willam- 
ette Valley,  Or.,  105;  Whit- 
man Co.,  Wash.,  467;  Yaki- 
ma Valley,  Wash,  421,  423, 
424;  Yaquina  Bay,  Or.,  264. 

Pudding  River,  Or.,  104,  173. 

Puget  Sound:  —  Admiralty  In- 
let, 409;  Budd's  Inlet.  (See 
Olympia);  centers  of  popula- 
tion, 335  to  413;  Chuckanut 
Bay,  395;  coal,  86  to  92,  378; 
Commencement  Bay,  340, 
343  ;  first  settlement,  339; 
Drayton  Harbor,  406;  early 
settlement,  341;  Elliot  Bay, 
364,  370;  exports,  352;  first 
steam  sawmill,  364,  365  ; 
fishing,381;fishing  industries, 
96  to  103;  general  descrip- 
tion, 33;  Hale's  Passage,  392; 
Hammerton's  Inlet,  340;  im- 
portance of,  6;  lime,  93  to  95; 
oysters,  102,  103;  Port  An- 
geles Harbor,  410;  Port 
Townsend  Bay,  409;  Roche 
Harbor,  395  ;  Salmon  Bay, 
384  ;  salmon  canning,  99  ; 
Saratoga  Passage,  389,  390; 
Semiahmoo  Bav,  406;  Skagit 
Bay,  390;  soils,"  22;  Straits  of 
Fuca,  391,  406,  409,  410, 
411,  572;  tributary  rivers,34. 

Puget  Sound  Fishing  Co.,  Ta- 
coma,  103. 


N. 


Pug.  Bound  Nat.  Bank,  Seattle, 

3HU. 
Pug.  Sound  Pipe  Co.,  Olynipia, 

Wash.,  338. 
Pug.   Sound  Pulp  &   Paper  Co., 

Everett,  Wash.,  385,  3H6. 
Puget     Sound     Reduction    Co., 

Everett,  Wash.,  386. 
Pug.  Sound  Sav.   Bank,  Seattle, 

382. 
Pug.  Sound  Sav.  Bank,  Taconia, 

351. 
Pug.  Sound  Wire,  Nail  &, Steel 

Co.,  Everett,  Wash.,  385. 
Pullman  Junctioti,    Wash..  4.5, 

4.9. 
Pullman,  Wash.,  472  to  4-75. 
Pulp  Mills,  Everett,  Wa.sh.,385. 
Pulp  Mills,    Oregon    City,    Or., 

1G3. 
Purdin,  M.,  Medford,  Or.,  211. 
Puyallup     River,     Wash.,      34, 

34-1,  343,  354,  3G1. 
Puyallup  Valley,    Wash.     354, 

355. 
Puvallup  Vallev,  Wash.,    Hops, 

357  to  3G1. 
Ouyallup,  Wash.,  354  to  357. 
Puyallup  Hardware  Co.,  35G. 
Quakers,  Newberg,  Or.,  250 
Queen  Ann  School,  Seattle.372. 
Queen  of  Angels  Academy,  Mt. 

Angel,  Or.,  189,  190. 
Queen   of  the   Hills   Mine,  Ida., 

519. 
Queen's  Park,    New    Westmin- 

.ster,  B.  C,  578. 
Quicksilver  Mines,  Douglas  Co., 

Dr.,  204 
Quillcene,  Wash.,  410. 
Quimper  Peninsula,  Wash. ,409. 
Quinces: — (Raised  in  nearly  all 

parts  of  Pacific    Northwest.) 

Oregon,  591. 
Racar,   Henry,    Roslyn,   Wash., 

413. 
Railroads  in  the  Pacific  North- 
west, 3G  to  52.    (Also  indexed 

under     different    name  s    of 

roads.) 
Raging  Creek,  Wash.,  90. 
Railroad  Creek,  Wa.sh.,  452. 
Railroad    Creek    Falls,    Wash., 

452. 
Rainbow  Creek,  Wash., '452. 
Rainbow  Creek    Falls,    Wash., 

452. 
Rainfall,  Pacific  Northwest,  16, 

18,  19. 
Rainier  Ave.   Elec.  Ry.  Co.,  Se- 
attle, 369. 
Rainier  Power  &  Elec,  Ry.  Co., 

Seattle,  369,  370. 
Rainier  School,  Seattle,  372. 
Ralph  Mine,  Idaho,  77. 
Ramsey,  F.  C,  Boise  City,  Idaho, 

516. 
Ram.sey.  W.  H.,  Scio,  Or.,  182. 
Randall  School,  Seattle,  372. 
Randolph,  Dr.,  266. 
Raspberries  :  —  ( Also   see   fruit 

culture.)  Walla  Walla,  Wash., 

458. 
Rathdrum,  Ida.,  476,  477. 
Rattler  Mine,  Wash.,  74. 


Index. — RcaJing^  Matter. 

Rattlesnake  Creek,  Mont.,  528. 
Ravalli  Co.,  Mont.,  531. 
Ravalli,  Mont.,  531. 
Kavelsloke,    H.   C,  44,   47,   52, 

441,  529. 
Ray,  J.  H.,  Oakland,  Or.,  204. 
Ray   and    Stinson     Execution, 

Mont.,  566. 
Read,   W.   F.,  Albany,  Or.,  177, 

178. 
Reardon,  Wash.,  448. 
Red  Cloud  Mine,  Idaho,  519. 
Red  Elephant  Mine,  Ida.,  519. 
Red   Mountain     Mines,    Mont  , 

545. 
Reed,  Cvrus  A.,  Portland,  141. 
Reed,  Fred.  R.,  Prosser,  Wash., 

425. 
Renton,  WdSh.,  47,  90. 
Revere     House,     Albanv,     Or., 

177,  178. 
Review,   The,  Spokane,  Wash., 

457. 
Rhea,  C.  A.,  Heppner,  Or.,  272. 
Rheinpfalz  Zur  Hotel,  Portland, 

152. 
Rhoads,  J.  S.,  Cottonwood,  Ida., 

503. 
Rice.  John  D.,  Chehalis,  Wash., 

314. 
Rice-l^rquhart   Block,  Chehalis, 

Wash.,  314. 
Riddle,  Or.,  Nickel,  71. 
Rimini,  Mont.,   545.     (Also  see 

10  and  543.) 
Riparia,  Wash.,  27,  495,  46. 
Ritzville,  Wash.,  426. 
Rivers  and  Harbors  of  the  Pa- 
cific Northwe.st,  25  to  36. 
Rivcrview  Cemetery,   Portland, 

146. 
Robertson,     L.    W.,    Independ- 
ence, Or.,  249. 
Robin, John, Castle  Rock, Wash,, 

311. 
Robinson,     Capt.,    Centralia, 

Wash.,  323. 
Robson,    B.    C,    286,    25,    52, 

287,  579. 
Roche     Harbor    (Wash.)    Lime 

Works,  93  to  95. 
Roche    Harbor,    Puget     Sound, 

395. 
Roche',  M.  D.,  Portland,  149. 
Rock  Creek,  Or.,  229. 
Rock  Islands   Rapids,  Columbia 

River,  26. 
Rock  Island,  Wash.,  46. 
Rocky  Canyon,  Idaho,  498. 
Rocky  Mountains.  (See  Mont.) 
Rodney,  Misses,  Portland,  144. 
Rogue  River,  Or.,  32,  208,  213, 

265;  gold,  67;  salmon   pack, 

100. 
Rogue  River,  Valley,  Or.,  213. 
Rogue  River  Valley  Ry.  Co.,  43. 
Roh.se's  Park,  Portland,  157. 
Rookery,  The,  Spokane,  437. 
Rose,    Aaron,      Roseburg,    Or., 

206,  207. 
Roseburg,      Or. :  — Description, 

204    to    207  ;    precipitation, 

16;  railroad  to  Coos  Bay,  267; 

temperature,    16.      (Also   see 

42,  43.) 


($23 

Roseburg  &  Coos  Bay  R.  R., 
206. 

koslvu  Branch,  N.  P.  R.  R.,  45. 

Roslyn,  Wash.,  413. 

Roslyn,    Wash.,     Brewing    Co.,    • 
413. 

Ross  Park.  Spokane,  439. 

Rcss  Park  Elec.  L,ijie,  Spokane, 
439,  440. 

Ross  School  District,  Seattle, 
372. 

Rubies,  Montana,  8.5. 

Ruby  Mines,  Idaho,  493. 

Ruby,  Wash.,  76. 

Runiley  Mine,  Mont..  546. 

Rumsey,  Mont.,  50,  534. 

Runyoii,  W.  S.,  Tillamook,  Or., 
232. 

Rye  :  —  (Grown  in  nearly  every 
part  of  the  Pacific  Northwest, 
Also  see  wheat.)  Chehalis 
Co.,  Wash.,  327;  Colfax, 
Wash.,  465;  Dayton,  Wash., 
461;  Walla  Walla,  Wash., 
458. 

Sagebrush  :  —  (  Grows  in  East- 
ern Oregon,  Eastern  Wash- 
ington and  Southern  Idaho 
pruicipally.) 

St.  Agnes  Falls,  Kootenay  Riv- 
er, B  C,  579. 

St.  Anthony  Canal,  Idaho,  517. 

St.  Elmo,  Idaho,  +85. 

St.  Helen's  Hall,  Portland,  144. 

St.  Helens.  Or.,  293,  294. 

St.  John's  Hospital,  Helena, 
Mont.,  543. 

St.  John's,  Or.,  110;  School, 
143. 

St.  Joseph,  Or.,  253. 

St.  Joseph's  Academy,  Pocatel- 
lo,  Idaho,  522. 

St.  Joseph  s  Hospital,  Aber- 
deen, 33:.. 

St.  Joseph  River,  Idaho,  36, 
478,482. 

St.  Lawrence  Mine,  Mont.,  555, 
556. 

St.  Leonard  Hotel,  Blaine,  B. 
C,  407. 

St.  Margaretta's  School,  Boise 
City,  Idaho,  512. 

St.  Mary's  Mission,  Mont. ,.526. 

St.  Mary's,  Mont.,  539. 

St.  Paul's  Mission,  Colville, 
Wash.,  4o3. 

St.  Paul  &  Tacoma  Lumber  Co., 
Tacoma,  344;  output,  405. 

St.  Peter's  Hospital,  Helena, 
Mont.,  543. 

St.  Peter's  Ho.spital,  Olympia, 
Wash.,  338. 

Salem,  Or.,  description,  166  to 
172. 

Salmon  :  —  ( Also  see  fishing.) 
Astoria,  Or.,  294  to  297;  al.so 
114;  Blaine,  Wash,  407  to 
409;  Cathlamet,  Wash.,  306; 
Coos  Bay,  Or.,  267;  Columbia 
River,  294  to  297;  output, 
131;  Fraser  River,  B.  C,  Can- 
neries, 578;  Gold  Beach,  Or., 
267;  hatchery,  Clackamas 
River,  97:  Kalama,  Wash., 
306;  Pacific  Northwest,  95  to 


* 


Im' 


d'A 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


10-1-;  Seniiiihmoo,  Wash..  -tOT 
to  4.0'J;  The  Dalles,  Or.,  2G8, 
2(39;  Tillamook  Bay,  Or.,  241 ; 
varietieii  caught,  98;  WtUon 
River,  Or.  (silversides),  234-; 
Yaquina  Bay,  Or.,  264.. 

Salmon  Bay,  Puget  Somid,  369, 
384. 

Salmon  Bay  School,  Seattle, 
372. 

Salmon  Fall.s  Creek,  Idaho, 
517.       . 

Salmon  Meadow  Valley,  Idaho, 
507. 

Salmon  River,  B.  C,  584. 

Salmon  River,  Idaho,  28,  49;, 
498,  503. 

Salmon  River  Mines,  Idaho,  77, 
79,  81. 

Salmon  River  Mountains,  Ida- 
ho, 498. 

Salmon  River,  Wash.,  76. 

Salzer  Valley,  Wash.,  321. 

Samisli  River,  Wash.,  34. 

Sam's  Creek,  Or.,  213. 

Sand  Coulee,  Mont.,  51. 

Sanders,  S.  S.,  Chehali.s,  Wash., 
312. 

Sandersville,  Wash.,  313. 

Sand  Lake.  Or..  241. 

San  Francisco  Mine,  Idaho,-.  S5. 

San  Franci.sco  Mine,  Mont., 
535. 

Sanger,  Or.,  70,  287,  291. 

San  Juan  Islands,  I'nget  Sound, 
93  to  95;  102,  393. 

Santiam  Academy,  Albany,  Or.. 
1 80. 

Santiam  Prairie,  Or..  173. 

Santiam  River,  Or. :—  Bridge  at 
Jeffenson,  1T4-;  river  at  Jeffer- 
son, 174;  at  Lebanon,  179, 
180;  in  Marion  Co..  172; 
North  and  South  Forks,  175; 
relation  to  Salem,  168;  at 
Scio,  181,  182;  atStayton, 
1  81 ;  water  power  at  .Mbauy, 
176,177.     i;A!so  see  104.) 

Sapphires,  Mont.,  85,  344. 

Sapphire  &.  Ruby  Co.,  (Id), 
Mont.,  85. 

Sappington,  .Mout.,  50. 

Saratoga  PasBage,  Puget  Sound, 
34,  389,  390. 

Sardines,  102. 

Sargeant,  h.  S.,  Buckley,  Wash.. 
413. 

Sargeant,  W.  P.,  Buckley, Wash., 
413. 

Satas  River,  Wash,,  417. 

Sash  aiici  ''  jrs  (al''o  .see  lum- 
bering), ..iiitput,  Oregon,  56. 

Sauk  River,  Wash.,  73,  388, 

Saunders,  Col.  W,  F.  (See  Vigi- 
lantes.) 

Sawmills.    (See  timber.) 

Sawtooth  Mines  and  Mountains, 
Idaho,  519. 

Say,  I.,  h.,  Brownsville,  Or.. 
i84. 

Scandinavian-. "inierican  Bank, 
Seattle,  38;.i. 

Scandinavian  Bank,  Tacoma, 
351. 


Scappoose  Hills,   Or..   70     116. 

228. 
Schmadeka,  (ieo.,   Grang-.  .ilie. 

Or.,  501. 
Scio,  Or,,  181  to  183. 
Scoggius'  Creek,  Or.,  229. 
Scott.    C.    S.,    MO.SCOW,     Idaho, 

490. 
Scott,     Harvey    W.,     Portland, 

in. 

Sea  Breeze  Hotel,   Pacific  Park, 
Wash.,  304. 

Sealand,  Wash.,  301,  305,  306, 
3i9. 

Sealing,  Alaska,  8. 

Seal  skin.s,  B.  C,  571. 

Seaside  Opera    Hou.se,    Clatsop 
Beach,  Or.,  299, 

.Seaside,  Or.,  299. 

Seatin  Creek,  B.  C,  583 

Seattle:  —  364  to  384;  Admir- 
alty Inlet,  370;  Alki  Point, 
364;  Allen  &  Nelson  Mill  Co., 
379,  380;  a.ssessment,  383; 
Ballard.  369;  banV.-i,  381  to 
383;  Boren,  C.  D.,  .,v>4;  busi- 
ness blocks,  .368;  Ca.scade 
Mountains,  ,370;  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  383  ;  Chinese 
riots,  3(56,  367;  churches. 
373;  clay  (potter's),  381; 
clearing  house  report,  382; 
coal,  378:  coal,  opening  of 
mines,  3(55,  366;  coal  mines 
tributary,  377;  Court  Hou.sc, 
371;  Decatur,  U.  S.  warship, 
365:  Denny,  A.  A.,  3(54,  382; 
Dexter  Horton  it  Co.,  382, 
383;  Dodge  &  Smith,  383; 
early  hi.storv,  364,  365,  366; 
F;iliot  Bav,  370;  exports,  378, 
381;  finances,  381,  382,  383; 
fire  department,  37(5:  first 
plat,  364;  first  sawmill,  61 . 
364,  3(>5,  first  settlement,  ' 
341;  first  shipping,  3(55;  fish- 
ing, 381 :  Fremont.  3!)'\  Front 
street,  368;  great  fire,  368; 
Green  Lake,  3(59:  hanging  of 
Sullrvan,  Howard  and  Pavne, 
366;  Hanna,  John  W.,  364, 
365;  Holmes  I -.imber  Co., 
380;  Hoiiut:;,,  Marcus,  380; 
Uortoii,  Dexter.  382;  Hotel 
Northern,  383;  Howard,  W. 
M.,  366;  Hoyt,  J.  H.,  383; 
imports,  378;  Indian  trou- 
bles, 365;  jobbing,  377,  378, 
"ist;  Kee'ry  Institute,  373; 
Keriy,  i.  S.,  .sawmill,  380; 
KirklaiHl,  :;69;  Ladd,  W.  S,, 
382;  Lake  bu-nniaish,  379, 
380;  Lake  Washington,  369, 
374,  375;  Lake  Washington 
Ship  Canal,  .34,  374;  Latimer. 
N.  IL,  383;  Latonia,  309; 
library,  ,373;  ''ghts,  elecirii:, 
376;  location,  ;<64,  37();  lum- 
ber, early  shipinetils,  3(55; 
lumbering,  ;5(i9,  378,  379, 
380,381 ;  nianu(acturing,369, 
379,  380,  381;  McOilvra,  J. 
J.,  371;  mines,  tributary,  378; 
Monohan,  379,  380;  Moiile 
Ciisto  mines.  378:  Mt.  Baker, 


370:  .Mt. Rainier,  370;  Newell, 
George,  379;  Newell  Mill  Co., 
379;  Northern  Pacific  R.  R., 
larly  history,  36(5;  Olympic 
Mountains,  370;  Parker,  C. 
W.  &  Co.,  384;  parks,  369, 
371;  Payne.  B.  J.,  366; 
Phillips,  David,  382;  popula- 
tion, 368;  post  office  receipts, 
383;  public  buildings,  371; 
public  schools,  372;  railroads, 

376,  377;  railroads,  early 
history,  366;  rapid  growtj, 
367,  368;  residences,  370; 
Salmon  Bay,  369;  sawmills, 
379,  380,  381;  schools,  372, 
373;  Seattle  (Indian  chief), 
364;  Seattle  &  Walla  Walla 
R.  R.,  365,  366;  Second 
street,  368;  .shingles,  369, 
379,     380,     381;     shipping, 

377,  378,  381;  Silver  Creek 
mines,  378;  Snoqualmie 
mines,  378;  Smith's  Cove,  coal 
shipments,  ,S9;  Smith,  H.  A., 
3(55;  streets,  37.5;  street  cars, 
369,  370;  suburban  towns, 
369:  .Sullivan,  James.  366; 
Terry  Bros.,  364;  theater, 
373,  374;  tile,  381;  timber. 
37S;  transportation,  3  76, 
377.378;  University  of  Wash- 
ington, 372,  373-  wagon 
roads  to  Eastern  Washin-^ton, 
315.5;  warehouses,  368;  water 
front,  L!o8:  water  works,  375; 
wharves,  368;  wheat  elevator, 
381;  wholesale  business,  381 ; 
wholesale  trade,  377,  378: 
Yesler,  Henrv  L.,  364,  365; 
Vesler,  Mr,-;.  M.  G.,  371,  372. 

Seattle  Cedar  Lumber  Co.,  384. 

Seattle  Citv  Ry.Co.  (cable),  3  7(). 

Seattle  Coal  Si  Iron  Co.,  S9. 

Seattle  Con.  Rv.  Co.  (  elec ), 
370. 

Seattle  Dime  Sav.  Bank,  382. 

'.-,  "attle  iliidian  Chief  I,  364. 

Sei:ttle  Lake  S.  &.  K.  Ky.,  East- 
er.! Washington,  45  ;  West- 
ern Wa.-ihington,  V.5;  at  Seat- 
tle, 377. 

Seattle  Nat.  Bank,  382. 

Seattle  Sav.  Dank,  382. 

Seattle  Transfer  Co..  377. 

Seattle  iSi.  Montana  R.  R.,  46. 

Seattle  &  Northern   R.  R..  47. 

Seattle  it  Walla  Walla  R.  R.. 
365.  366. 

Seaview,  Oi.,  303. 

Second  Nat.  Bank,  Helena, 
Mont.,  539. 

.Security  Sav.  Bank,  Seattle, 382. 

Security  .'■"•av.  &  T.  Co. .Portland, 
135. 

S  e  d  r  o  ,  Wash.  : — Description, 
391 .    ( Also  see  45.  399. ) 

Seed  I'^arm,  La  Conner,  Wash., 
391. 

.SehoineCoal  Mine,  Wash.,  394. 

Sehonie,  Wash..  393,  401,  402. 

Seid  Back,  Portland,  120, 

Sclah  Valley,  Wash.,  419. 

.Selkirk  MouiUains,  B.  C,  579, 
(.-Msosee  ICootenay,) 


Index. — KeadiniT  Matter. 


G2o 


Brewery,     Portlaud, 


4.6. 
.  4.7. 
R.  R. 


Helena, 


sii.,  ai)4-. 

|.o1.  4-02. 
T.t. 

c,  r.70. 


Sellwood 
IKa. 

Seli'vood  (subMrb),  Portland, 
lli^.  11,  14  .,;  school,  14.3. 

Selph,  B,.  i;.,  Tillamook.  Or., 
iioO. 

Semiahinoo  Ba\',  Piioet  Sound, 
406. 

Seniiahmoo.Wash.,  407  to  409. 

Settlenieier,  Geo.,  Or.,  588. 

Seven  Devil.s  Copper  District, 
Idaho,  29a. 

Seven  Oevils  Mines  and  Moun- 
-lins,  Idaho,  49«,  490. 

Seventh  Day  Advcji.  College, 
Walla  Walla,  Wash.,  +56. 

Seventy-Nine  Mine,  Idaho.  79. 

Severance,  A.  W.,  Tillamook, 
Or.,  239. 

Seymour  Shingle  Mills,  Cheha- 
lis.  Wish.,  315. 

Shaff,  C.  W.,  I^ewiston,  Idaho, 
491. 

Sharks,  101. 

Shawnigan,  B.C.,  574. 

Sheep:— ^Also  .see  stock  rai.sing 
rind  wool.)  Baker  Co.,  Or., 
291  ;  Coos  Bay,  Or.,  266  ; 
Eastern  Oregon,  279  to  282; 
Gilliam  Co.,  Or.,  274:  Helena, 
Mont.,  544  ;  Heppner,  Or., 
271;  Idaho  Falls,  Idaho,  524; 
Klamath  Co.,  Or.,  218;  La 
Grande.  Or.,  284;  Lake  Co., 
Or.,  222;  McMinnvillc,  Or., 
245;  Montana,  561,  562; 
The  Dalles,  Or.,  209;  Tilla- 
mook, Or.,  242;  Union  Co., 
Or.,  288;  Wasco  Co.,  Or.,  27U; 
Washington  Co.,  Idaho,  507; 
Wei.ser,  Idaho,  506  ;  Whit- 
man Co.,  Wash.,  467;  Yaki- 
ma Valley,  Wash.,  420. 

Sheep  Creek  Mines,  B.  C,  585. , 

ahelby  Junction,  Mont..  51. 

Shelton,  R.,  Scio,  Or.,  183. 

Shelton,  Wash.,  339,  340. 

Shelton  &  S.  W.  R.  R.,  340. 

Shepherd  Tort,  B,  C,  441. 

Sheridan,  Geji.,  4,32. 

Sheridan  Junction,  Or., 40,  257. 

.Sheridan,  Or  :-- Description, 
257.  258.     (ALSO  see  40.) 

Sherman,   Gen.  432,  434,  345. 

Sherwood,  Wash.,  453,  90. 

Shingles  :—(  Made  from  cedar 
timber  ;  also  see  lumbering 
and  timber.)  Aberdeen,  Wash., 
332 ;  Ballard,  Wash.,  369, 
384  ;  Blaine,  Wash.,  407  ; 
Bncoda,  Wash.,  335;  Castle 
Rock,  Wash.,  311  ;  Centralia, 
Wash.,  323,  324;  Chehalis, 
Wash. ,31 5;  Fairhaven,Wash., 
401;  Kelso,  Wash..  310;  Mt. 
Vernon,  Wash.,  389  ;  New 
Whatcom, Wash.,  40.5;  Oregon 
(output),  56;  Pnvallup,  Wash., 
357;  .Seattle,  369,  379,  380; 
Sedro,  AVasli.,  .391  ;  Skagit 
Co..  Wash.,  389,  393;  Snoho- 
mish Co..  Wash.,  388;  Taco- 
ma.  Wash.,  344,  349;  Wash- 
ington, 62. 

Ship    Bu  i  Id  i  ng  : —Aberdeen, 


Wash.,  332,  333  ;  Ballard, 
Wash.,  384;  Everett,  Wash., 
385,  386;  Portland,  180; 
Vancouver,  B.  C.  577. 

Shively,  Joh:i  M.,  294. 

.Shoalwater  Bay :— (Willapa  Har- 
bor), Wash.,  34,  35,  301, 
305,  317  to  320;  oysters,  35, 
96.  102,  103;  railroad,  45; 
timber,  00. 

Shoshone  Co.,  Idaho,  63,  78. 
478.  488. 

Shoshone  Falls,  Idaho,  27,  48. 

Shoshone,  Idaho.  :  —  De.scrip- 
tion,  518.     ^  Also  see  27,  48.) 

Shoshone  Indians,  522. 

Sh  ..Is,  R.  W.,  Chehalis,  Wash., 
317. 

Shoudy,  John  A..  KUensburgh, 
Wa.sh.,  414. 

Shu.swap  Lake,  B.  C,  570. 

Sicaraous  Junction,  B.  C,  52. 

Sierra  Nevada  Mine,  Idaho, 
480,  483. 

Silver :  —  (  Also  see  mining.) 
See  Butte,  Mont.,  Baker  and 
Union  Cos.,  Or.,  291,  292: 
Ccinir  d'Alene  mines;  Colville, 
Wash.,  455;  Douglas  Co., 
Wash.,  208;  Idaho,  77  to  80; 
Josephine  Co.,  Or,,  210;  Kas- 
10,  B.  C.  585:  Kootenay.  B. 
C.  436;  see  Kootenay  Min- 
ing District;  Lane  Co.,  Or., 
200;  Mo-tana  (output  ),  84; 
see  Montana;  Nelson,  B.  C, 
586,  587;  Oregon,  70;  out- 
put Tacoma  smelter,  344; 
Wa.shington,  72  to  77;  Wood 
River,  Idaho,  519. 

Silver  Bow  Co  ,  Mont,:  —  Court 
House,  Butte,  553;  output 
mines,  85.     (Abso  see  Butte.) 

Silverbow  Creek,  Mont.,  549, 
551,  584.  26,  454. 

.Silverbow  Junction,  Mont.,   48. 

Silver  Bow  Mine,  Mont.,  556. 

Silver  Bow,  Mont.,  535. 

Silver  Bow  Nat.  Bank,  Butte, 
Mont.,  553. 

Silver  Bow  Valley,'  Mont.,  549, 
551. 

Silver  City,  Idaho,  78,  79. 

Silver  Creek,  Idaho,  486. 

Silver  Creek  Mines,  Wash.,  47, 
74,  377,  378,  388. 

Silver  Creek,  Mont.,  546. 

Sliver  Creek,  Or.,  187. 

Silver  Crown  Mine,  Wash.,  4,54. 

Silver  King  Mine,  B.  C,  580, 
586. 

Silver  Lake  mine.  Wash.,  454. 

Silver  Lake,  Or.,  36,  221. 

Silver  Lake,  Wash.,  311. 

Silverton,  Or.,  185  to  189. 

Simcoe  Indian  Reservation, 
Wash.,  417. 

Similkimeen  Mine,  B.  C,  75. 

Similkimeen  River,  B.  C,  gold, 
75. 

Simmons,  Capt.,  Puget  Sound, 
61. 

Simmons,  I).  IT     Portland,  149 

.Simmons  Mine,  Or.,  69. 

Siskiyou  Mountains,  40,  214. 


Sitka,  Alaska.  ( Reached  by 
Steam.ship  from  Puget  Sound 
ports.) 

Siuslaw  River,  Or.,  32,  200. 

Six  Mile  Creek,  B.  C,  584. 

Skagit  Bay,  Puget  Sound,  390; 
Skagit  Co.,  Wash.,  388,  389, 
391,  393  to  396;  mining,  73; 
timber,  58. 

.Skagit  Delta,  Wash.,  390. 

Skagit  River,  Wash.,  34,  88, 
388,  389,  390,  391,  398. 

.Skagit  :  — Whatcom  Coal  Field, 
Wash.,  87. 

.Skamokawa  Creek,  Wash.,  335. 

Skinner's  Butte,  Flugene,  Or., 
198. 

Skookumchuck  River,  Wash., 
321,  324. 

Slade's  Sawmill,  Hoquiam, 
Wash.,  334. 

SUitten,  Mrs.  L.  E.,  Portland, 
151. 

Sloane,  Mrs.  S.  A.  (hotel).  Forest 
Grove,  230. 

Slocan  Country,  B.  C,  582. 

.Slocan  Lake,  B.  C,  582. 

Slocan  Mines,  B.  C,  441,  580, 
586,  587. 

Slocan  River,  B.  C,  579,  582. 

Slocan  Star  Min?',  B.  C,  583. 

Smelt,  Pacific  Noithwest,  102. 

Smelting  :  —  Anaconda,  5.59 ; 
Bav  Creek  Distiict,  Idaho.  79  ; 
Butte,  Mont.,  548  to  559; 
Great  Falls,  Mont.,  5  56; 
Hailey,  Idaho,  520;  Helena, 
Mont.,  543;  Ketchum,  Idaho, 
521;  Mineral  Citv,Idaho,  243; 
Montana,  83  to  85.  ( Also, 
533  to  559);  Northport, 
Wash.,  75,  453,  586;  Pilot 
Bay,  B.  C,  580;  Tacoma,  344; 
Wicks,  Mont.,  546. 

Smith,  D.  &  H.  A.,  Seattle,  365. 

Smith  &  Lovett,  Ice  Works,  Ore- 
gon City,  Or.,  163. 

Smith,  S.  W.  Co.,  Waitsburg, 
Wash,  460. 

Smith  T.  J.,  Idaho  Falls,  Idaho, 
524. 

Smith's  Cove,  Seattle,  Coal  Ship- 
ments, 89. 

Smitbson  Block.  Portland,  127. 

Snake  River,  27,  28.  298,  494, 
495,  505,  509,  523;  early 
transportation,  117;  Govt, 
improvements,  27;  navigation 
above  Huntington,  Or.,  293; 
Shoshone  Falls,  27,48.;  Wai  1- 
ington,  425,  4(53. 

Snake  River  Valley,  293,  49  i, 
517,  522. 

Snell,  Heitshu  &  Woodard. 
Portland,  124,  125. 

Snider,  C.  U.,  Lakeview,  Or., 
223. 

Snohomish,  Wash.:  —  Descrip- 
tion, 386,  387,  388.  (Also, 
45,  377). 
Snohomish  (Wash.)  Land  Com- 
pany, 387. 
Snohomish  (Wash.)  Nat.  Bank, 
387. 


f(26 


The  Orcgonjan's  Hundbuok  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


Snohomish  County,  Wash.,  385, 
3«(5,:i«7,  as,s;  mining  73.74. 

Snohomish  River,  Wash.,  34, 
377,  3.S5,  3JS«>. 

Snohomish  Valley,  Wash.,  386. 

Snow  Shoe  Gulch,  Mont.,  82. 

Siioqualmie  Fall.s,  Wash.,  388. 

Snoqualmie  Mines,  Wash.,  378. 

Snoquahuie  River,  Wash.,  380, 
388. 

Sno(iualmie  Valley,  Wash.,  377. 

Snyder  &  Frost, Chehalis,  Wash  , 
31.0. 

Soap  Creek,  Or.,  175. 

Soda  Ci-eek,  B.  C. :— Precipita- 
tion, 1(5;  temperature,  16. 

Soda  Creek,  Idaho,  517. 

Sodavillc,  Or.,  180. 

Sodaville  (Or.)  Mineral  Springs, 
180. 

Soils  :  —  Pacific  Northwest,  20 
to  25;  Big  Bend  country, 
Wash.,  23,  447;  Colville  val- 
ley. Wash.,  453;  Eastern 
Washington,  23;  Idaho,  21  ; 
Montana,  23,  24;  Northern 
Idaho,  23;  Oregon,  21;  Pal- 
ouse  country,  23;  Puget  Sound 
country,  22;  Washington,  21; 
Willamette  valley.  Or.,  21. 
(Also  see  Willamette  valley 
centers  of  population);  Yak- 
ima valley,  Wash.,  24. 

South  Bay,  Gray's  Harbor, 
Wash,  334. 

South  Bend,  Wash.: — Descrip- 
tion,.317  to  320;  railroad  con- 
nections, 45.     (Also  see  313). 

South  Portland  Park,  Suburb, 
Portland,  147. 

South  Prairie,  Or.,  173,  235, 
240. 

South  Prairie,  Wash.,  Coal,  90, 
91. 

South  River  Valley,  Wash.,  31 2. 

South  River,  Wash.,  311. 

South  Seattle  Ry.  Co.  (electric), 
370. 

South  Westmin.sler,  B.  C,  385. 

Southern  Pacific  Railroad  :  — 
Coal  from  Wash.,  91;  ship- 
ments in  Oregon,  1892,  4(); 
system  and  branches  in  Ore- 
gon, 39,  40;  (branches  iii- 
de.ved  under  names  of  lines.) 

Sparta,  Or.,  70. 

Spence's  Bridge,  B.  C: — Precipi- 
tation, 10;  temperature,  16. 

Spinning,  Frank  R.,  Puvallup, 
Wash,,  356. 

Spokane  Branch  N.  P.  R.  R.  Co. 
(Idaho  Div,),  49. 

Spokane  Falls  iSl  Northern  Ry., 
44,  47,  440,  441,  453,  454. 

Spokane:— 430  to  446;  Arling- 
ton Heights  Addition,  446; 
Arlington  Heights  Motor 
Line,  44();  assessni-.Mit,  445; 
banks,  441;  bonded  debt, 
444;  bridges,  cost,  44,5; 
Bro.vue,  J.  J.,  434;  business 
blocks,  4;;6;  Cannon,  A.  M  , 
434;  Carritte  iSi  Grinnell, 
439;  churches,  443;  Cook's 
Addition,    439;    Crowley,    II. 


T.,  432;  Dilhnan,  L.  C,  441, 
442;  Downing,  Beiij.,  432; 
early  history,  431',  -t32;  Edi- 
son Flectric  Illuminating  Co.. 
438;  Elmendorf,  Frederick 
C,  445;  falls,  Spokane  River, 
431,  432;  finances,  444,  445; 
fire,  1889,  430;  fire  depart- 
ment, 444;  flour  mills,  438; 
Glover,  J.  X.,  432,  434: 
Great  Northern  Ry.  (comi>le- 
tionX  441 ;  Great  Northern 
Ry.  Shops,  439,  440;Griffitts, 
Thos.  C,  4-t3,  444;  growth, 
434;  Hangman's  Creek,  433; 
Hillvard,  439,  440;  Hughson, 
Walter  &  Co.,  445;  Hyde, 
Samuel  C,  443;  Indian  Mis- 
sion School,  432;  Indian 
troubles,  432,  433;  jobbing 
trade,  441;  Jones,  Arthur  D., 
-1.44;  Leghorn,  J.  F.,  445; 
Ledgerwood  Park,  439;  man- 
ufacturing, 437,  438,  439; 
mines,  75,  434,  435,  436; 
mining,  72;  Monroe  Street 
Bridge,  439;  Montrose  Park, 
439;  Northern  Pacific  R.  R. 
(completion),  434  ;  police 
department,  4-^-1;  popula- 
tion, 434;  precipitation,  10; 
railroads,  440,  441 ;  railways, 
street  and  suburban,  439, 
440;  Review,  The,  -1-37;  resi- 
dences, 436,  439;  Riverside 
ave.,  430  ;  Ross  Park,  439; 
schools,  441,  442;  Scranton, 
Wm.,432;  Stone  (building), 
435  ;  streets,  43(5 ;  temper- 
ature, 16;  timber,  435;  tribu- 
tary country,  434,  435,  430; 
tributary  territory, 431;  Fiiion 
Pacific  Ry.  (completion),  441 ; 
water  power,  431,  432,  437, 
438,  439;  water  works,  445; 
wheat,  435;  wholesale  busi- 
ness, 441 . 

Spokane  Cable  St.  Ry.,  440. 

Spokane  College,  443. 

Spokane  Hvdraulic  Pipe  Co., 
alaho,  488". 

Spokane  Nat.  Bank,  43(5. 

Spokane  Railwav,  439,  440. 

Spokane  River,  20,  431,434, 
437,  438,  439. 

Spokane  River,  Post  Falls,  437. 

Spokane  Savings  Bank,  441. 

Spokane  Street  Railway,  439. 

Spokane  Water  Power,  -L'.iT. 

Spokane  Co.,  Wash.  (See  Spo- 
kane, Cheney  and  Medical 
Lake.) 

Spokane  &  Montrose  Ry.,  439. 

Sprague,  Wash.,  -1-20  to  430. 

Sprague  River  V'alley,  Wash., 
217. 

Spring  Creek,  Or,,  173. 

SJjringdale,  Wash.,  47.3. 

Sipiaw  Creek  Minos,  Ida.,  79. 

Stafford,  Garret  Co.,  Halsey, 
Or.,  191. 

Stampede  Tunnel,  N.  P.  R.  R., 
342,  411. 

Slarhuck,  Wash.,  40. 

Starkey  Prairie,  Or.,  288. 


.Starve-out  Creek,  Or.,  208. 

State  Sav.  Bank,  Butte,  Mont., 
553. 

State  Sav.  Bank.  Tacoma,  351. 

Statesman,  The  (newspaper), 
Salem,  Or.,  171. 

.Stavton,  Or.,  181. 

.Steffen.J.  F.,  Portland,129.130. 

Stehekin  River,  Wash.,  452. 

Steilacoom,  Wash.,  345. 

Stemwinder  Mine,  Idaho,  129, 
130. 

Stenger,  T.  H.,  New  Whatcom, 
Wash.,  400. 

Steptoe,  Col.,  432. 

Sterling  Mine,  Mont.,  54(5,547. 

Sterling  Mining  Co.,  Or.,  212. 

Stetson's  Sawmill,  Montesano, 
Wash.,  327. 

Stevens  Co.,  Wash.,  455;"  min- 
ing, 73. 

Stevens,  Isaac,  432. 

Stevens  School,  Portland,  143. 

Steven.sville,  Mont,,  530,  531. 

Stewart,  Calvin  M.,  Sumner, 
Wash  ,  302. 

Stewart,  J.  P.  &  Son.,  Puyallup, 
Wash.,  350. 

,Stilaguamish  River,  Wash.,  34, 
388. 

Stinsou  Luml)er  Co.,  Ballard, 
Wash.,  384, 

Stock  Raising: — Baker  County, 
Or.,  291 ;  B.  C,  570;  Big  Bend 
CO'  .trv,  Wash.,  447;  Camas 
T-  airie",  Idaho,  498,  499;  Can- 
yon county,  Idaho,  .509.;  Ueer 
Lodge,  Mont.,  536;  Flathead 
Valley,  Mont.,  532;  Franklin 
Co.,  VVash.,  426;  Garfield  Co,, 
Wash.,  4(53;  Genesee,  Idaho, 
475;GiIliamCo.,Or.,  274;  Hel- 
ena, Mont. .544;  Hepijner,  Or  , 
271;  Idaho  Falls,  523,  524; 
Jackson  Co.,  (Jr.,  213;  Klam- 
ath Co..  Or.,  218;  Klickitat 
Co.,  Wash.,  310;  La  (jrande. 
Or.,  284;  Lake  Co.,  Or.,  221, 
222;  Montana,  559  to  502; 
Morrow  Co.,  (Jr.,  273;  Powder 
Kiver  Valley,  Or.,  291;  The 
Dalles,  fM-..'  269;  Tillamook 
Co.,  241;  I'nion  Co.  Or.,  288; 
Wasco  Co.,  Or.,  270;  Walla 
Walla,  458;  Washington  Co., 
Idaho,  500.  507;  Weiser,  I., 
506;  (see  Willamette  Valley); 
Yakima  Valley,  Wash.,   417. 

.Stone:  -  ( .Sandstone  )  ;  Ashland, 
Or.,  21.5;  Bellingham  Bay, 
Wash.,  393;  (blue  saiulstone); 
Burnett,  Wash.,  34(5;  Chuck- 
aunt  Bav.  Wash.,  395,  4(J4; 
(Build.);  Colville,  435,  455, 
(sandstone);  Colville,  Wash., 
■1.55;  (gray  sandstone);  Fair- 
haven,  Wash.  ,39.5;  (building); 
Helena,  Mont.,  545;  (gran- 
ite); Helena,  Mont.,  54  O, 
Lakeview,  Or.,  22.3;  (b'.ue 
saiulstone);  Tenitio,  W  a  s  h  . , 
353,  354;  (  building  >  ,  Port 
Townsend,  Wash,,  •' ^  .». 

Stout,  Mrs.  A.  K.,  Pacific  Park, 
Wash.,  3()4. 


If 


Index. — Reading  Matter. 


627 


min- 


ic  Park, 


Strahoni,  R  Co.,  Hailev,  Idaho, 

vStraits  ot  Puca,  33,  -tOG,  4-Oi), 
4.10,  411,  4.72;  Kdiz  Pt. 
Liplitliousf.  -H  1 . 

Straits  of  (Veorgia.  iSto  I'.iilf  ot 
Georgia.) 

Strawberries  :  —  (  Also  see 
Iruit  ciilt\ire)  ;  Uig  Bend 
conn trv, Wash., 440; Hood  Riv- 
er, Or.,"i.M>H;  Milton,  Or.,  l.'S4; 
Oregon.  592;  PnyoUup.Wash., 
H{)7;  Pnvallup  Valley,  Wash., 
3(52;  Stuck  Valley,  Wa.sh., 
362;  Walla  Walla  Co.,  Wash., 
45H;  Yakima  Co.,  Wash.,  424. 

Stuart,  Jauies  and  C.ranville, 
Mont.,  SO  to  85. 

Stuart,  Mont  ,  48,  235. 

Stuck  Junction,  Wash.,  37(5. 

Stuck  River,  Wash,,  3(51, 

Stuck  Valley,  Was:..,  3(51. 

Sturgeon  :  —  (  Also  see  fishing.) 
H.  C,  571;  Columbia  River, 
100,  101;  Kalania,  Wash., 
30(5;  Shipped  from  Columbia 
River.  114. 

Sturgess,  O.  D.,  Goldendale, 
Wush.,  310. 

Suctotash  Vallev,  Wash.,  411. 

Sugar  Pine,  Lake  Co.,  Or.,  222. 

Sugar  Pine,  Southern  Oregon, 
211. 

Sullivan,  James,  Seattle,  Wash., 
3fi(>. 

Sumas,  li.  C,  377. 

Summanish  River,  Wash.,  34. 

Summer  Group  Mines,  Idaho, 
7'». 

Summer  I„ake  (town).  Or..  223, 

Sumner  Iron  Works,  Kverett, 
Wash..  28(5. 

Stimner  Lake,  Or.,  3G,  2:^1. 

Sumner,  Wash.,  3(51,  3(52. 

Sumpter  \'allev  R.  R.,  from 
liaker  City,  Or.,  288. 

SuiinysideCo\intry,  Wash. ,424. 

Sunnvside  School,  rortlaiid, 
14.-?, 

Sli.''.pensi()n  Hridge,  Oregon  City, 
Or.,  1(51. 

Suter,  Leo,  Salmon  River,  H,  C, 
584. 

Swallow,  Dr.  Geo,  C,  83. 

Swank  Creek,  Wash. ,74. 

Swauk  Mines,  Wash.,  415, 

.Sweet,  v..  S.  (sawmill),  Cotton- 
wood, Idaho,  502. 

Sweet  Home,  Or.,  180. 

Sweet,  Willis,  Moscow,  Idaho, 
401. 

Swinomish  Indian  Reservation, 
Wash,,  390. 

Swinomish  Slough,  Puget 
Sound,  34. 

Table  Rock,  Idaho,  51 1 . 

Tacoma  :  —  340  to  354;  Ameri- 
can Lake.  345;  assessed  val- 
\iation,  ,351,  352;l)anks,  350, 
.3.51  ;  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
34();  churches,  .350;  Citv 
Mall,  34<);  Clover  Creek,  35,3'; 
coal  bnnktis.  34t;  conl  fields, 
344,  .")4.5;  coke,  344:  Com- 
mencement   Uay,    340,    34.3; 


Court  House,  34(5,  347;  early 
history,  340,  341;  Kdison 
suburb.  345,  349;  Eureka 
Sandstone  Co.,  353,  354;  ex- 
ports, 347.  348,  340,  352; 
liiumces.  350,  351,  352; 
fire  department,  353;  first 
sawmill,  (51,  341;  first  settle- 
ment, 341;  fishing,  345; 
flour  exported,  347,  348; 
flouring  mills,  ,347;  foreign 
trade,  ;i,">2;  Hanson's  sawmill, 
341,  342;  hops,  .344; 
imports,  3.52;  iron,  344;  job- 
bing trade,  349  ;  laths  ex- 
ports, 349  ;  1  u  111  b  e  r  ex- 
ports, 349;  lumbering, 
349  ;  manufacturing,  340, 
341,343,  344,  .349;  -McGiv- 
en,  Mrs.  A.  C,  354;  Mt.  Ta- 
coma (Rainier),  343;  North- 
ern Pacific  R.  R.,  352;  North- 
ern Pacific  R.  R.  car  shops, 
340.  350;  Northern  Pacific 
R,  R.  completion,  342;  North- 
ern Pacific  R.  R.  terminal 
yard,  344;  parks,  345,  346; 
Pitt.sburg  Stone  Co..  34(5,347; 
Point  Defiance  343,  344, 
345;  population,  .343;  Puget 
Sound  Fishing  Co,,  103;  Puy- 
alluj»  River,  343;  residence 
section,  .343  ;  scliools,  350; 
-selection  by  N.  P.  R.  R.,  as 
terminus,  342;  shippirg,.347, 
348,  352;  smeller,344;  Span- 
away  Lake,  .3.53  ;  steamship 
route  to  Sitka,  33;  St,  Paul  & 
Tacoma  Lumber  Co.  (output), 
405;  streets,  ,34(5;  street  rail- 
wnvs,  345;  suburbs, 345;  Tait, 
J.  \V.,  354;  timber,  344,  349; 
Iransporlation,  3,52  ;  water 
works  plant,  ,3.5.3;  wheat, 344, 
345  ;  wlieat  elevator,  347  ; 
wheat  shipments,  347,  348; 
wholesale  trade,  349;  Wright 
park,  340. 

Tacoma  HIdg.  &  Sav.  Ass.,  351. 

Tacoma  Hus.  College,  ,354. 

Tacoma  Mill  Co.   (output)    405. 

Tacoma  Xat.  Hank,  351. 

Tacoma,  Olvm,    it   Cliehalis  V. 
R.  R.,  32,3, 

Taccmia,   Orting  ^t   S.  IC.  R.  R., 
411. 

T.'icoma  Ry.  &  Mot.  Co.,  345, 

Tacoma  School    of  Shorthand, 
354. 

Tait,  J.  W.,  Tacoma, 

Talbot,  Wash,,  377. 

Tannerv,     I'^ugetie, 
190,  ' 

Tannery,    Moiitesano,      Wash., 
327. 

Tannerv,  Portland,  154 

Taniiin'Kxtract,  Wash.,  (50. 

Tannin    I-Cxtiact    Works,   South 
Hend,  Wash.,  310. 

Tannuiii  River,  Wash.,  422. 

Tauzler,     A.    iS:    Co.,    JefTerson. 
Or.,  174, 

Tekoa,     Wash.  :  —  Description, 
4(50,  470.     (Also  see  4(5,  48.) 

Telephone  (steamer),  200,  300. 


354. 


Or., 


195, 


Temperature,  Pac.  N.  W.,  11  to 
18. 

Tenderfoot  Mine,  Wash.,  454. 

Tenino,  Wash.,  45,  335,  338, 
353,  354. 

Ten  Mile  Creek.  Mont..  545. 

Terry  Bros.,  Seattle,  3(54. 

Texas  Ridge,  Idaho,  493. 

Thayer,  C.  &  K„  Tillamook, Or., 
236. 

The  Dalles,  Or.,  268,  260. 

The  Dalles  of  the  Columbia 
River.  28,  117,  118, 

The  Dalles,  Port,  it  As.  Nav. 
Co.,  269. 

Thiel's  Detective  Service,  Port- 
land, 155. 

ThomasCreek,  Or.,  181. 

Thompson  Kails,  Mont.,  ,524. 

Thompson  River,  H.  C,  570. 

Thomp.son,  R.  N.,  Browiiriville, 
Or.,  184. 

Thornton,  Richard,  Portland, 
200. 

Three  Mile  Creek,    Idaho,   498. 

Three  Sisters  i  snow  peaks), 
233. 

Thurston  Co.,  Wash,,  335  to 
340;  Court  House,  336, 

Tieton  Rivfr,  Wash.,  422. 

Tiger  Mine,  Idaho,  77,  479, 
480,  484. 

Tile  Factories  :  — Ilalsev,  Or., 
191;  Newberg,  Or,,  250;  N. 
Yamhill,  Or,,  243;  .Seattle, 
381 ;  We-ston,  Or,,  283.  Also 
large  works  at  Portland  and 
the  other  leading  cities  of  this 
territory. 

Tillamook  Hay,  Or.,  35;  also 
232  to  241 ;  salmon  canning, 
00,  100. 

Tillamook  Country,  Or.,  235  to 
241, 

Tillamook  Co.  Toll  Road,  234, 
235. 

Tillamook  Dairy  Assn..  237. 

Tillamook  Head,  Or,,  208,  209. 

Tillamook  Lumber  Co.,  236. 

Tillamook,  or  ,  235  to  230. 

Tillamook,  Or.,  stage  from  For- 
est (jrove.  232  lo  235. 

Tillamook.  Or,,  Stage  from  N. 
Yamhill,  244. 

Tillamook  River,  Or.,  35,  236, 
230. 

Tillingha.st.  A.  G.,  LaConner, 
Wash,,  388. 

Tillinghast.  Philip,  Moscow, 
Idaho,  491. 

Tiltou,  C.  K.,  Portland,  130. 
140. 

Timber:  —  (Also  see  lumber- 
ing.) General  description,  52 
to  65;  Ala.ska,  64,  65;  British 
Columbia,  (55;  Idaho,  63,  64; 
Montana,  64;  Oregon,  53  to 
56;  Washington,  56  to  63, 
318;  also  see  .\storia.  Or., 
206;  Baker  City,  Or.,  288, 
201;  Bellingham  Bay.  Wash,, 
30.3,  304;  Blue  Mountains, 
Or,,  288;  Buckley,  Wash., 
411,412;  Cathlamet,  Wash., 
306;    Chehalis     Co,,     Wash,, 


628 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


I  :i'' 


321,      326,      328;      Cheney, 
Wash.,     430;      Clarke,     Co., 
Wash.,  308,  ,509;    Clearwater 
River,  Idaho,  496;    Columbia 
Co..  Or.,  293;  Coh-ille,  Wash., 
455;    Coeur     d'Alenes,    478; 
Coos  Bay,   Or.,    266;    Cotton- 
wood,   Idaho,     502;    Cowlitz 
Co.,  Wash.,  310,  311;  Craig's 
Mountain,  Idaho,  502;  Doug- 
las   Co.,    Or.,     208;      Eastern 
Washington,  435;  Elgin,  Or., 
286;    Fir,  54,  55,  56;    Forest 
Grove,  Or.,  231;    Grav's  Har- 
bor, 326,  328,  331,  332;  Hai- 
ley,  Idaho,  520;    Hood  River, 
Or.,  268;  llwaco.  Wash.,  302; 
Jackson  Co.,  Or.,    213;    Jose- 
phine Co.,  Or.,  209;  Klamath 
Co.,   Or.,   216,    221,    222;  La 
Grande,  Or.,  284;  Lake  What- 
com. Wash.,  394;    Lewis   Co., 
Wash.,      315,    321-     Lincoln 
and    Benton    Cos.    Or.,     264; 
Linn  Co.,  Or..  179;  Long  Val- 
ley, Idaho,  508;  McMinuville, 
Or.,    245;     Marion    Co.,    Or., 
172;  Mason  Co.,  Wash.,  .340; 
Missoula     Co.,      Mont.,     .529; 
Morrow  Co.,  Or.,  273;  Orting, 
Wash.,  411;  Palouse  Countrv, 
Wash.,     466,    471:    Payette. 
Idaho,  506;  Pierce  Co.,  Wash., 
344;   Polk  Co.,  Or.,  256,  257; 
Potlatch  Country,  Idaho,  493; 
Puyallup  Valley,   Wash.,  357; 
Ra'thdrum,  Idaho,  476;     Sho- 
shone Co.,  Idaho,  47H;  Skagit 
Co.,  Wash  ,  389,  391;  Snoho- 
mish Co.,  Wash.,   388;    Sugar 
Pine,     211;    Tacoma.    Wash., 
344,    349;    The    Dalles,    Or., 
269;  Thompson  Falls,  Mont., 
525;     Thurston     Co.,    Wash., 
335;  Tillamook  Bav. Or.,  234, 
236,  240,  241,  242;  Umatilla 
Co..    Or.,    278;      Union,    Or., 
287,  288;    Vancouver  Lsland, 
B.  C,   574;    Washington    Co., 
Idaho,  507;    Washington  Co., 
Or.,  228,  229;    Whatcom  Co., 
Wash.,    393,     394;     Willapa 
Harbor,  Wash.,  320;  Willam- 
ette Valley,    Or..    106;     Win- 
lock,    Wash.,    312;    Yamhill 
Co,  Or.,  248. 

Timothy  (al.so  see  hay),  458. 

Tinker,    H.    H.     (hotel). 
Beach,  Wash.,  303. 

Tioga,  Wash.,  304. 

Toad    Mountain,     B.   C, 
586,  587. 

Tobacco,   Prosser,  Wash., 
Whitman     Co.,    Wash., 
also  raised  in    Moxee  Valley, 
and  other  parts  of  Northwest. 

Topography    and  climate  Pac. 
N.  W.,  9  to  20. 

Toppenish  River,  Wash..  417. 

Touchet    River,     Wash.,     459, 
4()0,  4r>1 . 

Touchet  Valley,  Wash.,  459. 

Toulon  (bark),  at  Portland,!  10. 

Tower  Lum.  it  Mnfg.  Co.,  Cen- 
tralia.  Wash.,  324. 


M.,    Lakeview, 
Lakeview, 


Long 


580, 

424; 
467; 


River, 
Wash., 
248. 

Pacific 


Town.send,   W. 

Or.,  226,  227. 
Townsend  &  Beach. 

Or.,  223. 
Trade  Dollar  Mine,  Idaho,  77. 
Traders  Bank,  Tacoma,  351. 
Traders  Block,  Spokane,  437. 
Traders    Nat.    Bank,    Spokane, 

441. 
Trail  Creek  Mines.  B.  C,  584, 

585. 
Trask  River,  Or.,  35,  236,  239. 
Treadwell  Mine,  Ala.ska,  86 
Treasure  Box  Mine,  Idaho,  487. 

Trout  Fishing:— (Also  see  fish- 
ing,pleasure);  Blackfoot  River, 
Mont.,  537;  British  Columbia, 
571;  CtJeur  d'Alenes,  Idaho, 
481;  Derapsev  Lakes,  Mont., 
537;  Hailey,  Idaho,  520;  Ho- 
quiam,  Wash.,  334;  Klamat  . 
Co.,  Or.,  218;  Kootenay 
River,  B.  C,  587,  579;  Lake 
Pend  d'Oreille,  477;  Lake 
Whatcom,  Wa.sh.,  404;  Neca- 
nicum  River,  Or.,  299;  Pacific 
Northwest,  95  to  103;  Rath- 
druui,  idaho,  477;  Rimini, 
Mont.,  54.5;  Thompson  Falls, 
Mont.,  52.5;  Vanco\iver  Lsland, 
B.  C,  573;  White  River, 
Wash..  412:  Wilson 
Or.,  234;  Winlock, 
312;  Yamhill  Co.,  Or. 

Tualatin   Academy  and 

University,  Forest  Grove,  Or., 
231    232 

Tualatin  Plains,  Or..  116. 

Tualatin  River,  Or.,  104,  229. 

Tualatin  River  juuctiotl  with 
Willamette,  161. 

TuleLake,  Or.,  218. 

Tumwater  Falls,  Wash.,  61, 
339   340. 

Tumwater,  Wash.,  339,  340. 

Turner,  Or.,  173. 

Tuttle  &  Robeson,  Tillamook, 
Or.,  238. 

Tyler  Mine,  Idaho,  483. 

Umatilla  Co.,  278,  279;  Court 
House,  Pendleton,  Or.,  275; 
mines,  70;  silver,  67,  70. 

Umatilla  Indian  Reservation, 
Or.,  279. 

Umatilla,  Or.,  41,  46. 

Umatilla  River,  Or.,  28,  275, 
278 

Umpqua  River,  Or.,  32,  208; 
salmon  pack,  100;  South 
Fork,  204,  205. 

Umpqua  Valley,  Or.,  20.^,  204, 
208. 

Union,  B.  C,  570. 

Union  Co.,  Or.:—  Desciiption, 
287,  288;  gold,  67;  mines, 
70.     (Also  see  291,  292). 

Union  County  Court  House,  Un- 
ion, Or.,  287. 

Union  Depot,  Portland,  124. 

Union  Gap,  Wash.,  417. 

Union  Pacific  R.  R.:  -Along  Co- 
lumbia River,  41  ;  completion 
to  Spokane,  441 ;  Heppner 
branch,  270;  in  Idaho,  48, 
49;    in    Oregon,    4(i,    41;    in 


Wash.,  46,  47;  interests  in 
Oregon  and  Wash.,  117,  118; 
shops  at  Albina,  Portland, 
131;  shops  at  Glenn's  Ferry, 
Idaho,  518;  shops  at  Hunting- 
ton, Or.,  292,  293;  shops  at 
La  Grande,  Or.,  41 ;  shops  at 
Pocatello,  Idaho,  522;  shops 
at  Portland,  Or.,  41 ;  shops  at 
Shoshone,  Idaho,  ,518;  shops 
Tekoa,  Wash.,  469,  470; 
survey  Puget  Sound  to  Port- 
land, 320;  water  lines,  40. 
Union  (  Or.,)  Railway  Co.,  287. 
Union  Savings  Bank,  Tacoma, 
351. 

Uniontown.  Idaho,  495. 

Uiiiontown,  Wash.,  475,  476. 

Union  Trunk  Line  (  electric  and 
cable),  Seattle,  370. 

Union  Tunnel  Co's  Mines,  Or., 
291. 

United  railroads  of  Wash,  45. 

U.  S.  Assay  Office,  Boise  City, 
Idaho,  511. 

U.  S.  Assay  Office,  Helena, 
Mont.,  541. 

U.  S.  Bank,  Portland.  135. 

I'.  .S  Land  Offices  in  Pacific 
Northwest  :  —  Idaho  :  Black- 
foot,  Boise  City,  Citur  d'Alene 
City,  Hailey,  Lewiston.  Mon- 
tana :  Bozema'  ,  Helena,  Miles 
City.  Oregon:  Burns,  La 
Grande,  Lakeview,  Oregon 
City,  Roseburg,  The  Dalles. 
Wa'shingtou  :  North  Yakima, 
Seattle,  Spokane,  Vancouver, 
Walla  Walla. 

X'niversitv  of  Idaho,  Moscow, 
491,  492. 

University  of  Oregon:  —  De- 
scription, 198  to  200  ;  School 
of  Law,  Portland,  198;  School 
of  Medicine,    Portland,    "OO. 

University  of  Wash.,  Seattle, 
372,  373. 

Urquhart,  W.  M.,  Chehalis, 
Wash.,  314,  315, 

Utah  &  Northern  branch  U.  P. 
R   R.,48. 

Utt.h  Northern  R.  R.,  Mont. ,49. 

Van  Scoy,  W.  T.,  A.  B.,  Drain, 
Or.,  203. 

Vancouver,  B.  C,  569. 

Vancouver,  Capt.  (ieo.,  307. 

Vancouver  Ferry,  Columbia 
River,  146. 

Vancouver,  Island,  B.  C.  :  — 
Boundary  line,  ,33  ;  see  Brit- 
ish Columbia  aiul  Victoria. 

Vancouver,  Wash.  ;  —  Descrip- 
tion, 307  to  .309  ;  Fort  Van- 
couver, 108,  14(5  ;  Electric 
line  from  Portland,  14(5. 

Vandalia  Mine,  Wash.,  74. 

Van  Duvn,  Isaac, Independence, 
Or.,   249. 

Van  Duyn,  J.  M.,  Independence, 
Or.,  249. 

Van  Tnye,  F.  R.,  Mt.  Vernon, 
Wash.,  390. 

Vautour  Mine,  Mont.,  545. 


Index. — Reading  Matter. 


629 


Or., 


V.  p. 


Vegetables  : —  (  Grown  in  near- 
ly all  parts  of  Pacific  North- 
west.) 

Veronia,  Or.,  230. 

Victoria,  B.  C.  :  — Description, 
562  to  568  ;  precipitation, 
16;  temperature,  IG  ;  aluo 
see  568,  569. 

Vieilantes  of  Mont.  :  —  Descrip- 
tion, 562  to  568. 

Villard,  Henry,  41,  43,  198. 

Viola  Group  Mines,  Idaho,  79. 

Virgin,  W.  J.,  Ashland,  Or., 21 6. 

Virginia  City,  Mont.,  81,  563. 

Virtue,  James  W.,  Portland, 292. 

Voegler  Block,  Spokane,  437. 

VoUmer  &  Scott,  Grangeville, 
Idaho,  501. 

Von  Cadow,  Mrs.  M.,  273. 

Voruz,  Emil,  Heppner,  Or., 272. 

Wahkiakum  Co.,  Wash.,  306. 

Waitsburg,  Wash.,  458,  459 

Wake-Up-Jim  Mine,  Mont. ,555, 
556. 

Waldo,  Or.,  Copper,  71. 

Walkerville,  Mont.,  551,  552. 

Wallace,  Idaho:  —  Description, 
483;  railroads,  48,  49.  (Also 
see  479,  482.) 

Walla  Walla  Co.,  Wash.,  i458, 
459. 

7, alia  Walla  River  in  Or.,  278, 
284;  in  Wash.,  28. 

Walla  Walla,  Wash.,  41;  de- 
scription, 4.55  to  458;  pre- 
cipitation, 16;  railroads,  46, 
47;  temperature,  16. 

Wallowa  Co.,  Or.,  287;  mines, 
70. 

Wallula  June,  Wash.,  41,  39, 
47,  422. 

Walton,  Joshua  J;,  Sec.  Uni- 
versity of  Or.,  Eugene,  Or., 
200. 

Wanita,  B.  C,  584. 

Wann.  J.  H.,  Cottonwood,  Ida., 
503. 

Wardner,  Idaho  :  —  Description 
482.  (  Al.so  see  478,  479)  ; 
railroads,  48,  49. 

War  Eagle  Mine,  B.  C,  584. 

War  Eagle  Mine,  Ida.,  485. 

War  Eagle  Mountain,  Ida.,  79. 

Warner  Lake,  Or..  36,221,222. 

Warner  Valley,  Or  ,  222. 

Warrens,  Idaho,  77. 

Warrens  Mines,  Idaho,  499. 
Warrens'     Salmon    Cannery, 
Cathlamet,  Wash.,  306. 

Wasco  Co.,  Or.,  269. 
Washington: — A'ea,  7;  coal,  86 
to  92;  coast  harbors,  34;  coast 
points,  300  to  306,  317  to 
320,  324  to  335;  coke,  88; 
centers  of  population,  3O0  to 
475;  early  history,  345,  364, 
.365;  elevation,  mean,  maxi- 
mum, mininmm,  10  ;  first 
court,  345;  first  sawmill,  61; 
fishing  industries,  95  to  104; 
hops,  3.57  to  361  ;  Indian 
troubles,  433;  irrigation,  24  ; 
lead,  72  to  77;  lime  industry, 
92  to  9.5;  lumlxiing  indus- 
tries,   61,     62,     (>3;     m!\rl)le, 


."^S  to  95;  mining,  72  to 
77;  oil,  88  ;  organization 
of,  7  ;  population,  7  ;  rail- 
r  oads ,  43,  44,  4.5  ; 
shingle  industry,  62;  soil,  22, 
23;  State  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, Pullman,  474  ;  State, 
Capitol  at  Olynipia,  339  ; 
State  Insane  Asylum,  Medical 
Lake,  447  ;  State  Normal 
School,  Cheney,  430;  State 
Normal  School,  Ellen.sburgh, 
414;  State  Penitentiary,  Wal- 
la Walla,  457;  State  School 
for  Defective  Youth,  Vancou- 
ver, 308;  State  School  for 
Feeble  Minded,  Vancouver, 
308  ;  State  Soldiers  Home, 
Orting,  411  ;  timber.  378  ; 
timber  resources,  .56  to  o3; 
wheat  crop,  344,  345,  347, 
440. 

Washington  &  Columbia  River 
Ry   Co.  (Hunt's  lines),  47. 

Washington  Co.,  Idaho,  50.5, 
517,  506,  507;  gold  and  sil- 
ver output,  78. 

Wash.  Div.  U.  P.  R.  R.,  46,  47, 
48. 

Washington,  George,  founder 
Centralia,  Wash.,  321. 

Washington  Hotel,  Olympia, 
Wash.,  339. 

Washington  Nat.  Bank,  Seattle, 
382. 

Nat.   Bank,    Spo- 


Nat.    Bank,     Ta- 


309. 

Or., 
214; 


Washington 
kane,  441. 

Washington 
coma,  351. 

Washington  Savings  Bank, 
Seattle,  382. 

\V ashington  Savings  Bank, 
Spokane,  441. 

Washington   &  Southern  R.  R. 
Co.,  340. 

Washington   Water  Power  Co., 
437,  438,  440. 

Washougal  River,  Wash., 

Washougal,  Wash.,  309. 

Water  Power. :— Albany, 
176,  177;  Ashland,  Or. 
Baker  City,  Or.,  288;  Browns- 
ville, Or.,  183,  185;  Caldwell, 
Idaho,  507;  Chelan  River, 
Wash.,  451 ;  Clarke  Co.,  Wash., 
309;  Colfax,  Wash.,  466; 
Colville  Co.,  Wash.,  454; 
Dayton,  Wash.,  461;  Eugene, 
Or.,  196;  Goldendale,  Wash., 
309:  Harrisburg,  Or.,  192; 
Heppner,  Or.,  271;  Hood 
River,  Or.,  268;  Idaho  Falls, 
Idaho,  f'23;  Jefferson,  Or., 
174;  Josephine  Co.  Or.,  210; 
Klamath  Falls,  Or.,  218; 
La  Grande,  Or.,  285;  Leban- 
non,  Or.,  179,  180;  Milton, 
Or.,  284;  Myers  Falls,  Wash., 
453;  North  Yamhill,  Or., 
243;  (See  Oregon  City  article; 
Palouse,  Wash.,  471;  Pendle- 
ton, Or,,  275;  Polk  Co.,  Or., 
257;  Pomeroy,  Wash..  464; 
Portland  (SeeOregonCity  arti- 
cle); l*rosscr,Wasii.,42i5;  Rose- 


burg,  Or.,  205;  Salem,  Or., 
168;  Scio,  Or.,  181;  Silverton, 
Or.,  187;  Spokane,  Wash., 
431,  437,  438,  439;  Stayton, 
Or.,  181;  The  Dalles,  Or., 
269;  Thompson  Falls,  Mont., 
525;  Touchet  River,  Wash., 
459;  Tualatin  River,  Or.,  161 ; 
Tumwater,  Wash.,  339,  340; 
Turner,  Or.,  173;  Union,  Or., 
286;  Waitsburg,  Wash.,  459; 
Washington  Co.,  Or.,  229; 
Washougal,  Wash.,  309;  Wil- 
lamette Falls,  Or.  (See  Oregon 
City  article);  Yamhill  Co.,  Or., 
248. 
Waterville,  Wash.,  448,  451. 
Watkins,    W.    W.,    Moscow, 

Idaho,  490,  491. 
Watts,  Dr.  J.  W.,  Lakeview,  Or., 

223. 
Wax,  Henry, Grangeville,  Idaho, 
501. 

Weatheawax,  The  J.  M.  Lum- 
ber Co.,  Aberdeen,  Wash., 
332. 

Weatherwax,  The  J.  M.  (schoon- 
er), 332,  333. 

Webb,  G.  A.,  Silverton,  Or., 
188. 

Weber  Bros.,  Portland,  154. 

Webster  Mine,  Wash.,  74. 

Weinhard's  Brewery,  Portland, 
125,  126. 

Weiser,  Idaho,  505,  506. 

Weiser  Mine,  Mont.,  .546. 

Weiser  River,  Idaho,  28,  506, 
507,505,  517. 

Weiser  Valley.  Idaho,  506, 
507. 

Wellington  Coal  Mines,  B.  C, 
52,  570. 

Wenas  River,  Wash.,  417. 

Weuas  Valley,  Wash.,  417. 

Wcnatchee  River,  Wash.,  20. 

Wenatchee,  Wash.,  46.  451, 
453. 

W.  Coa.=t  Mfg.  &  In.  Co.,  Bal- 
lard, Wash.,  384. 

West  Colusa  Mine,  Mont.,  556. 

Westcott  Bay,  Wash.,  93. 

Western  Mont.  Bank,  Missoula, 
529. 

West  (iranite  Mine,  Mont.  535. 

West  Kootenay,  B.  C,  436,  578 
to  584. 

Westminster  June,  B.  C,  51. 

Weston,  Or.,  283,  284. 

West  Portland  Park,  suburb 
Portland,  147. 

West  Sawmill,  Aberdeen, Wash., 
332. 

West  Scio,  Or.,  181. 

West  Seattle  Cable  Ry.  Co.,  Se- 
attle, 370. 

West  Side  Mill  Co.,  "  Olynipia, 
Wa.sh.,  338. 

West  Stayton,  Or.,  181. 

West  Street  &  N.  End  Ry.  Co. 
(elee),  Seattle,  370. 

Whales,  102. 

Whatcom  Co,  Court  House,  New 
Whatcom,  Wash.,  403. 

Whatcom    Co.,    Wash.,    393   to 


630 


The  Oregonian's  Handbook  of  the  Pacific  Northwest. 


ii9G,  401i;  also  see  Fairhaveti 
and  N.  Whatcom. 

Wlmtcotn,  Wash.,  393,  4-01, 
4.0;i. 

Whaleback  steamers,  construc- 
tion, 3.S5. 

Wheat  crop  Pacific  Northwest,?, 

Wheat :  — Adams  Co.,  Wash., 
420;  Aniitv,  Or.,  25S:  Athe- 
na, Or.,  2«2;  Baker  '  >.,  Or., 
291 ;  Big  Bend  Country,  Wash., 
t27,  4-4-8,  4.49;  Benton  Co., 
Or.,  262;' Bitter  Root  Valley, 
Mont..  526;  Camas  Prairie, 
Idaho,  498,  500;  Canyon  Co., 
Idaho,  509;  Chehalis,  Wash., 
327,  Colfax,  Wash.,  4G5; 
Colton,  Wash.,  475;  Colum- 
bia Co.,  Wash,,  460;  Colville 
Valley,  Wash.,  453;  Corvallis, 
Or.,  2G1;  Davenport,  Wash., 
449;  Deer  Lodge,  Mont..  536; 
Douglas  Co.,  Or.,  208;  Elgin, 
Or.,  286;  iMigene  (storage), 
195;  Farniington,  Wash., 
468;  Flathead  Valley,  Mont., 
532;  Forest  Grove,  Or.,  231; 
Garfield  Co.,  Wash.,  463; 
Garfield,  Wash.,  467;  Gene- 
see, Idaho,  476;  Gilliam  Co., 
Or.,  274;  Halsey,  Or.,  191, 
192;  HarrLsburg,  Or.,  192; 
Heppner,  Or.,  271;  Hillsl)oro, 
Or.,  227;  Horse  Plains,  Mont., 
526;  Idaho  Falls,  Idaho,  524; 
"Inland  Empire"  (exportedl, 
113;  "  Inland  Empire" 
(shipped  to  Portland),  130; 
Independence,  Or.,  249;  Jef- 
ferson, Or.,  174:  Josepliine 
Co.,  Or.,  209;  Junction  City. 
C)r.,  194;  Kendrick,  Idaho, 
493;  Klickitat  Valley,  Wash., 
310;  Lane  Co.,  Or.,  200,  201 ; 
Linn  Co.,  179;  Medford,  Or., 
210;  Morrow  Co.,  Or.,  273; 
Moscow,  Idaho.  489;  Mt.  An- 
gel, Or.,  189;  N.  Yamhill,  Or., 
243;  Oakesdale,  Wash.,  469; 
Oregon  City,  Or.,  163;  Palouse 
and  Big  IJend  Countries, 
Wash.,  435;  Palouss,  Wash., 
472;  Pendleton,  Or.,  276; 
Polk  Co.,  Or.,  257;  Portland 
(shipments),  130;  Potlatch 
Country,  Idaho,  493;Pullmau, 
Wash., "473;  Rathdrum, Idaho, 
476;  Rogue  Ri%'er  Valley,  Or., 
213;  Salem.  Or.,  168,  171; 
Scio,  Or.,  182;  Seattle,  381; 
Southern  Pac.  R.  R.  (ship- 
ments), 40;  Sprague,  Wash., 
427;Tacoma,  344,  345,  347, 
348;  Tekoa,  Wash.,  470; 
Touchet  Valley,  Wash.,  459; 
Turner,  Or.,  173;  Umatilla 
Co.,  Or..  278,  279;  Union  Co., 
Or.,  288;  Union  Pacific  R.  R. 
(shipments),  41;  Unionto\vn, 
Wash.,  475;  Walla  Walla  Co., 
Wash.,  458;  Wasco  Co.,  Or., 
270;  Washington,  344,  345, 
347,  440;  Washington  Co., 
Malio,  507;  Washington  Co., 
Or.,  229;  Waterville,  Or.,  448; 


Weis^.  Valley,  Idaho,  506; 
Weston  or.,  283;  Whitman 
Co.,  V  ish.,  467;  Willam- 
ette \  alley.  Or.,  105.  130; 
Wood  River  Valley,  Idaho, 
518;  Yamhill  Co.,  Or.,  247. 

Whipperville  Mine,  Mont.,  5-1-7. 

Whitcomb,  Lot  (steamer),  117. 

White  Bird    Plains,  Idaho,  502. 

While,  Geo.  F.,  Castle  Rock, 
Wash.,  311. 

Whitehouse,  Crimius  &  Co., 
Aberdeen,  Wash..  332, 

White  River,  Or.,  270. 

White  River,  Wash.,  34,  412. 

White  River  Valley,  Wash. ,363. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  A.sh- 
land.  Or.,  215. 

White  Sulphur  Springs,  Mont., 
544. 

White  Swan  Mine, Or.,  70,  292. 

Whitman  College,  Walla  Walla, 
Wash.,  456. 

Whitman  Co.  Court  House,  Col- 
fax, Wash.,  463. 

Whitman  Co.,  Wash.,  440,  464, 
467. 

Whitman  Ma.ssacre,  109, 

Whitney,  Wash.,  390. 

WhitwoVth  College,  Sumner, 
Wash.,  362,  363. 

Wicks,  Mont.,  545  to  547. 
(.■VLso  50.) 

Wilbur,  Rev.  J.  H.,  128. 

Wilbur,  Wash.,  450,  448. 

Wilcox,  Dr.  Ralph,  Portland, 
140. 

Wild  Horse  Creek,  Or.,  278. 

Wilhelm,  J.  (i.  (brewery),  Port- 
land, 153. 

Wilhoit  Springs,   Or.  (coal),  71. 

Wilke.son,  Wa.sh.  :  — Coal,  91; 
coke,  90,  344. 

Willamette  Falls  (suburb),  Ore- 
gon Citj',  Or.,  161. 

Willamette  Falls  B:iec.  Co.,  Ore- 
gon City,  Or.,  164. 

Willamette  Falls,  Oregon  City, 
Or.  :- Description,  31,  32. 
(Al.so  see  104,  158,  159,160;) 
power  for  electric  lighting, 
118.  119 

Willamette  Pulp  &  Paper  Co., 
Oregon  City,  Or.,  163. 

Willamette  River,  Or.  :  —  De- 
.scriptiou.  31,  32.  (Also  see 
104.  158,  159,  160,  167, 
169,  171,  173,  174,  175, 
192,194;  commerce,  .30;  re- 
lation to  Portland,  129;  traf- 
fic from  Portland,  117,  118. 

Willamette  Ry.  Co.,  Oregon 
City,  Or.,  161. 

Willamette  School,  Portland, 
143. 

Willamette  Tannery,  Eugene, 
Or.,  195,  196. 

Willamette  Trans.  &  Locks  Co., 
Oregon  City,  Or.,  164. 

Willamette  University,  Port- 
land, 143. 

Willamette  University,  Salem, 
Or.,  169. 

Willamette  Valley  Or.  :— -De- 
scription, 104  to  106.    (Also 


see  centers  of  population. 106 
to  201   and  227  to  263);  fir.,1 
railroad,  109;  first  .settlement 
109,    157;    relation    to    Port- 
land, 113;  soil  21;  wheat,  22. 

Willamette  Valley  &  Coa.st  R. 
R.,  260. 

Willapa  Harbor  Tannin  Extract 
Co.,  South   Bend,  Wash.,  319. 

Willapa  Harbor  (  Shoalwater 
Bay),  Wash.,  34,  301,  305, 
317  to  320;  hemlock  bark, 
60;  oysters,  96,  102,  103;  R. 
R.  connection.  45. 

Willapa  River,  Wash.,  35.  (Also 
317  to  320.) 

Willapa  Valley,  Wash.,  320. 

Williams,  A.,  Tillamook,  Or., 
238. 

Williams  Ave.  School,  Portland, 
143. 

Wilson,  Jog.  A.,  Ashland,  Or., 
215. 

Wilson  Mine,  Idaho,  78. 

Wilson  River,  Or.,  35,  236,239. 

Wilson  River  (Or.)  Toll  Road, 
232,  233. 

Wilson  River  Boom.  Toll  Road 
&  Im.  Co.,  Tijilainook,  Or., 
232. 

Wilson  Sawmilt,  Aberdeen, 
Wash.,  332. 

Willow  Creek  Canal,  Iduho,517, 
524. 

WilTow  Creek,  Or.,  271. 

Willow  Creek  Valley,  Or.,  271, 
273. 

Willows  Junction,  Or.,  270. 

Windsor  Mine,  Or..  291. 

Wine,  Rogue  River  Valley,  Or., 
213. 

Winlock,  Wash.,  311,    312,  74. 

Winner  Mine,  Wash.,  74. 

Wise,  Dr.  W.  A.,  Tillamook 
and  Albiiia,  Or.,  239. 

Wishkah  River,  Wash.,  325, 
330. 

Wisuer,  Mrs.,  Portland,  151. 

Wolf,  Adolf  &  Son,  Silverton, 
Or.,  187. 

Wolff,  Zwickertfc  Uuehner,  Pipe 
works,  Portland,  137. 

Wolff  &  Zvvicker,  Iron  works, 
Portland,  137. 

Woodburn,  Or.,  165,  16(5. 

Woodburn-Springfield  branch, 
S.  P.  R.  R.,  39. 

Woodin's  Lumber  Mills,  Fair- 
haven,  Wash.,  401. 

Woodinville   June,  Wash.,   4.5. 

Woodlawn,  suburb,  Portland, 
147. 

Wood  River,   Idaho,  28,  517. 

Wood  River  Valley,  Idaho:  — 
Description,  518  to  522  ;  rail- 
roads, 48. 

Wood  River,  Or.,  217. 

Wood,  Walter  A.,  Harvester  Co., 
^•ortland    154,  155. 

Wool  ;— (  Produced  in  nearly  all 
parts  of  tlie  Pac.  Northwest.) 
Albany,  Or.,  175.  1  7(>  ;  Athe- 
na, Or.,  282;  Brownsville, 
or,,  185  ;  Caldwell,  Idaho, 
507  ;    Coos   Bay,    Or.,    266  ; 


mmi^mmmmmiimmm'mmmmmmmmmm'mmm 


Douglas  Co.,  Or.,  206,  UOS  ; 
Eastern  Oregon  (  crop  ),  114; 
(  also  sec  Chas.  Cuiitiinghaiu, 
27U  to  li82  )  ;  Giiliain  Co., Or., 
iJ74 ;  Heppner,  Or.,  271; 
Klickitat  vallev.  Wash.,  310  ; 
Klamath  Co.,"Or.,  218  ;  La 
C.rande,  Or.,  2S4  ;  Lane  Co., 
Or.,  201  ;  Montana,  561, 
562  ;  Morrow  Co.,  Or.,  273  ; 
Oakland,  Or.,  204-  ;  Oregon 
City,  Or.,  163  ;  Oregon  (crop), 
130,  131  ;  Pendleton,  Or., 
276  ;  Polk  Co.,  Or  ,  254 ; 
I'ortland  (  shipments  ) ,  130; 
Salem,  Or.,  168  ;  The  Dalles, 
Or,, 269;  UmatillaCo.,Or.,278, 
279;  Union  Co.,  Or.,  288; 
Weiser,  Idaho,  506 ;  Whit- 
man Co.,  Wasih.,  467. 

Woolen  Mills  : —Oregon  (out- 
put ),  131  ;  Albany,  Or.,  175, 
176  ;  Brownsville,  Or.,  183, 
185;  Dallas,  Or.,  254;  N. 
Whatcom,  Wash.,  405  ;  Ore- 
gon City,  Or.,  163;  Salem, 
Or.,  168  ;  Taconia.  343. 

Wooley,  Wash.,  392. 

Worcester  Bldg.,  Portland,  121. 

Worden,  K.  L'.,  Mont.,  526. 


Index. — Reading-  Matter. 

Wrenn,  S.  U.,  Portland,  153. 

Wright,  Col.  Geo.,  432,  433. 

Wright,  O.  C,  Newberg,  dr., 
252. 

Wright,  Wni.  P.,  Dallas,  Or., 
256. 

Wright's  Park,  Tacoma,  346. 

Writsman,  J.  O.,  Albany,  Or,, 
178. 

Xavier,  St.  Frances  Mission, 
Winlock,  Wash.,  312. 

Yakima  Co.,  Wash.  (See  North 
Yakima). 

Yakima   Indians  (Wash.\  417. 

Yakima  Indian  Reservation, 
Wash.,  422. 

Yakima,  Wash.,  Impr.  and  Irri- 
gation Co.,  419. 

Yakima  Prairie,  Wash.,  422. 

Yakima  River,  Wash.,  26,  413, 
416,  417,  419,  420,  422, 
425;  mining,  73,  74. 

Yakima  Valley,  Wash.:  — De- 
cription,  419  to  424.  (Al.so 
see  413,  414,  416;  irriga- 
tion, 24;  soil,  24. 

Yale,  U.  C,  569. 

Yamhill  Co.  Court  House,  Mc- 
Minnville,  Or.,  246. 

Yamhill  Co,,  Or.,  247,  248. 


631 

Yamhill  Land  Co.,  Newberg, 
Or.,  252. 

Yamhill  River,  Or.,  104,  248, 
253,258;  transportation,  118. 

Yankee  Fork  Mines,  Idaho,  79. 

Yaquina  Hay,  Or.:— Description, 
263,  265;  fishing  industries, 
103;  oysters,  96;  rock  oysters, 
102,  103;  salmon  canneries, 
99;  steamers  to  San  Fran- 
cisco, 42.     (Also  see  35). 

Yaquina  City,  Or.,  264. 

Yaquina  River,  Or.,  264. 

Yellow  Jacket  Mine,  Idaho,  79. 

Yesler,  Henry  L.,  61,  364. 

Yesler,  Mrs.  M.  G.,  Seattle,  371, 
372. 

You  Like  Mine,  Idaho,  486. 

Young  America  Mine,  Colville 
Country,  Wash.,  454. 

Young's  Bay,  Or.,  294. 

Young,  t;.  T.,  Olympia,  Wash., 
339. 

Young's  Hotel,  Olympia,  Wash., 
339. 

Young,  S.  V,.,  Albany,  Or.,  176, 
177. 

Yukon  River,  Alaska    64. 

Yukon  River,  Alaska,  gold,  85, 
o6. 


